第一篇：當代研究生英語課后習題答案(上冊、下冊)總結好的,供期末考試用英語復習

1.The Bill has incorporated many of the suggestions put forward by the opposition.2.New technologies are needed to invigorate the country’s economy.3.The soldier suppressed his fear and went on fighting.4.The noise of cars passing along the road is a continual disturbance to our quiet life.5.This country is suffering from its economic stagnation.6.The old man cherished the girl as if she were his daughter.7.Do not lose hope;remember the motto “Never say die”.8.The temple is high in the mountain, and is inaccessible to the public in winter.9.The child showed defiance by refusing to eat.10.I am defending my communist ideology my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life.11.The car ran down the hill under its own impetus.12.There a canal was being built to facilitate commerce between these two cities.13.My first parachute jump was a(n)exhilarating experience.14.Is my conviction that you did not try hard enough.15.“Worldly wealth is transient;heavenly wealth lasts for ever.” said the priest.1.In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler（）respectable social scientists who agree with him.A.quotes

B.confirms

C.recites

D.convinces 2.He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he（）.A refrained

B withdrew

C avoided

D retreated 3.When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life（）.A necessities

B requirements

C appreciations

D expectations 4.Within seconds, the experienced instructor（）the situation and decided to attempt rescue.A assumed

B assured

C assessed

D affirmed 5.Most good writers use every means at their（）to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A will

B disposal

C request

D convenience 6.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to（）over two hundred people.A accommodate

B locate

C settle

D reside 7.A river（）through the narrow wooded valley below.A pours

B twists

C expends

D expands 8.To use a Chinese saying, this is “a punishment which they well（）”.A desert

B deserve

C reserve

D preserve 9.The captain of the ship（）the passengers that there was no danger.A secured

B ensured

C assured

D guaranteed 10.The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has（）the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land.A converted

B appealed

C justified

D encouraged Unit 2 1.The kitchen was small and（）so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.A complete

B complex

C composite

D compact

2.His authority and（）make him an excellent teacher.A self-consciousness

B self-confidence C self-centeredness

D self-regard 3.Being both spoilt and lazy he（）everyone else for his lack of success.A accused

B charged

C criticized

D blamed 4.When I learned that I had passed the exam, I felt（）and relaxed.A careless

B trouble-free

C negligent

D care-free 5.A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a（）car.A careless

B stationery

C motionless

D stationary 6.This is the（）piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A actual

B real

C genuine

D contemporary 7.Your usual teacher has lost his voice and（）I am taking his place today.A nevertheless

B however

C moreover

D accordingly 8.A（）woman is needed to take care of two small children.A confident

B reliable

C trusty

D faithful 9.I have had a（）of misfortunes.A continuation

B repetition

C continuity

D succession 10.He had an（）habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our doorstep.A objectionable

B afflicting

C uneducated

D offending 11.The music aroused a(n)（）feeling of homesickness in him.A intense

B hopeless

C intensive

D sad 12.The jury（）him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to five year’s imprisonment.A accused

B charged

C convicted

D acquitted 13.The book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite（）to him in his research.A unimportant

B disused

C useless

D unusable 14.The plan was（）when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A resigned

B abandoned

C released

D redeemed 15.The blow at the end of round three knocked the champion（）.A insensitive

B stupefied

C senseless

D nonsensical Unit 3 1.The Roman empire()under pressure pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.A trembled

B crumbled

C hurdled

D smashed 2.the police are()a war against crime in the city.A committing

B breaking

C undertaking D waging 3.the sign was no longer legible because much of the lettering had()。A worn down

B worn on

C worn away

D worn out 4.they()whether an international loan was possible.A dissolved

B disputed

C dissented

D distorted 5.he is always()his knowledge in public A airing

B praising

C assuming

D retorting 6.flowers are blooming in scarlet profusion on the()of the rice-fields.A spaces

B clearings

C margins

D vacuums 7.the young soldier’s hearing was()after the explosion A strengthened B trapped

C manipulated

D impaired

8.black death was()in england in the summer of 1348 without any warning and, most importantly, without any cure.A current

B circulating

C prevailing

D universal 9.the good news is that as people infected with HIV keep taking the triple-drug(),they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection for a long time.A antigen

B cocktail

C microbe

D therapy

10.because it has long been known that HIV kills CD4 cells when it replicates inside them, many researchers have been too ready to()that this is the reason they all die.A discover

B assume

C retort

D pronounce Measure some unless however

separate when

environmentally happen

opportunity capable in difference demonstrate up average with but

fail isolate never There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born().Human brains differ considerably,()being more capable than others.()no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence()he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what()to the individual---the sort of environment in which he is brought().If an individual is handicapped(),it is likely that his brain will()to develop and he will()attain the level of intelligence of which he is().The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be()by the case history of the identical twins, Peter an John.When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in()foster homes.Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an()community with poor educational().John,(),was educated in home of well-to-do parents who had been to college.This environmental()continued until the twins were()their late teens,()they were given tests to()their intelligence.John’s I.Q.was 125,twenty-five points higher than the()and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.Creativity so stimulate control on substance mind carry chemicals they learning efficient affect discover interest Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries.Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have()that the brain can make its own drugs.The brain contains a protein()which can act directly()the brain to change aspects of mental activity.Some may change or improve, for example,(), intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain()messages.In recent years scientists have found chemicals that()mood, memory and other happenings of the().About 25 have been found()far.Today the role of()and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much(), Research seems to show that they may help()insomnia, pain, and mental illness.They have a great capacity to()the brain to conquer deficiencies.()also improve the qualities of memory and()already in the brain.They hold the secret to mood and emotion.Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more()brain.Sample

immune

which

ways

lead to

number

take rebuild

at all

further

drug

that

argue

disrupt

cope with

trap

alongside

finding

loss

prolong By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people, and extrapolating from these(sample)to the entire body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500cells, maybe fewer ,is infected with HIV.This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers that(leads to)AIDS.Haase says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cells are becoming(trapped)in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also(disrupts)the production of new cells.In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the(loss)of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide, or apoptosis—a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.Taken together , these(findings)clearly suggest that HIV keeps the(immune)system in state of constant activation, and unbalances it in four(ways):by trapping mature cells, by killing a small but significant(number)of cells directly.Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to(cope with)opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatments ? Would better knowledge of the ways in(which)the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to(rebuild)it, broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells? Roederer, at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system will be needed.Others go(further).Jay Levy at the University of California, San Francisco, worries that(prolonged)treatment with cocktails of antiviral(drugs)might even fool the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body(that)they fail to trigger any immune responses(at all).This night make individuals who stop(taking)the durgs even more vulnerable.He(argues)that immune-restoring treatments should be given(alongside)antiviral drugs.Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cells to replace lost CD4 cells.Unit 4 Transaction

refer to through across

focus on

cover

at all levels of

nothing

in the case of

come into

necessarily make community

be prepared to have access to Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress.It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows.The term sometimes also()the movement of people(labor)and knowledge(technology)()international borders.There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not()here.At its most basic, there is()mysterious about globalization.The term()common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that()it easier and quicker to complete international()---both trade and financial flows.It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries()human economic activity---village markets,urban industries, or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency()competition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to()what they do best.Global matkets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world.It means that they can()more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets.But markets do not()ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all.Countries must()embrace the policies needed, and()the poorest countries may need the support of the international()as they do so.在這些變化和轉折中，我們對生活方式的看法要經歷四個感知方面的微妙變化：第一，在內心中對自己和他人的看法；第二，在生活中的各種威脅面前所具有的安全感；第三是我們對時間的認識，是感到來日方長，還是開始感到時日無多？最后是對自己的精力和活力的直覺意識，是感到精力充沛，還是感到力不從心？這些都是我們內心里產生的若明若暗的感覺，他們構成了我們生活的基調，影響著我們采取行動前的種種決定。

人生這一階段的任務是，在同齡人中、在性別角色中、在期望的職業中、以及在思想意識和世界觀方面確立自己的位置。這樣，我們既有了離家獨立的動力，也有了離家獨立的心理準備。

由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及對自己的意志充滿信心，我們在二十歲時普遍認定自己所選擇的道路是人生真正的事業所在。如果有人說我們很想自己的父母，說我們的言行舉止是父母二十多年來教育和熏陶的結果，我們會很不高興。

幾年之后此病毒從剛果荒蠻濃密的叢林中爆發出來。一旦流傳開來，它就隨著反叛部隊穿越大陸的各個戰區；隨著貨車司機駛過各個妓院；最終，可能隨著空中乘務員飛往美國，并在那里于20世紀80年代初被發現。

在津巴布韋的25個受監控的地區，懷孕的婦女接受了HIV病毒的檢測。1997年只有兩個地區顯示其感染率在10%以下。

這是因為在貧窮國家許多人對正常的經濟發展不起作用。說得再殘酷些，在一個擁有大量非技術勞力的國家里，死去的勞力很容易被取代。

當一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭損失就不是一個人的事了。以為不只是他的收入沒有了，他的親屬還要花時間和金錢去照料他。

泰國政府認為沒有必要向肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走了旅游者而淡化HIV傳播的嚴重性。泰國人被反復告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他們自己去做出選擇。

近四年來，病毒引起免疫系統災難性崩潰從而導致艾滋病這一理論一直主宰著人類對HIV的研究。但是這種理論的一致性現在正在動搖，部分原因是由于免疫學家費蘭克。米德馬 領導的一支荷蘭小組對HIV的研究工作。如果荷蘭小組是正確的話，其影響將是深遠的。感染HIV的人將有望得到新方法的治療。而一些話費幾十億美元的研究項目中最具權威的理論就會被推翻。

總體而言，世界貿易組織采納了有利與跨國商務活動的規則，拒絕了商務活動反對的規則。世界貿易組織的政策遭到了來自“民間社團”的代表，如工會、消費者積極分子、環境保護主義者、土著民居、婦女團體等的反對。墨西哥在執行北美自由貿易協定不久，貨幣危機使國家陷入經濟蕭條，小業主們也走向街頭反對“自由貿易”。不同意北部聯盟有關勞動保護條款的南半球的貧窮國家也認為世界貿易組織并不為大多數人謀福利。

第二篇：當代研究生英語下冊課后Close原文1-4

Unit 1，There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others.But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is brought up.If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of，intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John.When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes.Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities.John, however, was educated in home of well-to-do parents who had been to college, This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were，given tests to measure their intelligence.Johns I.Q was 125,twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.Unit 2

Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries.Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs.The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity.Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain carry messages.In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind.About 25 have been found so far.Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest.Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness.They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies.They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain.They hold the secret to mood and emotion.Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain.Unit 3，By measuring the amount of HIVs genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people, and extrapolating form these samples to the entire body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fewer, is infected with HIV.This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers that leads to AIDS.Haase says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells.In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activation, and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stopping the production of new cells, by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of cells directly.Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cope with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatments? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer , at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system will be needed.Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of California , San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with cocktails of antiviral drugsmight even fool the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immune responses at all.This might make individuals who stop taking the drugs even more vulnerable.He argues that immune-restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral drugs.Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells.Unit 4what is Golbalization?

Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress.It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world , particularly through trade and financial flows.The term sometimes also refers to the movement of

people(labor)and knowledge(technology)across international borders.There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here.At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization.The term has come to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions –both trade an financial flows, It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries ,or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor-the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best.Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world.It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets.But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all.Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.

第三篇：《高等學校研究生英語綜合教程_下》課后習題答案

Task 1

Unit One

1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.Values c.19.Refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out 5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations

9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.Adversities 13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect

Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience 2.built-in storage space 3.self-protection measures 4.short-term employment

5.distorted and negative self-perception 6.life-changing events 7.all-encompassing details 8.a good self-image

Task1

Unit Two

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining2.A.attached B.attachment3.A.historically B.historic4.A.innovativeB.Innovations5.A.flawed B.flawless

6.A.controversy B.controversial 7.A.revise B.revisions

8.A.commentary B.commentator9.A.restrictive B.restrictions10.Task 2

10.A.heroicB.heroics

1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie

6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed10.award

Task 3

1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes 6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability10)stadiums11)anticipated12)publicity

Task 1 Unit Three

B Task2

1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.10.C LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion

2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditoryE.auditedA.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive

4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip 5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affectionD.passionate

6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant 7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring

Task3

1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective 6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)

Task 1

Unit Four

1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration 7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter

Task 2 Task 1

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Step 1

l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g Step 2

1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive , 6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail

Task 2 1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.Task 3

on/about10.in

1.may have a subtle effect on 2.provide free access toe-books 3.isinthe midst ofa sea change

4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University 5.a voracious book reader 6.you'll stay focused onit 7.the conduit for information

8.your check came asanabsolute godsend 9.lost the thread ofthe story 10.stroll through elegant prose

Task 1 Unit Five

1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14Task2

.A15.B

1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

第四篇：研究生英語課后翻譯總結

1單元：一種真正的市場型管理模式很快成為可能。在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗并完善所需要的管理制度——知識產權制度、服務內容與使用權的控制制度、個人隱私權與自由言論制度等。有些群體允許任何人加入，而有些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。能夠自持的群體會興旺發展（或許也會因為志趣與身份日趨特殊，而發展成為幾個分支）。有些群體或因為成員失去興趣，或因為成員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來，它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。2單元：2一旦問題得到理解，情況自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不傾聽或不談論每天發生的事情而感到被遺棄、感到喪失生活樂趣的女性會高興地發現，她們的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的談話在女性關系中的地位后，正努力地在適應。如果丈夫不適應，妻子仍然能夠得到安慰，因為她知道，對男人來說，這不是不親密的表現。當妻子接受了男女存在區別這一事實后，便會去找自己的朋友或家人說一說話。那些不能夠給予妻子談話快樂的丈夫，也不應該覺得妻子提出了無理要求。仍然會有一些夫妻決定離婚，但起碼他們的決定是建立在比較現實的期望基礎上的。3單元：2在形成的初期，地球上很可能沒有我們今天稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。4.在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下，形成了結構復雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。7.整個星球是一種由無機部分和各種各樣的有機生命構成的生命形式(正如我們自己身體那樣，既是由各種各樣的有機部分構成，又是由骨骼中的無機晶體和血液中的無機水分所構成)。9同樣，從全地球的規模考慮，砍掉一整片森林不會在總體上對地球生命構成威脅，但是這樣做會對該地區的生態形式造成嚴重的影響，甚至會造成水的流失，因此引起地質結構的細微變化。11.如果排除外界的干擾，食肉動物和被吃動物都保持一個適當的數量，這樣對雙方都有好處。16目前世界人口的急劇增長率使人類可以被稱為生態惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會摧毀生態環境，正如普通的癌細胞會摧毀人的肌體一樣。4單元：英語屈從美語的速度不斷加快。新詞匯、新習語、甚至新發音都以無法抗拒的勢力源源不斷傳入東方。從前我們常常借用很多英語詞或短語，但現在很少這樣做。但英語卻吸納我們創造的詞，我們創造有多快，其吸納的速度幾乎就有多快。我認為，美國電影固然對這一變化起了很大作用，但毫無疑問，還有更深刻的原因。英語依然有點太嚴格、有點僵硬，且過于矯揉造作。而美語的發展卻像伊麗莎白時代一樣繁榮。所有那些在英國莎士比亞時代應用的構詞方法，現在依然在美國應用著，新詞源源不斷地產生。如果莎翁健在，這些新詞一定會使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的時代產生的新詞曾使他欣喜若狂一樣。5單元：1.其目的是弄清世界的運行機制，尋求其間可能存在的規律，洞察事物之間的聯系——從構成一切物質的亞核粒子，到生物有機體，人類社會群體，以至整個宇宙。2.世界上每一文化群體都以這樣或那樣的方式提出過這些問題。所提供的答案幾乎都帶有“就這么回事”的性質，而試圖做的解釋總是脫離實驗，甚至沒有經過細心的比較觀察。3.要透徹地領悟一件事物，哪怕是一樁小事——比如惠特曼所說的一片草葉，也會經歷一種喜悅，這種喜悅，在整個世界的所有生靈中只有人類才能感受到。4.有時我們聽到一些科學家發表的宣言，他們充滿信心地宣稱，每一件值得弄清的事物將很快會為大家所知，或者說有些已經眾所周知。他們描繪的是狄奧尼修斯和波利尼西亞時代的圖畫，在這些畫中，人們對知識探索的熱情已經衰退，取而代之的是一種被征服的怠惰，成了飲用發酵椰子汁和其他一些溫和迷幻劑的安逸度日者。8.如果我們可以縮小身體進入這個水晶的世界，我們可以看見一排排原子形成有序的點陣，呈一種有規律的交替結構——鈉原子、氯原子、氯化鈉原子，這些點陣結構詳細地勾畫出我們所站的這一層原子以及在我們頭上、頭下的所有原子層的示意圖。6單元：2杰克正想入非非時，瞥見綠燈亮了，他只顧開動汽車，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再見。當他扭過頭來，面對前方時，已經晚了一秒鐘。他猛地一下踩住剎車，調轉方向，以避免撞上前面那輛車上小小的剎車紅燈，但還是砰然一聲撞上了。如果他動作再快一秒鐘，也許只會離這輛車很近，不會撞上。而如果再晚一秒鐘，他的車就會爬上這輛豐田車的行李箱。實際上，他好像沒有把前面的車撞壞，而后面的車撞上了他車后部的保險杠，那一撞卻嚴重多了。7單元：1.就在這同一天，我的車又壞了，電冰箱不制冷了；而且我還得知我的右后臼齒牙根管需要鑲補。3.如果我們突然看到油漆又躍回舊樓房的墻面，我們準會感到有問題。如果我們看到一個雞蛋自己拼湊在一起又跳回蛋殼，我們準會開懷大笑，就像看一組倒放的電影鏡頭那樣。7.婚姻中很容易出現熵，當伴侶們過于忙于自己的事而忽視了彌補小小裂痕時，幾乎可以肯定他們的婚姻要破裂。13.它朝背離冰箱方向運動的概率也是50％。但是如果數十億個冷熱空氣分子混合在一起，那么所有冷空氣分子朝冰箱方向運動，同時所有熱空氣分子背離冰箱運動的概率實際上是零。17.如果在廚房里只有十幾個的空氣分子，那么我等上一年左右，或許在某個時刻6個最冷的分子會聚集在冰箱里。但是，這一等式中的變量越多、參加這一游戲的角色越多，那么他們的路徑井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。

8單元：1.第一次浪潮涉及有形產品——硬件，它與構成軟件的計算機程序相對而言。本世紀六七十年代，圣何塞和舊金山地帶的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司為計算機生產出存儲器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。4.財富形成的第二次浪潮涉及軟件——包括人們用于工作或娛樂的“應用”軟件，就像文字處理程序或者計算機游戲之類，以及用于管理業務和計算機網絡自身運行的“系統”軟件。6但是無論是硬件革命還是軟件革命，與現在因特網上所發生的情況相比，其財富創造的影響力都顯得非常緩慢。短短數年之前，在日內瓦CERN研究中心工作的英國物理學家Tim BernersLee 發明了一種方案，用以連接與某一主題或一系列主題相關的數據，這些數據貯存在各地各種不同的計算機內。9.eBay網點的在線拍賣同樣有利可圖，因為它每拍賣一次都要向買賣雙方收取一定的傭金。但是如今大多數國際互聯網公司都承受著重大的短期損失，證券市場投資者通常認為這種損失會在商業計劃里某個似乎永遠不會到來的“第三年”中轉為盈利。11盡管上述這些獲利的基本模式最終將證明是站不住腳的，但到目前為之，它們卻足以使很多人十分富有。實際上所有這些財富都是由技術公司股組成的，在今后10年中，其中的一些股份或大多數股份會逐漸散失。

第五篇：綜合英語2 課后習題 答案

Unit1 1.2.1.I chose the car for its speed, comfort and, most important, for its reliability.2.A good teacher should help his / her students earnestly instead of pretentiously displaying how knowledgeable he / she is.3.Examinations are a nightmare to some students, for they could not apply themselves seriously to revision.4.The boy quarrelled bitterly with his girlfriend, and I am afraid they will end their relationship sooner or later.5.Why won't that telephone ring? He promised to call me and he would not disappoint me.6.She is a very sociable girl and is on good terms with her colleagues.7.Soon after the satellite was launched into space, it was lost to the scientists on the earth.8.Doctors tell us that a good-tempered person is less likely to get ulcers.3.我的父親

—— 一位著名演員女兒的自述

我并不是真正了解我的父親，與他相處不太容易。在我看來，他總以自我為中心，還有一點自負，在某種程度上難以接近。公眾一定以為他很隨和，但在家里，他總是拒人于千里之外。

在我小的時候，他很少在家，因為在我的記憶里關于他的事不多。他總有點游離家庭生活之外。工作總是位于第一，他總是離家去拍戲或排練。他喜歡別人索要他的親筆簽名，喜歡得到賞識。他獲得過幾項大獎，并引以為榮。他還被英國皇室授予爵位，為此我們不得不去白金漢宮領取勛章。授勛典禮簡直無聊透頂。由于有數百人獲此勛章，因此你就不得不在那兒等上好幾個小時。不管誰來我家拜訪，他都要向來訪者炫耀那些獎章。

我上了公立學校，由于對功課毫無興趣，再加上無故曠課，我被勒令退學。我本來就不愿去那兒上學，因為我不得不離開我所有的朋友。把我送進那所學校父親一定很滿意，可到頭來純粹是在浪費錢。我猜我一定讓他失望至極。我試過幾份工作，但總無法安下心來。后來，我意識到我真正想做的就是在鄉下照料家畜，這正是我現在所做的工作。

作為一家人，我們不僅住的不近，在情感上也不那么親近。這些天我們很少互相走動。父親和我性格迥異，或者說是外貌相似而性情不同。鄉村是我的樂趣所在，而父親卻對我所討厭的書本，音樂，尤其是歌劇感興趣。就算他們真的來看我，也是穿著極其“不合地宜”的衣服---貂皮大衣，漂亮小巧的皮鞋，根本不適合在田間遠足。

對于我的婚姻，他極力反對，并一直希望我們分手。我想是因為杰拉德出身太卑微了。父親一定是想讓我和名人結合，但我沒有，就這么回事。我和丈夫不想要小孩，可父親卻不停地嘮叨說想要個外孫。但總不能因為你想要個外孫就讓別人生小孩吧。

我從不看他演的電視節目，不怎么想看。何況他還常忘了告訴我播出的時間。4.1.她似乎與新同學相處不好。(get along with)2.我與瑪麗失去聯系多年，但昨天我與她在電話里聯系上了。(out of touch, get in touch)3.那老兵喜歡對每一位來訪者炫耀他的勛章。(show off)4.她丈夫似乎非常反對她出國。(opposed to)5.因為托馬斯不安心工作，他的父母非常擔憂。(settle down)6.我口袋里總裝著各種各樣的小東西。(bits and pieces)7.她母親通過一些私人關系使她進入商界。(pull strings)8.我希望這些菜合你的胃口。(to somebody's liking)9.那些男孩太吵鬧，我把他們罵了一頓。(tell off)

Unit2 1.2.retrace one's steps retire from rip from grope knock over resolve to do something in search for rise to one's feet bring oneself to do something mount on

1.The girl was crossing the street when she was hit by a car and fell to the ground.2.The police were determined to take action to save the hostages after the unsuccessful negotiations with the terrorists.3.Mr.Bennett could not make himself approve of his daughter's marriage.4.The visiting Prime Minister stood up to deliver his speech.5.It was getting dark and we went around the town to look for a missing child.6.When the violent wind swept the area, it tore the roof off the newly-built house.7.Since his assistant has taken over all the work, the old manager will soon stop doing his job.8.To provide clear information on the bus service, the tourism office has a city map put on a billboard.9.She lost her key somewhere on the way to the station, so she had to go back to look for it.10.As the light suddenly went out, the audience had to feel their way out of the theatre.3.叔公辭去牧師職務之謎

下面講述的是一個有關我叔公的傷感而真實的故事。他是一個極好的、快活的、受人愛戴的人，身高超過6英尺4英寸，體重近300磅。他受過良好的教育，在20世紀初成為一個全職的牧師。盡管身軀龐大，但他溫文爾雅，心地善良。叔公阿爾登 · 本特利唯一的缺點就是行動笨拙。年輕的時候，有一次，他去南卡羅林納州的底谷給一個女教友布道。在落座時，一不留神把女主人椅子上的寵物狗 “叮吱” 給壓死了。當女主人滿屋子找狗時，阿爾登才意識到他臀部底下坐著的是什么。他手忙腳亂地把那條狗塞入大衣，盡管心虛害怕，但他始終沒能鼓起勇氣告訴那個女人真相。

五年后，他舊地重游，要在那位女教友家逗留一夜。叔公下定決心要一吐為快，告訴女主人的 “叮吱” 的死因。女主人剛剛為他準備了一個客房，并換上了嶄新的窗簾。為了表示對他的歡迎，她還在他床邊的桌子上擺上一大罐冰水和杯子，還有筆和墨水，以便他休息之前準備布道的文稿。

阿爾登叔公喜歡開著窗戶睡覺，所以他半夜里起來開窗。在起床時，打翻了一杯東西，他以為是那杯水。他沿墻摸索想找到電燈開關，卻怎么都找不到，只好又返回原路再找，如此反復幾次，直到最后開了窗，他才回床安歇下來。第二天早上醒來睜眼一瞧，他驚呆了：兩面墻上的新墻紙都沾上了黑乎乎的墨水印，雪白干凈的窗簾上布滿了他污黑龐大的手掌印，原來他夜里爬起來打翻的不是水杯，而是那瓶墨水。

阿爾登叔公驚恐萬狀。他知道，自己必須直面女主人了。他胡亂穿好衣服，飛奔下樓。由于走得太急，在樓梯口滑了一跤。叔公拼命想找個東西支撐平衡，情急之下一把逮住了最近的東西，恰好是個安在樓梯口墻上的漂亮的銅燭臺。燭臺被他一把從墻上硬拽下時還在咝咝地冒煙，即使“轟”的一聲落在下面的樓梯平臺上時，還被叔公死死地攥在手里。

“傷著您了嗎？” 女主人叫著跑到他身邊。

“還好，” 阿爾登叔公邊說邊掙扎著站了起來，“只是我弄亂了你的房間。” 邊說他邊飛快地向門外逃去，但到了盡頭他停下來，回過頭，懷著深深的敬意，對女主人說：“你的狗 ?叮吱? 是像基督徒一樣被埋葬的。”

此后，阿爾登叔公就辭去了牧師的職務，到麻省州的一個私立預備學校教哲學，一直教了很多年。

4.1.他決定立即著手這項復雜的工程。(resolve, work on)2.他們看見一位老人被對面駛來的汽車撞倒。(knock over)3.他在黑暗中搖搖晃晃，摸索著尋找電燈開關。(grope)4.病了3個月之后，他幾乎站也站不穩了。(rise to one's feet)5.由于人手不足，無法按期完成任務。(a shortage of)6.在經濟蕭條期間，公司遭遇到財政困難。(run into)7.那盲女上了擁擠的公共汽車，乘客們給她讓出了地方。(make room for)8.他終于抓住了懸崖上的巖石，止住了下滑。(hold on to)

Unit3 1.2.in the end set out out of reach be / get level with intend to do something run out of something roar with laughter slow up / down send somebody for something

1.Food production in this nation has increased in proportion to the population growth.2.My great-uncle planned to take up teaching in a private school when he resigned from the ministry.3.Early in the morning, the father got on his way to visit his daughter on a farm.4.To his disappointment, the boy found that he was too short to reach the bird nest up in the tree.5.My nephew always uses up his pocket money before the end of each month.6.At first, he refused to accept any suggestions but eventually he gave in.7.The driver got lost in the mountains.He had to drive slowly to look for road signs.8.In a slip of the tongue, the speaker said in his opening remarks “Good ladies, morning and gentlemen.” The audience laughed hilariously.9.The editor was not satisfied with the news story and asked the journalist to get more information.3.因錯得救

那是一個陰霾的下午，杰瑞 · 克萊姆動身去獵浣熊。隨他同行的有他的老牧羊狗和兩只獵兔犬幼仔。至少他說它們是小獵兔犬。一個月以前，當杰瑞告訴他哥哥鮑勃說自己花了五美元買了那兩只小狗時，鮑勃吼笑道：“你又犯傻了，杰瑞！”因而，鮑勃稱呼兩只幼仔為“錯誤1號”和“錯誤2號”。

杰瑞獵捕了好幾個小時，一無所獲，直到最后用盡了子彈，他不得不承認這兩只幼仔無多大用處。臨近傍晚，他在一棵山毛櫸樹高處發現了一只浣熊。這棵樹四十英尺高，極古老，數年前就枯死了。樹干頂部被風暴卷走了，樹干本身由于腐爛和蟲咬已毀損了。

然而，杰瑞還是爬上了樹，想用手抓浣熊。但是他未能碰到這只動物。正當他到達殘缺的樹干的頂尖時，他踩的樹枝在腳下不幸斷裂了。他馬上跳到樹干的邊緣，樹干的邊緣立刻被壓斷了。他一下子跌入了朽樹的深洞里，事情發生的太突然了，杰瑞都沒來得及叫一聲。

他直摔下去，途中一根伸出的樹枝掛住了他的衣服，懸空片刻，接著他又跌倒了。他顫抖地、茫然地爬起來，但奇怪的是沒有受傷。

樹洞里一片漆黑。他頭頂上僅有圓盤大的灰蒙蒙的天空。腳下梨狀小孔映出一小塊淡淡的光。他可以聽見兩只幼仔朝著他叫，牧羊狗后退并且驚慌地叫著。

杰瑞害怕了。過了一段時間，他平靜下來了，開始尋找出路。樹干里沒有東西可以抓著爬出去；他無法抓住幫助阻止他下跌的那根根株。他竭盡全力，卻不能把腳下的那個孔踢大。求救也無用，當時他離家太遠。最后他決定派狗去尋求幫助。“回家，牧羊狗，回家！”他喊道。牧羊狗尖叫一聲。“回家！”他又喊了一聲。牧羊狗轉身飛快地跨過田野，但兩只幼仔仍原地不動，用叫聲鼓勵著主人。

夜幕來臨。暴風雨襲來。閃電在頭頂上閃過，雨水澆入了樹洞。樹洞里的空間僅夠杰瑞站著，他被雨淋透了。他曾擔心自己是否會淹死在那兒。但是雨水從頂部流入的同時又從腳下的那個孔流了出去。杰瑞可以聽到兩只幼仔在外面嗚咽。他們被暴雨嚇壞了，但并沒有離開。相反，它們更接近樹了，用嘴穿過小孔去舔主人的腳以示安慰。

同時牧羊狗跑過田野到了克萊姆家。它猛烈地叫著，以便鮑勃跟著它返回。但是當他們到達牧羊狗回家時曾奮力躍過的那道籬笆旁時，這只狗太累了再也不能跳過去了。最后，僅靠那兩只雙眼充滿悲傷的幼仔的叫聲引導鮑勃到了那棵樹前。

營救隊伍花了15個小時用繩子把杰瑞從浸透了的囚籠里拖出來------這時杰瑞渾身濕透了，又餓又累。

他們把他拖上來后，杰瑞反復嘮叨：“哎，天哪，我一直在想我會死在這兒，這是杰瑞的最后一次錯誤。但是幼仔沒有放棄希望！牧羊狗去求助，幼仔自始至終陪著我！錯誤1號和錯誤2號---他們救了我的命。” 4．

1.母親立刻派湯姆去叫醫生。(send...for)

2.由于糖用完了，她沒做成蛋糕。(run out of)

3.我知道您現在忙極了。(desperately)

4.湯姆說錯了話，惹得全班學生哄堂大笑。(roar with)

5.針、剪刀這類東西必須放在小孩夠不著的地方。(out of...reach)

6.戰士站在烈日底下，被曬得大汗淋漓。(drench)7.他最后終于回到了他的祖國。(in the end)

Unit4

assign all in all come up have(no)knack for in the process an alternative to experiment with in sorry shape be(not)meant for

1.It is believed that news reporters have special skills at creating sensational stories.2.Auto-manufacturers suggest that solar energy could be used instead of petrol.3.Ernest Hemingway tried a new literary style even when he was a very young writer.4.My father enjoys publicity, and loves to be recognised and asked for his autograph.He likes to show off his awards to visitors.In general, he is a little bit vain.5.All the boys were directed to work on the farm.6.If our footballers fail to keep up vigorous training, they will be in a bad state during the World Cup qualifying competitions.7.A teacher is different from an actor in that he must be ready to handle any unexpected problems which might arise in the classroom.8.My great-uncle was groping along the wall in search for the light switch.As he did so, he knocked over a bottle of ink.9.I always prefer classical music.Pop music is not my cup of tea.3．

膠

我從報紙上看到空軍正在試驗一種新型膠，希望能將他們的幾架飛機粘在一起。他們認為可以能夠用膠代替機身上的鉚釘，在生產過程中也許減輕機重和降低成本。我希望空軍與膠打交道時能比我更幸運。

我們大多數人在用膠時所遇到的問題不能歸咎于制膠商。這并不是他們的錯。我們只是對膠要求過多罷了，無可否認，他們所展示的幾張用一滴膠提起一頭大象的圖片，使我們過高地估計了膠的性能。用這種膠，我連一個盤子都粘不起來，他們卻可以提起大象，連足球隊員艾德 · 懷德都掰不開用這種膠粘起來的兩片木塊。

非常有趣的是，在生活中我們經常用膠粘東西。我一生用膠粘過許多東西，但大多數經歷總是令人失望。我對膠的幻想早就破滅了。一個一年級的小孩告訴我，他媽媽說用面粉和水調成漿糊可以粘東西。對我而言，孩童時代，面粉和水的混合物從來沒有有效過。

也許我沒有掌握用膠的訣竅。很難想起當地五金店停止推行新型奇效粘合劑的時候。但在我看來，沒有哪種膠真正有過奇效。

這則空軍消息說，他們將物品的兩面粘起后，置之于“一個250攝氏度、烤箱般的壓力鍋中一小時之久”。嗨，我只是碰巧沒有用來加熱的壓力鍋。也許這就是我粘的一半材料有分開的原因。

在辦公室周圍，我用水泥粘紙。這東西很好玩，而且粘稠度適宜則有效。問題是，大約一月左右我才用一次，放在壇子里它會變得很稠。我們有個一加侖罐裝滿了水泥稀釋液，過了一年后，我用的稀釋液比用的水泥還要多。

在地下室，我粘了許多木料。我曾嘗試過用水調成的催化粉膠，也曾嘗試過雙組份環氧樹脂膠、酪蛋白乳膠、膠泥、水膠以及新型超強力膠。膠和我簡直不能相容。如果我夾起四條雌雄榫接合的支腿放進用榫接合的框架后用膠固定，就會發現一條腿比其他的三條短一英寸，因為在一個方向夾得太緊。膠順腿流下，總而言之，我的工作一團糟。如果我在地下室中為空軍粘飛機，國防部將非常遺憾。

當我修復破損的東西時，用膠的成功率很低。如果椅子的橫檔松了，你不得不把椅子拆開，在所有的橫檔孔里涂上膠，而后想方設法夾緊不平的兩個面。

每當廚房里有破的瓷器珍品交給我去地下室修復時，我總將各部分對齊涂膠。由于無法用夾板夾住盤碟，所以我盡可能長時間地把它們拿在手里。當我一松勁兒，總會出現原來用膠粘在一起的兩片不再對齊了。

我唯一能做的就是為空軍部提供我最好的建議。我建議他們考慮別的方法，比如，帶彈性的橡皮圈比膠強多了。我很少用帶彈性的橡皮圈來解決棘手的問題。線或繩子可能是膠的替代品。空軍部若是想用一滴液體提起一噸重的大象，我想他們會用膠水，但他們若想將東西連在一起，我推薦用膠水以外的其他東西。4．

1.我顯然是高估了自己的方向感，下次我一定記著帶地圖。(overestimate)2.母親對她那個自私不孝的兒子徹底失望了。(be disillusioned)3.她很不善于見什么人說什么話。(have no knack for)4.從一開始他就和足球結下了不解之緣。(be meant for)5.老板指派我在第一個月里做秘書工作。(assign)6.駕駛員違反交通規則，除了罰款之外，還有別的處罰辦法嗎？(alternative to)7.他老是笨手笨腳，因而常常遭人嘲笑。(subject to)

Unit5 1．

2．embark on variety of bits and pieces after all in question to the extent that collide with in contact with

1.The government hopes to gain enough support for the project under consideration.2.The rescue party set about the job of freeing the boy trapped in the hollow tree.3.The expedition travelling in outer-space has kept communicating with the scientists on the earth.4.I had had many different experiences with glue.But glue and I are simply not meant for each other.5.Dad and I differ completely and don't see much of each other.Despite all this, I still love him, for he is my father.6.With restrictive bindings applied to my knees, I was clumsy to such a degree that I could only hobble along.7.The carpenter could only find some small things to do in the basement.8.It often happens in many families that the value system of the older generation is in conflict with that of the younger generation.3.學一門語言

當我們談到學習一門語言，諸如英語、日語或西班牙語時，我們講并且認為正在談論中的語言是固定不變的。我們期望象學幾何或學騎車一樣系統學習并且最后的成功明了可見。許多人發現這僅是一種誤解時便放棄了。實際上，他們開始了一份可以持續終生的工作。這種經驗使他們不僅意識到如果想要成功就不得不努力工作，而且意識到在很多情況下，他們連自己所謂的母語也算不上精通。

其實，學習任何語言就像是一次永無止境的航行。當今世界上使用的成千上萬語言中的每一種語言都是一件復雜的事情。許多語言確實有一種標準形式-----特別是書面語---這就是我們要學習的，然而，它們也可能有各種各樣的地區方言和社會文體，許多是歷史進程中和其他語言融合的產物。英語就是這樣一種混合語言。大約不到二千年前開始使用。首先是一種古德語形式，與一種特殊的古法語發生了沖突，其后又吸取了一些拉丁語和希臘語。自那以后又吸收了它的使用者所接觸的其他所有語言的點點滴滴。

關于語言的第二種常見誤解是單詞意思固定清楚。這種想法---無論不幸還是有幸---是遠遠不正確的。舉個十分簡單和具體的英語單詞“man”為例。似乎足夠清楚，指的是“成年男子”。當然的確如此，但是考慮一下下列句子： 1）There are several men missing in that chess set.那副象棋缺了幾顆棋子。

2）The boat was manned entirely by women and children.這艘船全由婦女和小孩掌舵。

你可能爭論說這些句子有點不自然。是的，它們不是單詞“man”的日常主要用法，而是其中心意義的合理延伸。尤其有趣的是在第二個句子中它作動詞用而不是名詞。這表明我們期望成年男子做水手，而不是婦女，當然更不是小孩。語言中的一些樂趣和天賦很可能是由這種單詞的細微差別的誤用而產生的。別忘了，如果你叫一個人“貓”或“卷心菜”，雖然你不是表達字面意思，但它們會被理解成許多意思。

關于語言的第三個誤解是：每一種語言都被-----或者說應該被它的所有使用者在任何地方同樣地使用和理解。當然，一般說來，使用英國英語標準形式的人都能理解其在美國英語中的對等詞。英語這兩種主要形式相似程度極大。這些國家的講方言的人在互相理解對方時有嚴重的障礙，甚至到了懷疑他們是否真正使用同一語言的程度。一個來自紐約布魯克林的人與來自倫敦的倫敦佬交流有困難，一位古板的英國上校不會和一個加利福尼亞的“花孩兒”談笑風生。然而他們都屬于20世紀世界英語的巨大群體中的成員。

4．1.那天晚上詹姆斯(James)和你一起吃晚飯了嗎？(in question)2.教練對比賽的最終結果表示滿意。(untimate)3.為了排除各國人民交往中的語言障礙，許多語言學家都在研究新的世界語。(embark on)4.合資企業的出現使我們有了更多接觸外國人的機會。（contact with)5.媽媽囑咐他收拾起桌上的零碎東西，把它們放進抽屜里。(bits and pieces)6.因為一句小小的玩笑，他們之間發生了一場爭吵。(arise out of)7.照片不清楚，我認不出其中的女孩。(identify)8.如果有人說他自己能和鬼神交流，你會信嗎？(claim)

Unit61、2、fall for might as well in bulk serve somebody right regard...as for the sake of provided that accuse somebody of all the same make a living out of

1.Though the couple could only make a marginal profit, they could depend on the small business for a living.2.In some supermarkets, goods can be made very cheap if they are bought in large quantities.3.Since you have to pass the exam, you had better do some revision.4.With many safety devices missing, my bike would have flunked an inspection.But, nevertheless, I could ride it very fast.5.Some women are the victims of the businessmen's trick that cosmetics can make them look younger and prettier.6.The boy was punished by the man because he often kicked down his mailbox.I think that he deserved the punishment.7.As long as water is found on Mars, humans can establish settlements there.8.The Customs officers charged the traveller with drug-trafficking.9.Automobiles are subjected to an annual inspection for the purpose of traffic safety.10.Many teenagers think of exams as a nightmare.3、甩賣

讓我們給“甩賣”這個詞下一個傳統定義，即商家推出的物美價廉的產品，也是一次讓人們以低于實際價值的價格買到商品的機會。而近來又有了這樣的定義：甩賣是商家使用的從傻子與無頭腦的人們口袋中騙取錢財的伎倆。

我從未參加過任何一家大型公司的董事會議，但可以肯定這樣的會總是圍繞以下事宜展開。以牙膏為例，生產一種新產品的成本費使得80便士為其合理價格，而我們將其市場價格定為1英鎊20便士。這種牙膏不算很差（盡管不是很好，但也不壞），加之人們樂于嘗試新事物的心理，因此起初它銷量會很可觀。但是新鮮的吸引力一過, 銷量自會下跌，于是我們將價格降到1英鎊15便士，還打著甩貨的幌子貼出“買一盒牙膏省五便士”的海報，人們則爭先恐后地搶購，盡管搶購價比合理價位高出大約43%。

有時不是省5便士，而只是省1便士而已。“只要您購買香皂、洗衣粉、狗食或其他商品均可享受1便士的優惠。” 這樣的廣告是一種讓人難以忍受的屈辱。即使是最窮困的高齡養老金領取者也應當認為這是一種侮辱行為，然而卻沒有人這樣想。甩貨是不能錯過的嘛！而這1便士的禮物就像你應邀去參加一場豐盛的晚宴卻只提供一粒烹飪考究的豌豆。即使1便士真實地反映了產品的降價，可它仍然是一種侮辱。然而，人們會說，反正我們不能沒有洗衣粉這樣的東西，還是買那個能省1便士的好了。記得當我在匈牙利時，還是個孩子，有一個人就因為1 pengo（等值于1先令）而被指控謀殺，并且他認了罪。法官義憤填膺：“就為了1先令去殺人……你還要為自己辯護什么？”兇手答道：“這兒1先令……那兒1先令。”這也正是今天的商家所說：這兒1便士……那兒1便士。

隨著那些完全沒有必要的東西成了“便宜貨”，真正的危機也如期而至。一大群人都無法抵制甩賣和降價的誘惑。只要他們在買甩賣品，他們就會買這輩子都不會穿的衣服，沒有地方安置的家具。老太太會買溜冰鞋，不吸煙的人則買煙斗通條。我還聽說一個人在甩賣時買了一個電動圓鋸，結果第二天就割掉了兩根手指，可他并不后悔：這個鋸子真是很便宜啊！

事實上，很多人都相信買甩貨是有利可圖的。我認識一個楚楚動人，似乎心志很健全的女士，她常給我講這樣的故事：今天太走運了，只花120英鎊就買到了一件原價400的連衣裙。那感覺好像是她賺了280英鎊。我確信她也認為如果再多花點時間購物，就可以靠此謀生了。

由于商品的賤價出售，有人則大批量購買。我聽說有一對夫婦忍不住購買了大量的糖，他們認為這是萬萬不能錯過撿大便宜的好時機，于是買足了供他們一輩子用的糖，就連他們的孩子輩和子孫輩都夠用了。可當糖運到家中時，他們意識到沒有地方儲存，直到發現衛生間還算寬敞，糖理所當然被堆在那里。每當他們往客人咖啡里加糖時，不僅客人總覺得古怪，而且連衛生間也變得粘粘糊糊的。

主動甩賣是一種商業詭計，使窮人變得更窮。如果那些貪婪的傻子上當受騙，那也是活該。無論如何，如果甩賣被依法禁止的話，我們的生活標準會立即上漲7.39個百分點。

4、1.畢業后，他先是做工程師，然后當了廠長。(to start with)

2.我想我還是接收他的邀請為好，因為你不能老是拒絕別人。(may as well)

3.為了安全起見，車上每個人都必須系上安全帶。(for the sake of)4.把溫度降到攝氏零度，水就會變成冰。(reduce to)5.他被指控犯盜竊罪。事實上，他是無辜的。(be accused of)6.除了女主角的表演有點過火外，這是一部優秀的影片。(otherwise)7.有時大人也會上小孩的當。(fall for)8.如果她和你分手，那是你活該，誰讓你老對她撒謊呢？(serve somebody right)

Unit7 1．

2.be deprived of be frightened of be wrapped in in the wrong be unknown to get into a temper be up to to pieces have a...job to do...refuse to do...1.He didn't listen to his father's advice because he thought it was not practical.2.“We won't take the necessities of life from you.” I explained.3.The book had brown paper around it.4.She suddenly got very angry and left the room.5.The man, whose name I didn't know, came into the office and said he had an appointment.6.It was so difficult for us to find George yesterday.7.I'm sorry.I realise that it is my fault.8.Our annual steel production has reached 2 million tons now and is still rising.9.“Are you afraid of the dark?” I asked the little boy.10.In a rage the girl destroyed the new jacket with a pair of scissors.3．走出迷霧

我對于第一次世界大戰的記憶是十分模糊的，因為1914年的時候我才一歲，所以那段日子很快就被忘記了。我記得我的父親是皇家炮兵上尉，大多數時間都在前線沖鋒陷陣，并獲得了十字勛章。我和我的母親、比我年長七歲的姐姐瑪麗、小我兩歲的弟弟約翰，還有我們的保姆住在貝斯沃德的小閣樓上。我們還偶爾去勃克沙爾度假。（后來我們才知道約翰的癲癇病已經病入膏肓，這象一團陰影籠罩了我們的生活，但當時我們是一無所知。）

不知對于我的這種情況在心理學上是否有解釋，但我最清晰的戰時記憶是半夜被弄醒。如果有空襲發生，我們小孩子就被弄醒來，裹在毯子里送到我的住在鄰街公寓的祖父母的地下室里。這是一種躲避一戰時那種空投彈的合理措施。我們小孩子是最喜歡那種激動人心的場面了。我還記得父親常常沒有預先通知就回家而把我們弄醒的情景。有一次，我們全住在鄉下的一個小農舍里（這里后來成了我們經常度假的地方），父親花了老大工夫來找我們。當時已是深夜，他已經到達了離我們七英里的瑞丁車站，他找不到任何交通工具，所以不得不一路步行走向通往我們村莊的鄉間小路，而他對這條路也不熟悉。后來父親告訴我們他在離我們住處兩英里遠的一個叫“日出”的小酒店叫醒女店主問路，結果女店主對于被吵醒非常地憤怒，不肯給父親指路，把我們氣死了。最后父親終于找到了我們，我們熱情地擁抱在一起。一戰時許多村民都很安全，但他們把自己裹在自私的蠶繭里，但是在最后一場戰爭中人們擁有大部分相似的經歷，因而人與人之間也變得寬宏大量，不再斤斤計較了。

五歲之前我記得的唯一的事情就是發脾氣時把一條該死的燈籠褲剪成了碎片。那條燈籠褲是一條綠色的彈力褲，剪開后抽出亮亮的絲。但我為此付出的代價是相當恐怖的。我們家是不體罰孩子的，我們的懲罰就是“取消”，我被剝奪了那渴望已久的“圣誕童子會”。我更不能因為不小心打碎了杯子而不受懲罰，就連今天在情景喜劇中那種為搏一笑而打破瓷器的事情都讓我戰栗不已。我懼怕我的雙親。我出生得太早，沒有享受斯博克醫生所倡導的撫養小孩的方法，卻趕上了維多利亞女王時期的那種父母親永遠是對的，小孩子總是錯的哲學末班車。當時教育孩子最正當的目標就是沒完沒了的批評。這些使我在同伴面前非常害羞，而且當我是個孩子的時候，我沒有一點我那幸運的孫子孫女們的社會優越感，除非能證明這一切恰好相反，否則他們認為成人應是他們的朋友。

4.1.我沒按父親的意思去學做生意，他非常生氣。(cross)2.這些孩子雖然現在很調皮，但他們長大后會明白，做壞事是逃不了懲罰的。(with impunity)3.她請人把東西用一塊藍布包好，裝進箱子。(have...wrapped)4.我下個月回家度假。(on leave)5.我們費了九牛二虎之力將門弄開。(have...job to do)6.他們不知道，其實她就在附近。(unknown)7.這個罪犯被剝奪了一切政治權利。(deprive)8.對不起,是我錯了。(in the wrong)

Unit81、2、take one's toll warn of / about prefer...to...hinge on turn to cry out for fear of at one's own expense in conflict with 1.The problem of the ageing population is an urgent warning to society that certain products and services in future must meet the needs of the elderly.2.My father is a little vain and he loves publicity more than a quiet life at home.3.The girl is waiting for her boyfriend's call in such anxiety that it seems as if her fate depended totally on the ringing.4.Having failed to make a living out of the small business, he changed his occupation and began to work as a taxi driver.5.Years of political upheaval in this country were beginning to have a serious effect: the nation's economy was on the verge of bankruptcy.6.The explorer used his own money to travel across the great desert.7.His suggestion was novel to us.And it was completely the opposite of the conventional idea.8.Yes, you are free to choose whether to do cosmetic surgery or not.But I have to caution you against the dangers involved.9.I did not have enough courage to say what was on my mind, fearing this would start trouble.3、天賦為失敗而獻祭

我年輕時去過美國的阿巴拉契亞山，從那兒我了解到農民們都重男輕女。這主要是因為男孩子們更適合做繁重的農活。在當今的美國僅有3% 的人口從事農業，腦力勞動取代了體力勞動。然而，人們的文化偏見就像惡習，易立難破。但歷史教訓時刻警示著世人們不要隨意否定那些所謂的性別上的弱者的能力，否則將會付出悲劇性的代價。

大約在150年以前，在英國的約克郡有個鄉村牧師，他有三個聰明伶俐的女兒，然而他卻把畢生的希望全都寄托在他惟一的兒子勃蘭威爾身上。這個年輕人在藝術與文學方面有著非凡的天賦。

勃蘭威爾的父親和姐妹們拿出家里所有的積蓄把他送到英國皇家藝術學校深造，但是，如果把藝術作為他人生的目標的話，他顯然選錯了方向。短短幾周不到，他迅速離開學校返回家中，失敗得毫無價值。

家人對他依舊抱有很高的期望，他們為他找了份私人家教的工作，希望這能使他有足夠自由發展的空間，提高寫作技巧，最后獲得他本應獲得的成功和名譽。但又一次以失敗告終。

多年來他無私的姐妹們一如既往地支持著他，為了支援她們債臺高筑的兄弟，她們努力壓抑自己的追求，勞累奔波, 做著老師和家庭女教師。她們深信總有一天兄弟的才華會為世人矚目。然而她們的兄弟在經過一次又一次的失敗打擊后，開始酗酒，吸毒，自暴自棄，最終由于不得志抑郁而死。他的去世帶走了家人深厚的期望，但那同樣出類拔萃的三姐妹后來怎樣了呢？

在勃蘭威爾最后的幾年里，三姐妹自費出版了一部詩集（用的是筆名，怕引起評論家的性別歧視），但只售出了兩本。可能連勃蘭威爾也暗地里嘲笑過此事。

然而她們并沒有因此而灰心喪氣，在閑暇時她們仍是不停地寫，時常寫到深夜。在微弱的燭光里不停地寫，盡情地宣泄著被壓抑的情感，寫她們最能夠體會的關于女人的東西----即女人的自然欲望與世俗的抵觸與矛盾----都很現實，沒有自傳那么夸張、脫離實際。這三姐妹的作品：安的《艾格尼斯格雷》，愛米莉的《呼嘯山莊》和夏洛特的《簡愛》，在19世紀的文壇引起軒然大波。

長年累月為勃蘭威爾勞累奔波終于使她們付出了代價，愛米麗在他兄弟的葬禮上病倒了，三個月后去世，死時才29歲；安在五個月后也去世了，年僅30歲；而夏洛特只活了39歲。要是她們也像她們的兄弟一樣被呵護、培養，而不只是付出和犧牲的話，就不會出現這樣的悲劇了。

沒人記得勃蘭威爾是誰，更別提他的文學藝術成就，然而他的姐妹們那悲慘而又短暫的一生留給后人的人生道理超過文學本身。她們的犧牲提醒我們在現代我們不能從體力和性別來估價孩子，因為那都只是表面膚淺的東西，我們要看中他們的誠實、堅強、專注和勇氣—--男孩、女孩雙方的精神世界是否豐富。

勃朗特培養了勃蘭威爾，更重要的是他的三個女兒。要是今天他仍然活著的話，他一定會鼓勵世人拋開腐朽觀念，以免重蹈他的覆轍。像他那樣孤注一擲造成了無可挽回的過失。

4、1.春天和秋天我都喜歡，但是我更喜歡春天。(prefer over)2.我相信電子汽車總有一天會取代汽油汽車。(supplant)3.他們提醒他攀登喜馬拉雅山很危險，可他偏不聽。(warn of)4.老師告訴學生，他們的前途取決于這次考試成績。(hinge on)5.她獲得了最佳演員獎，大家都覺得她當之無愧。(deserve)6.這個孩子每次碰到困難都去找媽媽，而不是自己想辦法。(turn to)7.丈夫去世后，她一如既往地培養3個女兒。(nurture)8.現在人們學英語，似乎不是在學習一門有實用價值的語言，而是在學一種語法。(less...than...)