第一篇：機械專業論文中英文對照

Gearbox Noise?Correlation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing Preload

ABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preload

influence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor S?ren Andersson(KTH), and Dr.Lars Br?the(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems – VINNOVA – is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor S?ren Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Bj?rklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael

P?rssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is often perceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between

the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gear mesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION ? TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gear optimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox

gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.The transmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB

(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed at the Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmission error, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbj?rn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of different housing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission by

decreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It is defined as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.For

relatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes, connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.Table3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of the influence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration ?Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox vibrations.Compared with bearings

with endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing the influence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and ?kerblom [6] show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems to be strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed

sweeps in these investigations.Henriksson [7] found a correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise when testing a truck gearbox at constant speed and different torque levels.The different test conditions, speed sweep versus constant speed, and the different complexity(a simple test gearbox versus a complete truck gearbox)may explain the different results regarding correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise.Bearing preload influences gearbox noise, but it is not possible to make any general statement as to whether preload is better than endplay.The answer depends on the frequency and other components in the complex dynamic system of gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.To minimize noise, the gearbox housing should be as rigid as possible.This was proposed by Rook [8], and his views are supported by the results relating to the optimization of a transmission housing described in section 2.5.Finite element analysis is a useful tool for optimizing gearbox housings.5 FUTURE RESEARCH It would be interesting to investigate the correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise for a complete wheel loader transmission.One challenge would be to measure transmission error as close as possible to the gears and to avoid resonances in the connection between gear and encoder.The dropbox gears in a typical wheel loader transmission are probably the gears that are most easily accessible for measurement using optical encoders.See Figure 5.1.1 for possible encoder positions.Modeling the transmission in more detail could be another challenge for future work.One approach could be to use a model of gears, shafts, and bearings using the transmission error as the excitation.This could be a finite element model or a multibody system model.The output from this model would be the forces at the bearing positions.The forces could be used to excite a finite element model of the housing.The housing model could be used to predict noise radiation, and/or vibration at the attachment points for the gearbox.This approach would give absolute values, not just relative levels.REFERENCES [1] Welbourn D.B., “Fundamental Knowledge of Gear Noise ??A Survey”, Proc.Noise & Vib.of Eng.and Trans., I Mech E., Cranfield, UK, July 1979, pp 9–14.[2] MackAldener M., “Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture & Robustness of Gears”, Royal Institute of Technology, Doctoral Thesis, ISSN 1400-1179, Stockholm, 2001.[3] Ohio State University, LDP Load Distribution Program, Version 2.2.0, http://www.tmdps.cn/ , 2007.[4] Borner J., and Houser D.R., “Friction and Bending Moments as Gear Noise Excitations”,SAE Technical Paper 961816.[5] Oswald F.B.et al., “Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise”, Gear Technology, pp 10–15, 1998.[6] Sellgren U., and ?kerblom M., “A Model-Based Design Study of Gearbox Induced Noise”, International Design Conference – Design 2004, May 18-21, Dubrovnik, 2004.[7] Henriksson M., “Analysis of Dynamic Transmission Error and Noise from a Two-stage Gearbox”, Licentiate Thesis, TRITA-AVE-2005:34 / ISSN-1651-7660, Stockholm, 2005.[8] Rook T., “Vibratory Power Flow Through Joints and Bearings with Application to Structural Elements and Gearboxes”, Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1995.

第二篇：機械專業英語詞匯中英文對照

機床 machine tool

金屬工藝學 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction聯結 link

傳動 drive/transmission軸 shaft彈性 elasticity

頻率特性 frequency characteristic誤差 error響應 response定位 allocation機床夾具 jig動力學 dynamic運動學 kinematic靜力學 static

分析力學 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling壓縮 hitting剪切 shear扭轉 twist

彎曲應力 bending stress

強度 intensity

三相交流電 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles變壓器 transformer

異步電動機 asynchronous motor幾何形狀 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流電路 AC circuit

機械加工余量 machining allowance變形力 deforming force變形 deformation應力 stress硬度 rigidity熱處理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脫碳 decarburization滲碳 carburization電路 circuit

半導體元件 semiconductor element反饋 feedback

發生器 generator

直流電源 DC electrical source門電路 gate circuit邏輯代數 logic algebra

外圓磨削 external grinding內圓磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding變速箱 gearbox離合器 clutch絞孔 fraising絞刀 reamer

螺紋加工 thread processing螺釘 screw銑削 mill

銑刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece

齒輪加工 gear mechining齒輪 gear

主運動 main movement

主運動方向 direction of main movement進給方向 direction of feed

進給運動 feed movement

合成進給運動 resultant movement of feed合成切削運動 resultant movement of cutting

合成切削運動方向 direction of resultant

movement of cutting切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龍門刨削 planing主軸 spindle主軸箱 headstock卡盤 chuck

加工中心 machining center車刀 lathe tool車床 lathe鉆削 鏜削 bore車削 turning磨床 grinder基準 benchmark鉗工 locksmith

鍛 forge壓模 stamping焊 weld

拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching裝配 assembling鑄造 found

流體動力學 fluid dynamics流體力學 fluid mechanics加工 machining

液壓 hydraulic pressure切線 tangent

機電一體化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration

氣壓 air pressure pneumatic pressure

穩定性 stability

介質 medium

液壓驅動泵 fluid clutch

液壓泵 hydraulic pump

閥門 valve

失效 invalidation

強度 intensity

載荷 load

應力 stress

安全系數 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺紋 thread螺旋 helix鍵 spline銷 pin

滾動軸承 rolling bearing滑動軸承 sliding bearing彈簧 spring

制動器 arrester brake十字結聯軸節 crosshead聯軸器 coupling鏈 chain

皮帶 strap

精加工 finish machining

粗加工 rough machining

變速箱體 gearbox casing

腐蝕 rust

氧化 oxidation

磨損 wear

耐用度 durability

隨機信號 random signal離散信號 discrete signal超聲傳感器 ultrasonic sensor

第三篇：機械專業論文中英文摘要

摘 要

本文主要論述了基于PLC的鋼管打捆機控制系統的設計思路和設計過程。主要包括鋼管打捆機的汽缸動作的順序控制和打捆鋼帶的定長剪切伺服控制以及人機交互界面設計。論文介紹了鋼管打捆機的國內外研究情況，說明了研制具有我國自主知識產權的鋼管打捆機的必要性，講述了國家對鋼管包裝的要求和對鋼管打捆機的性能要求；分析了給定結構的鋼管打捆機的工作流程和控制要求；設計和選用了鋼管打捆機的氣動系統和相應的控制系統的硬件；建立了打捆鋼帶定長剪切伺服控制的數學模型；選用觸摸屏進行了人機交互界面的設計；對PLC控制系統的重點和難點程序進行了詳細敘述。

本文所設計的鋼管打捆機控制系統具有根據設定參數自動對鋼管計數、自動剪切打捆鋼帶、自動完成鋼管打捆的動作控制等功能，同時通過觸摸屏實現參數的輸入和實時顯示。

關鍵詞：自動鋼管打捆機；定長剪切；變頻調速；人機界面

This article mainly discusses the design idea and the design process of the PLC based strapping machine controlling system.It includes the sequence control of the cylinder moves of the strapping machine, the fixed-length shear servo control of the steel packing, and the designs of the Man-machine interface.The thesis introduces the strapping machine’s studying condition both at home and abroad, illustrating the necessity of owning the strapping machine of the Independent intellectual property rights;analyzing the workflow and the control requirements of the given structure strapping machine;designing and choosing the hardware of the strapping machine’s pneumatic system and the corresponded controlling system;establishing the mathematical model of the fixed-length shear servo control;choosing the touch screen to do designs of the Man-machine interface;doing detailed descriptions to the important and difficult process of the PLC controlling system.The strapping machine’s controlling system designed by this thesis owns the functions of counting steels automatically according to the setting

parameters, shearing the packed steels automatically, and fulfilling the motion control of packing steels automatically, and at the same time, realizing the parameters input and the real-time display by the touch screen.Key words: automatic strapping machine;fixed-length shear;frequency control;man-machine interface

第四篇：機械名稱中英文對照

一、除大塊機Eliminates the bulk machine

二、齒型篩分除雜物機The screening and eliminates the sundry goods machine

三、振動煤箅Vibration Coal Grate

四、滾軸篩Roller Screen

五、滾筒篩Trommel Screen

六、振動概率篩Vibration Probability Screen

七、減振平臺Antivibration Platform

八、布料器Distributing Device

九、皮帶機頭部伸縮裝置Conveyer Belt Telescopiform Device

十、膠帶給料機Belt Feeder

十一、往復式給料機Reciprocating Feeder

十二、振動給煤機Vibrator Feeder

十三、葉輪給煤機Coal Impeller Feeder

十四、埋刮板輸送機Buried Scraper Conveyer

十五、螺旋輸送機Screw Conveyer

十六、板式喂料機Apron Feeder

十七、緩沖彈簧板式大塊輸送機Buffer Spring Apron Bulk Converyor

十八、斗式提升機Chain-Bucket Elevator

十九、TD75、DTⅡ型帶式輸送機Type TD75/DTII Belt Conveyer

二十、電動三通3-Through-Chute With Electric Drive Gate 二

十一、重力式煤溝擋板Gravity Type Coal Ditch Baffle

二十二、物料穩流器Material Constant Staticizer

二十三、犁式卸料器、刮水器Plough Type Tripper/Wiper 二

十四、棧橋沖洗器Flusher

二十五、噴霧除塵系統Exhaust System 二

十六、緩沖鎖氣器Buffer Air Lock 二

十七、緩沖滾筒Snub Pulley二十八、二十九、三

十、緩沖平臺Buffer Platform 膠帶防撕裂保護裝置Belt Protective Device 鏈斗卸車機Bucket-Chain Unloader

第五篇：專業中英文對照

太原理工大學各學院及專業中譯英

【機械工程學院】College of Mechanical Engineering

機械設計制造及其自動化 Mechanical engineering and automation

1.機械制造及其自動化 Mechanical Manufacturing and its Automation

2.機械設計及理論 Mechanical Design and Theory

3.機械電子工程 Machinery Electronics Engineering

4.車輛工程 Vehicle Engineering

工業設計 Industrial Design

機械系 Department of Mechanical Engineering

機械制造工藝及設備Machinery manufacturing process and equipment

【材料科學與工程學院】College of Materials science and Engineering 從材料成型機控制工程 Material Shaping and Control Engineering 金屬材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering

無機非金屬材料工程 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials Engineering 冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering

高分子材料與工程 Polymer Materials and Engineering 材料物理 Materials Physics

材料化學 Chemistry of Materials

1.材料物理與化學 Materials Physics and Chemistry

2.材料科學與工程 Materials Science and Engineering

3.材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering

4.鋼鐵冶金 Iron and Steel Metallurgy

5.有色金屬冶金 Nonferrous Metallurgy

【電氣與動力工程學院】 College of Electrical and Power engineering 電氣工程及其自動化 Electrical engineering and automation 熱能與動力工程 Thermal Energy and Power Engineering 培養方向：

1.熱動力工程 Thermo power Engineering

2.動力機械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering

3.電機與電器 Electrical Machinery and Appliances

4.電力系統及其自動化 Electrical System and its Automation

5.高壓電絕緣技術 High-Voltage Electricity an Insulation Technology

6.電氣，電子和傳動裝置 Electrical, Electronics and Transmission

7.電工理論與新技術 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering

【信息工程學院】 College of Information Engineering

自動化 Automation

培養方向：電路系統 Electric Circuit an System

電子信息工程 Electronic and Information Engineering

測控技術與儀器Measurement control technology and instruments

培養方向：

1.檢測技術與自動化設備 Detecting Technology and Automatic Equipment

2.系統工程 Systems Engineering

3.模式識別與智能系統 Pattern Recognition and Intellectual System

通訊工程 Communication Engineering

培養方向：

1.通信與信息系統 Communication and Information System

2.信號與信息處理 Signal and Information Processing

電子科學與技術 Electronic Science and technology

培養方向：控制理論與控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering

【計算機科學與技術學院】 College of Computer Engineering and Software

計算機科學與技術Computer science and technology

物聯網工程 Networking Engineering

【軟件學院】 College of software

軟件工程 Software engineering

【建筑與土木工程學院】College of Architecture and Civil engineering

建筑學 Architecture

城市規劃 City Planning

土木工程 Civil Engineering

【水利科學與工程學院】 College of Water Conservancy Science and Engineering

水利水電工程 Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

農業水利工程（含水利信息化方向）Agricultural Water Conservancy Engineering

水文與水資源工程 Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering

Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering

Hydrology and Water Resources

Hydraulics and River Dynamics

Water Engineering and Structural Engineering

Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

Harbor Beach and Inshore Engineering

【化學化工學院】 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

化學工程與工藝Chemical Engineering and Technology

（化學工藝、能源化工、精細化工、高分子化工方向）Chemical engineering and technology(Chemical process、Chemical energy、Fine chemical、Polymer chemistry)

應用化學 Applied Chemistry

生物工程 Biological Engineering

制藥工程（化學與生物制藥工程方向）Pharmaceutical Engineering

過程裝備與控制工程 Process Equipment and Control Engineering

化學和生物制藥工程方向 Chemical and biological pharmaceutical engineering direction

【礦業工程學院】 College of mining engineering

采礦工程 Mining engineering

安全工程 Safety engineering

資源勘查工程 Resource exploration engineering

測繪工程 Engineering of Surveying and mapping

地理信息系統工程 Geographical information system engineering

礦物加工工程Mineral processing engineering

城市地下空間工程 City Underground Space Engineering

勘查技術與工程 Prospecting technology and Engineering

【輕紡工程與美術學院】College of Textile Engineering with Academy of Fine Arts 紡織工程 Textile Engineering

服裝設計與工程 Clothing design and Engineering

藝術設計Artistic Design

繪畫 Painting(Drawing)

攝影 Photography

動畫 The animation

電子商務 Electronic Business

數字媒體藝術 Digital media art

文化產業管理 Cultural industry management

【環境科學與工程學院】 College of Environmental Science and Engineering 給水排水工程 Water supply and drainage engineering

環境工程 Environmental Engineering

建筑環境與設備工程 Constructing Environment and Equipment Engineering

【數學學院】 College of Mathematics

數學與應用數學 Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

信息與計算科學 Information and Computing Science

統計學 Statistics

【物理與光電工程學院】 College of Physics and Photo electricity Engineering光信息科學與技術Optical information science and technology

應用物理 Applied Physics

光源與照明 Light source and lighting

【力學學院】 College of Mechanics

工程力學 Engineering Mechanics

【外國語學院】 College of foreign languages

英語 English

【政法學院】 College of politics and law

法學 Law

行政管理 Administrative management

思想政治教育 Ideological and Political Education

【經濟管理學院】 College of Economics and management 市場營銷 Marketing and sales

工程管理 Project management

會計學 Accounting

國際經濟與貿易 International Economics and trade 物流管理 Logistics management

【體育學院】 College of Physical Education

體育教育 Physical education