第一篇：傳統騎士文學的異類

傳統騎士文學的異類《堂吉訶德》

又一個偶然又必然的機會，在預習《外國文學》時發現課本第三章的第二節介紹的是塞萬提斯的《堂吉訶德》，不禁有些暗喜，因為早在中學時代就有聽老師提起過《堂吉訶德》這部小說，只是苦于一直沒條件閱讀，也是因為自身的惰性使然吧。于是，我馬上有滋有味地看了起來。可是，我卻沒能看懂它在講什么，我不甘心，就回宿舍用電腦搜了原著的電子版出來看，結果，我還是不太懂，只能等老師講解。后來，上完課，看完相關視頻，我終于有點讀懂了，所以，我就有話想說了。

首先，讀一部作品我們都會習慣性的先了解一下創作背景的，那么我們就來看看它的創作背景。《堂吉訶德》于1605年出版，而十六世紀的西班牙是個激蕩人心的時代，西班牙成為稱霸歐洲的強大帝國，但其強盛非常短暫，很快便喪失了海上霸主的地位。在國內，封建貴族與僧侶還保持著特權，各種苛捐雜稅繁多，使得貧富分配不均的現象更為突出，階級矛盾日益激化。書中堂吉訶德在游俠生活中的遭遇揭露了社會的黑暗，抨擊了教會的專橫，揭示人民的困苦。作品第四章中，堂吉訶德在游俠之初發現，一個粗壯的農夫把一個十五歲左右的男孩綁在樹上，脫光了他的上衣，用皮鞭抽打。堂吉訶德沖上去把孩子解救下來，可當他走后，男孩得到的是主人更加兇殘的毒打。由于統治階級的殘酷壓迫，當時的西班牙下層人民生活貧苦，盜賊橫行，統治者對反抗者采用的刑罰往往極力嚴酷。在第六十章中，在前往巴塞羅那的路上，堂吉訶德和桑丘夜晚露宿在樹林里，發現了一些被吊在樹上的人，于是，他告訴桑丘：“這一帶抓到逃犯和強盜，往往把二三十個一起掛在樹上吊死。估計這兒里巴塞羅那不遠了。”統治階級的驕奢淫逸和下層民眾的貧苦在作品中形成了鮮明對照。作品下卷關于公爵城堡的描寫集中揭露了貴族階級的腐朽實質：公爵夫婦閑得無聊，不惜耗費巨資以捉弄堂吉訶德主仆解悶。而勞動人民正處在水深火熱中，過著地獄般的生活。桑丘就是因為貧困才不得不跟堂吉訶德外出冒險的。

雖然作者塞萬提斯逝世至今已經有三百九十六年了，但其辛辣的諷刺，巧妙的藝術構思，引人發笑的夸張以及它包含的深刻的哲理，仍然吸引著廣大的讀者。《堂吉訶德》乍看似乎荒誕不經，實則隱含作者對西班牙現實深刻的理解。《堂吉訶德》原名《奇情異想的紳士堂吉訶德·臺·拉·曼卻》，作者在序言中申明：“這部書只不過是對于騎士文學的一種諷刺”，目的在于“把騎士文學的盤”完全摧毀。但事實上，這部作品的社會意義遠遠超過了作者主觀意圖的對騎士文學的諷刺和攻擊。作者以史詩般的宏偉規模，以農村為主要舞臺，出場以平民為主，人數近700多人，在這廣闊的社會背景中，繪出一幅幅各具特色又相互聯系的社會畫面，尖銳地、全面地批判了這一時期封建西班牙的政治、法律、道德、宗教、文學、藝術以及私有財產制度，使它成為一部“行將滅亡的騎士階級的史詩”，一部偉大的現實主義文學名著。書中主要描寫一個瘦弱的沒落貴族堂吉訶德因迷戀古代騎士小說，竟像古代騎士那樣用破甲駑馬裝扮起來，以領居家擠奶的姑娘為自己美賽天仙的心上人，再以矮胖的農民桑丘·潘沙做侍從，三次出發周游全國進行游俠活動。但因為他的戰術荒誕可笑，因而鬧了不少笑話，處處碰壁受辱，好心不得好報。終被打成重傷或被當作瘋子遣送回家，揭露了十六世紀末到十七世紀初正在走向衰落的西班牙王國的各種矛盾，譴責了貴族階級的荒淫腐朽，展現了人民的痛苦和斗爭，觸及了政治、經濟、道德、文化和風俗等諸方面的問題。

中國翻譯家楊絳認為，這部作品成功的最根本原因是作者創造了堂吉訶德和桑丘這兩個典型性的人物形象。堂吉訶德的形象是一個多層面、多維度的立體，作為一種典型，它蘊含和揭示了許多本質的東西，而這些本質的東西往往是貫通歷史的，具有著超越時空的普遍性。我們看一下他是怎么出場的：我們的紳士快五十歲了，體格很強健，他身材瘦削，面貌清癯，他讀騎士小說入了迷，發了狂，立志要當騎士，去行俠獵奇，把書里面的那些游俠騎士的行事一一照辦。他的盔甲是硬紙拼起來的，備了一匹自取名為駑馬辛難得，還給自己取了個不愧于騎士身份的名字：堂吉訶德，之后又確定了一個村姑作為心上人，稱其為“杜爾西內婭·臺爾·托波索”。后來，他又說服了鄰居作為騎士必不可少的侍從：“沒什么腦子”，體型矮胖的農夫，桑丘·潘沙。這樣的出場，我們看到了一個單純無知、幼稚天真的小老頭，他把一切看得很簡單，對現實的認識也很簡單，認為只要單槍匹馬就能掃盡世間所有不平。世間的復雜，人心的丑惡他完全不了解。所以當他從地主的皮鞭下解救牧童的時候，絲毫沒有想到會給牧童帶去更大的災難。因此，他的好心、他的行俠仗義也總是制造笑話。堂吉訶德是一個被嘲弄的騎士，但在小說中，他也是作為真正騎士的高度品德原則的體現者而現的。他堅信自己的理想最美、最好，是真理、是正義。他懷著鋤強扶弱、濟世救人的宏圖大志，去和他認為是惡的東西斗爭。例如，他攻打風車，因為他把風車當惡魔；他大戰羊群，是因為要解救正在受難的騎士；就是他懲罰財主富農而使小雇工遭到皮肉之苦一事，也是出于一片善良之心。可以說，在他的一系列怪誕行為中，都包含著他對被奴役的人民的同情，包含著他對封建統治強權的反抗。他認為：“天叫我生在這鐵的時代，是要我去恢復那金子的時代。”因此他自覺地去掃除暴行，承擔艱險，完成自己的使命。他這一路行俠，干了很多荒唐事，體現了他大膽魯莽，敢作敢為的特點。他有一套理論來為自己辯護：“我知道魯莽和懦弱都是過失，勇敢和美德是這兩個極端的中折，不過寧可勇敢過頭而魯莽，也不要勇敢不足而懦弱。揮霍比吝嗇更接近慷慨的美德，魯莽也比懦弱更接近真正的勇敢。”他的行為甚至比他的理論還要進一步，沒有什么“巨人”、“魔怪”使他裹足不前，也沒什么自然力量是他后退害怕，毫不畏懼沖向風車，面不改色打開獅籠向獅子挑戰，這些驚人的壯舉只有堂吉訶德才做得出來。然而，由于不估計自己的力量而為盲干，他勇敢過頭的行動，往往只能以失敗告終。

平常，堂吉訶德只要一談到騎士道就神志迷糊，荒唐可笑。但是，只要不涉及騎士道的時候，他頭腦清醒、明白事理，談吐非凡，時時流露出人文主義者的真知灼見。他一路的談話內容范圍廣泛，見解高明獨到。除了對騎士小說了如指掌，對古希臘羅馬文學、對圣經、對藝術理論也有精深的研究。同時，他在現實生活也不是完全無知，相反是常常一語道出生活的真諦。巴西琉新婚之時，堂吉訶德告訴他：“饑餓和貧窮是愛情的大敵”奉勸巴西琉先生從事正當營生，他擅長的那些玩意兒只能博得虛名，賺不了錢的。并且，他教導即將上任的桑丘，要關心窮人的疾苦，要辦事公正，執法仁慈，不要徇私納賄。堂吉訶德認為做文官的應該廉潔，做武官的應該勇敢，絕不可臨陣逃脫；認為只應該在正義的戰爭中使用武力，戰爭的目的是為了和平。他還主張破除封建等級觀念，認為王侯和平民的地位經常變換。王侯不爭氣，也會一代代衰落，而平民由于自身的努力，可以一步步上升，直到王侯。人的貴賤，不在地位或血

統，而在于個人品德的高尚或低劣。而人的品德靠個人自己努力，是內在的，不是外加的。這個人物的性格具有兩重性：一方面他是神志不清的，瘋狂而可笑的，但又正是他代表著高度的道德原則、無畏的精神、英雄的行為，對正義的堅信以及對愛情的忠貞等等。他越瘋癲，造成的災難也越大，幾乎誰遇到他都會遭到一場災難，但他的優秀品德也越鮮明。桑丘本是為當“總督”而追隨他，后看到無望仍不舍離去也正為此。堂吉訶德是可笑的，但又始終是一個理想主義的化身。他對被壓迫者和弱小者給予無限的同情。從許多章節中我們都可以找到他以熱情的語言歌頌自由，反對人壓迫人、人奴役人。也正是通過這一典型，塞萬提斯懷著悲哀的心情宣布了信仰主義的終結。這一點恰恰反映了文藝復興時期舊的信仰解體，新的信仰尚未提出的信仰斷裂時期的社會心態。

堂吉訶德的侍從桑丘·潘沙也是一個典型人物形象。桑丘是一個以侍從身份出現的西班牙貧苦農民的典型。他是作為反襯堂吉訶德的形象而創造出來的，他的形象從反面烘托了信仰主義的衰落這一主題。堂吉訶德充滿幻想，桑丘則事事從實際出發；堂吉訶德是禁欲主義的苦行僧，而桑丘則是伊壁鳩魯式的享樂派；堂吉訶德有豐富的學識，桑丘是文盲；堂吉訶德瘦而高，桑丘胖而矮。他，桑丘·潘沙是一個農民，有小私有者的缺點，然而到真正把他放在治理海島（實際上上是一個村）的位置上時，他又能夠秉公辦事，不徇私情，不貪污受賄。后來由于受不了貴族們的捉弄離了職。他說：“我赤條條來，又赤條條去，既沒有吃虧，也沒有占便宜，這是我同其它總督不同的地方。”朱光潛先生在評價堂吉訶德與桑丘這兩個人物時說：“一個滿腦子虛幻理想、持長矛來和風車搏斗，以顯示出騎士威風的堂吉訶德本人，另一個是從美酒佳肴和高官厚祿中享受人生滋味的桑丘。他們一個是可笑的理想主義者，一個是可笑的現實主義者。但是，堂吉訶德屬于過去，桑丘卻屬于未來。隨著資產階級勢力的日漸上升，理想的人就不是堂吉訶德，而是桑丘了。”堂吉訶德不是基于細節真實的畢肖描摹的卓越的典型形象，而是具有極大的夸張性、荒誕性，因而也帶有一定的象征意義和寓言色彩的藝術形象。然而，透過這種荒誕正揭示了一種普遍性的狀況：在現實社會中，大到國家（有報道說911后的美國就像塞萬提斯筆下的堂吉訶德）小到我們每個人，都似乎有堂吉訶德的影子：堂吉訶德耽于幻想，脫離實際，缺乏起碼的現實感，這種弱點在不同時代、不同國度、不同階級階層、不同修養閱歷的人身上或多或少的存在著。

最后，我想借用尼日利亞著名作家奧克斯的一段話作為結束：他曾頗動感情的說：“人生在世，如果有什么必讀的作品，那就是《堂吉訶德》。”是的，不可不讀，自古以來。理想和現實是左右著人類的一個不可協調的矛盾體。而《堂吉訶德》正是利用文學形式將這對矛盾揭示的深刻而生動，淋漓盡致，是每個人都感受到，果真如此，這樣一部傳統騎士文學的異類。

第二篇：選修課教案 第一講 騎士文學（本站推薦）

選修課教案

第一講

騎士文學

一、時間范圍

公元前476年前后，由于西羅馬帝國內部社會生產力的發展，各種社會矛盾的加深，其奴隸制生產關系迅速走向解體。特別是由于地處北方的蠻族連續不斷地多年南侵之后，西羅馬帝國終于在公元476年被條頓人所滅亡，從此歐洲開始了封建化的進程并進入了封建社會的發展階段。

二、歐洲封建社會的分期：

1、早期（公元5－11世紀）—形成期

2、中期（公元12－14世紀）—興盛期

3、晚期（公元14－17世紀中葉）—衰落期

早期、中期——中世紀文學

晚期 —近代文學

三、中世紀歐洲社會與文學的基本特點

1、社會特點：

（1）思想文化領域由基督教神學統治一切。恩格斯指出：“中世紀只知道一種意識形態，即宗教和神學。”宗教教條同時就是政治信條，《圣經》中的詞句在法庭上具有法律效力。（2）基督教會鼓吹神權至上，宣揚禁欲主義，推行蒙昧主義，否定世俗生活，排斥異教文化，以神學說教美化封建統治，使廣大人民忍受剝削壓迫而不加反抗。中世紀歐洲文學大多打上神學烙印。

2、騎士文學

特點：世俗文學。

時間范圍：十一到十三世紀（1096—1270）。

形成原因：由于騎士制度的確立、騎士階層社會地位的提高，產生了他們自己的精神生活和道德準則。他們突破基督教的出世觀念和禁欲主義，要求現世享樂，向往世俗的愛情，追求個人英雄主義的騎士榮譽和俠義的扶弱除強的騎士精神以及溫雅知禮的騎士風度等。騎士文學就是這種精神特征的集中反映。

四、浪漫與優雅；忠誠與尚武

— 西方騎士精神的精髓

1、騎士的形成：

騎士首先是武士。與他們有關的重裝騎兵戰術、封君封臣關系以及相應的一套道德規范（騎士精神）構成騎士制度。11世紀在西歐軍事史上是一個重要的時期，以馬刺、長矛、重盔甲和馬上沖刺為特征的重裝騎兵戰術開始在戰場上占主導地位。

2、由于封建等級制度是因土地的層層分封而形成的，各級封君與封臣之間都互有義務。所以，封臣即附庸只承認自己直接受封的領主為封主，而對自己封主的封主卻沒有臣屬關系。所以，中世紀的西歐出現了“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”的現象。這種復雜的關系，在封建主之間“造成一團亂麻般的權利和義務”，使封建主之間不斷發生爭奪和混戰。

信條：忠君、護教、行俠、尚武

3、騎士精神：

風度：舉止優雅、彬彬有禮

道德標準：個人榮譽高于一切

八種美德：憐憫、謙卑、榮譽、誠實、犧牲、英勇、靈性、公正。所謂騎士精神，就其實質而言，可謂是一種“冒險精神”，它表現為：對于正義事業和愛情，進行奮不顧身和孤注一擲地追求、庇護和斗爭。

4、騎士文學：騎士的典雅愛情、騎士傳奇

“無望之愛”——特里斯丹與綺瑟

5、騎士特征：

無所畏懼、樂于冒險、追求愛情

效忠宗教，但不奉行禁欲主義 ? 十字軍東征（The Crusades，拉丁文：Cruciata，1096-1291）是一系列在羅馬天主教教皇的準許下，由西歐的封建領主和騎士對地中海東岸的國家發動的持續了近200年的宗教性戰爭。由于羅馬天主教圣城耶路撒冷落入伊斯蘭教徒手中，十字軍東征大多數是針對伊斯蘭教國家的，主要的目的是從伊斯蘭教手中奪回耶路撒冷。東征期間，教會授予每一個戰士十字架，組成的軍隊稱為十字軍。十字軍東征一般被認為是天主教的暴行。盡管如此，十字軍東征使西歐直接接觸到了當時更為先進的拜占庭文明和伊斯蘭文明。這種接觸，為歐洲的文藝復興開辟了道路。

6、關于亞瑟王的傳說：

傳說與11～13世紀日趨形成的見義勇為和保衛宗教的理想密切相關。每一個戰士倘若要做成功的十字軍士兵，倘若要追尋耶穌基督舉行首次彌撒時所用的圣杯，都應該以亞瑟王的武力為效法對象。亞瑟王傳說，是西元十二世紀，由遍歷歐洲的吟游詩人開始傳頌的。

公認的集大成作品為15世紀左右的《亞瑟王之死》

7、是的，是白天了；但那人又怎樣？

因為你要從我的身邊起床？

我們為什么要起床——因為曙色朦朧？

我們為什么要躺倒——因為夜色來臨？

愛情，無視黑暗，把我們帶到這里，盡管光明，也應該使我們繼續在一起。光明沒有舌頭，但到處是目光，如果它不僅僅能看，也能講，這也許是它能講的最糟的東西，那就好吧，我情愿留下不去，我是這樣地愛我的名譽和心，我離不開那有著我的心和名譽的人。????

8、騎士傳奇，也稱為騎士敘事詩，興旺于法國北方，其主要內容是寫士為獲得榮譽、保護宗教、或為了贏得貴婦人的愛情而到處冒險，同妖魔鬼怪或異教徒斗爭，十字軍東征時，各民族混聚在一起，互相傳述奇聞傳說，遂使一些騎士冒險故事越過了國界，同一主題的作品出現在許多民族文學之中。

依據騎士傳奇的題材來源可分為三個系統：一是不列顛系統，指以古代克爾特人的亞瑟王與圓桌騎士為中心的故事詩；二是拜占庭系統，指在拜占庭流傳的以希臘晚期傳說為題材的拜占庭故事詩；三是古代系統，即模仿古代希臘羅馬文學作品的敘事詩。

9、中世紀騎士文學對后世影響深遠。在19世紀浪漫主義文學盛行時期，很多詩人作家都從中汲取養分。盡管騎士文學中包含了種種宗教和封建禮法的因素，但曲折離奇的故事情節、神話般的浪漫情愫仍使得這些文學作品本身對后世的西方文學產生了深遠的影響。

第三篇：《異類》讀后感

讀完之后感覺特別悲觀呢，家庭出身不好，所以人生有固定的路子，這不就是媽媽之前說的命嗎。之前母親常說的就是要人命，你信命嗎？我從來都是回答，我不信命，我相信命運掌握在自己手中。活了30年，我也只能承認，我自己只掌握了部分的命運。但是我如果可以成為作家、知名醫生、知名政府官員，會是很難的。我只能做一個還算不錯的白領，能在北京買房，那我也就改變了命運了，起碼我的孩子的命運被改寫了。

可是人生短短百年，而且前25年都是在懵懂中度過的，我怎么能利用這么短的時間來改變從農村家庭出身的背景呢?

我的職業生涯也有了瓶頸，我不知道該如何提升自己？我的方向在哪里？我如果去讀MBA，會不會被人認為是華而不實，一個普通的農民孩子花那么多錢去鍍金值得嗎？如果是一個書香門第的孩子去讀MBA那是非常正常的，一點都不浮夸，但是如果是我去讀，就顯得浮夸了。性價比高嗎？我讀完后會得到什么呢？

我的家庭，我出生的地方，大部分的決定了我會接受什么樣的教育，遇到什么樣的人，從事什么樣的工作，最終過上什么樣的生活。

但是我還是不甘心的，我希望可以改變自己的命運，我希望我可以過得比別人好，也希望給父母帶來好的生活。不過現在我如果能過好自己的日子就已經很不錯了。

總之，讀完這本書，很喪氣。

也更加堅定了，要留在北京買房子。

第四篇：《異類》讀書筆記

《異類》讀書筆記范文

當品讀完一部作品后，相信大家的收獲肯定不少，讓我們好好寫份讀書筆記，把你的收獲和感想記錄下來吧。怎樣寫讀書筆記才能避免寫成“流水賬”呢？下面是小編為大家收集的《異類》讀書筆記范文，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。

重新來看《異類》，我就第一部分機遇的前2章“馬太效應”和“10000小時法則”整理一篇讀書筆記。作者并不是簡單的將成功歸納為天賦、勤奮、運氣，而一言蔽之，而是對成功者的成長年齡、經歷和成長環境挖得很深，我的理解為一個成功者需要剛好在幸運的年齡碰到10000小時這個機遇。

正如第一章作者說能進入頂級球隊的`球員肯定比你我都具備運動天賦，如果你的這段10000小時的經歷可能因為你的年齡小幾個月的原因而比別人起步晚一些，而錯過了領先優勢，正是這種領先優勢造就了天才們輝煌的成就。

換句話說，成功者就是獲得這些特殊機遇的人，他們因此最終取得了更大的進步；富有者因取得了更多的減稅優惠從而變得更富有；成績優異的學生因獲得了更優秀的老師的指導，更多的關注，從而取得更好的成績；冰球對9歲至10歲間的孩子中年紀稍大者獲得了更多的指導和訓練，從而變得更優秀，在社會學領域來說，所謂成功就是“優勢積累”的結果。

孫子兵法說：天時、地利、人和，三者不得，雖勝有殃。成功之路上，天時地利人和為三要素，涵蓋了成功之路的一切，天時是成功之路的伯樂、機遇；地利是成功之路的環境、條件；人和是成功之路的綜合實力。

無論是比爾。喬伊，還是比爾·蓋茨都在他們幸運的年齡碰到了計算機行業剛好起步，計算機編程剛好是他們的興趣愛好，又處在單純的年輕時候，時間足夠，讓他們在這個特長方面能夠訓練自己10000小時。從心里學家的角度，天賦的作用其實很小，而后天努力的作用其實很大。

將冰球明星、甲殼蟲樂隊、比爾·喬伊和比爾·蓋茨的故事串起來，我們便能拼出通向成功更加完整的路徑。先在肯定他們的深具天賦、才華橫溢的同時，但是，使他們如此出色的不是他們的非凡才能，而是他們的非凡的機遇。如果甲殼蟲沒有在漢堡的歷練，比爾·蓋茨沒有讀湖濱學校的機遇，他們不可能成為“異類”，本書所有列舉的“異類”都是某種獨特機遇的受惠者。

第五篇：異類讀后感英文版

Alien“ is a book that can change the future, as long as you want to believe that the future can be changed.Malcolm Gladwell, ”outliers“ place of shock is it subverts the most people to success, the understanding of how successful, of the differences between the human and the human thinking.The preface tells the mystery of Cetto, where people live and live longer, the secret is not diet, not exercise, nor is it a gene or a position.But in Roseto, Rosetta trustee like each other sect, a very close relationship between family and neighbors, community here, everyone is equal.The book lists the Canadian ice hockey players, Joey Bill, the Beatles, Bill Gates, et al.Each person has a unique reason(that is, the author of the book), each person's failure also has a variety of reasons(more than you can imagine).But this is only for a specific group of meaningful evaluation, you can not from the success of the people who have some common points, but also can not from the failure of the body to find common, every one is a case, so only from the case to learn from experience and lessons.The three elements of success in the book are: environment, personal effort, opportunity.The authors cite a variety of examples to prove their point of view.In our current culture, the concept of environment is rarely considered, because the history of the river can be analyzed from the environmental changes, but in the specific individual, for the environment you almost no ability to change.Born in twenty-first Century will be doomed to face the tide of information, perhaps one thousand years later, the society is more developed, the success is easy.Maybe one thousand years ago, the society is very simple, only successful expedition.But these are history, for individuals, you can only accept their own environment.If you happen to be born in the 1950S, then you are close to a lot of success, because the 50's was born in college, just in time to catch up with the computer's dawn 70's, only in this industry has just entered, can experience 80 years of rapid growth and 90's brilliant, and then stand at the forefront of the 21 world information era.The author of the United States is now the scientific and technological circles of these big brothers, more than 50 years was born, very lucky to be born in a good environment, which makes them more likely to succeed.And in the ten years before and after ten years of people, not too early to miss the opportunity is too late to catch up with this opportunity.In short, the success of the essential environmental factors, you can do nothing.This is life”.The second point refers to the individual efforts, the very good understanding, the core idea is “ten thousand hours theory”, that is, if you want to succeed or become an expert in a field, then at least ten thousand hours of professional training before.This idea is a lot of things online, there are a special book to introduce the theory of ten thousand hours, here to recommend a blog to do a reading of the.In this paper, or lists of the gates before success through a variety of ways to learn some computer knowledge(mainly as an opportunity to speak), as well as the Beatles success before in Hamburg hard experience performance, are these daily practices that led to them when the chance comes with the accumulation of their own success.Cite the case of a side, if you from an unknown beginners to become expert in a field, assuming that you have a good opportunity to look good in this work, that work 8 hours a day, excluding other factors, then almost needs four years to scrape up enough of the 10000 hours.This is very lucky to finish the training, if it is an amateur activity or a hobby, the author gives the estimate time is ten years.Here is just to compare myself, because I am also from the zero to contact product manager this position, before also know nothing, then you can simply do a comparison, four years later, if I do not like the calculation of the field of experts。

Third points, opportunity.In fact, the author of the opportunity to enlarge the proportion of success, and the reality is that this opportunity is really an uncertain factor.Perhaps because of a minor reason, a NB characters in a lifetime will be destroyed, and then can not fly.It may also be because of a minor reason, a person on the unexpected success, and glory.A lot of people are in some of the small things that look completely small things on a little bit of accumulation, leading to a step by step to success, the author here is the case of Gates(the world's richest man is a big influence, three examples are all Gates).How because the rich at home, the school open, will encounter a step toward success.In fact it bluntly, you still can't control and opportunities so unreal things, can only say that try to do a good job in their own bale, really got the chance to brave to fight for, as can not succeed it is another matter.There is no opportunity and who can not guess.Well, in fact, this is life“。

After watching three points, may be pessimistic about the discovery, success in addition to the ten thousand hours a little bit better control, the rest of the whole look, see the face, which is called what? The book of changes? Ha-ha In fact, the author is only an analysis of the factors of success of others, inferred.What is not scientific, according to our Chinese traditional thinking, life is not to change, you can only do their own.At least three factors are related, and if the author deduced that the three factors were all in life, we could be lying on the bed waiting for the opportunity to fall on his face.We often speak insincerely that success is outstanding person gifted, however, when you open the success of history to query will found that is definitely not so simple.Instead, we found that successful people are often influenced by the blessing of the special opportunities, they also tend to be able to seize the opportunity, and tireless work, in support of all aspects of society, their unremitting struggle finally one day to get a return, their success is not starting from scratch, but their successful World Hui gift gift, in other words, their success and not have what others don't know the secret, no!Success has certain rules, if we can understand these rules, then us many problems difficult to solve, can be solved.1.Living environment is very important Compare memories is the story of Boko Neate, the tailor and hawkers, came to the big city to buy clothing, can learn as a modern economy the case, he was almost unconscious learning market survey, learn the production process, learn how to with the pride of the Yankees to deal with, but also to learn how to understand popular culture in order to be able to deeply understand the trends.So say, brothers, you are now in what kind of environment is very important!You think, a farm worker, is also very busy, but the production of crops are loaded, you do not know what their next step is sold out, after what kind of channels to what the supermarket to buy? All don't know.So he has no future to change!But if you work in a small shop, like Boko Neate, even though the salary is very low, the environment is bad, and so on, but you can learn from the success of many things, you can know how to build their own business.The book cites many of the factors behind the success of the case, the original father of the Internet and the father of Java Joey, Bill Gates, Bob Alan, Jobs, Packard......So many IT big brothers, the original just met a good opportunity!@ So, sometimes, you have to be good at choosing.Some hard work seems to have no end, but the outlook is not a dark, when Bill Gates first in the lake school beat keyboard, is also the same feeling, when the battle band in Hamburg's line of 7 hours per night, the concert is not back, so that when they encounter opportunities, will seize the opportunity, when a hard work has lost all sense of time, it is a prison work.2.Success is the opportunity of the times.Star firm case.The world's largest law firm-Star law firm founder Fromm, is an example of that.Before 1980, because of low profits and reputation, large law firms will not take over ”enterprises malicious mergers and litigation“, which became unable to find work Fromm's resting place, with the development of the world, 1980, after the business become all litigation lawyer industry in the highest part of the profits Skadden, ARPS thus formed huge development.It can be said, all of a sudden, the industrial revolution broke out, and devoted in this field the tens of thousands of hours of effort of Shida, ready this preparation.For Fromm, he spent 20 years time to prepare and hone their own, in the face of adversity end he did not complacent, because they know.It is not that they become smarter than other lawyers, but in the decades to hone skills, suddenly become extremely valuable!3.IQ can be ignored.Terman, of Stanford University in America's 25 million pupils IQ test, found the 1470 IQ between 140-200 students.This is one of psychology's most famous research, because the result was a surprise!Them as a group, called the Terman.After the second test up to 50 years, is not only the track and record every time progress, and selfless help, including their job recommendation and research students apply for admission, as well as their growth to provide advice and consultation.However, what is the final result? None of these people had a brilliant achievement, and, on the whole, their success rate and the average level of the public, there is no difference!Instead, it was not included in the test group, the three Nobel prize winners!The story of Oppenheimer and Brant.Brent is a famous people in the United States, to the high IQ and extremely smart famous, from the rupture the boy's family because very common final twice was removed from the University, he worked as a crew of construction workers all workers, relying on self-taught, but not published anything or done something important.Oppenheimer is another extreme examples, it has the Brant does not have a kind of ability, this book called ”practical intelligence,“ and that is to persuade others, overcome difficulties, to solve the problem.Oppenheimer graduate tutor to hate periods because of poison to kill the teacher, was found out......This is not important, important is at his disposal, the final disposition is on probation.Candidates for the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer no advantage, average intelligence, age is small, no qualifications, lack of academic background, but he was able to convince the person in charge of the program...In fact, many of the successful cases, IQ is often extremely exaggerated.The final conclusion is that IQ is a threshold, as long as the threshold, there is no difference.4.Cultural heritage From Harlan area of savage fighting, Korean air crash frequently, to rice cultivation in China, illustrates the important role culture plays in the development of some things, Malcolm this section describes, with a very wide field of vision, from the West are oriental culture indeed point to this problem, culture lead to different communication and ways of doing things, which led directly to the success or failure of some of the things.Worth considering is that here, bring the cultural heritage of China's continuing efforts to be recognized, reference to the successful experience of New York of the Kipp schools here, just a replica of the domestic education, interesting, right? Different from other schools in New York, KIPP students get up before six points, they are more than 7 points to get to the school began a day of basic training, this time the children of other schools may still sleep, they encourage good grades, with strict rules and avoid excessive freedom, they are more than 50% of the school day, they work to write 11 or even more......Very familiar with it? This is not our current education mode? However, the school's test results are among the best in the United States, the ability to test is not? But not to consider these, this ”success“ is actually our eastern culture to influence the learning model, which can be seen as a cultural ideology of the ”success“ of the impact of it? 5.To learn to make all the advantages of fermentation brewing!If a person is smart, ambitious and hard working, then he is likely to succeed.But the truth is far more complicated than this, not casually to achieve success, environment, opportunity.Also depends on your ability to foresee the environment, the ability to adapt to the environment and the ability to grasp the opportunity.In some cases we can see the importance of following factors, such as the nineteenth Century tycoon who was born in 1930, is a successful lawyer, born in 1955, is the successful IT chiefs were born,(check all the IT you know brother will understand), this time, the opportunity comes, coziness bring early the results of the current generation of the industry is still, these newcomers are constantly rushing struggle in the success of the road, this is the first advantage, if your parents teach you the meaning of work, this is the second advantage, and now, you were born at the right time, change is welcome a new wave, this is the third advantage, enough, this time, as long as you are more clever and seize the full excavation, these factors will be under the active blend you, become a wonderful Combination, you're on the way to success!Finally, as the book said, ”the heterogeneous, they are the product of history and environment, is the opportunity and accumulation of crystallization".We need to understand that the so-called heterogeneous, never what is different.