第一篇:經貿合同英語
近三年來,我給英語系四年級學生講授對外經貿英語及合同寫作的選修課。我發現學生們對 這門課感到困難的地方倒不在于對外經貿方面的知識,也不在專業詞匯的理解和記憶,因為有些專
業詞匯比中文還好記,比如forward-trading一詞,從英文字義上講是將來的交易,便很快就會明 白,是指中文的“期貨交易”,英文比中文還好理解。同樣forward exchange是指“遠期外匯”,for-ward exchange rate就是“遠期匯率”等等。學生們感到困難的是經貿文件、對外經貿合同中英語的 語言現象。對外經貿合同、法律文件,在句子結構、用詞、及動詞時態上都具有自身的特點和規律,不
掌握這些特點就難以讀懂對外經貿合同及具有法律意義的文件,翻譯時覺得難以理順,要想擬訂 一份合同更是覺得無從下手,寸步難行。為幫助學生解決這些凝難,本文就經貿合同文件的語言特
點作初步探討。
對外經貿合同文件的形式有:協議書、合同條款、銀行保函、信用證、裝運單據等等,這些均屬于
法律文件。法律文件具有用詞準確、規范、多用法律用語、結構嚴謹、句子較長等特點。
一、結構嚴謹、句式較長
由于是法律文件,要求我們在起草每一條款時必須做到準確、嚴密、清楚、易解,要避免模棱兩
可,似是而非,含糊不清。既要防止遣漏,又要堵絕有隨意增添的可能性,這樣才能避免日后因語言
上的疏忽而相互發生爭議。要在一個句子中把某件事面面點到,又要嚴密到滴水不漏,無隙可擊,勢
必造成英語長句結構。常常是插入語接插入語,從句中套從句,一連套若于個從句,下面這句英文,摘自銀行履約保函,我們作一些分析,便可一斑見豹。
Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and mean-ing thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the dam-ages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guauantee then this obli-gation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alter-ation in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed complet-ed,and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the engi-veer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.這句話由170個詞構成,只用了一個逗號,由if。:,but等連接詞把幾層意思連成一個整體。為了便于分析,闡述,筆者將原句分成幾個部分,并簡稱各部分為a,b,c.d,我們先看a部分:Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such
a部分是句子的主要部分,比較簡單,除the above-written及such具有合同文件語言特點外,其它部分與普通英語表達別無兩樣,如果不是寫在合同條款里,就可以寫成:
Now the Condition of the Guaratee is that…
在英語里用定冠詞“the”已有限定作用,限定Guarantee保證書,但合同語言為了更明確限定 “Guarantee”又以above-written分詞短語作強調限定。”Such”在此部分中也是進一步限定that引
起的表語從句。
b部分的原文如下,也即第一個if從句:
that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and meaning therelf
如果按一般非文件體寫,可以寫成:
if the Contractor duly perform all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the Con-tract
英語if條件從句的將來時應由現在時代替,可此句中duly前面卻用“shall”來表示動詞的時 態,這個shall屬合同語言的特點,shall在這里表明主語Contractor應盡責任。文中又以Observe 和perform兩個并列動詞,對主語行為職責規定得非常清楚,使日后不會因為職權不清而產生糾 紛。b部分的后半部分僅以“of the said Contract”來限定provisions Conditions and stipulations還 覺得不夠明確,又補以on the Confractor's part to be performed and Observed把責任限定到合同 中規定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有條款,條件及規定,繼爾又以according to the true purport intent and meaning thereof明確指出承包人履行這些條款條件及規定的根據。這樣就以三 個介詞短語和一個不定式短語把前后兩部分嚴密地組織在一起,把承包人對于合同應承擔的責任 作為此保證書有效的一個條件講得清清楚楚。本部分中出現的thereof及d部分中出現的thereun-der等都是文件用詞,后文有專門論述。
C部分原文是:
or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sus-tained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect
C部分以。r if引出另一種可能性,如果承包人不執行所規定的條款如何?則保證人應負有賠 償業主損失的責任。原文在闡述這一層意思時既簡明又嚴密。僅用on default就省去了條件從句,接著對于賠償金額以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee給于明確規定,使違約者無 可抵賴,也無從討價還價,以保證書上的數目為準。后又接then引出賠償后,保證書將何去何從?以
shall be null and void這樣一個法律用語來宣告保證書對于責任保證作用已無效。然,又以but otherwise假設出另一種相反的情況,也就是同一問題的另一個方面。此部分語言十分精練,以oth-
er-wise代替了一個完整的條件從句,主句的主語也省略,以be和remain來強調保證書具有的全
部效力。C部分把如果承包人違約的兩種情況,兩種結果,說得滴水不漏。
d部分的原文是:
but no alteration in terms of the said Contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed,completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forgearance or forgiveness in or in re-spect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guar-antee.d部分較長,以but引出一個并列句。句子長主要是由于對三個并列主語的修飾、限制部分較 多,如果簡而言之的話,原句可以縮簡為:
no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor from any liability.這樣一簡寫能使我們的學生很快看清句子結構,弄明白這一部分的主要內容,但作為合同文件,必
須把主語的三個部分的事項、范圍、程度規定得一清二楚。所以三個主語都分別以若干個介詞短語
和不定式短語加以限定,且用n。的名詞否定形式比用動詞的否定式更具有法律的權威性,謂語部
分又以“in ,any ,way'‘加強力度,以under the above-written Guarantee限定職責范圍。原文中b,c,d三部分把a部分的condition條件作了嚴密的闡述。監于一條款文需要就某個問題講清楚,要排
除不必要的情況,限定所需的情況,這就需要有許多起限定作用的介詞短語,分詞短語、起排除或附
加作用的插入語、假設各種情況發生的從句,這樣一來,勢必造成長句,學生初步接觸時往往感到困
難重重。其實句子結構如同房子結構,弄不清一座大樓的結構,就會在樓里轉來轉去出不來,所以掌
握合同文件的句子結構,是讀懂合同,譯好合同,寫好各種合同的重要一環。
歸納上述分析,要理出句子結構首先要找出主句的主語謂語部分,先去掉與之相關的各種限制
短語或從句,再找出并列句或主從句之間的連接詞,把并列部分或從屬部分進行適當切割,再對每一切割部分進行上述過程的分解,就可縷順各部分之間的關系。這就好比看一棵大樹,要從樹枝樹
葉上弄清各自關系很難,首先從根部找到樹干,再把各大支干取下,支干中的小枝再取下,就可弄清
這棵大樹枝枝葉葉之間的關系。
提供下列譯文,以便參考
茲將履行上述書面保證書的條件規定如下:如果承包人切實履行并遵守所簽署的上述合同中
規定的承包人一方按合同的真實旨意(實際目的)意圖(向)和含義所應履行和遵守的所有條款、條
件及規定或者如果承包人違約,則保證人應賠償業主因此而蒙受的損失,直至到達上述保證金額,屆時,本保證書所承擔的義務即告終止,否則保證書仍保持完全效力,但所簽合同條款的改變或對
工程的施工、完成及根據合同修補其缺陷的性質和范圍的任何變更,以及業主或工程師根據上述合同給于的時間寬限或上述工程師方面對上述合同合同有關事宜所做的任何容忍或寬恕,均不解除
保證人所承擔的上述保證書規定的義務
二、用詞特點(wording /Diction)
對外經貿合同文件在用詞上要求準確,簡潔,常常同義詞連用,多用法律條文用詞。
1)簡潔
英語中的某些副詞如“here“"there“以及“where'‘在法律文件中往往當作前輟,與另一個詞
構
成一個正式法律語匯中的副詞,在法律文件中用這些詞,可以避免重復,使行文準確、簡潔。這些詞
有:
hereafter,hereby,herein,hereinafter,hereinbefore,hereof,hereto,hereunder,hereupon,herewith;thereafter,thereby,therefrom,therein,thereinafter,thereinbefore,thereon,there-of,thereunder,thereunupon,therewith;
whereas,whereby,wherein,whereof,whereon etc.現在我們舉例說明這些詞所起的準確、簡潔作用:
例一:The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.句中兩處用了thereof,都表示of the conditions很顯然part thereof, the interpretation or construction thereof,分別比part of the coditions和in the interpretation or construction of the conditions要簡潔得多,尤其是兩者中的后者,以一個字取代了八個字的短語。in the interpretation
or construction thereof or of the Contract(在合同條件或合同本身的解釋中),這里的thereof只能
是指“合同條件的”,而合同本身則用of the Contract,可見用詞之準確,使人無法鉆詞義間的細微
差別之隙做文章。
例二:The form of this Contract:
This Contract shall be in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto and shall have two copies each kept by the parties hereto for record.此句有兩處用hereto,都表示the Parties to the Contract(合同雙方)。在這樣短的句中,1如
果,不用’'hereto'‘來代替to the Contract,那么在這一短句子里就會出現四個’'the Contract'‘一詞。
顯然使用hereto使句子準確、簡潔,避免重復。
2)同義詞連用
英語中許多詞具有一詞多義的特點。要使法律文件中英語用詞準確,不被誤解,避免不必要的爭議,在寫法律文件時,對一些關鍵性的詞采取同義詞連用的辦法,以確保其不被曲解。盡管從形式
上來看是一種羅嗦,有時顯得繁鎖,然而這樣以詞的重復形式,保證了內容上的準確無誤,維護了法
律文件的獨解性尊嚴。
我們還是舉例說明。
例一;The Bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and subnission of its bid and(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer),will in no case be responsible or liable for these costs,regardless of the conduct or outcome of the bidding process.此句中出現兩對同義詞連用,第一對responsible or liable,這一對詞都是表示法律上有責任的。re-
sponsible一詞除“應負責任的”外,還有認真的,可靠的,可信賴的等義,liable除“有(法律)責任的,有義務的”外,還有“應受罰的,”“應付稅的”,“應服從的”“易于…的”等等意思。很顯然,如不采取兩
詞連用,就有可能產生不必要的誤解,而這兩個詞連用時,就只能取兩詞共有的意義,即“應負有責
任。”就不會產生別解,誤解。同樣,第二對連用Conduct or outcome都含有“result“的意思,”the
conduct or outcome of the bidding process“意為“投標的結果,’,這是一對名詞同義詞的連用。例二:This contract shall at all times be subject to and governed by the General Terms and Conditions on the back hereof which are an integral part hereof.此句的譯文是:本合同服從背面所附的一般條款,該條款是本合同不可分割的一部分。從譯文可以
看出句中的subject to與governed都取其“應服從于”和“受支配于”的意思。
例三:The Leasee, AA Plant, Shanjian(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and the Lessor,BB Lease,Tokyo(hereinafter referred to as Party B)hereby agree to make and enter into this A-greement in accordance with the following terms:
文中,make this Agreement與 enter into this Agreement同義,都表示簽訂本合同,這是同義詞的謂語動詞連用。
3)、行文中使用正式的或法律上的用詞:
由于經貿合同文件是法律性的正式書面文件,為了維護法律文件的權威性,使用那些我們平時
不常用的、法律的、正式的用詞是必要的,要掌握使用這些用詞,就要求我們多讀,多實踐。我們看看
法律用詞在行文中的作用。
例一:If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of魚e said cor些哩on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according
to the true purport intent and meaning thereof.這句話中除上面所提到的同義詞連用外,(如:terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations 都是指合同條款)有兩處使用T正式的法律用詞:the said Confract(上述合同)”the said“或“said“ 是公文體,法律文體,合同文體經常使用,意思是“該”或“上述的”。另一詞是)”intent”意為)“inten-
tion,purpose”(意圖)intent主要用于法律語言,比intention正式。
例二:The Chairman may convene aninterim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.句中convene與interim都是正式用詞,從下面的譯文中,便可知道,這兩個詞的含義。譯文:董事長得根據三分之一董事的的提議,召集臨時董事會議。
例三:In witness whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be exe-cuted the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.文中的the day and year表示日期。“executed'‘是法律用語,較”sign“正式,在句中意為簽字生效。In
witness whereof是法律合同用語,用于合同結尾條款,意為“特立此據。”另一個是in accordance
with,意為根據,按照,同under,pursuantto一樣,都是正式用語,要比according to正式。例四:Whereas Party B will enter into a Contract for Work with Party A for the later's air
conditioning equipment,and the Parties hereto,in consideration of the mutual covenants and a-greement,do hereby agree as follows.文中covenants是法律用詞,意為legal formal agreement(法律契約),whereas也是法律用詞,意為
鑒于(considering)之意。
例五:This Agreement is made by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter called Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter called Party B)where互y the Parties hereto agree to enter into com-
pensation trade under the terms
文中whereby是法律合同用語,例六:The contractor shall
and conditions set forth below.意為”by the agreement“ ,憑此協議。
indennify and keep indemnified the Employer aga
ages and compensation,other than those for which the Employer is lible as
inst all such dam-
aforesaid,and all
claims,proceedings,damages,costs,charges,and expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in
relation thereto.文中in respect thereof是正式用語,在法律文件中常常使用。表示與本合同,本協議,本條款,本文
件有關的事,要比about,Concerning,as,reguards正式。文中的另一詞whatsoever,是whatever的強勢語,也常在法律文件中使用。
總之,正式的,法律的詞語是法律文件文體的需要,只有通過大量的實踐,才能逐漸地掌握。此
類法律正式用詞還有:
In the event that;In the event of;Provided that;Be deemed;In case;In question;Be liable for;Known All Men by these presents;Notwithstanding;Unless other,ctc.等等,就不在本文中累述。
三、若干語法現象
1)shall
在法律文件中shall一詞用得相當多。”shall”并非單純表示將來時,而是常常用來表示法律上
必須強制執行的義務,在譯文中消譯為“應”“應該”“必須”。例如:
This Contract shall be written in English in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto.譯文:本合同應以英文寫成,一式兩份,合同雙方各執一份。
文中的shall一般不能用will或should來代替。“will'‘在法律文件中有時也用作承擔義務,但語氣
要比”shall”弱,強制力也比’'shall'‘差,在英譯中時,往往譯為“將”“愿”“要”,”should”在英語中可以
表示”“應該”,但在法律文件中極少有”should',表示“應該。”關于”shall”表示“應該”“必須”的概
念,在本文前面的例句中,頻繁出現,學生在練習合同寫作時,應正確運用,筆者就不再舉例了。
2)such...as引導定語從句
我們通常用which ,who,whom, that等來引導定語從句,由于法律文件的語言要求嚴密,準
確,避免是是而非,造成誤解除,因此常用such......as作關系代詞,引導定語從句,請看:例一:The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor,from time to time, su些 supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate excution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.譯文:工程師有權隨時向承包人發出為合理和恰當施工、完成工程及維修缺陷所必須的補充圖紙和
指令。
從文中可以看出,用such“"”as來修飾supplementary Drawing and instructions要比which , that引導的定語從句來修飾嚴密,因為such“"”as分別放在s supplementary Drawing and instruc-
lions這一需要修飾的名詞詞組的一前一后,把修飾范圍死死地定住了。如果用which或taht來引
導定語從句修飾前面的名詞,就很不明確,到底修飾的是instructions還是Drawings and instruc-
lions兩者,日后可能會引起糾紛,或許有空可鉆。
例二:The Contractor shall provide on the site in connection with the execution and comple-tion of the works and the remeding of any defects therein.(a)Only such technical assistants are skilled and experienced in their respective callings and such foreman and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.譯文:承包人應為施工,完成工程及維修缺陷向現場提供
(1>在本行業中技術熟練,經驗豐富的技術助理,及能對工程施工予以正確監督的監工和領班。
文中關系代詞such“"”as所修飾的兩組名詞相隔較遠,于是用了兩個such,出現了such“"”and
such“"” as的形式,分別修飾technical assistants(技術助理)和foreman and leading hands(監工 和領班),這樣的語言是十分嚴謹的,這種嚴謹是法律文件所要求的。
本文只是從幾年來所從事的“對外經濟貿易及合同文本的寫作的教學中,對合同文件語言的特
點作了些粗線條的研究歸納,更深入的研究、探討和總結有待于在日后的教學工作中進行。參考書目:
1)世界銀行貸款項目招標采購文件范本
中國財政經濟出版社
2)國際招標與投標實務
中國對外經濟貿易出版社
3)土木工程施工合國條件應用指南
第二篇:經貿英語
專有名詞
金融市場:financial market收入分配:the distribution of income
政府(支出、政策、債券):government(spending、policy、bond)
預算赤字:budget deficit貿易模式:the patterns of trade
發展中國家:developing country市場機制:the market mechanism
經濟周期:business cycle經濟擴張:business expansion
大蕭條:the Great Depression零和博弈:zero-sum game
后此謬誤:The Post Hoc Fallacy合成繆誤:The Fallacy of Composition
國民生產總值(GNP):the gross national product
名義和實際:nominal and real可支配收入:disposable income
留存盈余:retained earning需求總供給:the aggregate demand and supply
轉移支付:transfer outlay宏觀政策手段:Macroeconomic Policy Levers
自由貿易:free trade貨幣政策財政政策:monetary policy and fiscal policy公開市場操作:open market operation法定準備金率:reserve requirement
再貼現率:discount rates通貨膨脹:actual inflation
充分就業:full employment經濟增長:rapid growth of output
價格穩定:price stability(移動、固定)匯率:(free、fixed)exchange rate
絕對優勢:absolute advantage比較優勢理論:the principle of comparative advantage
機會成本:opportunity cost生產可能邊界:production possibility
不兌現紙幣:fiat money聯邦儲存系統:The Federal Reserve system
聯邦公開市場委員會(FOMC):The Federal Open Market Committee
短期交替: a short-run tradeoff活期存款:demand deposit
資產負債表:T-account百分百儲存銀行:100-Percent-Reserve Banking
貨幣乘數:the money multiplier超額準備金:excess reserve
法律合同:a legal contract邀約和接受:offer and acceptance
人事保險:life insurance投機風險:speculative risk
單邊過程:a one-sided process最大限度利用:make the most of
不可再生資源:nonrenewable energy工業革命:the Industrial Revolution
限定價格:price fix內幕交易:inside trade
常識:common sense公益機構:a nonprofit organization
飽受損失:exposure to loss藝術博物館:art museum
會計事務所:accounting firm年報:annual report
租賃服務:rental service經驗和直覺:experience and intuition
市場細分:market segment目標市場:target market
品牌忠誠度:brand loyalty以收入水平為基礎:on the basis of income level
肯接受的準確性:acceptable accuracy市場潛力:market potential
操作系統:operating system臨床研究:clinical study
馬斯諾的需要層次論:Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory
自然災害:natural disaster有的放矢:plunge right in
第三篇:經貿英語
倫敦人民幣交易量大幅上升
金融時報2013-10-09
London has strengthened its position as a global hub for offshore renminbi, as new market players drive a rapid rise in international trading of the Chinese currency.倫敦強化了其作為離岸人民幣全球中心的地位。新的市場參與者推動人民幣國際交易快速增長。
The UK capital, the world’s dominant centre for foreign exchange
transactions, accounts for per cent of renminbi trading conducted outside China and Hong Kong.That 62 compares with 54 per cent in January, the data from payments group Swift show.支付集團Swift的數據顯示,作為世界上首屈一指的外匯交易中心,英國首都目前在中國內地和香港以外的人民幣交易中占了62%的比重,高于1月份的54%。London’s increased market share came largely at the expense of Singapore, although the US, France and Switzerland all lost ground.Analysts said the city’s standing as the main global centre for trading the US dollar and the euro makes it the natural home for renminbi trading outside Hong Kong.倫敦新增的市場份額主要是從新加坡奪取的,而美國、法國和瑞士也都失去了一些份額。分析師們表示,倫敦作為全球美元和歐元交易主要中心的地位,使其自然成為香港以外人民幣交易的首選場所。
Volumes in London are about $5bn a day, up from about $2.5bn at this time last year.Renminbi trading in Hong Kong has also continued to rise rapidly, from about $8bn in daily volume at the end of 2012 to as much as $13bn, says HSBC.倫敦的人民幣日交易量目前達到大約50億美元,而去年此時只有25億美元左右。匯豐(HSBC)表示,香港的人民幣交易也在繼續快速增長,日交易量從2012年底的大約80億美元增至130億美元左右。
Overall trading volumes in the renminbi have risen 113 per cent this year, according to Swift, overtaking the Swedish krona, the South Korean won and the Russian rouble in the global league table.據Swift介紹,今年人民幣總交易量已增長113%,在全球榜單上超越瑞典克朗、韓元和俄羅斯盧布。
Ju Wang, Asian currency strategist at HSBC, said the expansion in renminbi trading had been driven by a wave of deregulation, the emergence of trading centres and fresh sources of demand.匯豐亞洲外匯策略師王菊表示,推動人民幣交易量擴大的因素包括:一連串放松管制的措施、若干交易中心的形成,以及新的需求來源。
“We see a lot of new players, like hedge funds, as well as corporates, who use the renminbi for hedging purposes,” said Ms Wang, who added that central banks and private bank clients had also shown strong interest.“我們看到很多新的參與者,比如對沖基金,還有企業,他們將人民幣用于對沖
目的,”王菊表示。她補充稱,各國央行和私人銀行客戶也表現出極大興趣。The rise in trading chimes with the long-term goal of Chinese policy makers to internationalise their currency.Taiwan this year became the second place outside mainland China where renminbi transactions could be settled directly, with Singapore following soon after.The People’s Bank of China has signed currency swap agreements, including with the Bank of England.人民幣交易量的增長與中國政策制定者推動人民幣國際化的長遠目標是一致的。今年,臺灣成為中國大陸以外第二個能夠直接結算人民幣交易的地方,新加坡也在不久后做到這一點。中國央行已簽署多項貨幣互換(互惠外匯信貸)協議,包括與英國央行(Bank of England)達成的此類協議。
The loosening of investment restrictions has widened the options for those holding renminbi as part of broader financial reforms.In March,regulators gave international money managers the freedom to choose how to invest renminbi holdings onshore.放松投資限制作為整體金融改革的一部分,拓寬了人民幣持有者的選擇范圍。今年3月,監管機構讓國際基金管理公司自由選擇如何投資在岸人民幣。
Ms Wang said that the recently opened Shanghai free-trade zone would likely lead to a pick-up in trading, although what would be possible inside the zone has yet to be made clear.匯豐的王菊表示,最近成立的上海自貿區有望推動人民幣交易量進一步增長,盡管官方尚未闡明自貿區內具體能夠從事哪些活動。
The data back up trends seen in a Bank of International Settlements survey that showed that the renminbi’s share of trading volume jumped from 0.9 per cent in 2010 to 2.2 per cent in 2013.Swift’s numbers suggest much of that increase occurred this year.交易量數據與國際清算銀行(BIS)一項調查所顯示的趨勢吻合。該調查發現,人民幣在外匯交易量中所占比重已從2010年的0.9%躍升至2013年的2.2%。Swift的數據似乎表明,相當大一部分增長發生在今年。
Although renminbi volumes remain small compared with the US dollar and the euro, it is fast gaining ground on the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc.雖然人民幣交易量與美元和歐元相比仍很小,但它正在快速趕上加拿大元和瑞士法郎。
第四篇:經貿英語求職信參考
經貿英語求職信參考,關鍵詞是求職信,經貿英語,
尊敬的領導:
您好!
感謝您在百忙之中審閱我的求職申請,給予我毛遂自薦的機會。
我是太原理工大學外語系08經貿英語專業的一名學生,即將于明年七月完成學業,真正地步入社會,開始人生的新一段征程。
上大學后,我最鄭重的告訴自己的一句話是:學通你的專業,利用它為你的人生開辟道路。于是我以交際英語為方向,首先側重于打好基礎,從聽,說,讀,寫幾方面訓練基本技能,在達到自如地運用英語的基礎上,我學習了英美概況,英美文學,英語語法等相關專業知識,同時,我還學習了部分經貿英語知識,這些努力不僅使我的專業水平每年都有相應提高,而且拓展了視野,豐富了經驗,并使我于大二時以良好的成績通過了國家英語四級和六級考試。
大學三年里,有收獲也有遺憾,但欣慰的是這些經歷使我學會了冷靜,執著,使我變的愈加獨立,堅韌;教會我學會在人生的坐標上尋找適合自己的位置,并不斷調整和完善自我;更讓我意識到要勇于在人生的不同階段迎接新的挑戰。所以當又一次走到人生的十字路口時,我誠摯地希望能加入你們這群充滿生命力,競爭力和挑戰力的精英隊伍中,在各方英才的領導和幫助下,為公司的再度發展和騰飛推波助瀾!
祝貴公司事業蒸蒸日上,屢創佳績!祝您的事業百尺竿頭,更進一步!殷切地盼望您的佳音,謝謝!
第五篇:經貿英語 chapter1
今年全國“兩會”已經開始了,那兩會用英語怎么說呢?
Air pollution, corruption and the wealth gap are the three issues of most concern to the public ahead of the annual parliamentary sessions of China, dubbed as “two sessions”, according to an online survey.一項網絡調查顯示,在一年一度的“兩會”召開之際,大家最關注的三大問題分別為:大氣污染、腐敗問題以及貧富差距。
The issue of pollution has grown in importance for people since last year's survey which then showed the top three issues as being the cost of living, the environment and employment.與去年相比,污染問題對于人們的重要程度有所提高。去年的調查顯示,人們最關注的三大問題為:生活成本、環境和就業。
The majority of respondents said air pollution is the most urgent issue which needs to be addressed and they expect the “two sessions” to put forward practical measures to tackle the problem.大多數調查對象表示,大氣污染是當務之急,需予以解決,他們期待“兩會”能提出一些切實可行的措施來解決該問題。【講解】
文中的two sessions就是“兩會”的意思,其中session是名詞,意為“會議”,一般指定期正式召開的會議,如:
The Congress ended its first session on January 4.代表大會第一次會議在1月4日結束。
而meeting是普通用詞,指一般性的會議,可用于任何場合,如:departmental meeting(部門會議),sports meeting(運動會)1.養老保險 pension insurance system 2.反腐倡廉 anti-corruption bid 3.依法拆遷 lawful housing demolition and relocation 4.調控房價 housing prices control 5.貧富差距 gap between the rich and the poor(wealth gap)6.就業問題 employment 7.醫療改革 medical reform下崗再就業 Re-employment after being laid off 登記失業率 registered unemployment rate 分組討論 panel discussion 城鄉差距 rural-urban divide 基本醫療保險 basic medical insurance 家電下鄉Home appliances going to the countryside 中小型企業 SMEs 教育公平Equal Access to Education 8.司法公正 judicial justice 9.民主監督 democratic supervision 10.教育公平equal access to education opening speech 開幕式致辭
small-and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企業crops' minimum purchase prices糧食最低收購價
per-capita income人均收入
window guidance窗口指導(監管機構利用其在金融體系中特殊的地位和影響,引導金融機構主動采取措施防范風險,進而實現監管目標的監管行為。)propel/expand domestic deman擴大內需 proactive fiscal policy積極的財政政策
moderately easy monetary policy適度寬松的貨幣政策 rural-urban development divide 城鄉差距 government work report政府工作報告 dairy product standards乳制品標準
scattered production model分散生產模式(Such a scattered production model is the fundamental reason that there have been so many food safety incidents.這種分散生產模式是諸多食品安全問題的根源。)administrative transparency政務透明
bridging loan過渡性貸款(Bridging, or a bridging loan, is short-term financing made available pending arrangement of intermediate or long-term financing.過渡性貸款是一種在中期或長期融資安排確定前的短期融資。
comfortable Housing Project安居工程 careers guidance就業指導 three Direct Links“大三通”(通郵、通航、通商)healthcare reform.package醫改方案 basic medicine system基本醫療體制 home appliances going to the countryside家電下鄉 equal Access to Education教育公平
golden September and silver October金九銀十 rural left-behind population 農村留守人口
issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area三農問題
three insurances and one fund “三險一金”(養老保險、失業保險、醫療保險和住房公積金)administrative accountability行政問責制(是指一級政府對現任該級政府負責人、該級政府所屬各工作部門和下級政府主要負責人在所管轄的部門和工作范圍內由于故意或者過失,不履行或者正確履行法定職責,以致影響行政秩序和行政效率,貽誤行政工作,或者損害行政管理相對人的合法權益,給行政機關造成不良影響和后果的行為,進行內部監督和責任追究的制度)。
defense budget 國防預算
National People's Congress 全國人民代表大會
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中國人民政治協商會議 11th Five-year Development Program 十一五發展規劃 Innovation-oriented Society 創新型社會 Scientific Concept of Development 科學發展觀 Township Health Service 城鄉醫療服務 Rural Compulsory Education 農村義務教育
Building New Socialist Countryside 建設社會主義新農村 Cross-straits peace and stability 兩岸和平與穩定
Increase the flexibility of the RMB exchange rate 增加人民幣匯率的靈活性 President of the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國主席 Central Military Commission 中央軍事委員會 Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院
Supreme People's Procuratorate 最高人民檢察院 Presidium 主席團
Standing Committee 常務委員會 General Office 辦公廳
Secretariat 秘書處
Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs 內務司法委員會 Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 華僑委員會 Commission of Legislative Affairs 法制工作委員會 Committee for Revision of the Constitution 憲法修改委員會 Credentials Committee 代表資格審查委員會 Motions Examination Committee 提案審查委員會 Ethnic Affairs Committee 民族委員會 Law Committee 法律委員會
Finance and Economy Committee 財政經濟委員會 Foreign Affairs Committee 外事委員會
Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions 特定問題調查委員會
Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 教育、科學、文化衛生委員會 disaster relief賑災
defense expenditure國防開支
safeguarding our sovereignty and territory保衛主權和領土完整 top legislative body最高立法機關 social welfare system 社會福利制度 minimum living standard最低生活標準
the imbalance between urban and rural areas城鄉發展不平衡 farmer-turned-entrepreneur 農民企業家 basic medical insurance 基本醫療保
window guidance 窗口指導(監管機構利用其在金融體系中特殊的地位和影響,引導金融機構主動采取措施防范風險,進而實現監管目標的監管行為。equal Access to Education 教育公平disaster relief 賑災
defense expenditure 國防開支
safeguarding our sovereignty and territory 保衛主權和領土完整 top legislative body 最高立法機關 social welfare system 社會福利制度 minimum living standard 最低生活標準
the imbalance between urban and rural areas 城鄉發展不平衡 state-run/owned company/enterprise 國有企業
The character “duang” is so new that it does not even exist in the Chinese dictionary.But it has already spread like wildfire online in China, appearing more than 8 million times on China's micro-blogging site Weibo, where it spawned a top-trending hashtag that drew 312,000 discussions among 15,000 users.On China's biggest online search engine Baidu, it has been looked up almost 600,000 times.It's been noticed in the West too, with Foreign Policy seeing it as a “break the internet” viral meme-like a certain Kim Kardashian image, or a certain multicoloured dress.最近大熱的“duang”是一個在漢語字典中并不存在的新詞,不過這個字甫一出現就以燎原之勢在中國的網絡上迅速傳播開來。這個字在中國的社交網站微博中出現了八億多次。有15000名用戶使用了它,并引發了31.2萬次討論。在中國最大的在線搜索網站百度,這個字的搜索量達60萬余次,該現象同樣引發了西方媒體的關注,《外交政策》雜志將其稱作“引爆互聯網”的病毒式傳播事件,與之前金·卡戴珊的美臀照和著名的“白金黑藍之爭”的裙裝同等待遇。
But what does it mean? 可是這個字到底是什么意思?
“Everyone's duang-ing and I still don't know what it means!Looks like it's back to school for me,” said Weibo user Weileiweito.“每個人都在“duang”,可我連duang什么意思都不知道,這讓我仿佛又重回了校園時代。”微博用戶Weileiweito說。
Another user asked: “Have you duang-ed today? My mind is full of duang duang duang.” 而另一位用戶發問“今天你“duang”了嗎?”我現在滿腦都是“duang,duang duang。” “To duang or not to duang, that is the question,” wrote user BaiKut automan.“Duang還是不duang,這是一個問題,”BaiKut如是說。
“Duang” seems to be an example of onomatopoeia, a word that phonetically imitates a sound.It all seems to have started with Hong Kong action star Jackie Chan, who in 2004 was featured in a shampoo commercial where he said famously defended his sleek, black hair using the rhythmical-sounding “duang”.The word resurfaced again recently after Chan posted it on his Weibo page.Thousands of users then began to flood Chan's Weibo page with comments, coining the word in reference to his infamous shampoo appearance.Duang是一個擬聲詞,用來形容一種聲音,來源于香港影星成龍在2004年時拍的一則洗發水廣告,他用了duang來形容烏黑亮麗富有動感的頭發,而最近成龍在微博上再度使用了duang這一詞匯,引得千萬網友紛紛訪問其微博頁面,在該條微博下面評論,并造了這個字來指代他拍的那個洗發水廣告。
The word appears to have many different meanings, and there's no perfect translation, but you could use it as an adjective to give emphasis to the word that follows it.A kitten might be “duang cute”, for example.Or you might be “very duang confused” by this blog.duang這個字好像有很多種意思,到目前為止并沒有一個確切對應的英文翻譯,不過,你可以把它當做形容詞用,用來強調跟在它后面的那個詞,比如你可以說一只小貓是“duang萌”,看到這里,你也許是“非常duang糊涂”了。
For readers of Chinese characters, the Jackie Chan theme is also apparent from the quirky way in which the word is written: a combination of Chan's Mandarin names.而duang對應的漢字是什么呢?這個字以一種非常離奇的方式被造出來,將“成龍”這兩個字組在一起就成了duang。
用法一:作為擬聲詞
英文例句:The sound of Mr.Skinny fell: pia!The sound of Mr.Fat fell: duang!中文:@純良大叔 “瘦子摔倒的聲音:pia!胖子摔倒的聲音:duang!”
用法二:作為名詞。特效的同義詞。和外國人解釋中文的特效怎么說,你就說DUANG~ 英文例句:You say “special effect”, in Chinese, we say “DUANG”.中文:英語“特效”這個單詞,在我們中文里的發音就是DUANG~ 用法三:作為形容詞,形容的是自己受欺騙的一種心情,表達“都是騙人的!”欲哭無淚。英文例句:“DUANG”, then the holiday is gone.I doubt seriously this is special effect;it's cheating!中文:@跳蝻P “DUANG的一下,假期就沒有了。我懷疑這是特效,是騙人的。” 用法四:作為數量形容詞。形容意想不到的很快,很多,蜂擁而至。
英文例句:“DUANG~”, thousands of netizens repost my Weibo in a short period of time……but no one could look this word up in the dictionary, because I've found it at Bilibili.中文:@蟲治先森 我的微博duang~轉發的很快、很多……而字典上跟沒就沒有這個字——因為我是在B站查到的。
最后為大家獻上成龍版《我的洗發液》全程英文歌詞直播~歡迎同人二次創作~歡迎拍磚~(來源:iduobo.com)“When I first learned to shoot the shampoo ad, in fact, I refuse!…… Ah …… because I think you cannot beat me to shoot right away , first , I want to try, I do not want to say …… after you shoot an ad shoot plus a lot of special effects , the other end to launch ah …… very black!very bright!very soft!outcome audience will scold me, there is no such hair!this proves that the above is false … … I said first to give me a try.Later, after I know they are medicine , but not the kind of chemical ingredients.After that wash this month ……it down this month , at least I used very comfortable.Now it …… still use every day still use it …..I gave my class used to be married to you that I try to speak with the director :!!!” When the film shoot!after the shoot , the hair is my hair , do not increase , plus stunt up, added that there is no such child!I want to give the audience to see , and then I run out of something like this , you run after , the same way son!“ 原文:“當我第一次知道要拍洗發水廣告的時候,其實我是,是拒絕的,我跟導演講,我拒絕,因為,其實我,根本沒有頭發……導演跟我講,拍完加特技,頭發很黑很亮很柔……加了一個月特技之后呢,頭發DUANG~~~后來我也知道他們是假的,是化學成分的。我現在呢,每天還是加特技,加了很多特技,頭發,DUANG~~DUANG~~DUANG~~我的頭發烏黑濃密,因為我,加特技……”
看完下面25個句子,你會覺得自己的英語學的不夠到家。這充分說明了語言是文字和文化的有機結合。也一定程度上解釋了為什么看美劇抓不住人家笑點的原因。1.Do you have a family? 【正確理解】你有孩子嗎?
2.It's a good father that knows his son.【正確理解】就算是最好的父親,也未必了解自己的兒子。3.I have no opinion of that sort of man.【正確理解】我對這類人很反感。4.The picture flattered her.【正確理解】她比較上照。5.He is a walking skeleton.【正確理解】他很瘦。
6.You don't know what you are talking about.【正確理解】你在胡說八道。
7.You don't begin to understand what they mean.【正確理解】你根本不知道他們在干嘛。(not begin to:毫不)8.They didn't praise him slightly.【正確理解】他們大大地表揚了他。9.That's all I want to hear.【正確理解】我已經聽夠了。
10.I wish I could bring you to see my point.【正確理解】你要我怎么說你才能明白呢。11.You really flatter me.【正確理解】你讓我受寵若驚。12.He made a great difference.【正確理解】他很關鍵。
13.You cannot give him too much money.【正確理解】你給他再多的錢也不算多。(not…too/over…連用表示“再…也不為過”)14.The long exhausting trip proved too much.【正確理解】這次旅行曠日持久,我們都累倒了。15.She held the little boy by the right hand.【正確理解】她抓著小男孩的右手。(這里”by“與”with“動作主語完全相反)16.Are you there? 【正確理解】你還在聽嗎?(等于Do you follow me?)17.If you think he is a good man, think again.【正確理解】如果你認為他是好人,那你就大錯特錯了。18.That took his breath away.【正確理解】他大驚失色。
19.Two is company but three is none.【正確理解】兩人成伴,三人不歡。20.Students are still arriving.【正確理解】學生還沒有到齊。
21.They went away as wise as they came.【正確理解】他們一無所獲。22.I won't do it to save my life.【正確理解】我死也不會做。
23.I don't think his painting is any better than yours.【正確理解】我認為他的畫比你好不到哪去。24.You don't want to do that.【正確理解】你不應該去做。
25.Rubber easily gives way to pressure.【正確理解】橡膠很容易變形。(give way to:向...讓步、屈服)
前央視記者柴靜自費拍攝的一部環保紀錄片《穹頂之下》通過網絡播映后,引起廣泛關注。霧霾在兩會前夕又成為人們關注的熱點。
Chai Jing, former presenter and journalist with China Central Television, presents a self-funded documentary about smog in Beijing, Feb 28, 2015.”Under the Dome", a smog documentary released by Chai Jing has been viewed more than 17 million times on Youku and has provoked national discussion after going viral online.柴靜發布的“霧霾紀錄片”《穹頂之下》在優酷上已播放超過1700萬次,在網上迅速傳播后引發了全國的熱烈討論。
霧霾(smog)我們并不陌生,“霧霾記錄片”可以用smog documentary 表示
《穹頂之下》(Under the Dome)是柴靜自費制作的霧霾紀錄片(a self-funded documentary about smog),這是一份調查性報道(investigative reporting),通過國內外實地調查(field investigations at home and abroad),采訪了官員、科學家及普通民眾,提供了大量數據。柴靜在視頻中列舉了一些受污染困擾地區(pollution-plagued areas)的現狀,調查了霧霾是什么?它從哪兒來?我們怎么辦?三個問題,也披露了部分行業的監管漏洞(regulation loopholes),呼吁保護公共利益(public interest),同時也呼吁公眾舉報非法排放(reporting illegal emitters),承擔個人責任(individual responsibility)。
柴靜的視頻受到了很多民眾,如環保倡導者(environmental advocate)的好評,環保部長陳吉寧感謝柴靜喚起公眾對環境關注,但也受到一些人的猛烈抨擊。