第一篇：市場營銷專業(yè)的網(wǎng)絡營銷論文內容摘要 中英文對照

內容摘要

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡的出現(xiàn)和新興網(wǎng)絡技術的發(fā)展是一場偉大的變革，它影響著經(jīng)濟和生活的各個層面，基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的各種應用已經(jīng)成為商業(yè)活動的重要載體和人們日常生活不可缺少的工具。網(wǎng)絡技術的發(fā)展使人們對數(shù)字式信息的獲取、操縱、傳輸和使用越來越重視。數(shù)字傳遞技術和網(wǎng)絡信息技術的大規(guī)模普及一直在改變著企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間和企業(yè)與消費者之間的關系，改寫了企業(yè)與消費者的行為準則，極大地促進了電子商務、網(wǎng)絡營銷、電子貨幣及電子金融市場的高速發(fā)展。電子商務時代的到來，使生活中的生產(chǎn)、交換、分配、消費等經(jīng)濟活動，以及生產(chǎn)者、消費者、金融機構和政府職能部門等主體經(jīng)濟行為，都同信息網(wǎng)絡密切相關。如何有效利用因特網(wǎng)絡進行交互式營銷，并使之與傳統(tǒng)營銷實現(xiàn)整合，成為企業(yè)在這場變革中所面臨的首要課題。正因如此，如何在電子商務背景下通過網(wǎng)絡營銷來實現(xiàn)既定目標，就成為當今以至于未來的焦點話題。隨著國內Internet使用人數(shù)的增加，利用Internet進行網(wǎng)絡購物并以銀行卡付款的消費方式已漸流行，市場份額也在快速增長，電子商務逐漸成為業(yè)界熱議的一個焦點話題，相關的電子商務網(wǎng)站也層出不窮。

關鍵字: 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡網(wǎng)絡營銷營銷模式網(wǎng)絡技術

Analysis

The emergence of the Internet and the new development of network technology is a great change, it affects economic and all facets of life, based on the Internet all kinds of applications has become an important carrier of the commercial activities and People's Daily life indispensable tools.The development of Internet technology to make people to digital information acquisition, manipulation, transmission and use pay more and more attention to.Digital transmission technology and network information technology of large-scale popularity has been changing enterprise and enterprise and between the enterprise and the consumer, the relationship between enterprises and consumers rewritten the standards of conduct, greatly promote the e-business, network marketing, electronic currency and electronic financial market growth.The arrival of the era of electronic commerce, make life production, exchange, distribution, and consumption and other economic activities, and producers, consumers, financial institutions and the functions of the government sector and other main economic activity, and are closely related with the information network.How to effectively use the Internet for interactive marketing and traditional marketing and realize conformity, to become the enterprise in this reform facing the first topic.Because of this, how in the electronic commerce background through the network marketing to achieve the goals, will become the focus of future that topic.With the increasing number of domestic Internet use, using the Internet for network shopping and bank CARDS payment by way of consuming is popular, market share is growing rapidly, e-commerce has become the industry of hot debate a topic, relevant e-commerce sites also emerge in endlessly.Key word:Internet marketingmode of network

marketing networktechnology

第二篇：機械專業(yè)論文中英文對照

Gearbox Noise?Correlation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing Preload

ABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preload

influence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor S?ren Andersson(KTH), and Dr.Lars Br?the(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems – VINNOVA – is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor S?ren Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Bj?rklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael

P?rssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is often perceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between

the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gear mesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION ? TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gear optimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox

gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.The transmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB

(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed at the Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmission error, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbj?rn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of different housing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission by

decreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It is defined as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.For

relatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes, connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.Table3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of the influence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration ?Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox vibrations.Compared with bearings

with endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing the influence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and ?kerblom [6] show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems to be strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed

sweeps in these investigations.Henriksson [7] found a correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise when testing a truck gearbox at constant speed and different torque levels.The different test conditions, speed sweep versus constant speed, and the different complexity(a simple test gearbox versus a complete truck gearbox)may explain the different results regarding correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise.Bearing preload influences gearbox noise, but it is not possible to make any general statement as to whether preload is better than endplay.The answer depends on the frequency and other components in the complex dynamic system of gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.To minimize noise, the gearbox housing should be as rigid as possible.This was proposed by Rook [8], and his views are supported by the results relating to the optimization of a transmission housing described in section 2.5.Finite element analysis is a useful tool for optimizing gearbox housings.5 FUTURE RESEARCH It would be interesting to investigate the correlation between dynamic transmission error and gearbox noise for a complete wheel loader transmission.One challenge would be to measure transmission error as close as possible to the gears and to avoid resonances in the connection between gear and encoder.The dropbox gears in a typical wheel loader transmission are probably the gears that are most easily accessible for measurement using optical encoders.See Figure 5.1.1 for possible encoder positions.Modeling the transmission in more detail could be another challenge for future work.One approach could be to use a model of gears, shafts, and bearings using the transmission error as the excitation.This could be a finite element model or a multibody system model.The output from this model would be the forces at the bearing positions.The forces could be used to excite a finite element model of the housing.The housing model could be used to predict noise radiation, and/or vibration at the attachment points for the gearbox.This approach would give absolute values, not just relative levels.REFERENCES [1] Welbourn D.B., “Fundamental Knowledge of Gear Noise ??A Survey”, Proc.Noise & Vib.of Eng.and Trans., I Mech E., Cranfield, UK, July 1979, pp 9–14.[2] MackAldener M., “Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture & Robustness of Gears”, Royal Institute of Technology, Doctoral Thesis, ISSN 1400-1179, Stockholm, 2001.[3] Ohio State University, LDP Load Distribution Program, Version 2.2.0, http://www.tmdps.cn/ , 2007.[4] Borner J., and Houser D.R., “Friction and Bending Moments as Gear Noise Excitations”,SAE Technical Paper 961816.[5] Oswald F.B.et al., “Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise”, Gear Technology, pp 10–15, 1998.[6] Sellgren U., and ?kerblom M., “A Model-Based Design Study of Gearbox Induced Noise”, International Design Conference – Design 2004, May 18-21, Dubrovnik, 2004.[7] Henriksson M., “Analysis of Dynamic Transmission Error and Noise from a Two-stage Gearbox”, Licentiate Thesis, TRITA-AVE-2005:34 / ISSN-1651-7660, Stockholm, 2005.[8] Rook T., “Vibratory Power Flow Through Joints and Bearings with Application to Structural Elements and Gearboxes”, Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1995.

第三篇：專業(yè)中英文對照

太原理工大學各學院及專業(yè)中譯英

【機械工程學院】College of Mechanical Engineering

機械設計制造及其自動化 Mechanical engineering and automation

1.機械制造及其自動化 Mechanical Manufacturing and its Automation

2.機械設計及理論 Mechanical Design and Theory

3.機械電子工程 Machinery Electronics Engineering

4.車輛工程 Vehicle Engineering

工業(yè)設計 Industrial Design

機械系 Department of Mechanical Engineering

機械制造工藝及設備Machinery manufacturing process and equipment

【材料科學與工程學院】College of Materials science and Engineering 從材料成型機控制工程 Material Shaping and Control Engineering 金屬材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering

無機非金屬材料工程 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials Engineering 冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering

高分子材料與工程 Polymer Materials and Engineering 材料物理 Materials Physics

材料化學 Chemistry of Materials

1.材料物理與化學 Materials Physics and Chemistry

2.材料科學與工程 Materials Science and Engineering

3.材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering

4.鋼鐵冶金 Iron and Steel Metallurgy

5.有色金屬冶金 Nonferrous Metallurgy

【電氣與動力工程學院】 College of Electrical and Power engineering 電氣工程及其自動化 Electrical engineering and automation 熱能與動力工程 Thermal Energy and Power Engineering 培養(yǎng)方向：

1.熱動力工程 Thermo power Engineering

2.動力機械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering

3.電機與電器 Electrical Machinery and Appliances

4.電力系統(tǒng)及其自動化 Electrical System and its Automation

5.高壓電絕緣技術 High-Voltage Electricity an Insulation Technology

6.電氣，電子和傳動裝置 Electrical, Electronics and Transmission

7.電工理論與新技術 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering

【信息工程學院】 College of Information Engineering

自動化 Automation

培養(yǎng)方向：電路系統(tǒng) Electric Circuit an System

電子信息工程 Electronic and Information Engineering

測控技術與儀器Measurement control technology and instruments

培養(yǎng)方向：

1.檢測技術與自動化設備 Detecting Technology and Automatic Equipment

2.系統(tǒng)工程 Systems Engineering

3.模式識別與智能系統(tǒng) Pattern Recognition and Intellectual System

通訊工程 Communication Engineering

培養(yǎng)方向：

1.通信與信息系統(tǒng) Communication and Information System

2.信號與信息處理 Signal and Information Processing

電子科學與技術 Electronic Science and technology

培養(yǎng)方向：控制理論與控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering

【計算機科學與技術學院】 College of Computer Engineering and Software

計算機科學與技術Computer science and technology

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程 Networking Engineering

【軟件學院】 College of software

軟件工程 Software engineering

【建筑與土木工程學院】College of Architecture and Civil engineering

建筑學 Architecture

城市規(guī)劃 City Planning

土木工程 Civil Engineering

【水利科學與工程學院】 College of Water Conservancy Science and Engineering

水利水電工程 Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

農業(yè)水利工程（含水利信息化方向）Agricultural Water Conservancy Engineering

水文與水資源工程 Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering

Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering

Hydrology and Water Resources

Hydraulics and River Dynamics

Water Engineering and Structural Engineering

Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering

Harbor Beach and Inshore Engineering

【化學化工學院】 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

化學工程與工藝Chemical Engineering and Technology

（化學工藝、能源化工、精細化工、高分子化工方向）Chemical engineering and technology(Chemical process、Chemical energy、Fine chemical、Polymer chemistry)

應用化學 Applied Chemistry

生物工程 Biological Engineering

制藥工程（化學與生物制藥工程方向）Pharmaceutical Engineering

過程裝備與控制工程 Process Equipment and Control Engineering

化學和生物制藥工程方向 Chemical and biological pharmaceutical engineering direction

【礦業(yè)工程學院】 College of mining engineering

采礦工程 Mining engineering

安全工程 Safety engineering

資源勘查工程 Resource exploration engineering

測繪工程 Engineering of Surveying and mapping

地理信息系統(tǒng)工程 Geographical information system engineering

礦物加工工程Mineral processing engineering

城市地下空間工程 City Underground Space Engineering

勘查技術與工程 Prospecting technology and Engineering

【輕紡工程與美術學院】College of Textile Engineering with Academy of Fine Arts 紡織工程 Textile Engineering

服裝設計與工程 Clothing design and Engineering

藝術設計Artistic Design

繪畫 Painting(Drawing)

攝影 Photography

動畫 The animation

電子商務 Electronic Business

數(shù)字媒體藝術 Digital media art

文化產(chǎn)業(yè)管理 Cultural industry management

【環(huán)境科學與工程學院】 College of Environmental Science and Engineering 給水排水工程 Water supply and drainage engineering

環(huán)境工程 Environmental Engineering

建筑環(huán)境與設備工程 Constructing Environment and Equipment Engineering

【數(shù)學學院】 College of Mathematics

數(shù)學與應用數(shù)學 Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

信息與計算科學 Information and Computing Science

統(tǒng)計學 Statistics

【物理與光電工程學院】 College of Physics and Photo electricity Engineering光信息科學與技術Optical information science and technology

應用物理 Applied Physics

光源與照明 Light source and lighting

【力學學院】 College of Mechanics

工程力學 Engineering Mechanics

【外國語學院】 College of foreign languages

英語 English

【政法學院】 College of politics and law

法學 Law

行政管理 Administrative management

思想政治教育 Ideological and Political Education

【經(jīng)濟管理學院】 College of Economics and management 市場營銷 Marketing and sales

工程管理 Project management

會計學 Accounting

國際經(jīng)濟與貿易 International Economics and trade 物流管理 Logistics management

【體育學院】 College of Physical Education

體育教育 Physical education

第四篇：專業(yè)技術職稱中英文對照

專業(yè)技術職稱中英文對照

在改革開放的年代，各行各業(yè)都面臨一個交流的問題，特別在國際交流中，以職稱表明身份的場合很多，填表要填寫頭銜，看名片要印上職稱，寫信、會見、洽談都需要抬出職稱以表明身份，我們經(jīng)常會遇到有關職務和其他職稱的漢譯英問題。

為了更加準確的翻譯技術職稱，應遵循以下幾條原則：

1、體現(xiàn)“國際性”，盡量遵循國際慣例。

2、體現(xiàn)“級別性”，高、中初級別類的要力爭表達準確，不失我國評定職稱的初衷。

3、“解釋性翻譯”，不要逐字硬譯。

4、簡短，一目了然。

5、該區(qū)別的予以區(qū)別。

以下是我國各行業(yè)主要系列的高、中、初各級職稱的翻譯：

1、研究系列 研究員 researcher 副研究員 associate professor 助理研究員 research associate

2、大學教師系列 教授 professor 講師 lecturer 助教 assistant

3、中等專業(yè)學校、技工學校教師系列 高級講師 senior lecturer 講師

lecturer 助理講師 assistant lecturer 教員 teacher

4、中學教師系列

中學高級教師 senior teacher（middle school）中學一級教師 first-grade teacher（middle school）

5、小學教師系列

小學高級教師 senior teacher（primary school）小學一級教師 first-grade teacher（primary school）

6、工程技術系列

教授級高級工程師

professor 高級工程師senior engineer 工程師 engineer 助理工程師 assistant engineer

7、實驗系列

高級實驗師 senior experimentalist 實驗師 experimentalist 助理實驗師 assistant experimentalist

8、農業(yè)技術系列

高級農藝師 senior agronomist 農藝師 agronomist

助理農藝師 assistant agronomist

9、圖書資料系列

研究館員 professor of library science 副研究館員 associate professor of library science 館員 librarian

10、檔案系列

研究館員 professor of archives science 副研究館員 associate professor of archives science 館員archivist

11、文物博物系列

研究館員 professor of relics and museology 副研究館員 associate professor of relics and museology 館員musicologist

12、衛(wèi)生技術系列

主任醫(yī)師 professor of medicine

副主任醫(yī)師 associate professor of treatment 主治醫(yī)師 doctor-in-charge 醫(yī)師 doctor

13、新聞系列

高級編輯 full senior editor 主任編輯 associate senior editor 編輯 editor 高級記者 full senior reporter 記者 reporter

14、翻譯系列

譯審 professor of translation 翻譯 translator

助理翻譯 associate translator

15、廣播電視播音系列

播音指導 director of announcing 主任播音員 chief announcer 一級播音員 first-grade announcer

16、經(jīng)濟系列

高級經(jīng)濟師 senior economist 經(jīng)濟師 economist 助理經(jīng)濟師 assistant clerk

17、會計系列

高級會計師

senior accountant 會計師 accountant

助理會計師 assistant accountant 會計員 treasurer

18、統(tǒng)計系列

高級統(tǒng)計師 senior statistician 統(tǒng)計師 statistician 助理統(tǒng)計師 assistant statistician 統(tǒng)計員 statistical clerk

19、律師系列 律師 lawyer 一級律師

first-grade lawyer 律師助理 lawyer’s assistant 20、公證系列 公證員 notary public 一級公證員 first-grade notary public

21、海關系列

高級關務監(jiān)督 senior customs supervisor 關務監(jiān)督customs supervisor

22、航空飛行系列 一級飛行員 first-grade pilot 二級飛行員 second-grade pilot

23、船舶技術系列 船長 captain 大副 first mate 二副 second mate 高級輪機長 senior engineer 輪機長 chief engineer

24、體育教練系列 主教練 head coach 教練 coach 助理教練 assistant coach

25、藝術系列

一級演員 first-grade actor 一級導演 first-grade director

26、工藝美術系列

高級工藝美術師

senior industrial artist 工藝美術師industrial artist 助理工藝美術師 assistant industrial artist

第五篇：常用論文術語中英文對照

A.安居工程 Housing project for low-income families

按成本要素計算的國民經(jīng)濟總值 GNp at factor cost

按揭貸款 mortgage loan

按勞分配 distribution according to one's performance

暗虧 hidden loss

奧姆真理教 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult

B.巴黎證券交易所 paris Bourse

把握大局 grasp the overall situation

白色行情表 white sheet

白手起家 starting from scratch

擺架子 put on airs

拜年 pay New Year call

搬遷戶 relocated families

半拉子工程 uncompleted project

棒球運動記者 scribe

包干到戶 work contracted to households

包工包料 contract for labor and materials

保持國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的良好勢頭 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持國有股 keep the State-held shares

保健食品 health-care food

保稅區(qū) the low-tax, tariff-free zone;bonded area

保證重點支出 ensure funding for priority areas

保值儲蓄 inflation-proof bank savings

北歐投資銀行 Nordic Investment Bank

本本主義 bookishness

《本草綱目》 Compendium of Materia Medica

本壘打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

蹦擊 bungee, bungee jumping

逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives

閉門羹 given cold-shoulder

邊際報酬 marginal return

邊緣科學 boundary science

標書 bidding documents

表演賽 demonstration match

剝奪冠軍 strip the gold medal of somebody

補缺選舉 by-election

布達拉宮 potala palace

不敗記錄 clean record, spotless record

不承諾放棄使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force

不打不成交 No discord, no concord.《不見不散》 Be there or be square.不良貸款 non-performing loan

不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city

不正之風 bad(harmful)practice;unhealthy tendency

步行天橋 foot bridge

C.擦邊球 edge ball, touch ball

擦網(wǎng)球 net ball

采取高姿態(tài) show magnanimity

菜籃子工程 shopping basket program

參政、議政 participate in the management of State affairs

層層轉包和違法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting

差額投票 differentail voting

差額選舉 competitive election

茶道 sado

拆東墻補西墻 rob peter to pay paul

禪 dhyana

產(chǎn)糧大省 granary province

產(chǎn)品結構 product mix

產(chǎn)權明晰、權責明確、政企分開、科學管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management

產(chǎn)權制度、產(chǎn)權關系 property relations;property order

產(chǎn)銷直接掛鉤 directly link production with marketing

長二捆 LM-2E

長期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe

暢通工程 “Smooth Traffic project”

唱高調 mouth high-sounding words

超高速巨型計算機 giant ultra-high-speed computer

超前消費 overconsuming, excessive consumption

城市規(guī)劃 city's landscaping plan

城鄉(xiāng)信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas

吃大鍋飯 egalitarian practice of “everybody eating from the same big pot”

抽殺成功 hit through

籌備委員會 preparatory committee

出風頭 show off;in the limelight

出口創(chuàng)匯能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports

出口退稅制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods

出口轉內銷 domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports

出家 pravrajana;cloister

創(chuàng)建衛(wèi)生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city

春蕾計劃 Spring Buds program

《春秋》 Spring and Autumn Annals

從粗放經(jīng)濟轉變?yōu)榧s經(jīng)濟 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

促進全球經(jīng)濟一體化 foster integration with the global economy

存款保證金 guaranty money for deposits

D.“達標”活動 “target hitting” activities

打白條 issue IOU

打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打破僵局 break the deadlock

打順手 find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove

大包干 all-round responsibility system

大轟動 blockbuster

大力扣殺 hammer

大路貨 staple goods

大滿貫 grand slam

大款 tycoon

大排擋 sidewalk snack booth

大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

大勝 white wash

大腕 top notch

大要案 major and serious criminal cases

大專生 junior college student

大專文憑 associate degree

大藏經(jīng) Tripitaka

帶薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits

待崗 await job assignment, post-waiting

待業(yè) job-waiting

單循環(huán)制 single round-robin system

盜用公款 embezzlement

單刀赴會 start a solo run

倒計時 countdowm

倒爺 profiteer

等外品 off-grade goods, rejects

第二產(chǎn)業(yè) secondary industry

第一發(fā)球權 first inning

第一發(fā)球員 first server

第一雙打 first pair

地方保護主義 regional protectionism

地方財政包干制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances

地區(qū)差異 regional disparity

點子公司 consultancy company

電話號碼升位 upgrade telephone number

電話會議 teleconference

電視直銷 TV home shopping

吊球 drop shot

吊銷執(zhí)照 revoke license

定向培訓 training for specific posts

豆腐渣“工程 jerry-built project

獨立核算工業(yè)企業(yè) independent accounting unit(enterprise)

”渡假外交“ holiday-making diplomacy

短期債務 floating debt

對外招商 attract foreign investment

隊長袖標(足球）skipper's armband

多黨合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising State power

多任務小衛(wèi)星 small multi-mission satellite(SMMS)

奪冠 take the crown

E.惡性通貨膨脹 hyperinflation

二板市場(創(chuàng)業(yè)板市場）second board on the country's stock market

二流選手 scrub, second-rater

F.發(fā)展不平衡 disparate development

法治國家 a country under the rule of law

法制國家 a state with an adequate legal system

翻兩番 quadruple

反敗為勝 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

放高球 lob

飛行藥檢 spot check

費改稅 transform administrative fees into taxes

分流 reposition of redundant personnel

分期付款 installment payment

（產(chǎn)品）分銷 subunderwriting, distribution

鋒利扣殺 razor-sharp smash

封閉式基金 close-ended fund

封殺出局 force out

“封圣” canonization of ”Saints“

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system

扶貧 poverty alleviation

覆蓋率 coverage rate

復式住宅 compound apartment

G.改制上市：An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.干部隊伍革命化、年輕化、知識化、專業(yè)化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent

高層次、全方位的對話 high-level and all-directional dialogue

高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質 high yield and high quality

高級商務師 Certified Business Executive

高難度動作 stunner, stunt

高新技術產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū) high and new technology industrial development zone

(公路）隔離帶 median

根本政治制度 fundamental political system

個人收入應稅申報制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment

”各就位“ ”O(jiān)n your marks!“

跟蹤審計 follow-up auditing

工商局 industrial and commercial bureau

工業(yè)園區(qū) industrial park

公積金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds

公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds

公正、公平、公開 just, fair and open

共產(chǎn)黨領導下的多黨合作與政治協(xié)商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist party

國產(chǎn)化率 import substitution rate;localization rate of parts and components

國防動員體制 the mobilization for national defense

國際慣例 international common practice

《國際先驅論壇報》 International Herald Tribune

國家經(jīng)濟體制改革委員會 the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems

國家一級保護 first-grade State protection

國庫券 treasury bonds

過度開墾 excess reclamation

H.海灣戰(zhàn)爭綜合癥 the complexities of the Gulf War

豪賭 unrestrained gambling

好事不出門，惡事傳千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.好出風頭的運動員 exhibitionist, grandstander

好萊塢大片 Hollywood blockbuster

”好球“ ”Strike“

合理引導消費 guide rational consumption

合議庭 collegiate bench

黑店 gangster inn

宏觀調控 macro-control efforts

紅包（中）red paper containing money as a gift,(貶)bribe, kickback

環(huán)太平洋地區(qū) pacific Rim

后防空虛 leave the defense exposed

胡子工程 long-drawn-out project(a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)

虎父無犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.戶口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system

戶主 head of a household

護身法寶 amulet

華表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele

華蓋 canopy

”壞球“ ”Ball“

還俗 resume secular life, unfrock

”黃、賭、毒“ pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking

黃金時段 prime time

揮棒 swing

揮棒不中 fan

灰色收入 income from moonlighting

匯豐銀行 Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation

婚外戀 extramarital love

活到老，學到老 One is never too old to learn.貨幣回籠 withdrawal of currency from circulation

J.機構臃腫overstaffing in organizations(government)

基本路線要管一百年 The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.基本國情 fundamental realities of the country

基層民主 democracy at the grassroots level

基層組織 organizations at the grass-roots level

績優(yōu)股 blue chip

激烈競爭 cut-throat competition

吉祥物 mascot

緝私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling

集體婚禮 collective wedding ceremony

集中精力把經(jīng)濟建設搞上去 go all out for economic development

計劃生育責任制 responsibility system of family planning

計算機中央處理器 central processing unit(CpU)

記者席 press box

技術下鄉(xiāng) spread technological knowledge to farmers

嘉賓 distinguished guest, honored guest

加班 work extra shifts

加密 encrypt

加強輿論監(jiān)督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責任制 the household contract responsibility system

假唱 lip-synch

假動作 deception, feint

甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones

假日經(jīng)濟 holiday economy

堅持統(tǒng)一，反對分裂，增加了解，化解歧見 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences

監(jiān)督部門 watchdog

尖端產(chǎn)品 highly sophisticated products

剪彩 cut the ribbon

剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of...and...減負 alleviate burdens on sb.減員增效 downsizing for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency

講誠信，反欺詐： honor credibility and oppose cheating

腳踩兩只船 sit on the fence

腳踏實地 be down-to-earth

僥幸球 fluke

接口 interface

解放生產(chǎn)力 emancipate the productive forces

解放思想、實事求是的思想路線 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

結售匯制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales

戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center

戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience

金本位 gold standard

金邊債券 gilt-edged bonds

金剛經(jīng) Vajra Sutra|

金降落傘 golden parachute

緊箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase

緊密型企業(yè)集團 tightly-knit groups of enterprises

緊追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail

近海漁業(yè) offshore fishery

進出口商會 chamber of import and export trade

進口滲透 import penetration

禁漁期 closed fishing seasons

禁止在任何地方、任何環(huán)境進行一切方式的釋放核能的核武器試驗保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment

經(jīng)常項目順差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account

經(jīng)常性貸款 commercial lending

經(jīng)常性支出 running expenses

經(jīng)濟林 cash tree

經(jīng)營管理高度科學化的現(xiàn)代化大企業(yè) modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system

精簡機構 streamline government organs

京劇票友 peking Opera fan

景泰藍 cloisonné

勁射 power shot

竣工式 completion ceremony

K.卡丁車 kart

開放式基金 open-ended fund

開工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity

坎兒井 karez

抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭 War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea

抗震棚 quake-proof shelter

考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

科技成果轉化為生產(chǎn)力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements

科技含量 technology content

科技是第一生產(chǎn)力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.科教興國 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation

可持續(xù)發(fā)展 sustainable development

空頭支票 accommodation note, lip service

控股公司 holding company

扣帽子 put a label on

跨實際工程 a trans-century project

虧損企業(yè) enterprises running in the red/under deficit

困難職工 the needy

國民黨 Kuomintang

L.垃圾債券 junk bond

拉動經(jīng)濟增長 fuel economic growth

拉拉隊 cheering squad

拉拉隊長 cheer-leader, rooter king

拉關系 try to curry favor with

勞動合同制 labor contract system

老字號 an old and famous shop or enterprise

”籬笆墻“ barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading

禮儀小姐 ritual girl

利改稅substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

利基 niche

立體農業(yè) three-dimensional agriculture

聯(lián)合聯(lián)絡小組 joint liaison group

廉政、勤政、務實、高效政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government

廉潔奉公，以正治國(of an official)clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness

聯(lián)合兼并 conglomeration and merger of enterprises

聯(lián)合投標 syndicated tender

聯(lián)想集團 Legend Group

練攤 to be a vendor

糧食收購部門(government's)grain procurement(purchasing)agencies

糧油關系：grain and oil rationing registration

兩岸直航促進會 Association for promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation

兩彈一艇 A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine

”兩個對等的政治實體“ ”two equal political entities

兩個文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress

“兩思”（致富思源，富而思進）to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence

老少邊窮地區(qū) former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas

獵頭公司 head-hunting company

臨時主教練 caretaker coach

領頭羊 bellwether

留職停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

留學咨詢：consulting on the study abroad

流動人口 transient population

亂集資、亂攤派、亂收費 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises

亂收費、亂攤派、亂罰款 arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines

《論語》 Analects of Confucius

裸機：bare mobile phone

綠地覆蓋率 forest coverage rate

綠化 afforestation

M.滿意度 degree of satisfaction

盲流和倒流人員 transient from the countryside

帽子戲法 hat trick

買一送一 two-for-one offer, buy one get one free

門前三包 be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building

朦朧詩 misty poetry

民工潮 farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities

民進黨 Democratic progressive party

民主黨派、工商聯(lián)與無黨派人士 non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation

民族凝聚力 national cohesion

民族委員會 ethnic affairs commission

明明白白消費（2000年保護消費者權益工作主題）transparent consumption

磨洋工 dawdle along

N.納米 nanometer

囊括 complete a sweep

耐用消費品 durable consumer items(goods)

南水北調 South-to-North water diversion

能官能民 be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people

能上網(wǎng)的手機 WAp phone

內耗 in-fighting

年同比 year-on-year;on an annual basis

年夜飯 family reunion dinner

扭轉局面 reverse the tide, turn the table

農村剩余勞動力 surplus rural labour(labourers)

O.p.跑龍?zhí)?utility man

泡沫經(jīng)濟 bubble economy

配股 allotment of shares

配套政策 supporting policies

碰釘子 get snubbed

疲軟股票 soft stock

皮包公司 bogus company

票販子 scalper, ticket tout

騙匯、逃匯、套匯 obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage

貧富懸殊 polarization of rich and poor

瓶頸制約 “bottleneck”restrictions

撲網(wǎng) rush-up, rushing

Q.起跑器 block

千代田壽險公司（日本）Chiyoda Mutual Life Insurance Co.搶跑 false start, beat the gun

親民黨 people First party

屈體 jackknife, pike

全能冠軍 all-around winner

全球通 global system for mobile communications

拳頭產(chǎn)品 competitive products;knock-out products;blockbuster

R.繞圈子 beat around the bush

人才流失brain drain

人浮于事 overstaffing

人工智能 artificial intelligence(AI)

人機交互 human-computer interaction

人類免疫缺陷病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)

人情債 debt of gratitude

任意球 free kick

融資渠道 financing channels

入水時水花很少 clean entry

軟新聞 soft news

S.三八線 38th parallel

三步走戰(zhàn)略 the three-step development strategy

三大作風 the party's three important styles of work(integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism

“三個代表” “three represents” theory(The party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)

三個有利于 “three favorables”(whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards

三好學生 merit student

“三講”教育（講學習、講政治、講正氣）“three emphases” education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三角債 chain debt

三通 three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits

三通一平“three supplies and one leveling”;supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground(conditions ready for further economic development)

三下鄉(xiāng) a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers

三字經(jīng) three-character scripture

“掃黃”、“打非” eliminate pornography and illegal publications

《山海經(jīng)》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

商檢局 Commodity Inspection Bureau

商品條碼 bar code

上市 to be listed

少數(shù)服從多數(shù)、下級服從上級、局部服從全體、全黨服從中央 the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the party to the Central Committee

社會熱點問題 hot spots of society

社會治安情況 public security situation

審時度勢 size up the situation

滲透、顛覆和分裂活動 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

《生死抉擇》 “Live or Die”

生態(tài)農業(yè) environmental-friendly agriculture

失學兒童 dropout實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.實體經(jīng)濟 the real economy

實現(xiàn)中華民偉大復興 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

實行國民待遇 grant the national treatment to

實行計劃生育、控制人口數(shù)量、提高人口素質 promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people

實現(xiàn)小康目標 to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

市場疲軟 sluggish market

市場準入 market access

適度從緊的財政政策 moderately tight financial policy

適銷對路的產(chǎn)品readily marketable products

手機入網(wǎng)費 mobile access fee

受災地區(qū) disaster-affected are

售后服務 after-sale services

樹立企業(yè)良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image

涮羊肉 instant-boiled mutton

雙刃劍 double-edged sword

水貨 smuggled goods

水墨畫 Chinese brush drawing;ink and wash painting

思鄉(xiāng)曲 Nostalgia

思想僵鐵 fossilized concept

四項基本原則 the Four Cardinal principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought

素質教育 education for all-around development

T.彈性外交 elastic diplomacy

套利 arbitrage

提高農產(chǎn)品收購價格 the government's increase in its procurement prices(for farm products)

鐵飯碗 iron rice bowl

統(tǒng)一市場 single market

統(tǒng)一稅 flat tax, consolidated tax

同鄉(xiāng)會 an association of fellow provincials or townsmen

筒子樓：tube-shaped apartment

偷稅漏稅 tax evasion

偷稅、騙稅、逃稅、抗稅 tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes

投手 pitcher

透過現(xiàn)象看本質 see through the appearance to perceive the essence

團身 bunch up the body

推廣科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production;commercialization of laboratory achievements

退耕還林還草 grain for green

脫貧 cast off poverty

脫手 release grip

W.汪辜會談 Wang Daohan-Koo Chen-fu Talks(Wang-Koo talks)

網(wǎng)絡出版 online publishing

網(wǎng)上沖浪surf the Internet

穩(wěn)定壓倒一切 Maintaining stability is of top priority

維護人權和不斷改善人權狀況 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

偽劣產(chǎn)品 fake and shoddy products

衛(wèi)冕世界冠軍 reigning world champion

屋頂花園 roof garden

無氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator

無人售票 self-service ticketing

無線應用協(xié)議 WAp（wireless application protocol）

物價局 price Bureau

物業(yè)管理 estate management, property management

X.西部大開發(fā) West Development

吸收游資 absorb idle fund

希望工程 project Hope

喜憂參半 mingled hope and fear

洗錢 money laundering

下放權力給 delegating the management of...(to...)

下崗 laid-off workers

下海 plunge into the commercial sea

下網(wǎng) off line

險勝 cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out

縣改市：county upgraded to city

縣級市：county-level city

現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度 modern enterprise system;modern corporate system

向錢看 mammonism, put money above all

項目立項：approve and initiate a project

消費信貸 consumer credit services

削減戰(zhàn)略核武器會談 strategic arms reduction talks(START)

小康 a comfortable level of living;a better-off life;moderate prosperity

新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star

信息港 inforport

信息化 informationize

信用緊縮 credit crunch

形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand

虛擬網(wǎng) virtual net

選舉權和被選舉權 the right to vote and the right to be elected

徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends

Y.壓水花技術 rip entry

壓線(口令)Line!

嚴打斗爭Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities

陽春（最經(jīng)濟方式）no-frills

羊肉串小攤 barbecue stall

養(yǎng)老金 pension

搖錢樹 cash cow

藥物檢查 dope control, drug testing

一式兩聯(lián)(receipt or invoice)in duplicate

一手抓物質文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓經(jīng)濟建設，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革開放，一手抓打擊犯罪懲治腐敗 We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress;We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system;We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.以公有制為主體，多種經(jīng)濟成分共同發(fā)展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side

以經(jīng)濟建設為中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction

以謀略制勝 outmaneuver

以權謀私 abuse of power for personal gains

以人為本 people oriented;people foremost

以質量求生存、求發(fā)展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality

義和團運動 Boxer Uprising

義務兵役制 compulsory military service, conscription

義務教育 compulsory education

義演收入 proceeds from benefit performmance

易拉罐 pop can

因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude

隱性就業(yè) unregistered employment

硬道理 absolute principle, top priority

營業(yè)稅 turnover tax;business tax

應試教育 examination-oriented education system

優(yōu)化結構 optimize structure

有法可依，有法必依，執(zhí)法必嚴，違法必究 There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted.有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀律 with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline

有望奪金者 a gold medal hopeful

有勇無謀 use brawn rather than brain

與國際市場接軌 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global market

輿論導向 direction of public opinion

輿論監(jiān)督 supervision by public opinion

冤假錯案 cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced;unjust, false or wrong cases

圓寂 parinirvana

緣分 chemical,(as if by)predestination, be preordained to come together

遠景計劃 long-term development targets

運球 dribble

Z.“宰人” rip off

在職博士生 on-job doctorate

再貸款 re-lending;subloan

再就業(yè)服務中心 re-employment service center

藏學 Tibetology

糟粕 dross

早戀 puppy love

造假帳 falsified accounts

齋月 Ramadan

債轉股 debt-to-equity swap

沾光 benefit from one's association

站票 standing-room-only ticket

漲落線 advance balance line

朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè) sunrise industry

招標投標制 the system of public bidding for project

正式照會 formal note

政府搭臺，部門推動，企業(yè)唱戲 Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.政府上網(wǎng)工程Government Online project

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises;the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分開 separate government functions from enterprise management

政務公開 make government affairs public

知識產(chǎn)權 intellectual property rights

知識經(jīng)濟 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy

致命要害 Achilles' heel

擲錢猜先 toss

《中華人民共和國消費者權益保護法》 Law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests

中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone

中美戰(zhàn)略核武器互不瞄準對方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other

中央大型企業(yè)工委：Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises

中央商務區(qū) central business district(CBD)

重點發(fā)展 prioritize

主體經(jīng)濟 the mainstay of the economy

主持人 anchorperson

住房分配貨幣化進程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

助跑 approach run, run-up

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones;focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

抓住機遇 seize the opportunity

轉化機制(of State-owned enterprises)to shift to new management mechanisms

轉基因食品 GM food(genetically modified food)追平produce the equalizer

轉體 truck rotation, turn, twist

撞線 breast the tape

追趕型和跨越式發(fā)展 pursuant and leap-forward development

資產(chǎn)保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets;maintenance and appreciation of assets value

資產(chǎn)階級自由化 bourgeois liberalization

資源配置 the distribution(allocation)of resources

《資治通鑒》 History as a Mirror

自律機制 the self-discipline system

自我保護意識 self-protection awareness

自由港 free-trade port，free port

綜合國力 comprehensive national strength

綜合業(yè)務數(shù)字網(wǎng) integrated service digital network(ISDN)

綜合治理 comprehensive treatment

遵紀守法、廉潔奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties