第一篇：英語國家社會與文化入門2名詞解釋

1.American Indians

American Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to the

Americas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for

their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document

declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge Washington

George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of Confederation

After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national

government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made

removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of mass

production.9.service industries

Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stock

When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,Jr

Martin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter Culture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a

phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social

mores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:

With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimes

White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the

crimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion and so on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by government

People believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard Nixon

Richard Buxib was the former President of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies

The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada

Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racial and religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeent

Canada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976

The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic

Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, it

meaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarching

Canadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”

The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the First

Nations”because they are the original inhabitants of the country, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workers

Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater

In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process of

change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.

第二篇：英語國家社會與文化入門

英語國家社會與文化入門

節(jié)日

? 蒙特利爾爵士音樂節(jié)

世界上最有名的國際爵士音樂節(jié)之一。1978年加拿大一名狂熱的音樂愛好者Alain Simard基于“把全美國最好的爵士音樂家齊聚蒙特利爾”的夢想，向政府提交了申請書，但直到1980年，第一屆蒙特利爾爵士音樂節(jié)才在各方的資助下正式拉開了帷幕。開辦20 多年來，蒙特利爾爵士音樂節(jié)已經(jīng)逐步超脫了音樂演出的單純意義，成為一個音樂交流的巨大舞臺和加拿大最具影響力的國家盛事之一。進入21世紀以后，每年的蒙特利爾爵士音樂節(jié)都會邀請兩千位著名樂手為樂迷們獻上異彩紛呈的音樂大餐，更會吸引超過150萬的參觀者慕名而來。2011年，蒙特利爾爵士音樂節(jié)被評為加拿大魁北克最重要的十五件大事之一，更被《Jazztime Magazine》的讀者選為“最好的爵士音樂節(jié)”。

每年的蒙特利爾爵士音樂節(jié)是一場音樂盛會，音樂愛好者們可以盡情享受藝術家們帶來的聽覺震撼。

? 堪培拉氣球節(jié)

每年4月歷時2周的熱氣球節(jié)（Canberra Balloon Fiesta）吸引了世界各地的熱氣球愛好者。全世界的熱氣球掌舵手和隊員們都來到堪培拉參加這一盛事。

熱氣球從舊國會大廈的前院出發(fā)后集中在以堪培拉標志性景點作為背景的指定區(qū)域。這些姿態(tài)優(yōu)雅的大家伙慢慢膨脹為形狀各異，大小不同冰代表各個國家的巨型氣球漂浮在黎明的天空中，你的眼前將是一個五彩繽紛，熱鬧非凡，充滿激情的美麗世界。

? 感恩節(jié)

每年11月的第四個星期四是感恩節(jié)（Thanksgiving Day）.感恩節(jié)是美國人民獨創(chuàng)的一個古老節(jié)日，也是美國合家歡聚的節(jié)日，因此美國人提起感恩節(jié)總是倍感親切。感恩節(jié)的由來要一直追溯到美國歷史的發(fā)端。美洲大陸上的移民在當?shù)匦?/p>

地善良的印第安人的熱心幫助下，度過了極寒交迫的冬天，印第安人傳授農作技術與經(jīng)驗，送去生活必需品，移民們歡慶豐收的日子，按照宗教傳統(tǒng)習俗，移民規(guī)定了感謝上帝的日子，并決定為感謝印第安人的真誠幫助，邀請他們一同慶祝節(jié)日。1983年，美國總統(tǒng)林肯宣布每年十一月的第四個星期日為感恩節(jié)。

如今感恩節(jié)文化傳播全球，中國人民也喜歡在感恩節(jié)前后對親朋好友送去真誠衷心的感謝，因為中國文化中也有滴水之恩涌泉相報的傳統(tǒng)。

文字

中國漢字歷史悠久，博大精深，作為世界上最著名的象形文字，漢字隨著華夏文明的繁衍發(fā)展而源遠流長。漢字不同于世界上任何一種文字，漢字的發(fā)展歷經(jīng)了幾千年的演變，表現(xiàn)形式多種多樣，表達意義精彩紛呈。中國作為世界四大文明古國之一，是世界上唯一沒有中斷過的古老文明，因而漢字也是延續(xù)不斷的發(fā)展演變，漢字文化也是中華文化中不可或缺的一部分。

漢字較世界上其他字母文字有著獨特神秘的魅力，漢字是世界上唯一一種可以以藝術形式表現(xiàn)的文字，書法在漢字表達中有著無與倫比的藝術感，并且漢字書法種類繁多，樣式精彩，派別眾多。從秦始皇的小篆到漢賦的隸書，再到唐詩宋詞的楷書，元曲中的行書，草書，狂草等等，更涌現(xiàn)出王羲之，柳公權，顏真卿等名流千古的書法家。歷史上的每一個封建王朝都有著主流的漢字書法，也有著主流的漢字文學表達形式，春秋戰(zhàn)國的散文，楚辭漢賦，唐詩宋詞元曲，明清小說等，再到現(xiàn)代民主社會的百花齊放，百鳥爭鳴，漢字文學藝術一直在傳承與發(fā)展，從未間斷。

中華民族歷經(jīng)無數(shù)艱難險阻，無數(shù)天災磨難，依舊頑強不屈地佇立世界的東方，其中漢字功不可沒。方方正正的漢字，中華兒女正直勇敢，正因為漢字給予了無窮的歸屬感和凝聚力，中華兒女在面對困難時可以團結一致萬眾一心克服磨難戰(zhàn)勝困難，展現(xiàn)出中華民族強大的凝聚力。

漢字有著獨特的魅力，漢語又是世界上最難學習的語言。漢字表達細膩，情感豐富，是世界上其他文字無法比擬的。用其他任何語言翻譯漢語，都無法表現(xiàn)出漢語的無窮魅力，這也是中國人還沒有獲得過諾貝爾文學獎的重要原因。漢字，像中國那么美，無與倫比！

第三篇：英語國家社會與文化入門(II)

英語國家社會與文化入門（II）

名詞解釋題

1.American Indians

American Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to the Americas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for

their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge Washington

George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of Confederation

After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of mass

production.9.service industries

Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from

banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stock

When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,Jr

Martin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter Culture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:

With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimes

White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion and so on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by government

People believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard Nixon

Richard Buxib was the former President of the United states? Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies

The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada

Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racial and religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeent

Canada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976

The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic

Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, it meaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”

The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the First Nations”because they are the original inhabitants of the country, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workers

Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked?They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater

In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.

第四篇：英語國家社會與文化入門名詞解釋下冊3到11單元

Unit 3

1.The first english settlement: was founded in1607in virginia, and it was organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I.2.Puritanism: in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.3.The declaration of independence: written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies.4.George Washington: is the first president of the United states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, he managed his lands around Mount Vernon.5..Benjamin Franklin: was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.he is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character.Unit 4

The Articles of Confederation: After the War was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the congress and with each other.The congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.A federal system: It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The making of the U.S Constitution: The Articles of Confederation failed.The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states(Rhode Island refused to participated)gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government.The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up.This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.The executive: The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four year term.A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951.The president can propose legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill passed by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.The bill of rights: It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.Homeland security is short for the United States Department of Homeland Security(abbreviated as DHS).It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.With more than 200, 000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and Human

Services, and Energy.Unit 5

1.Eli Whitney: made cotton production more efficient by inventing the cotton gin, which rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of cotton.2.Samuel Slater: built a cotton cloth factory, which started a process of chang that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center.3.Industrial revolution In England, especially machinery run by water power and later by steam power was used to manufacture cloth, this changed the ways that people worked.4.Corporation:In the early years of the United States , banks were one of the few businesses organized in the form of corporations, the creation survived the death of its founder of founders.5.Service industries: industries that sell a service rather than make a product , and now dominate the economy.6.Agribusiness: has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprise in the modern US economy.7.Stock:very early, people in the United States saw that they could make money by lending it tothose who wanted to start or to extend a business.That led to a creation of an important part of the current economic scene.8.Migrant workers: on large farms ,many of the workers are hired only for a specific chore, many of these seasonal workers travel form farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.Unit 6

1.Religious liberty in the US: the great awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of protestant religious group.2.The baptists in the US: are the largest protestant group.They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience.3.Catholic in the US :the largest single religious group , about one-quarter of all Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of them are descendants of immigrants from Ireland.4.Three faiths: by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.5.Religious diversity:since the US has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements, many religious communities and secular utopias in new forms of social living were founded in 18th and 18th century American.unit 7Transcendentalists In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion..A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson.They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence.They are known as Transcendentalists.The Scarlet Letter 紅字 was published in 1850.Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery.In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional

repression.3 Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.Through

the poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy and

celebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common

man.Unit 8

1.Elementary school: it usually means grades kindergarten(K)through 8, but in some places, the elementary school includes only grades K to 6

2.Higher education: the system of higher education in the US is complex, it comprises four categories of institutions:1 the university 2 the four-year undergraduate institution 3 the technical training institution 4 the two-year or community college.3.ACT: in 1944, congress passed the servicemen' s readjustment ACT, it promised financial aid, including aid for higher education , to member of the armed forces after the end of World War 2.4.affirmative action programs: by the end of 1960s, some colleges introduced special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities, some of these plans were called“..”.Their goal was to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.Unit 9The Greensboro sit-in was an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.It was a series of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.3.The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v.Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional..Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[2] King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]Counterculture: Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Unit 10

1.the black “underclass”:some blacks have been left behind, and urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.2.Poverty as a social problem: it means greater susceptibility to disease , to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders.Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair,and stunting of human potential.poverty raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.3.Socially stratified American society: it is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the rewards the society offers.4.Drug abuse as a social problem: it is in the US has come to be regarder as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.the “drug problem” is perceived by most Americans as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.5.White-collar crimes: they are affected by police reporting practices and have to be viewed against the fact that many crimes are unreported.since higher-income classes are far more involved in white-collar crime, the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.6.The abuse of power by government: it has been apparent that the major organizations in American society sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.The lack of public answerability of these organizations has become a major social problem.,7.The power by corporations:they argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials, block reforms they consider undesirable.8.Richard Nixon: he was marked by a well-founded public belief that his administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people.He was pardoned by his successor and escaped accountability for his acts in office.

第五篇：英語國家社會與文化復習

術語翻譯

維多利亞女王 Queen Victoria 伊麗莎白女王 Queen Elizabeth 迪斯尼樂園 Disneyland 天佑女王 God Save the Queen 君主立憲制 constitutional monarchy 星條旗 The Star-Spangled Banner 英國上議院 House of lords 英國下議院 House of commons 美國參議院 US House of Representatives 美國眾議院 US Senate 嘉德勛章 The Most Noble Order of the Garter 印度之星勛章 The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India 執(zhí)政黨 Ruling party 反對黨 Opposition Party 影子內閣 Shadow Cabinet 國務卿 Secretary of State 唐寧街 Downing Street 唐人街 Chinatown 圣帕特里克 St.Patrick's Day 圣喬治 St George’s Day 沙夫茨伯里大街 Shaftesbury avenue 圣安德魯 St Andrews 自由女神 Statue of Liberty 英國首相 Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service 西敏寺 Westminster Abbey 圣米迦勒 Michaelis 天主教 Catholic Church 東正教 Orthodox Church 清教 Puritan 新教 Protestantism 杜莎夫人蠟像館 Madame Tussaud's 圣公會 Anglican Church 華爾街 Wall Street 百老匯 Broadway 帝國大街 Britannia Street 帝國大廈 The Empire state building 倫敦電影節(jié):London Film Festival ABC：American Broadcasting Company（美國廣播公司）VOA：Voice of America（美國之音）

CNN：Cable News Network（美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)）英國首相：David William Donald Cameron（戴維·卡梅倫）

副首相：Nick Clegg（尼克?克萊格）美國總統(tǒng)：貝拉克·奧巴馬（Barack Obama）美國副總統(tǒng)：約瑟夫·拜登（Joseph Robinette）

澳大利亞 英國女王伊麗莎白二世（Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II）總理：托尼·阿博特（Tony Abbott）

加拿大：英國女王伊麗莎白二世（Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II）加拿大總理：史蒂芬·哈珀（Stephen Harper）英國外交大臣：威廉·黑格（William Hague）

美國外交部長及國務卿：約翰·福布斯·克里（John Forbes Kerry）澳大利亞外交部長:Julie Bishop(朱莉·畢曉普)

加拿大現(xiàn)任外交官：羅伯特·道格拉斯·尼克爾森（Robert Douglas Nicholson）

英美單詞拼寫差異：

1,英語單詞中不發(fā)音的詞尾-me,-ue在美語拼寫中被刪除.英語拼法 美語拼法

公斤 kilogramme——kilogram 方案 programme——program 目錄 catalogue——catalog 序言 prologue——prolog 類似的 analogue——analog 2,英語中的以-our結尾的單詞,在美語中刪去了不發(fā)音的字母u.英語拼法 美語拼法

舉止、行為 behaviour——behavior 特別喜愛的 favourite——favorite 榮譽 honour——onor 幽默 humour——humor

3,英語中以-re結尾,讀音為/e/的單詞,在美語中改為-er結尾,讀音不變.英語拼法 美語拼法 中心 centre——center 公尺 metre——meter 升 litre——liter

纖維 fibre——fiber 劇場 theatre——theater

顏色 colour——color 風味 flavour——flavor 勞動 labour——labor

對話 dialogue——dialog 獨白 monologue——monolog 4,英語中某些以-ence為結尾的單詞,在美語中改為-ense結尾,讀音仍為/ns/.英語拼法 美語拼法 防御 defence——defense 執(zhí)照 licence——license

犯法行為 offence——offense 托詞 pretence——pretense 5英語中一些以－ise為結尾的單詞，在美語中改為－ize結尾，讀音仍這/z/.英語拼法 美語拼法

組織 organise——organize，actualise——actualize 實現(xiàn) realise——realize

創(chuàng)作 improvise ——improvize 現(xiàn)代化 modernise——modern ize 專攻 Specialise——specialize 受歡迎 Popularise——popularize 6一些以l結尾的單詞變形時，美式不雙寫l;英式雙寫l 旅游 travelling——traveling 英國大學四種種類：

1、Ancient university

Red brick university

2、New university

3、Modern university

4、Open university 英國中學的四種種類：

私立學校（independent school）普通中學（comprehensive school）文法學校（grammar school）學院制中學（academy）三位一體教義：

the union of three persons(Father, Son, and Holy Ghost)in one Godhead, or the threefold personality of the one Divine Being.星座：

白羊座----Aries 金牛座-----Taurus 雙子座-----Gemini

巨蟹座----Cancer 獅子座----Leo

處女座----Virgo

天秤座-----Libra

天蝎座----Scorpio 射手座----Sagittarius 山羊座----Capricorn 水瓶座-----Aquarius

吵架 quarrelling——quarreling 雙魚座------Pisces 生肖：

1.Rat 鼠 2.Ox 牛 3.Tiger 虎

4.Rabbit 兔

5.Dragon 龍 6.Serpent 蛇 7.Horse 馬 8.Goat 羊 9.Monkey 猴 10.Rooster 雞 11.Dog 狗 12.Swine 豬

希臘羅馬諸神：

宙斯(Zeus)天神

赫拉(Hera)天后

雅典娜(Athena)智慧女神，女戰(zhàn)神 阿波羅(Apollo)太陽神

潘(Pan)山林之神

維納斯(Venus）薩坦 Saturn 丘比特(Cupid)美國兩大新聞社：

美國聯(lián)合通訊社 The Associated Press(AP)合眾國際社

United Press-International(UPI)兩大財團：

摩根財團(Morgan Financial Group)第一花旗銀行財團First Nation city bank Financial Group 兩大航空公司：

美國航空(American Airlines)美國聯(lián)合航空公司（United Airlines）

1.貴族頭銜

公爵：duke

候爵：Marquis

伯爵：earl

子爵：viscount 男爵：baron 2.祝酒詞

Bottoms up 干杯！

Prosit 祝妳健康！祝妳成功！

Bon appetite 喫好！Sainte 干杯！

Down the hatch!干杯！3.英語期刊種類

Sorts of periodicals 各種各樣的期刊

Commercial periodicals 商業(yè)期刊 Catchall periodicals

包羅萬象的期刊Technical periodicals

科技期刊

Special periodicals

專業(yè)期刊

Entertaining periodicals

娛樂性期刊 4.莎士比亞作品

Hamlet 哈姆雷特

Romeo and Juliet羅密歐與朱麗葉

As You Like It 皆大歡喜

Much Ado about Nothing無事生非 The Taming of the Shrew馴悍記 5.狄更斯作品

《荒涼山莊》 Bleak House

《艱難時世》

Hard Times

《小杜麗》 Little Dorrit 《美國紀行》American Notes 《圣誕頌歌》A Christmas Carol 6.海明威作品

《老人與海》The Old Man and the Sea 《島在灣流中》Islands in the Stream 《伊甸園》The Garden of Eden 《曙光示真》True At First Light 《在我們的時代里》In Our Time 7.英國酒吧的種類

Public bar or pub 大眾酒吧

Saloon bar 雅座酒吧 private bar 私人酒吧

lounge bar 高級酒吧 Beer garden 啤酒花園 8.劇院的種類（3種）1.State--owned theatres : Opera House National Theatre 2.Commercial theatres : Theatre Piccadilly Theatre Theatre 3．Experimental theatres

4.2英國美國電影分級：

美國

G級：General Audiences: All ages admitted PG級(Parental Guidance Suggested: Some material may not be suitable for children.R級 Restricted: Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian 英國

U級 General Audiences: All ages admitted PG"級 Parental Guidance UC級 Especially suitable for children to watch 12級 Suitable for more than 12 years old or adult 15級 Suitable for more than 15 years old or adult 18級 Suitable for more than 18 years old or adult

4.3 七宗罪：

傲慢（Pride），嫉妒（Envy），暴怒（Wrath），懶惰（Sloth），貪婪（Greed），饕餮（Gluttony），以及貪欲（Lust）

Pride is the feeling that they have that they are better or more important than other people.Envy is the feeling you have when you wish you could have the same thing or quality that someone else has.Wrath is strong fierce anger especially based on the desire to punish sb for harm done to oneself.Sloth is laziness, especially with regard to work.Greed is the desire to have more of something, such as food or money, than is necessary or fair.Gluttony is the act or habit of eating too much and being greedy.Lust is a feeling of strong sexual desire for someone.4.4．美國主要政黨

1.Republican Party（共和黨）

Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Federalists Federal Party The Whigs Grand Old Party 2.Democratic Party（民主黨）

Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Anti--Federalist

Democratic –Republican Party

4.5--英國的桂冠詩人：

本·瓊森（Ben Jonson）1619—1637

威廉·達韋南特（Sir William D'Avenant）1638—？ 約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden）1668—1689 托馬斯·沙德韋爾（Thomas Shadwell）1689—1692 內厄姆·泰特（Nahum Tate）1692—1715 尼古拉斯·羅（Nicholas Rowe）1715—1718 勞倫斯·尤斯登（Laurence Eusden）1718—1730 科利·西伯（Colley Cibber）1730—1757 威廉·懷特黑德（William Whitehead）1757—1785 托馬斯·沃頓，(Thomas Warton)1785—1790 亨利·詹姆斯·派伊（Henry James Pye）1790—1813 羅伯特·騷塞，(Robert Southey)1813—1843 威廉·華茲華斯，(William Wordsworth)1843—1850 阿爾弗雷德·丁尼生，(Alfred Tennyson)1850—1892(丁尼生死后，4年沒有選定桂冠詩人)阿爾弗雷德·奧斯丁（Alfred Austin）1896—1913 羅伯特·布里吉斯（Robert Bridges）1913—1930 約翰·梅斯菲爾德（John Masefield）1930—1967 塞西爾·戴·劉易斯（Cecil Day Lewis）1968—1972 約翰·貝杰曼（John Betjeman）1972—1984 泰德·休斯（Ted Hughes）1984—1998 安德魯·姆辛（Andrew Motion）1999—2009 卡羅爾·安·達菲（Carol Ann Duffy）2009年5月被任命為桂冠詩人，任期為十年。達菲也是英國首位女性桂冠詩人。

5.1中西禮儀的理解

The etiquette becomes more and more important in modern daily life.Etiquette is the process and means to show respect to each other in interpersonal relationship by certain, common procedures.Etiquette also can be said to be a person?s external appearance of inward cultivation and quality.People take it as a standard to balance a person?s self-cultivation.There are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremony, especially between China and the West.The jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding are not unusual.this shows that the understanding of different etiquette between Chinese and the westerners is absolutely necessary.Along with the constant development of Chinese culture and the western culture, Chinese ritual and the western ritual are fusions.the westerners have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture and other important feelings.Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the western culture and etiquette style.The difference between Chinese etiquette and the western etiquette.There are three main differences between Chinese etiquette and the Western etiquette.The first one is different origins of Chinese etiquette and the Western etiquette.In China, etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony.In the West, the word ?etiquette? used to mean “keep your feet away from the grass”.The second one is the differences of cultural backgrounds.The third one is the differences of educations.5.2中西方餐飲文化的理解

The differences between the Chinese and Western dietary culture are derived from the difference in their ways of thinking and philosophy of life.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, pattern, and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested.First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Chinese and Western food culture?s collision and exchange have largely promoted the progress and development of human society to some degree , making the dietary culture become an important part of world culture.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.5.3英美文化差異：（英國和美國是同一語言分離的兩個國家）Difference between British and American Culture Two countries divided by a common language: the use of English & shared history makes people think the two are close, but there are a lot of very real cultural differences.Britain is a traditional European country with long historical tradition continuity, The British tends to be conservative, and behaves like a gentleman.However, The United States is a nation of immigrants, is a young country.So, the Americans dare to innovate and stress emphasis on personal value.British English is conservative and rigorous.The way of spelling in American English is more concise and practical than that in British English, they would ignore the letter in writing if the letter was not pronounced, which makes words short and easy to spell.At table, the British people pays special attention to table manners, such as, they shouldn?t talk at table, shouldn?t beat tableware as well.They have a strict requirement on how to use knives and forks.While Americans on the relatively few occasions will do so, they like fast and convenient food, they do not require delicate or luxury dinner but they pay more attention to popular food.We can see that the British are sensitive, restrained, conservative, they tend to be rational rigorous and gentlemanly.By comparison, Americans are warm and cheerful, bold and frank.They are with a spirit of adventure and innovation.5.4英美劇在中國受歡迎的原因

Compared to national productions，American TV series have a certain freshness to us.Obviously, the American TV series are much more attractive than TV series in China.First, the structure of them is better because every series can have a chance to improve by getting response from the audience.Second, they cost a large sum of money so that they can give us more beautiful and amazing scenes which will with them make us fall in love.Third, the ideas that American TV series are shown are creative and brave.They can express anything they want to people and that is what Chinese TV series can't be.And the stories they are made are colorful, extensive, and flexible.And last, the characters on American TV are always well-dressed and carefully made up.The level of them are also much higher than Chinese actors.In addition, the American TV series are popular in China also benefited from the rise of all kinds of new media platforms, the American TV series creative attitude quite strict, a lot of work on the background details of the story can withstand strict scrutiny;the American TV series to be very particular about the quality of the production.And style of national TV series is single, while the Anglo-American TV series style varied, and the special effects is also better.二

In the history, there is a closely relationship between Britain and America.However, because of the different history, geography and the change of time, the two countries have developed different characters.In general, British people tend to be calm and quiet, but American people tend to be enthusiastic and active.Firstly, British people are reserved;they seldom talk with a stranger.By contrast, American people are talkative and easy-going.They are willing to make a friend with a stranger.Secondly, British people are more conservative.They are proud of their father?s or grandfather?s achievements and they focus on their living class.Besides, British people pay little attention to other people and other countries because within their hearts, they look down on the others.American people are risk-takers, they like changes and challenges.They would like to travel around the world to seek opportunities.In their opinion, success relies on personal efforts.They are more independent than British people.5.5英語在中國流行的原因：

Overall, China's rapid economic development, led to China from young to old may have contact with foreigners, as the most widely used language in the English language is inevitable.Specifically, in the economic globalization today, the people of all ethnic groups between culture, economy constantly and penetration.While in this form under the influence, English learning becomes brook no delay.Only by understanding the other language can understand a culture of the other side, can learn from each other, and even is the use of such language advantage to work hard but his career.Especially now, English country especially the United States dominated the world economy dominant position, this also led to the popularity of English results.Many parents now pay attention to the urine of bilingual teaching.I think this kind of phenomenon is in after a long period of time will exist.The heat should continue