第一篇：生態(tài)建筑論文中英文對照

國外著名建筑師的生態(tài)建筑思想比較

[摘要] 該文通過簡要闡述生態(tài)建筑的概念和表現(xiàn)形式，以及對托馬斯·赫爾佐格和諾曼·福斯特兩位建筑大師的生態(tài)建筑思想和作品的比較，來學(xué)習(xí)和理解生態(tài)建筑，最后希望借助兩位大師的突出成就來引起我國建筑師對生態(tài)建筑的重視和思考。關(guān)鍵詞: 托馬斯·赫爾佐格 諾曼-福斯特 生態(tài)建筑 生態(tài)建筑的表現(xiàn)形式生態(tài)建筑思想 生態(tài)美學(xué)

目前，隨著人們對防治環(huán)境污染和保持生態(tài)平衡意識的不斷增強，以及城市綠化的日益發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造低能耗的、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的生態(tài)建筑環(huán)境這個嶄新的建筑研究方向，越來越受到重視和推崇。那么，什么樣的建筑可稱之為生態(tài)建筑呢?

生態(tài)建筑是將建筑作為一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，其內(nèi)部各種物質(zhì)能源有序的循環(huán)使用，因而獲得高效率、低能耗、少污染的建筑環(huán)境，并與自然相平衡，以此達(dá)到與自然的和諧共生。本文對同樣在生態(tài)建筑方面有突出貢獻(xiàn)的兩位國外建筑師(托馬斯·赫爾佐格&諾曼·福斯特)進(jìn)行分析和比較，希望能進(jìn)一步達(dá)對生態(tài)建筑的認(rèn)識和理解。生態(tài)建筑的概念

所謂生態(tài)建筑，就是根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀簧鷳B(tài)環(huán)境，運用生態(tài)學(xué)、建筑技術(shù)科學(xué)的原理和其他相關(guān)學(xué)科知識，合理地安排并組織建筑與其他領(lǐng)域相關(guān)因素之間的關(guān)系，使其與環(huán)境形成一個有機結(jié)合的整體，且適合人類的棲居。生態(tài)建筑必須滿足以下四點：第一，必須與周圍環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)，并且對周圍生態(tài)環(huán)境起到保護作用；第二，建筑物本身絕不可對自然環(huán)境造成污染或破壞，建筑物內(nèi)部的使用者能較好地享受大自然并感受到其賦予的舒適和愉快；第三．室內(nèi)設(shè)計應(yīng)盡量回歸自然，如天然采光、自然通風(fēng)、利用太陽能、理想的室內(nèi)綠化等；第四，各種物質(zhì)、源在建筑系統(tǒng)內(nèi)可以有序的循環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)換。歸納起來也就是要做到尊重環(huán)境和回歸自然。

2生態(tài)建筑的表現(xiàn)形式

針對上述定義，結(jié)合目前國內(nèi)外生態(tài)建筑實例，可將生態(tài)建筑的表現(xiàn)形式歸納為以下幾點：

2．1建筑節(jié)能

以目前的建筑態(tài)勢來看，低能耗已經(jīng)成為生態(tài)建筑的重要標(biāo)志之一。較為常見的方式有太陽能、風(fēng)能、水能、地?zé)崮艿葻o污染能源，直接或通過技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換成為可被建筑利用的形式，幫助建筑在采光、通風(fēng)、采暖等方面降低能耗。2．2建筑污染防治

建筑的污染防治是生態(tài)建筑的重要一環(huán)。三廢問題一直以來都是環(huán)境保護的核心問題之一。人們的治污觀念也從只注重生產(chǎn)、生活過程中排污的治理，逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向了建筑從建設(shè)到營運、維護過程中的污染治理。2．3建筑資源再利用

在整個世界的能源消耗中有50％是在建筑的建造、維護和使用中所消耗的，所以對資源的高效利用、循環(huán)利用和降低對自然環(huán)境的影響是建筑資源利用在生態(tài)建筑這一領(lǐng)域中有待迅速提高的一個環(huán)節(jié)。

近年來，生態(tài)建筑材料③的出現(xiàn)緩解了這一問題。其主要特征首先是節(jié)約資源和能源，其次是減少環(huán)境污染，最后是易于回收和循環(huán)利用。

通過以上的論述，對生態(tài)建筑有了一定的了解。然而要進(jìn)一步研究生態(tài)建筑，光靠理論闡述是不夠的，我們必須去分析一些實例，理論與實踐相結(jié)合，科學(xué)地研究和理解生態(tài)建筑。下文通過對兩位大師(托馬斯·赫爾佐格和諾曼·福斯特)的生態(tài)建筑思想和作品的分析和比較，來更進(jìn)一步地認(rèn)識和研究生態(tài)建筑，從大師的思想與實踐中汲取營養(yǎng)，探討生態(tài)建筑在我國的發(fā)展與前景。

3托馬斯·赫爾佐格(Thomas HerZoq)

托馬斯·赫爾佐格是一位將技術(shù)和藝術(shù)完美結(jié)合，同時對生態(tài)、環(huán)境等負(fù)有深深使命感的德國建筑大師。他的建筑作品具有很高的工藝技術(shù)水平，他工作的本質(zhì)意義在于其對生態(tài)的關(guān)注，這不僅體現(xiàn)在他的設(shè)計中，在教學(xué)當(dāng)中、在經(jīng)常舉辦的展覽中、在大量的著作中、在與其他建筑師進(jìn)行的合作當(dāng)中，他都身體力行。他超越了現(xiàn)代建筑的范式，并代之以更具生態(tài)傾 向的價值取向，而這種取向必然取代舊的范式。3．1 托馬斯·赫爾佐格的生態(tài)建筑思想

托馬斯·赫爾佐格很少把自己的創(chuàng)作愿望強加于環(huán)境之上，而是推測和聽從生態(tài)環(huán)境的變化過程和循環(huán)，本著參與及合作的精神去完成他的工作。他的生態(tài)建筑思想是將人類和所有的人工制造物達(dá)到一個自然和人造自然的親切和睦的境地。他始終堅持“從生態(tài)到建筑，從技術(shù)到自然”的原則，他已經(jīng)把生態(tài)升華成一種思想和精神，并以此貫穿他一生的建筑設(shè)計過程。托馬斯·赫爾佐格的設(shè)計不僅僅考慮一個孤立的內(nèi)部工作和外在形式，相反，他的設(shè)計擴大到對影響建筑環(huán)境的所有方面及相互關(guān)系的塑造。另外，他十分注重和其他各方面專業(yè)人士的緊密合作，通過對新材料、新構(gòu)件、新系統(tǒng)和合適的設(shè)計工具的發(fā)展給予建筑設(shè)計活動更大的自由，并最終達(dá)到建筑與自然環(huán)境的統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)，以及建筑自身的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

托馬斯·赫爾佐格在從事建筑設(shè)計活動中除了運

用各種新材料、新構(gòu)件、新系統(tǒng)之外，也一直在研究和開發(fā)更新、更生態(tài)、更合理的材料、構(gòu)件和系統(tǒng)。如：佩托卡波那外墻體系、菲舍爾立面組裝系統(tǒng)、日光柵格系統(tǒng)等。托馬斯·赫爾佐格更關(guān)注的是建筑物在與周圍環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)上自身的節(jié)能程度、技術(shù)的精確性和高效 托馬斯·赫爾佐格很少把自己的創(chuàng)作愿望強加于性。通過精心設(shè)計的建筑細(xì)部提高資源和能源的利用效率，減少不可再生資源的耗費，來達(dá)到對生態(tài)環(huán)境的關(guān)注。

托馬斯認(rèn)為，建筑師應(yīng)該利用高效率的技術(shù)，因為可以通過采用比常規(guī)做法少得多的物質(zhì)材料，滿足同樣的功能要求。當(dāng)然，采用新技術(shù)的前提是它們必須是正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｋ瑫r非常關(guān)注設(shè)計的靈活性和建筑元素的靈活性，不僅強調(diào)建筑功能的靈活性，還強調(diào)建筑細(xì)部的靈活性和多功能性。

4．1諾曼·福斯特的生態(tài)建筑思想

在現(xiàn)今存在的一些對生態(tài)建筑的介紹以及許多建筑師對生態(tài)建筑的創(chuàng)作思路上，絕大多數(shù)集中在對建筑外部環(huán)境的物質(zhì)層面的利用和適應(yīng)上，如太陽能、地下水的利用等等。這些大都屬于建筑物理方面的理解和運用。而諾曼·福斯特則認(rèn)為建筑作為空間的建構(gòu)和場所的確立不應(yīng)僅僅停留在滿足人的物理意義的舒適度上，而應(yīng)向更高的層次上發(fā)展，以滿足人的文化需求、審美取向等。從他的倫敦市政廳可以看出他對環(huán)境的關(guān)注以及對現(xiàn)代技術(shù)利用和審美取向的轉(zhuǎn)變，其生態(tài)與藝術(shù)的完美結(jié)合是一種新的美學(xué)——生態(tài)美學(xué)的完美體現(xiàn)。

諾曼·福斯特除了以上關(guān)注點外還十分注重建筑物內(nèi)部的微觀氣候，他對建筑微觀氣候的關(guān)注可以具體歸納為三方面：一是適宜的室內(nèi)溫度和濕度(滿足人體熱舒適及健康的要求)；二是盡可能最多地獲得自然采光(減少人工照明的能耗)；三是最大限度地獲得自然通風(fēng)(減少空調(diào)能耗)。但在不同氣候條件下對以上三要素的側(cè)重點和處理方式又有所不同。因此，通過最高效的人工技術(shù)手段來實現(xiàn)以上目標(biāo)或達(dá)到各要素之間的平衡就成為福斯特不懈追求的方向。他在法國南部的兩個作品：卡里藝術(shù)中心和弗雷尤斯地方中等職業(yè)中學(xué)就是對他生的態(tài)氣候觀的充分表現(xiàn)。他的設(shè)計中不僅貫穿著生態(tài)設(shè)計的理念，同時也充分體現(xiàn)了對傳統(tǒng)文脈和地域文化的關(guān)注和尊重，與過去的完全以自我為中心的“高技派”相比，這一轉(zhuǎn)變無疑是十分深刻的。它使得“高技派”超越了一種簡單的外在風(fēng)格而步入更深層次的境界。在這一點上可以說他為“高技派”的未來指明了方向，同時也為我國致力于生態(tài)建筑領(lǐng)域的建筑師提供了寶貴的經(jīng)驗。

5兩位大師的對比

通過以上兩位建筑大師的生態(tài)建筑思想和作品可以看出： 5．1共同點

兩位建筑大師都在生態(tài)建筑領(lǐng)域做出了突出的貢獻(xiàn)，都提倡借助新材料、新技術(shù)、新系統(tǒng)和合適的設(shè)計工具來完成他們的生態(tài)建筑作品；都強調(diào)在人與自然、建筑與自然和諧共生的基礎(chǔ)上去為人類創(chuàng)造更為舒適的工作和生活環(huán)境；都在為同一目標(biāo)從不同層面做著不懈的努力，給人類創(chuàng)造美好的環(huán)境，給子孫后代留下更多的精神和物質(zhì)財富。5．2不同點 托馬斯·赫爾佐格在生態(tài)建筑方面主要是從整體環(huán)境人手(包括周圍環(huán)境和建筑物自身環(huán)境)，去進(jìn)行生態(tài)建筑的設(shè)計和研究；他一直強調(diào)要從人類持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度，而非短時、局部的視點看問題；他不僅關(guān)心過去和現(xiàn)在，他更關(guān)心未來；他不僅關(guān)心本地區(qū)域，而且關(guān)心相關(guān)區(qū)域甚至將來可能會產(chǎn)生影響的區(qū)域；他更多的是借助與新技術(shù)、建筑細(xì)部以及不同學(xué)科的協(xié)作來達(dá)到建筑物和周圍環(huán)境以及人與自然的和諧與共生；他所強調(diào)的生態(tài)建筑不是一種建筑形式，而是 將生態(tài)作為一種態(tài)度和精神貫穿于他的設(shè)計過程及其一生；他在生態(tài)建筑方面的研究更加全面和徹底，是真正意義上的生態(tài)建筑設(shè)計，真正做到了與周圍環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)，并且對周圍生態(tài)環(huán)境起到保護作用，尊重環(huán)境和回歸自然。諾曼·福斯特在生態(tài)建筑方面主要是以滿足人的文化需求，審美取向來達(dá)到生態(tài)與藝術(shù)的完美結(jié)合；通過技術(shù)支持以及建筑物內(nèi)部的空間創(chuàng)作和外部形體來回應(yīng)大自然、融合大自然。他的生態(tài)建筑設(shè)計和作品更大程度的是達(dá)到人對大自然的向往和享受大自然的目的，他的微觀生態(tài)氣候觀在一定程度上更加符合“高技派”建筑的生態(tài)觀。他是運用生態(tài)的建筑表皮和靈活、適用的內(nèi)部空間兩者的完美結(jié)合來達(dá)到建筑物自身與周圍環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)和融合。

結(jié) 語

兩位建筑大師的生態(tài)建筑思想和作品給我們以啟示：生態(tài)建筑不是一種時髦的風(fēng)格和標(biāo)簽，也不是一個口號。在中國這樣一個經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)水平都不十分先進(jìn)的國家里，建筑業(yè)的各個環(huán)節(jié)更應(yīng)該貫徹的是生態(tài)建筑思想。其實，中國也不乏適應(yīng)自然環(huán)境的建筑精品，如：西北的窯洞——純粹的綠色建筑，低能耗、低污染、冬暖夏涼、環(huán)境宜人，還有大草原上的氈房、新疆的風(fēng)塔等等。中國的未來建筑不應(yīng)再盲目地效仿外國的種種風(fēng)格流派，這種單純從形式上的移植，不利于中國自身建筑特色的形成，對于建筑工作者的創(chuàng)造性也是一種扼殺。正如托馬斯·赫爾佐格所說：“不能簡單地制定一個生態(tài)的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。不同的國家在不同的時期會有不同的條件，還是應(yīng)該根據(jù)國情去定。”我國是一個人口大國，環(huán)境狀況令人堪憂，中國的資源相對匱乏。因此，我們不可能在短時間內(nèi)擁有發(fā)達(dá)國家所具有的技術(shù)、材料、系統(tǒng)以及理論支持，這就需要我們從實際出發(fā)，借助國外的經(jīng)驗尋求適合中國國情的生態(tài)建筑道路。

目前，我國對生態(tài)建筑的研究、實踐以及認(rèn)識還存在著許多不足，因此，一些針對性的相關(guān)策略的研究顯得尤為必要。結(jié)合我國自身的情況，筆者認(rèn)為可以從以下幾點去嘗試：一是加強生態(tài)意識及生態(tài)建筑的宣傳，從而喚起全民的重視，培養(yǎng)生態(tài)意識；二是組織生態(tài)建筑科研機構(gòu)，進(jìn)行生態(tài)建筑及其相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究和開發(fā)，為中國建筑師的實踐提供有力的支持；三在高校建筑學(xué)教育的大綱中增加生態(tài)建筑知識和設(shè)計課程的比重；四是通過建立機制來鼓勵和推動生態(tài)建筑的發(fā)展。許多發(fā)達(dá)國家正在或已經(jīng)這樣做了，并取得了很好的成績。■ 參考文獻(xiàn)

刁文怡．法蘭克福商業(yè)銀行大廈．華中建筑，1999(3)：48—51． 奚于成．建筑·生態(tài)建筑·數(shù)字生態(tài)建筑．華中建筑，2005(5)：68—69． 3 金武．生態(tài)研究的誤區(qū)華中建筑，2001(5)：18 4 鄭煒邁向生態(tài)的高技術(shù)建筑．華中建筑，1999(1)：105—110． 5 萬書元當(dāng)代西方建筑美學(xué)．南京：東南大學(xué)出版社．2()01． 6 英格伯格·弗拉格等著托馬斯·赫爾佐格——建筑+技術(shù)．李保峰譯北京：中國建筑工業(yè)出 版社。2003

Ecological building and rather well-known foreign architects

Abstract

Generally stating the concept and the expression of ecological buldings and comparing Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster'stheories and works of ecological buildings to learn and acknowledge ecological buildings，this articIe wants to stimuIate Chinese architect s’attention and consideration of ecological buildings by the Outstanding achievement of the two masters． Key Words Thomas Herzog，Norman Foster，EcologicaI building，Expressjon form of ecological building，Theory Of ecological bullding．Ecological esthetic

Now, with the people continue to enhance the prevention of environmental pollution and maintaining ecological balance awareness, as well as urban greening, increasing development, to create low energy, sustainable development of eco-building environment of the new building research, more and more attention and respected.So, what kind of building could be called eco-buildings?

1The concept of eco-building

The so-called eco-building, according to the local natural environment, the use of the principle of ecology, building technology, science and other relevant subject knowledge, reasonably arrange and organize the relationship between buildings and other relevant factors in the field and the environment form an organic combination ofoverall, and suitable for human dwelling.Ecological building must meet the following four points: first, to be coordinated with the surrounding environment, and has protective effects on the surrounding ecological environment;buildings must not be on the natural environment caused by pollution or destruction of buildings within the usercan better to enjoy nature and feel that conferred comfortable and pleasant;The interior design should try to return to nature, such as natural lighting,natural ventilation, use of solar energy, the ideal indoor green;Fourth, a variety of substances, the source within the building systems can be orderedcycle of conversion.To sum up is to achieve respect for the environment andreturn to nature 2 Manifestations of ecological building For the above definition, the present ecological architecture instance,manifestations of ecological building can be summarized as follows:

2.1 building energy efficiency

View to the current architectural trend, low-power has become one of theimportant symbol of ecological building.The more common way to solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and other non-polluting energy, directly or throughtechnology transfer, building use form, to help the building to reduce energy consumption in lighting, ventilation, heating, etc..2.2 Building pollution prevention and control

Pollution prevention and control of the building is an important part of the ecological construction.The core issue of environmental protection has always been one of the waste problem.People's concept of pollution controlto focus only on production, the life process in sewagmagradually turned to the building from construction to operation andmaintenance of pollution control in the process.2.3 building re-use resources

In the entire world's energy consumption 50% in building

construction,maintenance and use of consumption, so efficient use of resources,recycling and reduce the impact on the natural environment is the construction of resource use in ecological building to be rapidly improving link.In recent years, the emergence of ecological building materials ③

alleviatethis problem.First of all the main characteristics of saving resources and energy, followed by reducing environmental pollution, and finally the easyrecovery and recycling.Above discussion, a certain understanding of the ecological building.However, in order to further study the ecological building, is not enough torely on theoretical explanations, we need to analyze some examples, theory and practice, scientific research and understanding of ecological building.Below through the analysis and comparison of eco-building ideas and works of two masters(Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster), to further understanding and study of ecological architecture, and learn from themaster of thought and practice nutrition, explore the development and prospects of ecological construction in China.3.Thomas Herzog

Thomas Herzog is a perfect combination of technology and the arts, have a deep sense of mission at the same time on the ecology and environment of the German masters of architecture.His architectural works have a high level of technology, the essential meaning of his work lies in its ecological concern, not only in his design, in the course of teaching, often exhibitions, a large number of works, in cooperation with other architects, he personally.He goes beyond the paradigm of modern architecture, and replaced with more eco-dumping Value orientation, and this orientation is bound to replace the old paradigm.3.1 Thomas Herzog, ecological building thought

Thomas Herzog rarely impose their own creative aspirations on the environment above, but to speculate and listen to the change process and the cycle of the ecological environment, the spirit of participation and cooperation to complete his work.His ecological building human and artificial matter to a natural and man-made natural cordial and harmonious situation.He always adhere to the principle of “from ecology to architecture, from technology to nature”, he has eco sublimated into a mental and spiritual, and throughout his life, the building design process.Thomas Herzog's design is not considered an isolated internal and external form, on the contrary, his designs expanded to all aspects of the built environment and the relationship between the shape.In addition, he attaches great importance to work closely with other professionals to give greater freedom of architectural design activities through the development of new materials, new components, the new system and appropriate design tools, and ultimately to achieve the unity of the building and the natural environment coordination, as well as building its own sustainable development.Thomas Herzog in the architectural activities in addition to transport In a variety of new materials, new components, the new system, has been updated in the research and development, more ecological, more reasonable materials, components and systems.Such as: Peituo Kaposi external wall system, Fischer facade assembly system, solar grid system, and so on.Thomas Herzog is more concerned about the accuracy and efficiency of the buildings in harmony with their surroundings on the basis of their own energy-saving technology Thomas Herzog rarely own creative desire to impose.Architectural detail through carefully designed to improve resource and energy use efficiency, and reduce the cost of non-renewable resources to focus on the ecological environment.Thomas believes that architects should take advantage of the technology, because of high efficiency by using much less material than conventional practice materials to meet the same functional requirements.Of course, the introduction of new technology, they must be correct and proper.He also is very concerned about the flexibility of the design flexibility and architectural elements, not only emphasizes the flexibility of the building function, but also stressed that the flexibility and versatility of the architectural details.4.1 Norman Foster ecological building thinking

The introduction of some of the ecological building exist today, and many architects of ecological building creative ideas, the vast majority focused on the use and adaptation of the material aspects of the construction of the external environment, such as solar energy, use of groundwater.These mostly belong to the understanding and use of building physics.Norman Foster building constructed as a space and place is established not merely meet the physical meaning of comfort should be a higher level of development to meet the cultural needs of the people, aesthetic orientation.His concern for the environment can be seen from the London Guildhall,and the transformation of modern technology and aesthetic orientation, theperfect combination of ecology and art is the perfect embodiment of a new aestheticArchitecture +technology.Li Baofeng translated Beijing: China Architecture & Building Publishing House.2003

第二篇：建筑專業(yè)名詞中英文對照

1． 設(shè)計指標(biāo)：statistics 用地面積：site area

建筑占地面積：building foot print 總建筑面積：total area

建筑面積 floor area，building area 地上建筑面積：ground area 地下建筑面積：underground area 整體面積需求: Demand for built area 公共綠地：public green land 備用地用地：reserved land 容積率：FAR

建筑密度：building coverage 綠地率：green ratio

綠化率：green landscape ratio 建筑高度：building height 層數(shù)：number of floors 停車位：parking unit 地面停車：ground parking 地下停車：underground parking 使用面積：usable area 公用面積：public area 實用面積：effective area 居住面積：living area 計租面積 rental area?租用面積 得房率：effien開間 bay 進(jìn)深 depth 跨度 span 坡度：slope，grade 凈空：clearance 凈高：clear height

凈空（樓梯間下）：headroom 凈距：clear distance

套內(nèi)面積：unit constraction area 公攤面積：shared public area 竣工面積：

輔助面積：service area 結(jié)構(gòu)面積：structural area

交通面積：communication area，passage area 共有建筑面積：common building area

共有建筑面積分?jǐn)傁禂?shù)：common building area amount coefficient

公用建筑面積：public building area 銷售面積 ：sales area

綠化覆蓋率：green coverage ratio 層高：floor height

凈高：clear height

公用建筑面積分?jǐn)傁禂?shù)：public building area amount coefficient

住宅用地： residential area 其他用地：

公共服務(wù)設(shè)施用地：land for public facilities 道路用地：land for roads 公共綠地：public green space 道路紅線：road property line 建筑線（建筑紅線）：set back line 用地紅線： property line，boundary line

第一輪：1st round

計劃和程序：schedule and program 工程進(jìn)度表：working schedule

構(gòu)造材料表：list of building materials and construction 設(shè)計說明：design statement

圖紙目錄和說明：list of drawings and descriptions 項目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：project standards 總結(jié)：conclusion

文本及陳述： 封皮：cover 目錄：content

技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)：technical and economical index 概念規(guī)劃設(shè)計：conceptual master paln and architectural design

基地分析：location analysis

項目區(qū)位分析圖：description of the region site and city space view analyze

概念構(gòu)思說明：chief design concept 指導(dǎo)思想（設(shè)計主旨）：key concepts 概述：introduction 宗旨：mission statement

愿景及設(shè)計效果：vision and design concept 城市空間景觀分析：urban space landscape identity 綠化景觀分析：landscape analysis 交通分析：traffic analysis 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)：ecological system 地塊A：area A

模型照片：model images 案例分析：case study 草圖：sketches

設(shè)計構(gòu)思草圖：concept sketches

規(guī)劃總平面圖：site plan 鳥瞰圖：bird view

功能分區(qū)圖：function organization 單體透視圖：unit perspective 1-1剖面圖：section 1-1 立面圖：elevation

沿街立面圖：street elevation平面圖：plan

地下一層平面圖：basement plan；B1 plan 首層平面圖：F1 plan；ground floor plan 二層平面圖：2F floor plan 設(shè)計階段 stages of design 草圖 sketch 方案 scheme

初步設(shè)計 preliminary design 施工圖 working drawing平面圖 plan

平面放大圖 plan in enlarged scale 剖面圖 section 立面圖 elevation 節(jié)點詳圖 detail drawing 透視圖 perspective drawings 鳥瞰圖 birds-eye view 示意圖 schematic diagram 區(qū)劃圖 block plan 位置圖 location

示意圖：schematic diagram 背景介紹：project background 報告書目的：purpose of report 專案區(qū)位背景：Context of。。

區(qū)域交通架構(gòu)：regional circulation framework 區(qū)域活動架構(gòu)：regional district framework 區(qū)域發(fā)展架構(gòu)：regional developmentframework 基地分析：site understanding 現(xiàn)狀土地利用：existing land use 現(xiàn)狀交通系統(tǒng)：existing circulation 現(xiàn)狀城市機理：existing city fabric 機遇與限制：opportunities and constrains 經(jīng)濟分析與策略：economic strategies 房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟：real estate market

標(biāo)高 elevation

絕對標(biāo)高 absolute elevation 相對標(biāo)高 relative elevation 設(shè)計標(biāo)高 designed elevation

海拔標(biāo)高：altitude elevation above sea level 坐標(biāo) ordinate 基準(zhǔn)點 datum mark 等高線 contour line 高差 difference in elevation 土方工程量 volume of earthwork

技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標(biāo) technical and economic index 設(shè)計進(jìn)度 period of design 設(shè)計范圍scope of design

方案比較 scheme comparison，alter-native for competition

建筑形式architecturalstyle 自然條件 natural condition 風(fēng)玫瑰圖 wind rose 地形圖 graphical map 現(xiàn)場勘查 field inspection

地質(zhì)勘察資料 geological exploration data 城建規(guī)劃部門 city planning department 防火等級 fire resistance rating 城市干道 city thoroughfares 回車場 turnarounds

地下水：subsurface water，ground water 地表水：surface water

匯水面積：water shed area，catchment area 洪水位：flood（tide）level 綜合管溝：combination of pipe line 循環(huán)水系統(tǒng)：circulating water system 消防系統(tǒng)：hydrant system

雨水：rain water，storm water，drain water 雨水管（雨落管）：down pipe，rain water pipe 淋浴噴頭：shower pipe 水泵：water pump 透明度：transparency 化糞池：septic tank 管井：tube well 雨水井：gully

合成樹脂：synthetic resin 晶體：crystal

檢修孔：inspection hole，access hole

建筑設(shè)計規(guī)范 code for architectural design 防火規(guī)范 fire protection standards 建造投資 investment of construction 景觀設(shè)計 landscaping

概算：budgetary estimate 預(yù)算：budget 決算：final accounts

建筑繪圖常用詞 線條：lines 曲線：curve 虛線：dotted line 實線：full line 斜線：bias line

雙曲線：hyperbola；hyperbole 軸線：axis

定位軸線：locating axis 中心線：center line 等高線：contour line 箭頭：arrow 索引：index

垂直：vertical 水平：horizontal平行：parallel 橫向的：transverse

橫向尺寸：sectional dimension

幾何圖形：geometrical figure 圓形：round 方形：square 矩形：rectangle

平行四邊形：parallelogram 六角形：hexagon 梯形：trapezoid 橢圓形：elliptic oval 扇形：sector 直角：right angle 圓角：rounded angle 半徑：radius 直徑：diameter 外徑：outside diameter 內(nèi)徑：inside diameter

長度：length

展開長度：developed length 總長：overalllength

寬度：width 高度：height 厚度：thickness 薄：thin 深度：depth 單位：units 公里：kilometer 米：meter

分米：decimeter（dm）厘米：centimeter（cm）毫米：millimeter（mm）重量：weight 凈重：net weight 總重：total weight 公斤：kilogram 克：gram 噸:ton 度：degree 體積：volume 數(shù)量：quantity 公升：litter 百分率：percentage

描圖紙：tracing paper

一般建筑材料、建筑構(gòu)件常用詞 軸線，定位軸線：axis , locating axis 對稱：symmetry 結(jié)構(gòu)：structure 細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計：Detailing 視線：Sightline 板：Plank

熱橋：Thermal bridge 斜線：Oblique line 扶手：handrail, railing 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)：steel structure 飾面材料：facing materials 風(fēng)口：air duct 封堵：Sealing 主墻：Chief Wall 鋁板：Aluminum Sheet

真空保溫板：Vip=Vacuum insulation panel 保溫：thermal insulation 吸音：sound absorption

耐火材料：non-inflammable materials 磨砂玻璃：sandblased glass，rubbed glass 玻璃磚：glass brick 油漆：paint 金：gold 銀：silves 銅（紫銅）：copper 黃銅：brass 青銅：bronze 鋁：aluminium 鑄鋼：cast steel 不銹鋼：stainless steel 纖維板：fibre board 鐵釘：nails 鉚釘：rivet 螺絲：screw 螺栓：bolt

高強螺栓：high strength tensile bolt 鋼筋混凝土：reinforced concrete 砂漿：mortar 水泥：cement 水磨石：terrazzo 大理石：marble 花崗巖：granite 石膏：gypsum 面磚：tile

瓷磚：enameled brick 釉面磚：glazed tile 琉璃磚：terra cotta 磚：brick 馬賽克：mosaic

衛(wèi)生器具：sanitary fixture 馬桶： closet bowl（pan）蹲坑：squatting pan 小便斗：urinal 洗臉盆：wash basin 婦洗器：bidet 洗滌盆，水池：sink 浴缸：bathtub 淋浴：shower 地漏：floor drain 水龍頭：tap 毛巾架：towel rack 肥皂盒：soap holder 手紙盒：toilet paper holder 污水池：sewage sink

廚房水池：kitchen sink 起重機，吊車：crane，monorail 壁柜：closet 消火栓：fire hydrant 窗簾：curtain 窗簾盒：curtain box 窗臺板：window board 外窗臺：sill

老虎窗：dormer window 天窗：skylight，monitor 百葉窗：shutter 紗窗：screen window 卷簾門：rolling shutter door 旋轉(zhuǎn)門：revolving door 折門：folding door 彈簧門：swing door

雙向彈簧門：double acting sping door 防火門：fire door

一般建筑房間名詞

梯田，屋子平頂，傾斜的平地：Terrace 柱子：Column 小塊土地：Plot 玄關(guān)： foyer 隔斷：partition 過道：passageway 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層：standard floor 陽臺：balcony平臺：terrace中庭：atrium

走廊：corridor, passageway 遮雨篷（遮陽篷）：awning 入口：entrance

地下室：basement, cellar

半地下室：semi basement, sub basement公安局：police station 法院：court house 檢察院：procuratorate

臺北國際大廈：taibei international building

廣播電視東方中心：oriental broadcasting & TV station 東方商務(wù)廣場：oriental business concourse 綜合行政中心：comprehensive administrative centre

和建筑有關(guān)的名詞和形容詞： 理性：rational；logos 浪漫：romatic 自然：nature 科技：technology 放松：relaxation 活化：reinvigoration 邏輯：logic 混亂：confusion 有秩序的：regular 完整的：integrated；whole 整齊：in order；orderliness 雜亂無章：scattered and disorderly 沉重：ponderosity

可持續(xù)發(fā)展：sustainable development 彈性：flexible 多元化：diverse 創(chuàng)造：creativity 啟發(fā)：inspiration

人為環(huán)境：man-made environment 自然環(huán)境：natural environment 循環(huán)：cycle 二元：duality 摘要：abstract 關(guān)鍵詞：key words 象征，代表：symbol

發(fā)展適宜性分析：Developments suitability analysis 環(huán)境分析：environmental analysis 土地使用測略：land use strategy 規(guī)劃備選方案：Alternative master plans 土地使用平面：land use map 開放空間架構(gòu)：open space framework 開放空間系統(tǒng)：open space system 區(qū)域中心： Regional/focal point 景觀軸線：green axis/ finger 山谷/溪流： valley/ creek水體：water body 綠色屏障：green backdrop 山頂：hill top

景觀視線分析：visual quality analysis 制高點：high point 景觀點：visual focal point 標(biāo)志性建筑群：signature buildings 地標(biāo)建筑：landmark tower 視線通廊：view corridor

視覺景錐（視角）：view cone（angle）交通動線系統(tǒng)：circulation hierarchy 城市干道：express way，city major road 主干道：primary road 次干道：secondary road 支路：community street 交通節(jié)點：transit node 景觀環(huán)路：scenic loop 公交終點站：bus terminal 特鉦分區(qū)：district character 分期開發(fā)：phasing plan 一期：phasing 1

詳細(xì)規(guī)劃：detail control guideline 土地需求總量分析：land demand analysis 規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)：planning framework 啟動項目：pilot projects

鄧加湖社區(qū)：dengjia lake community 創(chuàng)意街區(qū)：creative district 湖畔社區(qū)：lakeside community

景觀設(shè)計概念：landscape design concepts 主要區(qū)域：key areas 感受：to feel 交流：to interact 頌贊：to embrace

視覺景觀/認(rèn)知景觀：visual landscape / perceptual landscape

景觀分區(qū)：landscape focal point 景觀風(fēng)格分區(qū)：landscape identity 軟景和硬景：soft and hard edges 水之廣場：water front plaza 親水步階：steps to water

草坡休閑椅：seat walls on slopping lawn 散步道：promenade 眺望點：look out point 大草坪：the grand lawn 塔：tower

野餐聚集地：picnic area

創(chuàng)意空間：multi purpose open space 水岸步道：water front board work 綠廊：green corridor

聲樂雕塑公園：sound sculpture park 地塊界線：parcel line 建議岸線：proposed lake edge 原有岸線：existing lake edge 開放空間：open space 水閘：water gate

水壩：dam

綠色建筑設(shè)計：green building design 節(jié)能，有能源效果的：Energy-efficient 建筑生態(tài)化：eco-architecture 生態(tài)復(fù)育：ecological restoration 熱的：Thermal

熱封閉：Thermal envelope

一、英美制到公制換算

Linear Measure 長度單位:inch 英寸=25.4 millimetres 毫米foot 英尺=12 inches 英寸=0.3048 metre 米yard 碼=3 feet 英尺=0.9144 metre 米(statute)mile 英里=1760 yards 碼=1.609 kilometre

s 千米nautical mile 海里=1852 m.米

Square Measure 面積單位:square inch平方英寸=***5 sq.centimetres平方厘米square foot平方英尺=144 sq.in.平方英寸=9.29 sq.de

cimetres平方分米square yard平方碼=9 sq.ft.平方英尺=0.836 sq.metr

e平方米acre 英畝=4840 sq.yd.平方碼=0.405 hectare 公頃square mile平方英里=640 acres 英畝=259 hectare

s 公頃

Cubic Measure 體積單位:cubic inch 立方英寸=1*** cu.centimetres 立方厘米cubic foot 立方英尺=1728 cu.in.立方英寸=0.0283 cu.metre 立方米cubic yard 立方碼=27 cu.ft.立方英尺=0.765 cu.metr

e 立方米

Capacity Measure 容積單位:

1、Britich 英制 1 pint 品脫=20 fluid oz.液量盎司=34.68 cu.in.立方英寸=0.568 litre 升quart 夸脫=2 pints 品脫=1.136 litres 升gallon 加倫=4 quarts 夸脫=4.546 litres 升peck 配克=2 gallons 加倫=9.092 litres 升bushel 蒲式耳=4 pecks 配克=3*** litres 升quarter 八蒲式耳=8 bushels 蒲式耳=2.91 hectolitre

s 百升

2．1、American dry 美制干量pint 品脫=33.60 cu.in.立方英寸=0.550 litre 升quart 夸脫=2 pints 品脫=1.101 litres 升peck 配克=8 quarts 夸脫=8.81 litres 升bushel 蒲式耳=4 pecks 配克=35.3 litres 升

2．2、American liquid 美制液量pint 品脫=16 fluid oz.液量盎司=28.88 cu.in.立方英

寸=0.473 litre 升quart 夸脫=2 pints 品脫=0.946 litre 升gallon 加倫=4 quarts 夸脫=3.785 litres 升

Avoirdupois Weight 常衡單位:grain 格令=0.065 gram 克dram 打蘭=1.772 grams 克ounce 盎司=16 drams 打蘭=28.35 grams 克pound 磅=16 ounces 盎司=7000 grains 谷=0.4536 kil

ogram 千克stone 英石=14 pounds 磅=6.35 kilograms 千克quarter 四分之一英擔(dān)=2 stones 英石=12.70 kilogram

s 千克 1 hundredweight 英擔(dān)=4 quarters 四分之一英擔(dān)=50.80 kilograms 千克 1 short ton 短噸(美噸)=2000 pounds 磅=0.907 tonne 公噸 1(long)ton 長噸(英噸)=20 hundredweight 英擔(dān)=1.016 tonnes 公噸

二、公制到英制換算Linear Measure 長度單位: 1 millimetre 毫米=0.03937 inch 英寸 1 centimetre 厘米=10 mm.毫米=0.3937 inch 英寸 1 decimetre 分米=10 cm.厘米=3.937 inches 英寸 1 metre 米=10 dm.分米=1.0936 yards 碼=3.2808 feet 英尺 1 decametre 十米=10 m.米=10.936 yards 碼 1 hectometre 百米=100 m.米=109.4 yards 碼 1 kilometre 千米=1000 m.米=0.6214 mile 英里 1 mile marin 海里=1852 m.米=1.1500 mile 英里Square Measure 面積單位:square centimetre平方厘米=0.155 sq.inch平方英寸square metre平方米=1.196 sq.yards平方碼are 公畝=100 square metres平方米=119.6 sq.yard

s平方碼hectare 公頃=100 ares 公畝=2.471 acres 英畝square kilometre平方公里=0.386 sq.mile平方英里

Cubic Measure 體積單位:cubic centimetre 立方厘米=0.061 cu.inch 立方英寸cubic metre 立方米=1.308 cu.yards 立方碼

Capacity Measure 容積millilitre 毫升=0.002 pint(British)英制品脫centilitre 厘升=10 ml.毫升=0.018 pint 品脫decilitre 分升=10 cl.厘升=0.176 pint 品脫litre 升=10 dl.分升=1.76 pints 品脫decalitre 十升=10 l.升=2.20 gallons 加倫hectolitre 百升=100 l.升=2.75 bushels 蒲式耳kilolitre 千升=1000 l.升=3.44 quarters 八蒲式耳

Weight 重量單位:milligram 毫克=0.015 grain 谷centigram 厘克=10 mg.毫克=0.154 grain 谷decigram 分克=10 cg.厘克=1.543 grains 谷gram 克=10 dg.分克=15.43 grains 谷decagram 十克=10 g.克=5.64 drams 打蘭hectogram 百克=100 g.克=3.527 ounces 盎司kilogram 千克=1000 g.克=2.205 pounds 磅ton(metric ton)噸,公噸=1000 kg.千克=0.984(lon

g)ton 長噸,英噸=1.1023 短噸,美噸

第三篇：常用論文術(shù)語中英文對照

A.安居工程 Housing project for low-income families

按成本要素計算的國民經(jīng)濟總值 GNp at factor cost

按揭貸款 mortgage loan

按勞分配 distribution according to one's performance

暗虧 hidden loss

奧姆真理教 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult

B.巴黎證券交易所 paris Bourse

把握大局 grasp the overall situation

白色行情表 white sheet

白手起家 starting from scratch

擺架子 put on airs

拜年 pay New Year call

搬遷戶 relocated families

半拉子工程 uncompleted project

棒球運動記者 scribe

包干到戶 work contracted to households

包工包料 contract for labor and materials

保持國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的良好勢頭 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持國有股 keep the State-held shares

保健食品 health-care food

保稅區(qū) the low-tax, tariff-free zone;bonded area

保證重點支出 ensure funding for priority areas

保值儲蓄 inflation-proof bank savings

北歐投資銀行 Nordic Investment Bank

本本主義 bookishness

《本草綱目》 Compendium of Materia Medica

本壘打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

蹦擊 bungee, bungee jumping

逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives

閉門羹 given cold-shoulder

邊際報酬 marginal return

邊緣科學(xué) boundary science

標(biāo)書 bidding documents

表演賽 demonstration match

剝奪冠軍 strip the gold medal of somebody

補缺選舉 by-election

布達(dá)拉宮 potala palace

不敗記錄 clean record, spotless record

不承諾放棄使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force

不打不成交 No discord, no concord.《不見不散》 Be there or be square.不良貸款 non-performing loan

不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city

不正之風(fēng) bad(harmful)practice;unhealthy tendency

步行天橋 foot bridge

C.擦邊球 edge ball, touch ball

擦網(wǎng)球 net ball

采取高姿態(tài) show magnanimity

菜籃子工程 shopping basket program

參政、議政 participate in the management of State affairs

層層轉(zhuǎn)包和違法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting

差額投票 differentail voting

差額選舉 competitive election

茶道 sado

拆東墻補西墻 rob peter to pay paul

禪 dhyana

產(chǎn)糧大省 granary province

產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu) product mix

產(chǎn)權(quán)明晰、權(quán)責(zé)明確、政企分開、科學(xué)管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management

產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系 property relations;property order

產(chǎn)銷直接掛鉤 directly link production with marketing

長二捆 LM-2E

長期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe

暢通工程 “Smooth Traffic project”

唱高調(diào) mouth high-sounding words

超高速巨型計算機 giant ultra-high-speed computer

超前消費 overconsuming, excessive consumption

城市規(guī)劃 city's landscaping plan

城鄉(xiāng)信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas

吃大鍋飯 egalitarian practice of “everybody eating from the same big pot”

抽殺成功 hit through

籌備委員會 preparatory committee

出風(fēng)頭 show off;in the limelight

出口創(chuàng)匯能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports

出口退稅制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods

出口轉(zhuǎn)內(nèi)銷 domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports

出家 pravrajana;cloister

創(chuàng)建衛(wèi)生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city

春蕾計劃 Spring Buds program

《春秋》 Spring and Autumn Annals

從粗放經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧s經(jīng)濟 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

促進(jìn)全球經(jīng)濟一體化 foster integration with the global economy

存款保證金 guaranty money for deposits

D.“達(dá)標(biāo)”活動 “target hitting” activities

打白條 issue IOU

打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打破僵局 break the deadlock

打順手 find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove

大包干 all-round responsibility system

大轟動 blockbuster

大力扣殺 hammer

大路貨 staple goods

大滿貫 grand slam

大款 tycoon

大排擋 sidewalk snack booth

大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

大勝 white wash

大腕 top notch

大要案 major and serious criminal cases

大專生 junior college student

大專文憑 associate degree

大藏經(jīng) Tripitaka

帶薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits

待崗 await job assignment, post-waiting

待業(yè) job-waiting

單循環(huán)制 single round-robin system

盜用公款 embezzlement

單刀赴會 start a solo run

倒計時 countdowm

倒?fàn)?profiteer

等外品 off-grade goods, rejects

第二產(chǎn)業(yè) secondary industry

第一發(fā)球權(quán) first inning

第一發(fā)球員 first server

第一雙打 first pair

地方保護主義 regional protectionism

地方財政包干制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances

地區(qū)差異 regional disparity

點子公司 consultancy company

電話號碼升位 upgrade telephone number

電話會議 teleconference

電視直銷 TV home shopping

吊球 drop shot

吊銷執(zhí)照 revoke license

定向培訓(xùn) training for specific posts

豆腐渣“工程 jerry-built project

獨立核算工業(yè)企業(yè) independent accounting unit(enterprise)

”渡假外交“ holiday-making diplomacy

短期債務(wù) floating debt

對外招商 attract foreign investment

隊長袖標(biāo)(足球）skipper's armband

多黨合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising State power

多任務(wù)小衛(wèi)星 small multi-mission satellite(SMMS)

奪冠 take the crown

E.惡性通貨膨脹 hyperinflation

二板市場(創(chuàng)業(yè)板市場）second board on the country's stock market

二流選手 scrub, second-rater

F.發(fā)展不平衡 disparate development

法治國家 a country under the rule of law

法制國家 a state with an adequate legal system

翻兩番 quadruple

反敗為勝 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

放高球 lob

飛行藥檢 spot check

費改稅 transform administrative fees into taxes

分流 reposition of redundant personnel

分期付款 installment payment

（產(chǎn)品）分銷 subunderwriting, distribution

鋒利扣殺 razor-sharp smash

封閉式基金 close-ended fund

封殺出局 force out

“封圣” canonization of ”Saints“

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system

扶貧 poverty alleviation

覆蓋率 coverage rate

復(fù)式住宅 compound apartment

G.改制上市：An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.干部隊伍革命化、年輕化、知識化、專業(yè)化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent

高層次、全方位的對話 high-level and all-directional dialogue

高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì) high yield and high quality

高級商務(wù)師 Certified Business Executive

高難度動作 stunner, stunt

高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū) high and new technology industrial development zone

(公路）隔離帶 median

根本政治制度 fundamental political system

個人收入應(yīng)稅申報制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment

”各就位“ ”O(jiān)n your marks!“

跟蹤審計 follow-up auditing

工商局 industrial and commercial bureau

工業(yè)園區(qū) industrial park

公積金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds

公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds

公正、公平、公開 just, fair and open

共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的多黨合作與政治協(xié)商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist party

國產(chǎn)化率 import substitution rate;localization rate of parts and components

國防動員體制 the mobilization for national defense

國際慣例 international common practice

《國際先驅(qū)論壇報》 International Herald Tribune

國家經(jīng)濟體制改革委員會 the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems

國家一級保護 first-grade State protection

國庫券 treasury bonds

過度開墾 excess reclamation

H.海灣戰(zhàn)爭綜合癥 the complexities of the Gulf War

豪賭 unrestrained gambling

好事不出門，惡事傳千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.好出風(fēng)頭的運動員 exhibitionist, grandstander

好萊塢大片 Hollywood blockbuster

”好球“ ”Strike“

合理引導(dǎo)消費 guide rational consumption

合議庭 collegiate bench

黑店 gangster inn

宏觀調(diào)控 macro-control efforts

紅包（中）red paper containing money as a gift,(貶)bribe, kickback

環(huán)太平洋地區(qū) pacific Rim

后防空虛 leave the defense exposed

胡子工程 long-drawn-out project(a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)

虎父無犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.戶口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system

戶主 head of a household

護身法寶 amulet

華表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele

華蓋 canopy

”壞球“ ”Ball“

還俗 resume secular life, unfrock

”黃、賭、毒“ pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking

黃金時段 prime time

揮棒 swing

揮棒不中 fan

灰色收入 income from moonlighting

匯豐銀行 Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation

婚外戀 extramarital love

活到老，學(xué)到老 One is never too old to learn.貨幣回籠 withdrawal of currency from circulation

J.機構(gòu)臃腫overstaffing in organizations(government)

基本路線要管一百年 The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.基本國情 fundamental realities of the country

基層民主 democracy at the grassroots level

基層組織 organizations at the grass-roots level

績優(yōu)股 blue chip

激烈競爭 cut-throat competition

吉祥物 mascot

緝私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling

集體婚禮 collective wedding ceremony

集中精力把經(jīng)濟建設(shè)搞上去 go all out for economic development

計劃生育責(zé)任制 responsibility system of family planning

計算機中央處理器 central processing unit(CpU)

記者席 press box

技術(shù)下鄉(xiāng) spread technological knowledge to farmers

嘉賓 distinguished guest, honored guest

加班 work extra shifts

加密 encrypt

加強輿論監(jiān)督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制 the household contract responsibility system

假唱 lip-synch

假動作 deception, feint

甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones

假日經(jīng)濟 holiday economy

堅持統(tǒng)一，反對分裂，增加了解，化解歧見 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences

監(jiān)督部門 watchdog

尖端產(chǎn)品 highly sophisticated products

剪彩 cut the ribbon

剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of...and...減負(fù) alleviate burdens on sb.減員增效 downsizing for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency

講誠信，反欺詐： honor credibility and oppose cheating

腳踩兩只船 sit on the fence

腳踏實地 be down-to-earth

僥幸球 fluke

接口 interface

解放生產(chǎn)力 emancipate the productive forces

解放思想、實事求是的思想路線 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

結(jié)售匯制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales

戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center

戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience

金本位 gold standard

金邊債券 gilt-edged bonds

金剛經(jīng) Vajra Sutra|

金降落傘 golden parachute

緊箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase

緊密型企業(yè)集團 tightly-knit groups of enterprises

緊追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail

近海漁業(yè) offshore fishery

進(jìn)出口商會 chamber of import and export trade

進(jìn)口滲透 import penetration

禁漁期 closed fishing seasons

禁止在任何地方、任何環(huán)境進(jìn)行一切方式的釋放核能的核武器試驗保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment

經(jīng)常項目順差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account

經(jīng)常性貸款 commercial lending

經(jīng)常性支出 running expenses

經(jīng)濟林 cash tree

經(jīng)營管理高度科學(xué)化的現(xiàn)代化大企業(yè) modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system

精簡機構(gòu) streamline government organs

京劇票友 peking Opera fan

景泰藍(lán) cloisonné

勁射 power shot

竣工式 completion ceremony

K.卡丁車 kart

開放式基金 open-ended fund

開工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity

坎兒井 karez

抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭 War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea

抗震棚 quake-proof shelter

考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements

科技含量 technology content

科技是第一生產(chǎn)力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.科教興國 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation

可持續(xù)發(fā)展 sustainable development

空頭支票 accommodation note, lip service

控股公司 holding company

扣帽子 put a label on

跨實際工程 a trans-century project

虧損企業(yè) enterprises running in the red/under deficit

困難職工 the needy

國民黨 Kuomintang

L.垃圾債券 junk bond

拉動經(jīng)濟增長 fuel economic growth

拉拉隊 cheering squad

拉拉隊長 cheer-leader, rooter king

拉關(guān)系 try to curry favor with

勞動合同制 labor contract system

老字號 an old and famous shop or enterprise

”籬笆墻“ barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading

禮儀小姐 ritual girl

利改稅substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

利基 niche

立體農(nóng)業(yè) three-dimensional agriculture

聯(lián)合聯(lián)絡(luò)小組 joint liaison group

廉政、勤政、務(wù)實、高效政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government

廉潔奉公，以正治國(of an official)clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness

聯(lián)合兼并 conglomeration and merger of enterprises

聯(lián)合投標(biāo) syndicated tender

聯(lián)想集團 Legend Group

練攤 to be a vendor

糧食收購部門(government's)grain procurement(purchasing)agencies

糧油關(guān)系：grain and oil rationing registration

兩岸直航促進(jìn)會 Association for promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation

兩彈一艇 A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine

”兩個對等的政治實體“ ”two equal political entities

兩個文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress

“兩思”（致富思源，富而思進(jìn)）to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence

老少邊窮地區(qū) former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas

獵頭公司 head-hunting company

臨時主教練 caretaker coach

領(lǐng)頭羊 bellwether

留職停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

留學(xué)咨詢：consulting on the study abroad

流動人口 transient population

亂集資、亂攤派、亂收費 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises

亂收費、亂攤派、亂罰款 arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines

《論語》 Analects of Confucius

裸機：bare mobile phone

綠地覆蓋率 forest coverage rate

綠化 afforestation

M.滿意度 degree of satisfaction

盲流和倒流人員 transient from the countryside

帽子戲法 hat trick

買一送一 two-for-one offer, buy one get one free

門前三包 be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building

朦朧詩 misty poetry

民工潮 farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities

民進(jìn)黨 Democratic progressive party

民主黨派、工商聯(lián)與無黨派人士 non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation

民族凝聚力 national cohesion

民族委員會 ethnic affairs commission

明明白白消費（2000年保護消費者權(quán)益工作主題）transparent consumption

磨洋工 dawdle along

N.納米 nanometer

囊括 complete a sweep

耐用消費品 durable consumer items(goods)

南水北調(diào) South-to-North water diversion

能官能民 be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people

能上網(wǎng)的手機 WAp phone

內(nèi)耗 in-fighting

年同比 year-on-year;on an annual basis

年夜飯 family reunion dinner

扭轉(zhuǎn)局面 reverse the tide, turn the table

農(nóng)村剩余勞動力 surplus rural labour(labourers)

O.p.跑龍?zhí)?utility man

泡沫經(jīng)濟 bubble economy

配股 allotment of shares

配套政策 supporting policies

碰釘子 get snubbed

疲軟股票 soft stock

皮包公司 bogus company

票販子 scalper, ticket tout

騙匯、逃匯、套匯 obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage

貧富懸殊 polarization of rich and poor

瓶頸制約 “bottleneck”restrictions

撲網(wǎng) rush-up, rushing

Q.起跑器 block

千代田壽險公司（日本）Chiyoda Mutual Life Insurance Co.搶跑 false start, beat the gun

親民黨 people First party

屈體 jackknife, pike

全能冠軍 all-around winner

全球通 global system for mobile communications

拳頭產(chǎn)品 competitive products;knock-out products;blockbuster

R.繞圈子 beat around the bush

人才流失brain drain

人浮于事 overstaffing

人工智能 artificial intelligence(AI)

人機交互 human-computer interaction

人類免疫缺陷病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)

人情債 debt of gratitude

任意球 free kick

融資渠道 financing channels

入水時水花很少 clean entry

軟新聞 soft news

S.三八線 38th parallel

三步走戰(zhàn)略 the three-step development strategy

三大作風(fēng) the party's three important styles of work(integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism

“三個代表” “three represents” theory(The party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)

三個有利于 “three favorables”(whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards

三好學(xué)生 merit student

“三講”教育（講學(xué)習(xí)、講政治、講正氣）“three emphases” education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三角債 chain debt

三通 three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits

三通一平“three supplies and one leveling”;supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground(conditions ready for further economic development)

三下鄉(xiāng) a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers

三字經(jīng) three-character scripture

“掃黃”、“打非” eliminate pornography and illegal publications

《山海經(jīng)》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

商檢局 Commodity Inspection Bureau

商品條碼 bar code

上市 to be listed

少數(shù)服從多數(shù)、下級服從上級、局部服從全體、全黨服從中央 the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the party to the Central Committee

社會熱點問題 hot spots of society

社會治安情況 public security situation

審時度勢 size up the situation

滲透、顛覆和分裂活動 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

《生死抉擇》 “Live or Die”

生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè) environmental-friendly agriculture

失學(xué)兒童 dropout實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn) practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.實體經(jīng)濟 the real economy

實現(xiàn)中華民偉大復(fù)興 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

實行國民待遇 grant the national treatment to

實行計劃生育、控制人口數(shù)量、提高人口素質(zhì) promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people

實現(xiàn)小康目標(biāo) to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

市場疲軟 sluggish market

市場準(zhǔn)入 market access

適度從緊的財政政策 moderately tight financial policy

適銷對路的產(chǎn)品readily marketable products

手機入網(wǎng)費 mobile access fee

受災(zāi)地區(qū) disaster-affected are

售后服務(wù) after-sale services

樹立企業(yè)良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image

涮羊肉 instant-boiled mutton

雙刃劍 double-edged sword

水貨 smuggled goods

水墨畫 Chinese brush drawing;ink and wash painting

思鄉(xiāng)曲 Nostalgia

思想僵鐵 fossilized concept

四項基本原則 the Four Cardinal principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought

素質(zhì)教育 education for all-around development

T.彈性外交 elastic diplomacy

套利 arbitrage

提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品收購價格 the government's increase in its procurement prices(for farm products)

鐵飯碗 iron rice bowl

統(tǒng)一市場 single market

統(tǒng)一稅 flat tax, consolidated tax

同鄉(xiāng)會 an association of fellow provincials or townsmen

筒子樓：tube-shaped apartment

偷稅漏稅 tax evasion

偷稅、騙稅、逃稅、抗稅 tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes

投手 pitcher

透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì) see through the appearance to perceive the essence

團身 bunch up the body

推廣科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production;commercialization of laboratory achievements

退耕還林還草 grain for green

脫貧 cast off poverty

脫手 release grip

W.汪辜會談 Wang Daohan-Koo Chen-fu Talks(Wang-Koo talks)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版 online publishing

網(wǎng)上沖浪surf the Internet

穩(wěn)定壓倒一切 Maintaining stability is of top priority

維護人權(quán)和不斷改善人權(quán)狀況 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

偽劣產(chǎn)品 fake and shoddy products

衛(wèi)冕世界冠軍 reigning world champion

屋頂花園 roof garden

無氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator

無人售票 self-service ticketing

無線應(yīng)用協(xié)議 WAp（wireless application protocol）

物價局 price Bureau

物業(yè)管理 estate management, property management

X.西部大開發(fā) West Development

吸收游資 absorb idle fund

希望工程 project Hope

喜憂參半 mingled hope and fear

洗錢 money laundering

下放權(quán)力給 delegating the management of...(to...)

下崗 laid-off workers

下海 plunge into the commercial sea

下網(wǎng) off line

險勝 cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out

縣改市：county upgraded to city

縣級市：county-level city

現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度 modern enterprise system;modern corporate system

向錢看 mammonism, put money above all

項目立項：approve and initiate a project

消費信貸 consumer credit services

削減戰(zhàn)略核武器會談 strategic arms reduction talks(START)

小康 a comfortable level of living;a better-off life;moderate prosperity

新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star

信息港 inforport

信息化 informationize

信用緊縮 credit crunch

形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand

虛擬網(wǎng) virtual net

選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán) the right to vote and the right to be elected

徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends

Y.壓水花技術(shù) rip entry

壓線(口令)Line!

嚴(yán)打斗爭Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities

陽春（最經(jīng)濟方式）no-frills

羊肉串小攤 barbecue stall

養(yǎng)老金 pension

搖錢樹 cash cow

藥物檢查 dope control, drug testing

一式兩聯(lián)(receipt or invoice)in duplicate

一手抓物質(zhì)文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓經(jīng)濟建設(shè)，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革開放，一手抓打擊犯罪懲治腐敗 We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress;We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system;We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.以公有制為主體，多種經(jīng)濟成分共同發(fā)展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side

以經(jīng)濟建設(shè)為中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction

以謀略制勝 outmaneuver

以權(quán)謀私 abuse of power for personal gains

以人為本 people oriented;people foremost

以質(zhì)量求生存、求發(fā)展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality

義和團運動 Boxer Uprising

義務(wù)兵役制 compulsory military service, conscription

義務(wù)教育 compulsory education

義演收入 proceeds from benefit performmance

易拉罐 pop can

因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude

隱性就業(yè) unregistered employment

硬道理 absolute principle, top priority

營業(yè)稅 turnover tax;business tax

應(yīng)試教育 examination-oriented education system

優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu) optimize structure

有法可依，有法必依，執(zhí)法必嚴(yán)，違法必究 There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted.有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀(jì)律 with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline

有望奪金者 a gold medal hopeful

有勇無謀 use brawn rather than brain

與國際市場接軌 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global market

輿論導(dǎo)向 direction of public opinion

輿論監(jiān)督 supervision by public opinion

冤假錯案 cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced;unjust, false or wrong cases

圓寂 parinirvana

緣分 chemical,(as if by)predestination, be preordained to come together

遠(yuǎn)景計劃 long-term development targets

運球 dribble

Z.“宰人” rip off

在職博士生 on-job doctorate

再貸款 re-lending;subloan

再就業(yè)服務(wù)中心 re-employment service center

藏學(xué) Tibetology

糟粕 dross

早戀 puppy love

造假帳 falsified accounts

齋月 Ramadan

債轉(zhuǎn)股 debt-to-equity swap

沾光 benefit from one's association

站票 standing-room-only ticket

漲落線 advance balance line

朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè) sunrise industry

招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制 the system of public bidding for project

正式照會 formal note

政府搭臺，部門推動，企業(yè)唱戲 Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.政府上網(wǎng)工程Government Online project

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises;the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分開 separate government functions from enterprise management

政務(wù)公開 make government affairs public

知識產(chǎn)權(quán) intellectual property rights

知識經(jīng)濟 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy

致命要害 Achilles' heel

擲錢猜先 toss

《中華人民共和國消費者權(quán)益保護法》 Law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests

中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone

中美戰(zhàn)略核武器互不瞄準(zhǔn)對方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other

中央大型企業(yè)工委：Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises

中央商務(wù)區(qū) central business district(CBD)

重點發(fā)展 prioritize

主體經(jīng)濟 the mainstay of the economy

主持人 anchorperson

住房分配貨幣化進(jìn)程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

助跑 approach run, run-up

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones;focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

抓住機遇 seize the opportunity

轉(zhuǎn)化機制(of State-owned enterprises)to shift to new management mechanisms

轉(zhuǎn)基因食品 GM food(genetically modified food)追平produce the equalizer

轉(zhuǎn)體 truck rotation, turn, twist

撞線 breast the tape

追趕型和跨越式發(fā)展 pursuant and leap-forward development

資產(chǎn)保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets;maintenance and appreciation of assets value

資產(chǎn)階級自由化 bourgeois liberalization

資源配置 the distribution(allocation)of resources

《資治通鑒》 History as a Mirror

自律機制 the self-discipline system

自我保護意識 self-protection awareness

自由港 free-trade port，free port

綜合國力 comprehensive national strength

綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng) integrated service digital network(ISDN)

綜合治理 comprehensive treatment

遵紀(jì)守法、廉潔奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties

第四篇：論文摘要中英文對照版本

中文摘要

在現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟中，證券市場占據(jù)著越來越重要的地位，它的發(fā)達(dá)程度已經(jīng)成為一個國家市場經(jīng)濟完善程度和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平的重要標(biāo)志。也就是在現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度和資本市場不斷發(fā)展的背景下產(chǎn)生了上市公司信息披露問題。上市公司的相關(guān)信息能否真實、及時、完整地公開披露不僅關(guān)系到廣大股東的權(quán)益，更關(guān)系到整個證券市場的運行秩序。

我國證券市場目前正處于初級階段，上市公司的信息披露問題日益暴露。這些問題對資本市場的信用關(guān)系提出了嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，損害了投資者的利益，嚴(yán)重擾亂了我國證券市場的正常秩序和平穩(wěn)發(fā)展。為了治理上市公司信息披露中存在的各種問題，本文概括了信息披露存在的一般性問題及其產(chǎn)生原因和帶來的不良影響，并結(jié)合美國證券市場的相關(guān)管理辦法來提出解決問題的辦法以供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：信息披露上市公司新會計準(zhǔn)則

ABSTRACT

The securities market has taken a more an more important place in modern market economy.Its development level marks a nation’s market economy’ integrity and the development of the whole economy.And along with our modern corporation system and capital market, there emerges the problem of the information disclosure of listed company.Whether the relate information is veritable, timely, and completely disclosed matters.It not only relates to the behalf of shareholders, it’s also relevant to the circulation order of the whole securities business.China’s securities market is in the primary stage, and the problem of information disclosure is gradually uncovered.These problems are strongly challenging the credit of capital market, heavily damaging the investors’ benefits, and have totally broken the normal rule of our securities market.The paper shows these issues and analyzes the origin and bad influences.To resolve these problems, it also use the U.S.Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)’s way for reference.Key words: Information disclosureListed companyNew Accounting Standers

第五篇：機械專業(yè)論文中英文對照

Gearbox Noise?Correlation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing Preload

ABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preload

influence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor S?ren Andersson(KTH), and Dr.Lars Br?the(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems – VINNOVA – is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor S?ren Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Bj?rklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael

P?rssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is often perceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between

the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gear mesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION ? TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gear optimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox

gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.The transmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB

(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed at the Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmission error, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbj?rn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of different housing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission by

decreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It is defined as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.For

relatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes, connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.Table3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of the influence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration ?Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox vibrations.Compared with bearings

with endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing the influence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and ?kerblom [6] show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems to be strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed

sweeps in these investigations.Henriksson [7] found a correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise when testing a truck gearbox at constant speed and different torque levels.The different test conditions, speed sweep versus constant speed, and the different complexity(a simple test gearbox versus a complete truck gearbox)may explain the different results regarding correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise.Bearing preload influences gearbox noise, but it is not possible to make any general statement as to whether preload is better than endplay.The answer depends on the frequency and other components in the complex dynamic system of gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.To minimize noise, the gearbox housing should be as rigid as possible.This was proposed by Rook [8], and his views are supported by the results relating to the optimization of a transmission housing described in section 2.5.Finite element analysis is a useful tool for optimizing gearbox housings.5 FUTURE RESEARCH It would be interesting to investigate the correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise for a complete wheel loader transmission.One challenge would be to measure transmission error as close as possible to the gears and to avoid resonances in the connection between gear and encoder.The dropbox gears in a typical wheel loader transmission are probably the gears that are most easily accessible for measurement using optical encoders.See Figure 5.1.1 for possible encoder positions.Modeling the transmission in more detail could be another challenge for future work.One approach could be to use a model of gears, shafts, and bearings using the transmission error as the excitation.This could be a finite element model or a multibody system model.The output from this model would be the forces at the bearing positions.The forces could be used to excite a finite element model of the housing.The housing model could be used to predict noise radiation, and/or vibration at the attachment points for the gearbox.This approach would give absolute values, not just relative levels.REFERENCES [1] Welbourn D.B., “Fundamental Knowledge of Gear Noise ??A Survey”, Proc.Noise & Vib.of Eng.and Trans., I Mech E., Cranfield, UK, July 1979, pp 9–14.[2] MackAldener M., “Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture & Robustness of Gears”, Royal Institute of Technology, Doctoral Thesis, ISSN 1400-1179, Stockholm, 2001.[3] Ohio State University, LDP Load Distribution Program, Version 2.2.0, http://www.tmdps.cn/ , 2007.[4] Borner J., and Houser D.R., “Friction and Bending Moments as Gear Noise Excitations”,SAE Technical Paper 961816.[5] Oswald F.B.et al., “Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise”, Gear Technology, pp 10–15, 1998.[6] Sellgren U., and ?kerblom M., “A Model-Based Design Study of Gearbox Induced Noise”, International Design Conference – Design 2004, May 18-21, Dubrovnik, 2004.[7] Henriksson M., “Analysis of Dynamic Transmission Error and Noise from a Two-stage Gearbox”, Licentiate Thesis, TRITA-AVE-2005:34 / ISSN-1651-7660, Stockholm, 2005.[8] Rook T., “Vibratory Power Flow Through Joints and Bearings with Application to Structural Elements and Gearboxes”, Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1995.