第一篇：英文學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo) 10步曲

1.Start by listing at least 10 observations about this paragraph.Type up this list

because you will be handing it in.Underneath the list in Step 3, create a new list placing these 10 observations into some sort of logical order.Underneath the list from Step 4, explain which order you have chosen and provide a rationale for your choice.See the Handout “Essay Structure: A Checklist” on page 182 of the Custom

Reader for suggestions about Conceptual Organization.Organize these 10 observations into paragraphs(about two per paragraph)quoting examples from Wente’s text to illustrate your claims.Once you have completed the above steps, write a brief introductory paragraph and brief conclusion that explains what the above observations reveal.2.3.4.5.6.

第二篇：英文學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作常用句型

學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)常用句式Joseph Li

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever known about today’s college students.缺乏人際交往技能是我們迄今所知的當(dāng)今大學(xué)生的最大缺陷。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V

例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.沒(méi)有比以一種正確方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)...的重要性也不為過(guò)。）

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我們?cè)僭趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)名人隱私的也不為過(guò)。

四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否認(rèn)的...）

例句：There is no denying that the practicality of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否認(rèn)的，我們高等教育的實(shí)用性已經(jīng)每況愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that it is the doctor’s duty and obligation to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.全世界都知道救死扶傷是醫(yī)生的天職。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的...）

例句：There is no doubt that the Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)因特網(wǎng)比書(shū)面文字更方便、快捷。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是...）

例句：An advantage of children’s participating in some paid work is that this practice can cultivate their independence, self-determination and sense of-1-

responsibility.孩子參加有償勞動(dòng)的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是這種實(shí)踐可以培養(yǎng)小孩的獨(dú)立性、自主性和責(zé)任感。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）

例句：The reason why a large number of customs have altered a great deal is that most of them are connected with some superstitious beliefs, and they cannot fit in this world with highly-developed technology.多數(shù)舊風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣都產(chǎn)生了巨大的改變的原因是它們大多與封建迷信有關(guān)，與現(xiàn)代社會(huì)格格不入。

九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）

例句：So pervasive are advertisements that no one can avoid being influenced by them.廣告是如此盛行，每個(gè)人都難免不受它們的影響。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~（雖然...）

例句：Lovely as pets are, it is by no means appropriate for city dwellers to keep them in their houses.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一點(diǎn)也不}

雖然寵物很可愛(ài)，但市民在家中飼養(yǎng)是絲毫不妥的。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）The more children are encouraged to get in touch with various aspects of society, the more comprehensive their knowledge will be.越鼓勵(lì)孩子接觸社會(huì)的各個(gè)方面，他們學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)會(huì)更全面。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借著...，..能夠..）

例句：By putting the responsibility into the government’s hand, citizens can enjoy a higher level of assurance in quality.借著將這種職責(zé)放在政府手中，市民在質(zhì)量上能夠享有更高程度的保障。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受詞）+ to + V（..使..能夠..）

例句：Community service programs enable the government to relieve the strain on its limited budget.社區(qū)服務(wù)計(jì)劃有助于減輕政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~（我們絕對(duì)不能...）

例句：On no account can we ignore the significance of education.我們絕對(duì)不能忽略教育的重要性。

十五、It is time + S + 過(guò)去式（該是...的時(shí)候了）

例句：It is time we evaluated the roles that modern technology plays in our life from more balanced and objective perspectives.該是我們從更加公正和客觀的角度來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)現(xiàn)代科技在我們的生活中所發(fā)揮的作用的時(shí)候了。

十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）

例句：Those who think otherwise contend that computers are designed and programmed by human beings to do all the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner.那些持反對(duì)意見(jiàn)的人爭(zhēng)論到電腦是由人設(shè)計(jì)和編程的，因此只能是較機(jī)械地進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言翻譯。

十七、There is no one but ~~~（沒(méi)有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to display the best self and impress others.沒(méi)有人不渴望展現(xiàn)最好的自我以給他人留下深刻印象。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）

例句：Only in a peaceful environment can people lay emphasis on sports events.The Olympic Games is a convincing example because it has been compelled to be cancelled several times in its history due to wars..只有在和平的環(huán)境里，人們才有精力去重視體育賽事。奧運(yùn)會(huì)就是一個(gè)很有說(shuō)服力的例子，因?yàn)樵跉v史上它由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)而數(shù)次被迫取消。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）

It is obvious that + 句子（明顯的）

It is apparent that + 句子（顯然的）

例句：It is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute.可想而知，隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)將更加劇烈。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）

例句：It costs an astronomical sum of fund to lock up so many criminals and that’s the reason why imprisonment has imposed a great strain on the budget of a nation.把如此多的罪犯關(guān)押起來(lái)需要耗費(fèi)大量資金，那就是為什么監(jiān)禁已經(jīng)大大增加了國(guó)家負(fù)擔(dān)的原因。

二十一、For the past + 時(shí)間，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式...（過(guò)去...年來(lái)，...一直...）例句：For the past decade or so, practical courses, such as computer and business, have gained tremendous popularity on college campuses.過(guò)去十年來(lái)，實(shí)用性課程諸如電腦和商科在大學(xué)中普遍盛行。

二十二、Since + S + 過(guò)去式，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式。

例句：Since the advent of modern urbanization, people have been confronted with the dilemma whether or not they should demolish old houses and buildings that seem to have spoilt the cityscape.自從現(xiàn)代城市化的進(jìn)程開(kāi)始之后，人們一直面臨著這樣一種兩難的境地：他們是否應(yīng)該拆除那些是否有損市容的舊房屋和建筑物。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to create a fair atmosphere in which both males and females cooperate and compete on an equal footing.創(chuàng)造一個(gè)讓男女平等合作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的良好環(huán)境是值得的。

二十四、be based on（以...為基礎(chǔ)）

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社會(huì)的進(jìn)步是以和諧為基礎(chǔ)的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遺余力的）

Developed nations should spare no effort to finance their economically disadvantaged counterparts.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)該不遺余力地資助貧國(guó)。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（讓...明白...事）

例句：We should bring home to the masses the significance of space research.我們應(yīng)該讓人們明白太空研究的重要性所在。

二十七、be closely related to ~~（與...息息相關(guān)）

例句：Expanding population and influx of migrant workers are closely related to the problem.人口激增與外來(lái)民工大量涌入與交通問(wèn)題息息相關(guān)。

二十八、There exists the possibility of + Ving(存在...的可能性)

There exists the possibility of wronging an innocent person

有可能冤枉無(wú)辜的人。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因?yàn)?..）

例句： Thanks to coeducation system, benign competition and cooperation between male and female students are rightly encouraged.由于男女共校的教育體制，異性同學(xué)間的良性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和友好合作精神得到了發(fā)揚(yáng)。

三

十、Only...can（只有...才能）

例句：Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.只有在城市里孩子們才能為他們未來(lái)的生活作好準(zhǔn)備并與世界趨勢(shì)同步。三

十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不滿(mǎn)意）

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我們的交通狀況令人不滿(mǎn)意。

三

十二、Have(exert, impose)a great influence on ~~~（對(duì)...有很大的影響）例句：Quality of citizens has a great influence on a nation’s prosperity.國(guó)民的素質(zhì)對(duì)于國(guó)家的繁榮有重大的影響。

三

十三、do good to（對(duì)...有益），do harm to（對(duì)...有害）

例句：Reading does good to our minds.讀書(shū)對(duì)心靈有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作過(guò)度對(duì)健康有害。

三

十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（對(duì)...造成一大威脅）

例句：abortion poses a great threat to both women’s physical and mental health.墮胎對(duì)于婦女的身心健康都會(huì)造成巨大威脅。

三

十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best（盡全力去...）

例句：schools should do their utmost to ensure the students’ sound growth.學(xué)校應(yīng)盡全力去確保學(xué)生的健康成長(zhǎng)

第三篇：學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作

碩 士 研 究 生 學(xué) 術(shù) 報(bào) 告

心得體會(huì)

報(bào)告題目：學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作

報(bào)告時(shí)間：2010年11月9日

2010年11月9日在信息樓529教室聽(tīng)取了段勇老師關(guān)于“學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作”的報(bào)告。心得體會(huì)如下：

首先了解了國(guó)內(nèi)外期刊的分類(lèi)。

SCI(科學(xué)引文索引)、EI(工程索引)、ISTP(科技會(huì)議錄索引)是世界著名的三大科技文獻(xiàn)檢索系統(tǒng)，是國(guó)際公認(rèn)的進(jìn)行科學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)與科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的主要檢索工具,其中以SCI最為重要。《科學(xué)引文索引》(Science Citation Index, SCI)是由美國(guó)科學(xué)信息研究所(ISI)1961年創(chuàng)辦出版的引文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，其覆蓋生命科學(xué)、臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)、生物、獸醫(yī)學(xué)、工程技術(shù)等方面的綜合性檢索刊物，尤其能反映自然科學(xué)研究的學(xué)術(shù)水平，是目前國(guó)際上三大檢索系統(tǒng)中最著名的一種，在學(xué)術(shù)界占有重要地位。許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)均以被SCI收錄及引證的論文情況來(lái)作為評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)術(shù)水平的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。從SCI的嚴(yán)格的選刊原則及嚴(yán)格的專(zhuān)家評(píng)審制度來(lái)看，它具有一定的客觀性，較真實(shí)地反映了論文的水平和質(zhì)量。根據(jù)SCI收錄及被引證情況，可以從一個(gè)側(cè)面反映學(xué)術(shù)水平的發(fā)展情況。

《工程索引》（The Engineering Index，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)EI）創(chuàng)刊于1884年，是美國(guó)工程信息公司(Engineering information Inc.)出版的著名工程技術(shù)類(lèi)綜合性檢索工具。EI每月出版1期，文摘1.3萬(wàn)至1.4萬(wàn)條；每期附有主題索引與作者索引；每年還另外出版年卷本和索引，索引還增加了作者單位索引。出版形式有印刷版（期刊形式）、電子版（磁帶）及縮微膠片。EI選用世界上工程技術(shù)類(lèi)幾十個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)15個(gè)語(yǔ)種的3500余種期刊和1000余種會(huì)議錄、科技報(bào)告、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、圖書(shū)等出版物。年報(bào)道文獻(xiàn)量16萬(wàn)余條。收錄文獻(xiàn)幾乎涉及工程技術(shù)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域

EI收錄具有較高的學(xué)術(shù)水平的工程論文,不收錄純基礎(chǔ)理論方面的論文。核心期刊是學(xué)術(shù)界通過(guò)一整套科學(xué)的方法，對(duì)于期刊質(zhì)量進(jìn)行跟蹤評(píng)價(jià)，并以情報(bào)學(xué)理論為基礎(chǔ)，將期刊進(jìn)行分類(lèi)定級(jí)，把最為重要的一級(jí)稱(chēng)之為核心期刊。

中文核心期刊。對(duì)中國(guó)(不含港、澳、臺(tái))出版的期刊中核心期刊的認(rèn)定，目前國(guó)內(nèi)比較權(quán)威的有兩種版本。一是中國(guó)科技信息研究所(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)中信所)每年出一次的《中國(guó)科技期刊引證報(bào)告》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《引證報(bào)告》);另一種是北京大學(xué)圖書(shū)

館與北京高校圖書(shū)館期刊工作研究會(huì)聯(lián)合編輯出版的《中文核心期刊要目總覽》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《要目總覽》)。《要目總覽》不定期出版，1996 年出版了第二版，2000 版，2004年版。2008年版暫未出版。《要目總覽》收編包括社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)等各種學(xué)科類(lèi)別的中文期刊。其中對(duì)核心期刊的認(rèn)定通過(guò)五項(xiàng)指標(biāo)綜合評(píng)估。《引證報(bào)告》統(tǒng)計(jì)源期刊的選取原則和《要目總覽》核心期刊的認(rèn)定各依據(jù)了不同的方法體系，所以二者界定的核心期刊(指科技類(lèi))不完全一致。

“國(guó)家級(jí)” 期刊，即由黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院及所屬各部門(mén)，或中國(guó)科學(xué)院、中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院、各民主黨派和全國(guó)性人民團(tuán)體主辦的期刊及國(guó)家一級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)會(huì)主辦的會(huì)刊。另外，刊物上明確標(biāo)有“全國(guó)性期刊”，“核心期刊”字樣的刊物也可視為國(guó)家級(jí)刊物。

學(xué)術(shù)期刊刊發(fā)的文獻(xiàn)以學(xué)術(shù)論文為主，而非學(xué)術(shù)期刊刊發(fā)的文獻(xiàn)則以文件、報(bào)道、講話、體會(huì)、知識(shí)等只能作為學(xué)術(shù)研究的資料而不是論文的文章為主。由于《總覽》選刊的依據(jù)是載文量多、收錄量大和被引次數(shù)多，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)期刊與非學(xué)術(shù)期刊的界線，對(duì)此自然也就沒(méi)有進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。

其次學(xué)習(xí)到了知道了學(xué)術(shù)論文的投稿基本注意事項(xiàng)

一篇論文好不好首先要看選題是不是前沿，有沒(méi)有重復(fù)前人研究，或者前人研究過(guò)的，論文的序言部分是否有學(xué)術(shù)史的回顧。這是學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范問(wèn)題，高級(jí)別的刊物都比較講究當(dāng)然比較有名的核心期刊也講這個(gè)。否則你投稿后外審，正好送給一個(gè)對(duì)你論文的內(nèi)容有所研究的學(xué)者手中，一看你的學(xué)術(shù)史回顧沒(méi)提他，肯定會(huì)把你的論文槍斃掉的。

論文寫(xiě)作方面，好的論文不僅資料豐富，觀點(diǎn)嚴(yán)密，而且還從遣詞造句中看出文筆特色來(lái)。這就需要多看高級(jí)別的刊物的論文，雖然比較長(zhǎng)，但是洋洋灑灑，看完后有醍醐灌頂?shù)母杏X(jué)。不要光看內(nèi)容，要看作者是怎么提出問(wèn)題，分析問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題的。其實(shí)寫(xiě)論文和學(xué)武術(shù)一樣，都是一招一式有章可循的，不是什么太費(fèi)勁的事。結(jié)構(gòu)可以學(xué)，但是文筆就要靠自己平時(shí)修煉了。

論文修改。我們都有這樣的感覺(jué)，就是自己的論文寫(xiě)完后，總是難以挑出錯(cuò)誤來(lái)。而別人一眼就能看出來(lái)。當(dāng)然我們不能奢求總有人給你看文章，就是導(dǎo)師也沒(méi)有那么多時(shí)間。所以最好文章寫(xiě)完后放一放，不要著急投出去。放一放，就會(huì)讓我們能夠比較冷靜的看待自己的文章。而且在放的過(guò)程中還能繼續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)新的資料和著作以充實(shí)我們的論文。所以修改幾次，就相對(duì)完美一些。

雜志選擇。投稿要有目的的投，不能盲目。如果看中某個(gè)刊物，先在中國(guó)知網(wǎng)上查找一下這個(gè)刊物這幾年發(fā)表的論文，看看自己的論文是不是在發(fā)表的范圍之類(lèi)，否則投也是白投。

通過(guò)段勇老師對(duì)的講解，我學(xué)到了很多的關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)論文分類(lèi)和寫(xiě)作方面的知識(shí)，我以后的論文的寫(xiě)作打下了基礎(chǔ)。

第四篇：英文求職信寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)

關(guān)于英文求職信，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)，看看你的英文求職信是否符合以下要求？

1、Why am I passionate to take this job?

Since my graduation from a vocational high school, my passion has been with English.Though, my major was computer, I harbored no illusions about computers as a profession.Learning English has intrigued me into doing the job which I can deal with people in English.As a bar waiter onboard, I have always been more than just a waiter, because I am eager to share my knowledge with them.While some people take making more money for granted, I do not.I view my time on the cruise as an unparalleled opportunity to learn more about American culture and its language, but more importantly for the knowledge of a real China that I am able to provide to the American people.2、Why am I qualified?

It is my passion, potential and perseverance make me qualified.Since I started working at the age of 18, I have been immersing myself in learning English and dealing with American people.More or less, I have accumulated some experiences in Foreign Affairs.It is also the primary reason for me to work in the bar so that I can be with them all the time.During my years working at No.2 Foreign Language Middle School, I had volunteered everything I could to help our foreign teachers and the department of International Affairs, both during working hours and off-hours.As a man without any university credential, mostly self-taught through the years, I found myself having the potential to do it well.It will never be only a job for me, but my career.How could I retreat from the challenge of being a river guide before having a try?

3、What am I good at ? How does it work to help me with my future job?

I am good at dealing with Americans, that will absolutely help me with my job as a river guide, since most of our guests are from the US.I have a very strong learning ability and I work hard.American people admire those self-made man, so do Chinese.Self-Learning has showed my tremendous discipline, and it is a lifelong learning process at this fast-changing world.4、What is my weakness? How should I cope with it?

To be honest, I haven’t got 100% professional knowledge to be a river guide at this moment.However, I have been taking all means to get more about it.For instance, I’ve printed all the information I collected;I have the script of Yangtze lecture from our cruise manager;I have the books and DVDs about Yangtze, and I even ordered the book 《River Town》from the United States, etc.For sure, I will have known enough, by then, because I am starving to learn.5、Did I know anything about this job?

My two-year experience of being a bar waiter help me have a better understanding of this job.Being a river guide is mainly to assist the cruise manager and the assistant cruise manager of Viking.For example, instructor of Tai Chi in the morning, being at shore excursion, tutor of Mahjong class and Chinese lesson, updating the information board of the lobby every morning, interpreter for the doctor, daily broadcast, narration of the Gorges and Ship Lock whenever is needed and dealing with any contingencies onboard.All the things I listed above are what I have been expecting to do for a long time.In a hazy morning, at our final port of call, the Dam Site.A group of Americans and I were standing on the bow of the ship.A guest started asking me questions about our local culture, suddenly, I was surrounded by the rest of them.I answered questions concerning China one after another, and I couldn’t help but feeling like a guide at that time.When I got back to clean the bar, I was a bit of disappointed because I wanted the pleasure of being a “guide” to go on and on, through the lovely morning into the evening.I will never forget how happy I was when I got the tipping envelope with the words “Eric(Mahjong Teacher)” on it the second morning.I will never forget how exited I was when the guests awarded me the gratuity of 2 dollars, for I just told them that:“the final water level will parallel your vision though the roof of the Sun Deck”.I also will never forget how surprised they(who live close to Yale)were after I told them the relations between China and Yale.AUTHOR：好范文

第五篇：學(xué)術(shù)論文英文題名和英文摘要的寫(xiě)作

英文題名和英文摘要是學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)和技術(shù)類(lèi)科技期刊論文的重要組成部分,是國(guó)際間傳播、學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作的橋梁和媒介,有其特殊的意義和作用。好的英文題名和英文摘要對(duì)于增加期刊和論文的被檢索和引用機(jī)會(huì)、吸引讀者、擴(kuò)大影響起著不可忽視的作用。為了幫助讀者撰寫(xiě)論文英文題名和英文摘要,本文總結(jié)了英文題名和英文摘要的基本要求及注意事項(xiàng),以給讀者提供參考和指導(dǎo)。

一、論文題名

1.英文題名撰寫(xiě)的基本要求

題名應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)明、具體、確切,能概括文章的主旨,符合編制題錄、索引和檢索的有關(guān)原則并有助于選擇關(guān)鍵詞和分類(lèi)號(hào)。中文題名一般不超過(guò)20個(gè)漢字,必要時(shí)可加副題名。題名中應(yīng)避免使用非公知公用的縮略語(yǔ)、字符、代號(hào)以及結(jié)構(gòu)式和公式。英文題名的首字母及各個(gè)實(shí)詞的首字母應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。

2.英文題名撰寫(xiě)的注意事項(xiàng)

除了以上基本要求,我們?cè)趯?xiě)英文題名時(shí)還應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。

(1)英文題名的結(jié)構(gòu)。英文題名以短語(yǔ)為主要形式,尤以名詞短語(yǔ)最常見(jiàn),即題名基本由一個(gè)或幾個(gè)名詞加上其前置和(或)后置定語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。短語(yǔ)型題名要確定好中心詞,再進(jìn)行前后修飾,要注意采用正確的單詞順序,形容詞應(yīng)與其所修飾的名詞緊密相鄰。

(2)英文題名中的冠詞有簡(jiǎn)化的趨勢(shì),凡可用可不用的冠詞均可不用。英文題名開(kāi)頭第一個(gè)字不得用the, and, an和a。

(3)英文題名中的大小寫(xiě)有以下3種格式:全部字母大寫(xiě);每個(gè)詞的首字母大寫(xiě),但3個(gè)或4個(gè)字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫(xiě);題名第一個(gè)詞的首字母大寫(xiě),其余均小寫(xiě)。

(4)中英文題名的一致性。同一篇論文,其英文題名與中文題名內(nèi)容上應(yīng)一致,但不等于說(shuō)詞語(yǔ)要一一對(duì)應(yīng)。在許多情況下,個(gè)別非實(shí)質(zhì)性的詞可以省略或變動(dòng)。

總之,題名的用詞十分重要,它直接關(guān)系到讀者對(duì)文章的取舍態(tài)度,務(wù)必字字斟酌。

二、論文摘要

1.摘要的定義

摘要又稱(chēng)概要、內(nèi)容提要。摘要是論文主體的高度濃縮,它應(yīng)該能提煉論文的主要觀點(diǎn),簡(jiǎn)明地描述論文的內(nèi)容和范圍,簡(jiǎn)短地進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)。摘要能讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內(nèi)容,以補(bǔ)充題名的不足,并為科技情報(bào)文獻(xiàn)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建設(shè)和維護(hù)提供方便。

2.摘要撰寫(xiě)的基本要求和注意事項(xiàng)

(1)不得簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)題名中已有的信息,切忌把引言中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容寫(xiě)入摘要,不要照搬論文正文中的小標(biāo)題或論文結(jié)論部分的文字,也不要對(duì)論文內(nèi)容作詮釋和評(píng)價(jià)。

(2)盡量采用文字?jǐn)⑹?不要將文中的數(shù)據(jù)羅列在摘要中;文字要簡(jiǎn)潔,應(yīng)排除本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域已成為常識(shí)的內(nèi)容,應(yīng)刪除無(wú)意義的或不必要的字眼;內(nèi)容不宜展開(kāi)論證說(shuō)明,不要列舉例證,不介紹研究過(guò)程。

(3)摘要的內(nèi)容必須完整,不能把論文中所闡述的主要內(nèi)容、觀點(diǎn)遺漏,應(yīng)寫(xiě)成一篇可以獨(dú)立使用的短文。

(4)摘要一般不分段,切忌條列式書(shū)寫(xiě)法。陳述要客觀,對(duì)研究過(guò)程、方法和成果等不宜做主觀評(píng)價(jià),也不宜與別人的研究作對(duì)比說(shuō)明。

(5)用第三人稱(chēng)。建議采用“對(duì)……進(jìn)行了研究”、“報(bào)告了……現(xiàn)狀”、“進(jìn)行了……調(diào)查”等記述方式標(biāo)明文獻(xiàn)的性質(zhì)和文獻(xiàn)主題,不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作為主語(yǔ)。

(6)要使用規(guī)范化的名詞術(shù)語(yǔ),不用非公知公用的符號(hào)和術(shù)語(yǔ)。一般不用數(shù)學(xué)公式和化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式,不出現(xiàn)插圖、表格。

3.英文摘要撰寫(xiě)的注意事項(xiàng)

原則上,以上中文摘要編寫(xiě)的注意事項(xiàng)都適用于英文摘要,但英語(yǔ)有其自己的表達(dá)方式、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣,在撰寫(xiě)英文摘要時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。

(1)英文摘要的時(shí)態(tài)。英文摘要時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用也以簡(jiǎn)練為佳,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí),少用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí),進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和其他復(fù)合時(shí)態(tài)基本不用。

(2)英文摘要的語(yǔ)態(tài)。一篇摘要很短,盡量不要隨便混合使用語(yǔ)態(tài),更不要在一個(gè)句子里混用。現(xiàn)在主張摘要中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞盡量采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的越來(lái)越多,因其有助于文字清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔及表達(dá)有力。

(3)英文摘要的人稱(chēng)。原來(lái)摘要的首句多用第三人稱(chēng)this paper...等開(kāi)頭,現(xiàn)在傾向于用原形動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭,如: to describe..., to investigate..., to study...等,行文時(shí)最好不用第一人稱(chēng),以方便文摘刊物的編輯刊用。

4.英文摘要的常用句式

(1)回顧研究背景,常用的詞匯有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。(2)闡明寫(xiě)作或研究目的,常用的詞匯有purpose, attempt, aim等。此外,還可以用動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。(3)介紹論文的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容或研究范圍,常用的詞匯有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。(4)介紹研究或試驗(yàn)過(guò)程,常用的詞匯有test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。(5)說(shuō)明研究或試驗(yàn)方法,常用的詞匯有measure, estimate, calculate等。(6)展示研究成果,常用的詞匯有show, result, present等。(7)介紹結(jié)論,常用的詞匯有summary, introduce, conclude等。(8)陳述論文的論點(diǎn)和作者的觀點(diǎn),常用的詞匯有suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。(9)闡明論證,常用的詞匯有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。(10)推薦和建議,常用的詞匯有suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。

總之,在撰寫(xiě)英文題名和英文摘要時(shí)要做到準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚,以便引起讀者注意。除了解英文題名和英文摘要的基本要求和注意事項(xiàng)外,還需熟悉本行業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的英文表達(dá),擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量,掌握基本的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,多看英文文獻(xiàn),提高英文寫(xiě)作及表達(dá)能力。