第一篇：當(dāng)代研究生英語下冊(cè)課后Close原文1-4

Unit 1，There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others.But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is brought up.If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of，intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John.When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes.Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities.John, however, was educated in home of well-to-do parents who had been to college, This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were，given tests to measure their intelligence.Johns I.Q was 125,twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.Unit 2

Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries.Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs.The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity.Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain carry messages.In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind.About 25 have been found so far.Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest.Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness.They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies.They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain.They hold the secret to mood and emotion.Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain.Unit 3，By measuring the amount of HIVs genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people, and extrapolating form these samples to the entire body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fewer, is infected with HIV.This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers that leads to AIDS.Haase says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells.In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activation, and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stopping the production of new cells, by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of cells directly.Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cope with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatments? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer , at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system will be needed.Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of California , San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with cocktails of antiviral drugsmight even fool the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immune responses at all.This might make individuals who stop taking the drugs even more vulnerable.He argues that immune-restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral drugs.Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells.Unit 4what is Golbalization?

Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress.It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world , particularly through trade and financial flows.The term sometimes also refers to the movement of

people(labor)and knowledge(technology)across international borders.There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here.At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization.The term has come to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions –both trade an financial flows, It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries ,or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor-the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best.Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world.It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets.But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all.Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.

第二篇：研究生英語課后close翻譯

第一章

《視窗》這個(gè)網(wǎng)站雜志包含世界著名作家的詩歌和文學(xué)作品，其中不乏有解釋這個(gè)世界的發(fā)人深思的文章。甚至還有來自聯(lián)合國秘書長科菲·安南的文章。令我們吃驚的是這個(gè)雜志的編輯是一個(gè)12歲的小女孩，喬治·南丁格爾。

她因?yàn)椤兑暣啊愤@個(gè)雜志而獲得1999年有線和無線兒童網(wǎng)絡(luò)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的一等獎(jiǎng)，這些獎(jiǎng)每年由年輕人頒發(fā)給最善于應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的年輕人。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)虛擬世界是網(wǎng)絡(luò)最受歡迎的一個(gè)方面。孩子們進(jìn)入到網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間仿佛他們天生都會(huì)使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

或許因?yàn)楹⒆觽兘邮苓@些技術(shù)很自然，而大人不得不需要費(fèi)一番腦筋才能理解。無論什么原因，但孩子們已經(jīng)建立起網(wǎng)站并向世界各地的朋友發(fā)郵件時(shí)，而大人仍在詢問“請(qǐng)告訴我一邊，網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間究竟在哪”。

當(dāng)然，孩子們?cè)诰W(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中可以遠(yuǎn)離父母的監(jiān)管，這個(gè)問題日益受到關(guān)注。很多父母為了應(yīng)對(duì)這件事已經(jīng)安裝了可以組織孩子們進(jìn)入暴力和色情網(wǎng)站的軟件。兒童網(wǎng)站采取了更積極的策略，它是一扇通往教育世界和娛樂世界的大門。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化的迅猛發(fā)展已經(jīng)引起分析家的推測(cè)：社會(huì)很快就會(huì)分成兩個(gè)陣營——信息豐富陣營和信息貧乏陣營。為此兒童網(wǎng)站將尤為重要，為那些因?yàn)樨毨Щ蛘邭埣捕幵谏鐣?huì)邊緣的孩子們能在虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有機(jī)會(huì)像一個(gè)正常公民一樣享受同等權(quán)利。

第二章

當(dāng)你舒服地坐在花園里給你的同時(shí)發(fā)郵件時(shí)，你不需要經(jīng)歷一個(gè)難受的旅行去和他們交談。如果你需要一份重要文件，你可以通過衛(wèi)星傳真到你的手機(jī)上，并且可以在筆記本電腦上觀看。即是來自其它大洲的文件，你也可以立即接收到它。

隨著科技成本的日益降低，生產(chǎn)所有權(quán)變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。由于擁有電腦﹑手機(jī)﹑傳真機(jī)﹑打印機(jī)作為遠(yuǎn)程工作者的物質(zhì)工具，他們變成了真正的電子農(nóng)民。

像傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)民一樣，在同一環(huán)境里生活和工作。他們不僅親手耕耘“土地”，而且收獲豐富的腦力資源成果。

然而，沒有在第25層樓上的豪華辦公室，微型企業(yè)家無法證明他們的信譽(yù)。無論對(duì)和錯(cuò)，人們認(rèn)為在漂亮的大辦公室辦公是身份地位的象征。人們想：“如果一個(gè)公司能夠提供這些，那么，這個(gè)公司經(jīng)營的一定很好”。但是，面對(duì)一個(gè)人在家中的一間房子里辦公時(shí)，顧客們傾向于這樣想：與他們的接觸畢竟不會(huì)長遠(yuǎn)。難道一個(gè)在黃金地段擁有一間大辦公室的工人才是好的工人么？

事實(shí)上，研究表明：家庭工作者一般更加認(rèn)真地完成任務(wù)，并且比在辦公室里德同事工作的時(shí)間更長。像擁有土地的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)民一樣，他們感覺再為自己工作。

更重要的是，他們不拘泥于計(jì)劃，當(dāng)什么時(shí)候合適了他們就開始工作。那就意味著他們花一個(gè)或者兩個(gè)小時(shí)來陪孩子玩耍，然后熬夜來完成演講稿，其結(jié)果他是一個(gè)更加愉快的工作者。

第三章

在1998年年初時(shí)，東非本應(yīng)是最美麗的時(shí)候：一般短暫的雨季在十二月份已經(jīng)結(jié)束，水位下降，鄉(xiāng)村充滿活力；農(nóng)民種植莊稼，牧民在草地上放牧，游客到處旅游。但今年是不同的，雨季長而且降雨量比較大。在肯尼亞和索馬里大部分地區(qū)，水蔓延幾英里，切斷了村莊的聯(lián)系，迫使牧民將他們的牲畜轉(zhuǎn)移到少數(shù)干地上。事情很快變得更糟糕。駱駝、奶牛、綿羊、山羊都開始死于高燒。人也開始得病，一些人暫時(shí)性失明，而另一些人流血不止。這種疾病被叫作裂谷熱，有蚊子所攜帶的病毒所致。在非洲，這種疾病每隔幾年就會(huì)爆發(fā)一次——當(dāng)死水使蚊子大量繁殖時(shí)就會(huì)爆發(fā)，今年裂谷熱的爆發(fā)也是由于洪水不退引起的。據(jù)官方報(bào)道至少有89000人得病，其中死亡200人，但是這種病通常不致命。然而牲畜的損失巨大，據(jù)牧主稱他們損失90%的牲畜。

雖然東非災(zāi)難性的洪水已引起世人的關(guān)注，但于此同時(shí)，別的一些奇怪天氣也令人們關(guān)注，如不正常的干旱，火災(zāi)，暴雨，寒流和熱浪。每年都會(huì)出現(xiàn)大量反常現(xiàn)象，但今年他們中許多都與太平洋赤道附近的洋面上發(fā)生的情況有關(guān)，即在1997年的頭幾個(gè)月里洋流和季風(fēng)開始改變，并且改變了全世界的天氣類型。當(dāng)然，這種天氣的改變是厄爾尼諾作用的結(jié)果。到1997年底，厄爾尼諾已經(jīng)眾所周知。然而在1988年，厄爾尼諾對(duì)全世界的影響達(dá)到鼎盛期，它創(chuàng)造了有史以來的最熱的天氣記錄。，除裂谷熱外，厄爾尼諾還引起了傷寒、瘧疾、登革熱等一系列疾病在肯尼亞、柬埔寨、秘魯和世界其他國家的爆發(fā)。

第五章

令人震驚的是宇宙有其自然規(guī)律及其法則，這種規(guī)律不僅能夠定性的而且能夠定量概括出其運(yùn)行規(guī)則我們可以想象這樣一個(gè)宇宙，沒有任何規(guī)則像我們宇宙一樣大由1018基本粒子構(gòu)成，完全在一種無序的混亂狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行，為了了解這個(gè)宇宙，我們將需要像這個(gè)像宇宙那么大容量的大腦。這樣的宇宙似乎也不太可能有生命和智能生物。因?yàn)槿祟惡痛竽X都需要一個(gè)穩(wěn)定且有序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。但即使在這個(gè)非常混亂無序的宇宙中存在比我們高級(jí)的智能生物，他們也將不會(huì)有太多的知識(shí)、激情和喜悅。

幸運(yùn)的是，我們生活在至少它的重要組成部分是可知的宇宙中。我們常識(shí)性的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和進(jìn)化史已經(jīng)讓我們?nèi)チ私獾竭@個(gè)世界一些平凡的事情。然而當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入其它領(lǐng)域時(shí)，常識(shí)性的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和直覺卻變得高度不可靠。這是令人震驚的，當(dāng)我們接近光速時(shí)，我們的質(zhì)量在無限增大，我們的厚度卻朝著運(yùn)動(dòng)方向零厚度收縮，時(shí)間也像我們希望的那樣幾乎停止。許多人認(rèn)為這些想法是非常愚蠢的，每一到兩星期，我都會(huì)收到一封向我質(zhì)疑的信。但這些確定的事實(shí)不僅是實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，也是阿爾伯特愛因斯坦在《相對(duì)論》中關(guān)于時(shí)間和空間的精辟分析的結(jié)果。這些影響對(duì)于似乎我們不太合理，但這些不重要。我們并沒有接近于光速旅行的習(xí)慣，在這樣的高速運(yùn)行下，我們的常識(shí)也值得懷疑。

這種認(rèn)為宇宙限制著人類做任何可做的事情的想法是令人沮喪的，為什么我們不能處在中間旋轉(zhuǎn)的位置呢?為什么我們不能超光速旅行呢？但是據(jù)我們所知，這就是宇宙的所構(gòu)筑方式。這種限制不僅使我們?cè)诤棋挠钪婷媲案用煨。彩拐麄€(gè)宇宙更為可知。

第七章

我一直不喜歡作為一個(gè)男人。在美國男子氣概是可悲的，就像一生穿一件不合體的外套度過一生。甚至 “成為一個(gè)男人漢”這樣的表述都讓我感到侮辱和辱罵。它的意味是：愚蠢，冷漠，順從，好斗，無思想。男人意味著有男子氣概，當(dāng)考慮男人的時(shí)候，怎能不想到男人可怕的勃勃野心呢？然而這時(shí)每個(gè)男人生命力的一部分。這是一個(gè)駭人聽聞和極其可怕的謊言。它不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)與女人的不同，而且縱容其優(yōu)越性。從本質(zhì)上講，它具有破壞性，既傷害了人與人之間的感情，有危害整個(gè)社會(huì)。

如果一個(gè)年輕人（大部分年輕人都是如此）受到這種概念誤導(dǎo)，認(rèn)為具有男子氣概的理想是截然與女人分開，如同野蠻部落的邏輯一樣，他終其一生對(duì)女人都不了解，認(rèn)為女人是討厭的。當(dāng)然，也有男性所遭受的痛苦折磨的女性版本。它始于一個(gè)母親鼓勵(lì)小女兒對(duì)大人說：“你喜歡我的新裙子嗎？”就某種意思來說，女孩一般被教導(dǎo)用彬彬有禮的方式去討好大人，而男孩則要求像猴子一樣頑皮、淘氣地面對(duì)彼此。一個(gè)九歲的俊俏小女孩在微妙的權(quán)力游戲中成長為成年女子，她學(xué)會(huì)依賴男人，打扮入時(shí)，并且對(duì)男性提出的缺點(diǎn)保持注意力。女人就要像個(gè)女人，這需要一個(gè)男人作為證明者和誘惑者，而男人氣質(zhì)崇尚獨(dú)立，與男人為伍。這是荒誕之所在，這也是為什么男人有缺點(diǎn)的原因，因?yàn)樗裾J(rèn)了男人和女人之間有自然的友誼關(guān)系。

很難想象有不輕視女人的男子氣概的觀念，并且這種觀念很早就被灌輸。在我到了想跟女孩約會(huì)的年紀(jì)，也就是13—16的反叛的年齡，我總是被告訴去參加運(yùn)動(dòng)，去戶外活動(dòng)，參加童子軍，并且不需要讀太多的書。

第三篇：研究生英語期末考試close總結(jié)

第一章

The web magazine From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-know writes across the global.There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in.there is even a piece from the Secretary General of United States, Kofi Annan.It may come as some surprise to find out that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the Window won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 child net International and wireless awards.These are given annually for the best use of the internet by and for young people.And they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the virtual world.Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps there is because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children simply accept it as natural.Whatever the reason, children can be found building web and E-mailing friends across the world while adults are still asking: Tell me again –where exactly is cyberspace?

Of course there is growing concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace.In response, many parents have installed software packages which prevent access to violent or pornographic web.Children are taking a more positive line.The web is a gateway to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided between the “information rich” and “information poor”.For child net it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their place as equal citizens in the virtual world.第五章

It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently-not just qualitatively but quantitatively-how the word works.We might imagine a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that make up a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon.To understand such a universe we would need a brain at least as massive as the universe.It seems unlikely that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because beings and brains require some degree of internal stability and order.But even if in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much greater than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.Fortunately for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable.Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have prepared us to understand something of the workaday world.When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition turn out to be highly unreliable guides.It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light, our mass increases indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness in the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like.Many people think that this is silly, and every week or two I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it.But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einstein?s brilliant analysis of space and time called the Theory of Relatively.It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us.We are not in the habit of traveling close to the speed of light.The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on what humans might do is frustrating.Why shouldn?t we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why can?t we travel faster than the speed of light? But so far as we can tell, this is the way the universe is constructed.Such prohibitions not only press us toward a little humility;they also make the world more knowable.When 1988 began,East Africa should have been at its most beautiful:normally the short rainy season ends in December , the rivers subside , and the country sparkles;farmers raise crops , animals graze , tourists go on safaris.But this year was different.The rains were heavy and long.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia , cutting off village and forcing herders to ctowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land.Things quickly turned ugly.Camels , cows , sheep , and goats all started dying of violent fevers.Some people , too，began to get sick.Some went temporarily blind ；others began bleeding uncontrollably.The disease was Rift Valley fever，caused by an obscure mosquito borne virus.It pops up every few years in Africa when standing water encourages mosquito eggs to hatch--this year?s huge floods brought a spectacular outbreak.According to official estimates , at least 89，000 people caught the disease.Two hundred died，but then the disease is not usually fatal to humans.Animal losses，however，were almost certainly vast--owners reported losing up to 90 percent of their herds.Yet catastrophic as the East African floods were，they had to jostle for the world?s attention with other cases of strange weather---with unusual occurrences of droughts，fires，rains，cold snaps，and heat waves.Every year brings its own grab bag of such anomalies，but this year many of them could be linked to a phenomenon in the empty expanses of the equatorial Pacific--a change in the ocean currents and winds that began in the early months of 1997 and that altered weather patterns around the world.The change in the weather was , of course , the work of E1 Nino.By the end of 1997 , E1 Nino had already become a celebrity of sorts.In 1998, however , E1 Nino's effects on the world came into full flower.It helped make the year the hottest ever recorded.In addition to Rift Valley fever , E1 Nino has been linked to an upsurge in diseases ranging from choler to malaria to dengue fever ,in Kenya , Cambodia , Peru ,and other countries scattered around the globe.第七章

I have always disliked being a man, The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful, a little like having to wear an ill-fitting coat for one?s entire life.Even the expression “Be a man!” strikes me as insulting and abusive.It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient and soldierly, and stop thinking.Man means“manly”-how can one think“about men”without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man?s life.It is a hideous and crippling lie;it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority,It is also by its very nature destructive-emotionally damaging and socially harmful.The youth who is subverted, as most are, into believing in the masculine ideal is effectively separated from women –it is the most savage tribal logic and he spends the rest of his life finding women a riddle and a nuisance.Of course, there is a female version of this male affliction.It begins with mothers encouraging little girls to say(to other adults), “ Doyou like my new dress?” In a sense, Girls are traditionally urged to please adults with a kind of coquettishness, while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other.The-9-year-old coquette proceeds to become womanish in a subtle power game in which she learns to be sexually indispensable, socially decorative and always alert to a man?s sense of inadequacy.Femininity-being ladylike –implies needing a man as witness and seducer;but masculinity celebrates the exclusive company of men.That is why it is so grotesque;and that is also why there is no manliness without inadequacy –because it denies men the natural friendship of women.It is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early.At an age when I wanted to meet girls –let?s say the treacherous years of 13 to 16-I was told to take up a sport , get more fresh air, join the Boy Scouts, and I was urged not to read so much

Late next century, when scholars are scripting the definitive history of the PC,these last few years of high-octane growth may actually be depicted as the Dark Ages.Historians will marvel at how we toiled in front of monolithic ,beige BUBs(big ugly boxes),suffering under the oppressive glare of cathode-ray tubes while our legs scraped against the 30-pound towers beneath our desks.They may also mark 1999 as the start of the PC renaissance ,when manufacturers finally started to get it :This holiday season, computer shoppers will enjoy unprecedented variety in shapes, sizes and colors-and not just in Apple?s groundbreaking line of translucent iMacs and iBooks.Nearly every major PC maker now has innovative desktop designs on the way to market,from hourglass-sculpted towers to flat-panel displays with all the processing innards packed into the base.Among industrial designers,who still think the PC has a long way before you?ll want to display it on your mantle ,the only question is ,what took so long? “The PC industry has ridiculed design for a long time,”says Hartmut Esslinger ,founder of Frog Design.“They have not respected their customers and have underestimated their desires.”

PC makers are finally catching on-and it?s partly out of desperation.Manufacturers used to sell computer by trumpeting their techno bells and whistles,like processor speed and memory.But since ever-faster chips have given us more power on the desktop than we could ever possibly use, computer makers have been competing on price-a strategy that has dropped most units below $1000 and slashed profits.Last week IBM limped from the battlefield ,announcing it would pull its lagging Aptiva line from store shelves and sell it only on the web.Competing only on price “made an industry shakeout inevitable”, says Nick Donatiello,president of the marketing-research firm Odyssey.第九章

A symbol is not the same thing as a sign;that is a fact that psychologists and philosophers often overlook.All intelligent animals use signs,So do we.To them as well as to us sounds and smells and motions are signs of good ,danger ,the presence of other beings,or of rain or storm..Furthermore some animals not only attend to signs but also produce them for the benefits of others.Dogs bark at the door to be let in;rabbits thump to call each other;the cooing of doves and the growl of wolf are unequivocal signs of feelings and intention to be reckoned with by other creatures.We use signs just as animals do,though with considerably more elaboration.We stop at red lights and go on green;we answer calls and bells,watch the sky for coming storms,read trouble or promise or anger in each other’s eyes.That is animal intelligence raised to the human level.Those of us who are dog lovers can probably all tell wonderful stories of how high our dogs have sometimes risen in the scale of clever sign interpretation and sign using.A sign is anything that announces the existence or the imminence of some events,the presence of a thing or a person ,or a changes in the state of affairs.There are signs of the weather ,signs of danger,signs of danger ,signs of future good or evil,signs of what the past expected in experience.It is always a part of the situation to which it refers ,though the reference may be remote in space and time.A symbol differs from a sign in that it dose not announce the presence of the object,the being ,condition,but merely brings this thing to mind.A sign cause us to or act in face of the signified,whereas a symbol causes us to think about the thing symbolized.A sign is always embedded in reality,but a symbol may be divorced from reality althogether.It may refer to a mere idea,or a dream.

第四篇：研究生英語課后作文

Nothing Succeeds like the Appearance of Success

Everyone's life fills with success and failure from birth to death but some people always get more chances of success.Are they really born to be winners? No, of course not!Nothing succeeds like the appearance of success!

We often make a value judgment about strangers within the initial stages of encounters.Invariably people will take into account the persons appearance, clothing, manners, as well as personal attitudes such as eye contact and verbal aptitude.So, we can see how important a winning image is.I'll tell you why I'm so firm.I have a high school classmate, he did not go to college, but success for his effort.But in the early stages of his new enterprises，he has also repeatedly failed，until he found the key to success.He told me that society is cruel and it wouldn’t give you any encouragement, opposite, it will continue to dent your confidence.When his first interview, his slovenly dress let him lost the job.We have to admit that the first impression mostly base on this base, most people judge people only by the first appearance.Now, he has been a assistant of the manager, a winning image play a good role in his success.I think what he said is reasonable.Success require many factors but winners mostly possess such characters：Active optimism, Dress properly, Keep passionate.I hope that we have all of these qualities already when we come into the society.

第五篇：當(dāng)代研究生英語下冊(cè)第八單元課文翻譯

UNIT8

Sometime in the early 1990s, a con man named Scott Clinton Gilbert visited a resume and printing shop in Las Vegas.His bill came to $ 185.30', and he paid in his usual fashion: He lied.大約在20世紀(jì)90代初的某一天，一位名叫斯科特·克林頓·吉爾泊特的騙子來到位于拉斯維加斯的一家簡歷和印刷商店，他的賬單總數(shù)為185.3美元。然后他以自己常用的方式付帳：欺騙。

Gilbert charged his purchase under the name “Robert Hartle”.If anyone had questioned.Gilbert's true identity, the scam artist was more than ready.He had obtained a “Robert Hartle” driver's license, Social Securjty2 cardlater found to be Gilbertthe victim's Social Security numberwith my credit,“ says Frank, now an advocate for tougher identity theft laws.”She got a driver's license with my name.“

弗蘭克得到的第一個(gè)線索是身份盜賊已經(jīng)用她的名義盜走了5萬美元。她說：“盜賊已用我的存款買了一輛紅色野馬牌敞篷車，現(xiàn)正四處行駛，駕照上使用的是我的名字。” 弗蘭克現(xiàn)在正積極倡導(dǎo)制定更為嚴(yán)厲的法律懲罰身份盜竊。

The thief in Frank's case was anything but sophisticated.She got Frank's credit report by saying she was a private investigator.To get the Toys ”R“ Us card, Frank says, the woman had simply crossed out her own name on the application and written in ”Mari Frank“.弗蘭克案件中的盜竊一點(diǎn)也不復(fù)雜，罪犯只要說自己是個(gè)私人投資者就可以得到弗蘭克的信用。弗蘭克報(bào)告。弗蘭克說要得到“玩具之家”卡，這個(gè)女人只要在申請(qǐng)表上劃去她自已的名字，然后寫上“瑪麗·弗蘭克”就行了。

Another victim-turned-advocate is Jessica Grant, who also was shocked to find out how unprotected she was.Grant, a pension manager in Sun Prairie, Wis., had always used credit sparingly.But when she and her husband tried to refinance their home in December 1997, they found that an imposter had run up about $ 60,000 worth of debt in Grant's name.另一個(gè)由受害者變?yōu)樘岢珖?yán)格法律的人是杰西卡·格蘭特。她也吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)自己是那么輕易地受到了侵犯。格蘭特是威斯康星州一家“陽光牧場(chǎng)”公司的養(yǎng)老金經(jīng)理，很少用信用卡。但當(dāng)她和丈夫在1997年12月準(zhǔn)備為住房再籌資金時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有人以格蘭特的名義冒用了 6萬美金。

The thief, who lived in Texas, had opened 19 separate accounts.In some cases, the impostor got credit in Grant's name despite submitting applications with a residence and employer that didn't match Grant's.這個(gè)竊賊住在得克薩斯州，已經(jīng)開了19個(gè)不同的賬戶。有些時(shí)候，盡管在她所交的申請(qǐng)表上出現(xiàn)的住處、雇主信息與格蘭特的不相符合，她還是以格蘭特的名義得到了存款。

”That's the part of it that just infuriates me, “ Grant says.is There was just so much information that could have beenquestioned.But it never was.”

格蘭特說：“正是這一點(diǎn)使我憤怒。原本有那么多的疑點(diǎn)可以或應(yīng)該去質(zhì)疑，但卻沒有

人這么做。”

Like Hartle, both Frank and Grant found that local police did not consider them to be victims of crime.Both took their cases to federal(aw enforcementwhere they found good news and bad news.與哈特爾的情形相同，弗蘭克和格蘭特也發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)鼐秸J(rèn)為她們不是此罪行的受害者她們兩人都將案件提交聯(lián)邦立法機(jī)構(gòu)——聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局以及美國特工處，在那里她們既聽到了好消息，也聽到了壞消息。

Federal law does prohibit the fraudulent misuse of identification, band cards and Social Security numbers.聯(lián)邦法律確實(shí)有條款禁止詐騙性地盜用身份證、銀行卡和社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)卡號(hào)。

But.Frank and Grant both say, federal investigators told them they deal only with multistate fraud rings and cases worth upward of $ 200,000.Their cases didn't qualify.但是弗蘭克和格蘭特都說聯(lián)邦調(diào)查員告訴他們，調(diào)查局只處理多州之間的詐騙集團(tuán)案，或金額達(dá)20萬美元以上的案件，而她們兩人的案件都不符合以上條件。

For the feds, it's a predicament, says James Bauer, a deputy assistant director in the Secret Service and proponent of tougher identity theft laws.For example, Bauer's office is shutting down a fraud ring in which the thieves used stolen identities to buy cars, then cleverly leveraged their bounty.The thieves would take the car out of state, sell it, use the money to make a down payment on a house, then take out second mortgages on the house.詹姆斯·鮑爾是特工部的代理副主任，他力主制定嚴(yán)厲打擊身份盜竊的法律。可是眼下他認(rèn)為對(duì)于聯(lián)邦調(diào)查人員來說，處境也很為難。比如，鮑爾的辦公室正在打擊一個(gè)詐騙集，他們用偷來的身份買汽車，然后再巧妙地處理贓款。他們會(huì)將汽車運(yùn)出所在的州，然后賣掉它，再用獲得的錢付住房的首付款，最后取出房子的第二筆抵押金。

“Multiply that times the 36 cars that we know about so far, and it amounts to literally millions of dollars, ” Bauer says.鮑爾說：“目前我們所知道的車是36輛，如果再乘以那個(gè)倍數(shù)，實(shí)際金額可達(dá)上百萬美元。”

But while the feds have struggled to crack those sorts of operations, relatively small fish like Scott Gilbert have wriggled free.就在聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局人員盡力打擊以上犯罪行為時(shí)，總是有像斯科特·吉爾泊特這樣的小魚會(huì)漏網(wǎng)。