第一篇：交換生的英語個人陳述(PS)

Personal Statement

I am XXX, a second-year undergraduate student of College of Material and Chemical Engineering, XX University, China.I major in Materials Science and Engineering.I now sincerely apply for an opportunity to study a one-year undergraduate courseinthe University of Utah /USA /materials science and engineering.My strong interest in chemistry started in my high school years.I was then very proud of knowing more chemical experiments and phenomena than my companions.I even had my own in-house laboratory for small experiments.I have been fortunate to be able to participate in the study of two research topics—i.e.the research into anti-pollution-and-damage bio-materials in oceans(led by Associate Professor TANG Min of the Biological Engineering program)since April, 2011, and the project to extract semi-cellulose from coconut husk(led by Professor CHEN Yong of the Materials Science and Engineering program)since September, 2011.Though it is time-consuming, this hands-on experience has been a happy daily work for me, in which I combine my theory learning with real practice.I have found myself more skillful with hands, knowing more about various

experiments and instruments.Apart from academic study, I also take part in various extracurricular activities.For instance, elected as the Director of Science and Technology forthe College Youth League on October, 2010, I am responsible for organizing all kinds of activitives in science and technology.At this post, I have developed different abilities and felt very happy.Although in the beginning I found it hard to coordinate people and get things organized, I gradually learned to classify my team members and assign tasks to them according to their characters.Through practice, I can now find the right man for the right task, for instance, the out-going for communication and coordination work, the assertive and innovative for preparing and designing work, and the people with foresight and attraction for making agenda and delegating.In the meantime, as a cadre of my college , I give a helping hand to my fellow students where I can when they meet with difficulties in study and other aspects.As a result, I have formed deep friendship with my classmates.Aside from the above, I am very interested in music, and I like to play the piano and clarinet in my spare time.After the one-year study in your university, I plan to come back to Hainan University to finish my last undergraduate year.I

believe that the rich teaching experience of your university and my own solid learning foundation will enable me to get well-prepared for my future postgraduate study.I am eager to contribution myself to the development of Materials Science of China.Thank you for considering my application.

第二篇：金融會計專業PS個人陳述

金融會計專業PS個人陳述（financial accounting）Since I was just a kid, I have shown a great admiration to those who carved out from scratch because I think that is the life I expected for with vigor and challenge.However, many of them failed at last mainly because of the financial accounting.It is very difficult for a company to change the resource into money without the professional financial management and an abundant financial professional knowledge.As the “batch product of the school”, I desire to become the “class A product” with abundant professional knowledge and good quality after two years study in the campus.Although I knew that the “investment risk” was ineluctable, I believe the future investment yield will be huge in the future.On the choice of investment project, I certainly chose my favorite accounting in he financial field and sincerely hope that the further study can presented me with a solid foundation and full preparations for the future work in the company financing.Cherishing this interest, I came into the University of International Business and Economics, where I learnt many subjects with the related English books such as “Theory and Application”(James L.Farrell, Jr.), “Investments”(ZviBodie), “Corporate Finance”(Ross)and “Options, futures, and other derivatives”(John Hull).Through years of study in college, I realized that the various economic actions of a company are just like the apparatus of a human body while the financial management works like the blood, which guarantees the normal working of the apparatus.Therefore, I became very interested in this field because of its importance in the society.【成績好】Pocketing this hot enthusiasm and taking advantage of my insistent efforts, I got the high scores in many subjects such as the financial accounting, financial management and economics etc.which ranked me into the top line in our class.Furthermore, I enjoyed an excellent score both in mathematics and English, which provided me a solid foundation to the financial and accounting work in the future.Through my study, I realized that the finance and accounting are the comprehensive subjects, which embrace many related subjects like mathematics and English.Therefore, in order to get an embedded

understanding in this field, I must improve my comprehensive ability.【實踐】Meanwhile, I knew that both the finance and accounting are the practical subjects coming from the practice instead of the textbooks.So I never stopped applying what I have learnt into practice.Thanks to my insistent efforts and clinging spirit, I was fortunate to get the opportunity to practise in the Liaoning Sub-branch Bank of Bank of China with an aim at cognizing the main work of the bank accountants and the related business flows of the bank through the practical operations.However, it was very difficult for me to complete my practical study because the Electronic Interbank System was widely adopted in the modern banks.Facing this difficulty, I looked up many books and related files such as “Accounting of Financial Corporation” and the magazine named “Study on the Liaoning Rural Finance”.In these books and magazines, I finally got the clear cognition of the difference between the bank accounting and the corporation accounting.However, they shared one essence with the same accounting factors, the basic preconditions and general principles.Therefore, I believe that the understanding of the work of the bank account is very helpful for my future work no matter what kind of accounting I get involved in because of the close associations between the corporations and bank.【稱贊表揚】My sweats finally rewarded me with the high praise of my colleagues and the leaders of the bank and completed my practice perfectly and successfully.Therefore, I was known as the independent girl with strong ability, clinging spirit and creative ideas.Besides, I have participated in many academic activities like the Nobel Laureates Beijing Forum, in which I got the opportunity to contact with

many famous professors and experts in this field.【在美國學習】Meanwhile, through the study and practice these years, I realized that China is still far behind the advanced countries in the world in this field.So I decided to further my study in the United States, the leading university in this field.Through my study there, I planned to make my own achievements in this field.After a careful consideration and deep attracted by your nutritious academic atmosphere and many famous teachers and professors, I finally chose your esteemed university to achieve my dream in the future.Therefore, I would be very appreciated with your consideration of my application.

第三篇：個人陳述(PS)寫作要點

英國留學申請之個人陳述寫作最全教程

一、英國留學個人陳述(PS)的主旨

個人陳述PS在英國留學申請中之所以重要是因為很多英國大學無需面試申請人，所以他們唯一認識你的地方就是網上申請表格。大部分表格涵蓋了你的個人信息，包括大學感興趣的你的學術/語言成績、推薦信以及PS(留學個人陳述)。

PS(留學個人陳述)是這些材料當中唯一一個由你來控制的，所以這個是你給大學招生辦留下一個良好印象的機會，這個印象是用分數無法反映出來的。尤其是當你申請的學校競爭特別激烈，所有的申請者都有很好的成績的時候，PS就是唯一一種能凸顯你的與眾不同的材料，所以同志們，一定要盡可能地把PS做到盡善盡美。

大學招生辦和課程老師在看你的PS的時候，他們通常會問以下兩個問題：

1、我們是否想要這個學生來學習這門課程?

2、我們是否想要這個學生來我們的學校學習?

這兩個問題可以分解為以下幾個小問題來解答：

1)這個學生是否適合他/她所申請的課程?

2)這個學生是否具備他/她所申請的課程需要的素質?

3)這個學生是否有足夠的毅力、勤奮的品格以及不會輕易輟學?

4)這個學生是否會全力以赴地達到這門課程所要求的各項能力?

5)這個學生是否能在高壓底下工作?

6)這個學生是否能很快得調整好自己融入到大學的新環境?

7)他們的交際能力如何?

8)他們是否熱愛這個課程并且做了仔細的研究

9)他們對課程是否有真正的興趣并且渴望去做更深入的學習?

這些問題就是需要你在PS當中去表述和解答，只不過你不能只是說YES和NO，你需要有足夠的事實依據去證明你的說法，讓你的觀點言之有物。不過，招生辦的老師們畢竟也是平凡人，他們有可能需要閱讀成百上千的PS，所以即便你覺得已經對上述問題回答的很好了你還有可能被不幸地拒絕。

還有其他的一些技巧可以讓你的PS脫穎而出給老師們留下深刻印象，但要記住老師們也都因人而異他們對于申請者的期望也都不完全相同，怎么把握當中玄機就看童鞋們自己拿捏了。

二、標注自己的亮點

現在你還不需要開始思考文章框架和行文結構，你只需要思考一些關于你的成長經歷并做一些記錄。但也不是泛泛地記錄，最好的方式是使用一系列的標題并在該標題之下寫一些與之相關的亮點，以下是可供你思考的主題：(以下關乎主體寫作部分，就不做中文翻譯，用英文思考有助于PS寫作)

What you want to study at university and why?

Specific aspects of the courses that interest you

Examples of coursework you have completed

Practical work you have enjoyed

Things you have read related to the subject area

Work experience or voluntary work in this area

Conferences you have attended

Personal experiences which lead to the decision to take this subject

Where you hope a degree in this subject will lead

Experiences that show you are a reliable and responsible person

Part-time job

Business enterprise

Community and charity work

Sixth form committee

Helping out at school events and open days

Young Enterprise, World Challenge, Duke of Edinburgh award, Asdan Award Debating societies and what you've gained from these experiences.Your interests and skills

What you like to do in your free time

Sport and leisure activities

Subjects you study which are not examined

Musical instrument which you play

Languages which you speak

Prizes you have won or positions achieved in your interests

Gap year(這個主要針對local學生，英國當地的孩子會在大學畢業之后有個gap year，專門去環游世界體驗人生)Why you're taking a Gap year(if you are)

Why you want to take a gap year

What you plan to do

How this may relate to your course

這樣的記錄下來，你就會有一系列的關于你自己的亮點，這些素材在你的PS寫作當中都非常有價值。

上面清單提到的要點如果你都還沒有素材也不要擔心，只要仔細去思考你做過的哪些事情可以很好地表現你的優秀品質。最重要的是你需要有一個明確的足夠有說服力的理由去申請課程，就算那些理由現在聽起來有些愚蠢。

所有的招生辦老師都希望招收那些對自己申請的課程有足夠的熱情和激情的學生，只要熱火火得證明你確實是就可以!

如果你選擇這門課程僅僅是因為你沒有其他更好的選擇了，那你就要仔細考慮換一門你更喜歡的專業。

現在咱們有一些寫作的思路了，幾乎可以開始考慮怎么把它們寫進PS中了。

三、你和你申請的課程

你可以有很驚人的學分、有很牛的課外活動，而且有很高尚的人格，但如果招生老師認為你與該課程不相符，你同樣會遭受拒絕。

還好剛剛的一些記錄已經給了你很清晰的思路---關于怎么去證明你想要去學習這個課程。

如果沒有第二步的準備你至少也要確定你的確想要學習這個課程，ps寫作是個浩大的工程，你也不想寫到最后忽然決定你想學習別的課程，所以在你更進一步寫作之前一定要確定你選好了一個適合你的專業。

記住不要為了選專業而選專業，你需要對該課程所在的領域有一定的興趣并且有一個大致的了解，知道自己為什么要選擇這個課程，同時把你了解的情況表述出來去說服招生辦老師們。

仔細地思考一下為什么這個課程會吸引你，并且盡可能多地記錄下這些理由。當然在草稿當中你只能寫出一點點也沒有關系，之后正式寫作你可以再調整，關鍵的是你需要找出自己希望學習本課程的主要理由。

四、你的個人陳述(PS)原則是什么?

這里可以給大家羅列一些要點給你指導參考：

1、一定不要表現得自命不凡

2、盡量不要以“I”開頭展開句子描述

3、盡量用有趣的詞組做開頭和結尾

4、盡量不要引用報紙雜志書籍上的名言警句，感覺像是表示你多么地飽讀經書然后故意秀出來一樣。

5、一定不要撒謊，要真實誠懇。

6、不要嘗試在ps里面故作滑稽開玩笑

7、不要談與你的申請無關的興趣愛好

8、不要用生僻詞匯

9、不要重復那些在大學申請表格上就有的內容

10、不要提及任何政治立場

這些原則可以讓你知道該把焦點放在哪些事情上，不至于使你在看過大量范文之后迷失了自己。當然如果你本人機智幽默，語言詼諧的話也不反對你在ps里巧妙地表現自己的這個風格。

五、PS的語言表述

在英國留學PS寫作過程中，很多人都會先閱讀優秀的PS范文。而在PS范文閱讀過程中，你可能會找到一些你喜歡的語言表述方式。首先記住，千萬不要簡單地復制粘貼，復制范文就是抄襲，如果招生辦老師發現了會馬上當掉你!(老外對中國學生的造假行為是非常敏感的)

就算有些句子是出自于你自己的深刻領會也千萬不要直接拷貝，你可以在他的句子之上適當改造，使之成為適合你的素材。

你需要去用些漂亮的表達去讓你看起來對專業充滿熱情以及顯得你是個很有趣的人。

你可以通過看ps范文以及大學相關的課程申請要求來找到適合你的表達方式。

大學的申請要求(University prospectuses)描述是非常重要的需要去關注的地方，你上學校網站找到你要申請的課程，看看它的課程描述，同時比照一下你自己是否對其所提出的要求吻合，然后列下一些單詞和句子的清單，類似于這個：

to gain greater understanding of the world around you.sends a signal to prospective employers and graduate schools

students of economics become problem-solvers.the fact is economics affects our daily lives.a challenging and diverse discipline

develops analytical skills, quantative skills, research skills

It's interesting and relevant

千萬不要直接復制你看到的句子，把它們改造一下用你自己的語言運用到你的ps當中去。

六、PS的結構

現在可以考試考慮PS的文章結構了。

一種辦法就是將你前面做過的紀錄分為幾個類別然后每一個類別寫作一段，比如：

第1段：專業認識，以及其中吸引你的部分，談談為什么。

第2段：在與這個專業相關的領域上我都做了什么。(在你的學校申請表格當中還沒有提到的)

第3-4段：在校時期的工作經歷。

第5段：我的業余愛好以及個人能力。

第6段：我期望上貴校的決心及全文總結。

再次聲明，這個僅僅是一個參考，怎么寫作還是要取決于你自己。

七、PS的正式寫作

個人陳述的重要性已經人人皆知，在開始正式寫作PS前，有些注意事項需要銘記于心。

記住ps的目的---你需要向招生辦老師們展示為什么他們要在你申請的課程以及這個學校錄取你。

除了寫作內容以外，語言表達風格同樣會被作為判斷標準。

記住你只有非常有限的字數長度，太長了容易讓人疲倦，太短了如果你覺得難以再擴展的話也不用擔心，短小精悍的ps總歸是要比又長又臭的ps討喜的。

寫作態度上盡量積極樂觀，如果有些事情是讓你都苦惱的就盡量用一種巧妙的方式去表達。

在你寫作之前，還要注意去看看學校網站上是否有對ps的相關要求，這些要求都是招生辦老師們寫的一定可以在如何寫作上給你打開思路。

現在你可以開始動筆了，每一個點的描述都說說你做了什么，解釋你為什么這樣做，同時從中又收獲了什么，在這樣的寫作框架中你的ps就變得充實、有趣以及有價值!

比如像這樣：I currently have a part time job and this has taught me much about teamwork, responsibility and time management in the workplace.八、寫作完了之后干什么?

個人陳述的重要性已經人人皆知，在開始正式寫作PS前，有些注意事項需要銘記于心。

記住ps的目的---你需要向招生辦老師們展示為什么他們要在你申請的課程以及這個學校錄取你。

除了寫作內容以外，語言表達風格同樣會被作為判斷標準。

記住你只有非常有限的字數長度，太長了容易讓人疲倦，太短了如果你覺得難以再擴展的話也不用擔心，短小精悍的ps總歸是要比又長又臭的ps討喜的。

寫作態度上盡量積極樂觀，如果有些事情是讓你都苦惱的就盡量用一種巧妙的方式去表達。

在你寫作之前，還要注意去看看學校網站上是否有對ps的相關要求，這些要求都是招生辦老師們寫的一定可以在如何寫作上給你打開思路。

現在你可以開始動筆了，每一個點的描述都說說你做了什么，解釋你為什么這樣做，同時從中又收獲了什么，在這樣的寫作框架中你的ps就變得充實、有趣以及有價值!

比如像這樣：I currently have a part time job and this has taught me much about teamwork, responsibility and time management in the workplace 寫作完了之后干什么?

首先仔細閱讀你的寫作成品并且嘗試換成別人的角度來看你的ps。看看它是否行文通暢易于閱讀?所描述的內容是否完全符合真實的你?如果你覺得自己閱讀的話容易沉醉其中的話最好找其他人去幫你看。

接下來，請別人幫你看，主要是你的家人、朋友、老師或者其他你覺得可以提出建設性意見的人。他們會幫你審閱里面的拼寫或者語法錯誤，同時也會提醒你遺漏的部分。

再來，可以給你的學校領導或者職業咨詢師看，這些人看過很多ps，他們知道怎么去評判。

另外就是，你可以放到網上讓網友幫你參考，不過如果放在網上所有人都能看到的話，可能會讓別人偷了你的idea。

在給完一圈別人審閱之后，你的原作可能會有大量的修改，在做這些修改之前，最好原作版本也保存備份。不斷修改、給人評判、再修改，一般一份ps完成下來，都是要10-20次的修改，所謂磨刀不誤砍柴工!

提醒一下大家，現在基本都是網上申請，最終完成的ps版本存檔之后，注意到網上提交時仔細檢查各個提交操作是否沒有疏漏，注意不要有多余的操作不小心讓你的ps提交時候清空了。

九、英國留學個人陳述(PS)常見問題解答

Q1： PS是否有字數限制?

A1：每個學校的要求可能會有不同，這個要根據學校的要求來改，通常前期寫好的PS稿子都是要再做增加或刪減的，至少要在里面體現為什么要申請這所學校的原因。

一般來說500到800字數的文章已經很理想了。

Q2：什么時候開始寫合適?

A2：請仔細閱讀本帖教程一至九。

Q3：招生辦老師們都在尋找怎樣的學生? A3：請仔細閱讀本帖第二條，另外一定要仔細看學校網站對專業的招生要求，那里都會有非常仔細的描述。

Q4：如果我要申請雙學位怎么辦?

A4：你有兩種選擇可以讓你的PS去申請雙學位，一種選擇是你分別針對兩門課程寫兩封PS，一種是只寫一封PS但只提尼覺得最重要的那個專業不提另外一個。

第二種方式有個優勢就是你可以在說明課程共有的屬性時，同時申請兩個雙學位。

如果你決定這么做你首先必須確保自己有足夠的能力去證明你同時也適合另一個專業。

Q5：如果我要申請兩個不同的專業怎么辦?

A5：一封PS來申請兩門不同的專業是很難的。

如果這兩個專業很相似，比如數學和統計、會計和商科你就可以只寫一封general一些的PS去分別申請兩門專業。

如果兩門專業是完全不相關的，用一封PS申請就是完全不可能的了。取而代之地，你需要選擇一封PS能夠讓你最大程度并錄取的。

比如說，如果你申請了四個不同學校的同一門課程，以及另外兩個學校的另外一個課程，你可能只需要寫一封你最想要申請的那門專業的PS，其他兩個學校的那門課程你甚至都可以完全不要去想，或者最好申請其他那兩個學校的同類型的課程。同時你還需要仔細看清楚你所申請的學校的入學成績標準，看看自己是否符合才做決定。

如果你還想申請兩個不同學校的三門完全不同的課程，那就奉勸你最好不要這么做，就算你這么做了，你最后還只是學習一門課程，因此盡量縮小你的選擇范圍在類似的課程上是比較明智的做法。

最后的總結

在與申請課程相關的事情上，寫出最獨特的自己!

仔細思考自己的特點有哪些?

最后記住這是你的個人陳述，你可以有技巧地暢所欲言。

指導只是幫助你打開思路，千萬不要盲從，遵循內心的聲音寫出真實的自我才是PS絕佳的取勝之道!

第四篇：ps出國留學申請個人陳述

Personal Statement

I found my faithful love for finance quite early as my uncle, a financial accountant, began to teach me some simple financial knowledge when he provided me with additional coaching of mathematics since I was young.Then as I learned more academic knowledge in finance, E-Finance for example, in college, I gradually made up my mind to develop it as my future career.Thus I’m now applying to your programme of Accounting and Finance MSc to enrich me with more in-depth knowledge in finance.During undergraduate study, I’ve got a systematic learning in Microeconomics, E-Finance, E-Commerce, E-Marketing and Logistics Management of E-Commerce.In particular, I performed excellent in E-Finance as I scored 91, the highest mark in my class, and I became much more familiar with e-banking, online securities trading and the working processes of call center.In the final year of undergraduate study, I’m now learning Principle of Management, Case Study of the Security of E-Commerce, The Criteria and Law in E-Commerce, Customer Behavior and International Trade Affairs.In terms of quantitative courses, I have learned Advanced Mathematics, Linear Algebra and Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics and in the last course I’ve mainly studied central limit theorem, the principal distributions, testing of statistical hypotheses, parameter estimation, linearity regression and equal analysis, and stochastic differential equations.With my great efforts, I got 85.66 for current overall average and 87.64 for the average of E-Commerce major specializations and ranked of 5/53 and 4/53 respectively in my class.In addition, I was awarded B-class scholarship and won the title of ‘Excellent Student’ as well in 2008.Besides focusing on professional study, I also pay a great attention to improving leadership.Shortly after I entered into the college, I joined in the Literature & Art Unit of the Student Union.In a year, I perfectly accomplished my work, such as field arranging and programme planning, etc., in holding the award ceremony of the Webpage Design Competition and the English Culture Festival.For my excellent leadership and organizing ability showed in the above activities, I was elected as the president of the Unit in September 2007.Thereafter, I successfully organized many ceremonies and festivals which were widely appreciated by students and teachers.When being active in extra-curriculum activities, I also grasped chances to develop my English capacity.I once participated in the shows of English Culture Festival---the English dramas Beauty and the Beast, and Titanic---in which my oral English was well practiced.Meanwhile, I also focused on cross-culture communication as I made friends with several oversea students from England, Finland, and France.I was quite fascinated with the European culture they introduced to me which impelled me to get my postgraduate study in UK.Through the above preparation, I’m sure that I’ve got ready to study in Manchester.I believe with a hard work I can have a deep insight in the accounting and financial courses you provide and what I would learn can greatly contribute to my career development---after graduation, I will work as a financial analyst in a key investment firm in China, and when being experienced with practical financial investment operations, I then plan to be a senior financial advisor in a world famous investment bank.

第五篇：申請留學的個人陳述PS

申請留學的個人陳述PS（NB）

極端裝B的PS，非大牛不能handle，作者同時被Harvard, Yale, Stanford, Columbia, NYU, Virginia, UCB Boalt, Georgetown, UCLA, BU, USC等錄取，所以吧，仰望為主。

全文692詞，以39句I...but排比一氣呵成。

I am a thinker, but not one to think out loud.I love myself, but am not in love with the sound of my own voice.I want to be loved, but not at the cost of not loving myself.I want to know everything, but realize that nothing can ever be known for sure.I believe that nothing is absolute, but I can absolutely defend my beliefs.I understand that chance is prevalent in all aspects of life, but never leave anything important to chance.I am skeptical about everything, but realistic in the face of my skepticism.I base everything on probability, but so does nature...probably.I believe that all our actions are determined, but feel completely free to do as I choose.I do not believe in anything resembling a God, but would never profess omniscience with regard to such issues.I have faith in nothing, but trust that my family and friends will always be faithful.I feel that religion is among the greatest problems in the world, but also understand that it is perhaps the ultimate solution.I recognize that many people derive their morals from religion, but I insist that religion is not the only fountainhead of morality.I respect the intimate connection between morality and law, but do not believe that either should unquestioningly respect the other.I want to study the law and become a lawyer, but I do not want to study the law just because I want to become a lawyer.I am aware that the law and economics cannot always be studied in conjunction, but I do not feel that either one can be properly studied without an awareness of the other.I recognize there is more to the law than efficiency, but believe the law should recognize the importance of efficiency more than it does.I love reading about law and philosophy, but not nearly as much as I love having a good conversation about

the two.I know that logic makes an argument sound, but also know that passion makes an argument sound logical.I have philosophical beliefs informed by economics and economic beliefs informed by philosophy, but I have lost track of which beliefs came first.I know it was the egg though.I always think very practically, but do not always like to think about the practical.I have wanted to be a scientist for a while now, but it took me two undergraduate years to figure out that being a scientist does not necessarily entail working in a laboratory.I play the saxophone almost every day, but feel most like an artist when deduction is my instrument.I spent one year at a college where I did not belong and two years taking classes irrelevant for my major, but I have no regrets about my undergraduate experience.I am incredibly passionate about my interests, but cannot imagine being interested in only one passion for an entire lifetime.I love the Yankees, but do not hate the Red Sox.I love sports, but hate the accompanying anti-intellectual culture.I may read the newspaper starting from the back, but I always make my way to the front eventually.I am liberal on some issues and conservative on others, but reasonable about all of them.I will always be politically active, but will never be a political activist.I think everything through completely, but I am never through thinking about anything.I can get along with almost anyone, but there are very few people without whom I could not get along.I am giving of my time, but not to the point of forgetting its value.I live for each moment, but not as much as I worry about the next.I consider ambition to be of the utmost importance, but realize that it is useless without the support of hard work.I am a very competitive person, but only when competing with myself.I have a million dreams, but I am more than just a dreamer.I am usually content, but never satisfied.I am a study in contradiction, but there is not an inconsistency to be found.