第一篇：英語獨立主格結構用法小結

英語獨立主格結構用法小結

非謂語動詞作狀語時, 它的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的主語, 從而在結構上與主語不發生關系, 我們稱之為獨立主格結構(Absolute Construction)。其實, 所謂“獨立主格結構”也并非真正獨立, 它還是一種從屬的結構。

一、非謂語動詞獨立主格結構

在獨立主格結構中, 非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。請看下面的例子：

Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。(不定式)such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關系, 即 Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后, 他母親開始給他講故事。(現在分詞)He seating himself at the desk 擁有了自己的邏輯主語he, 即 When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙, 他只好步行去學校。(過去分詞)the key 是 lost 的邏輯主語, lost 也可以用完成式having been lost，即 Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.1、不定式獨立主格結構

在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結構中, 動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達。

His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來, 他正在忙著準備飯菜。

(As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.)——Will you go to the concert tonight? ——Sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？

對不起, 有這多的作業要批, 我真的抽不出時間。

(Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.)

The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干, 每人翻譯全書的四分之一。

(The four of us agreed on a division of labor and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹, 花和草后, 我們新建的學校將看上去更美。

(If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)

2、現在分詞ing形式獨立主格結構

動詞的-ing形式作各種狀語時, 其邏輯主語一般應與句子的主語保持一致，ing 的獨立結構相當于一個狀語從句。

Being ill, he went home.(As he was very ill, he went home.)由于生病, 他回家了。

Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.(When he had seated himself at the desk...)在課桌旁坐好后, 他開始看雜志

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.(When everyone was ready...)每個人都準備好后, 老師開始上課。

The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.(After everyone was seated...)每個人坐好后, 主席開始開會。

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.(Because the boy led the way)

由那個男孩帶路, 我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.(As many eyes were watching him)許多眼睛看著他, 他感到有點兒緊張。

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.(If time permits...)時間允許的話, 我們下星期將進行一次野炊。My health allowing, I will work far into the night.(If my health allows....)

我的健康許可的話, 我愿工作到深夜。

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.(and each wears a card in front of his chest)

學生們快樂地在學校里走著, 每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.(and his eyes were looking at the sky)男孩躺在草地上, 眼睛看著天空。

注意：系動詞be 也可以用分詞形式的獨立結構。例如： It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.(As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.)今天是國慶節, 街上很擁擠。

There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.(As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.)沒有別的事可討論, 我們都回家了。

3、過去分詞-ed形式的獨立主格結構

如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話, 就需要用-ed形式的獨立主格結構。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的, 英語初學者也能看懂。

(As the book was written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.)The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高, 他們工作得更起勁了。

(As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.)He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講, 眼睛緊盯著黑板。

(He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.)The task completed, he had two months' leave.任務完成以后, 他休了兩個月的假。

(When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.4、非謂語動詞獨立結構析比較

動詞不定式表示動作沒有發生或即將發生, 動詞-ed形式表示動作已經結束, 動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。

The manager looks worried, many things to settle.經理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。

(事情還沒有處理, 而且是由經理本人來處理, 用不定式to settle)The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.許多事情已經處理好了, 經理看上去很輕松。

(事情已經處理好了, 用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經結束)The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一邊做飯, 一邊看電視。(兩個動作同時進行)

The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了, 小孩去睡了。

(兩個動作有先后, 飯已做好, 小孩才去睡覺的)

二、無動詞獨立主格結構

在含有being 的獨立主格結構中, being 往往可以被省去。這種省去being的結構, 稱之為無動詞獨立主格結構。

1、邏輯主語+名詞

Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個學生報名參加了這次競賽, 年紀最小的是個12歲的男孩。(the youngest being a boy of 12 省去了being)

注意：獨立主格結構中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略, 一是在“There being + 名詞”結構中, 二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于沒有公共汽車, 我們只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.因為是星期日, 所有辦公室都關門。

2、邏輯主語+形容詞

He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地轉向我。

(his eyes being sleepy 省去了being, 等于He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.)He stood there, his mouth wide open.他站在那里, 嘴張得大大的。

(his mouth being wide open，等于He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.)

3、邏輯主語+副詞

School over, we all went home.放學了, 我們都回家了。

(school being over，等于= School was over, and we all went home.)He sat at his desk, his shoes off.他坐在課桌旁, 沒穿鞋子。(his shoes being off，等于He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)

4、邏輯主語+介詞短語

He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.他站在黑板面前, 背對著我們。

(He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.)The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.新老師面帶微笑走了進來。

(The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.)The teacher came into the classroom, a rule in his hand.老師走進教室, 手里拿著一把直尺。

(The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.)提示：在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”的獨立主格結構里, 如果名詞用單數, 可以不用冠詞, 同時介詞短語里的限定詞也可省略。例如：

The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音樂老師站在門口, 手里拿著一把小提琴。(a violin in his hand.)

三、with / without 引導的獨立主格結構

在上面所講的獨立結構前，都可以加上介詞with / without，構成了“with / without +賓語+賓語的補足語”的獨立主格結構形式。例如：

1、with+名詞、代詞、形容詞

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中, 衣服濕透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在with 的獨立主格結構中, 也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。例如：

With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望, 老人感到很不快樂。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父親如此出名, 兒子不想讀書。

2、with+名詞代詞、副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時, 我們的學校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前, 小孩在后走著。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.3、with+名詞代詞、介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口, 手里拿著一部電腦。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前, 嘴里銜著一支筆。

= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.4、with+名詞代詞、動詞的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業做好了, 彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號發出了, 火車開始起動了。= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn誸 dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成, 我不敢回家。

= I wouldn't dare go home because the job was not finished.5、with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍, 那男子感到很高興。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來, 沒有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁沒人注意的時候, 從窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.6、with+名詞代詞、動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業要做, 小男孩看上去很不開心。

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀, 小孩很激動。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.[注意] 在with / without 的復合結構中, 多數情況下with 能省略, 但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。(without不能省略)

四、獨立主格結構的句法功能

獨立主格結構在句中除了能充當各種狀語外, 還能作定語。在形式上, “獨立主格結構”可位于句首、句中或句尾, 并通常用逗號與主句隔開。

1、作狀語

獨立主格結構作狀語, 其功能相當于一個狀語從句或并列分句。(1)表示時間

Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降臨, 我們在一家小旅館住了下來。

(= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后, 他們才開始吃飯。

(= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.)With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都買好后, 格雷斯打的回家了。

(After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.)(2)表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決, 新當選的總統日子不好過。

(= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.)

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜沒有交通工具了, 他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)(3)表示條件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話, 我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運動會。

(= If weather permits, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.)

All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后, 你可以休息。

(=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.)

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果從各方面考慮, 你的計劃似乎更實際些。

(= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.)

[注意] 表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結構一般放在句首, 并且不能保留連詞。

【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下課了, 學生都離開了教室。

【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出來了, 他們繼續趕路。(4)表示伴隨情況或補充說明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那個奇怪的男人在街上走著, 手里拿著根手杖。

(= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.)

The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進來, 手被捆在背后。

(=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.)

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有兩百人在事故中喪生, 其中許多是兒童。

(Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.)

2、作定語

獨立主格結構作定語, 其功能相當于一個定語從句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的復合結構作定語, 修飾the student)他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的復合結構作定語, 修飾bottle)你可以使用一個頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。(without的復合結構作定語, 修飾the road)

= He was walking along the road that didn誸 have any street lights on its both sides.[注意] 在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個句子改為獨立主格結構的情況。需要提示的是, 不是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨立主格結構。

If you stand on the top of the mountain, the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。(不要改為獨立主格結構)If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細檢查試卷的話, 有些錯誤是可以避免的。(不要改為獨立主格結構)

第二篇：獨立主格結構的用法總結

獨立主格結構的用法總結

在英語中，獨立主格結構是由一個名詞或人稱代詞（主格）作為邏輯主語，加上一個分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式或介詞短語等構成的復合結構，其作用相當于狀語從句，用來表時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況。這種結構多用于書面語中，學好并用好獨立主格結構，能使們們的英語文筆簡捷流暢，行文表達生動活潑、游刃有余、豐富多彩。

Translate the following sentences into English.獨立主格結構的幾種形式:

（名詞（代詞）+現在分詞）

1、小王病倒了，我們得照料他。

Xiao Wang falling ill, we have to look after him.2、客人們走，她開始打掃房間。

The guests having left, she began to clean the room.（名詞（代詞）+ 過去分詞）

3、眼鏡打破了，她看不見黑板上的字。

Her glasses broken, she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.4、她雙手交叉在胸前站在那兒。

She stood there, her hands crossed on the chest.（名詞（代詞）+ 形容詞）

5、街道上又濕又滑，我們只好小心緩慢地騎車。

The streets wet and slippery, we had to ride our bikes slowly and carefully, we had to ride our bikes slowly and carefully.6、學生們睜大眼睛在聽老師講課。

The students were listening to the teacher, their eyes wide open.（名詞（代詞）+ 副詞）

7、會議結束了，我們從大禮堂回到了教室。

The meeting over , we returned to the classroom from the auditorium.8、他急急忙忙地穿上襯衫，把襯衫穿反了。

He pulled on his shirt, wrong side out.（名詞（代詞）+ 不定式）

9、運動會將在下周舉行，我們必須為它作準備。

The sports meeting to be held next week, we must get ready for it.10、如此多的人要幫助他，他一定會成功的。

So many people to help, he is sure to succeed.（名詞（代詞）+ 介詞短語）

11、老人手里拿著煙斗坐在椅子上。

The old man sat on the chair,(with)a pipe in his hand.12.那個人走出房間，嘴里嚼著食物。

The man went out of the room, food in mouth.（There being + 名詞（代詞））

13.沒有公共汽車，我們只好步行回家。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.14、沒有什么事情要討論，會議結束了。

There being no more things to be discussed, the meeting came to an end.獨立主格結構在句中的作用:

（作時間狀語）

15.春天到了，樹變綠了。

Spring coming on, the trees turn green.16、問題解決后，他們回到了各自的工作崗位。

The problem(having been)solved, they went back to their own post.（作原因狀語）

17、昨天是星期天，我們沒有上學。

It being Sunday yesterday, we didn’t go to school.18、鑰匙丟失了，她進不了房間。

The key(having been)lost, she couldn’t enter the room.（作條件狀語）

19、如果時間許可，我們將參觀那個公園。

Time permitting, we’ll visit the park.20、如果水加到很高的溫度，我們會看到水蒸氣從中冒出來。

Water heated to a high temperature, we can see steam rising from it.（作方式或伴隨狀語）

21、孩子們在堆雪人，他們的手凍得通紅。

The children were making a snowman, their hands red with cold.22、他跌倒在地，鼻子流著血。

He fell to the ground, blood trickling from his nose.獨立主格的句型轉換：

1、轉換成狀語從句

His homework done, he went to bed.=After his homework was done, he went to bed.She not feeling well, we worried about her.= As she was not feeling well, we worried about her.Weather permitting, the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.=If weather

permits , the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.2、轉換成并列句

The youn woman came into the cinema, a baby in her arms,= The young woman came into the cinema and a baby was in her arms.The boy stood there silently, his eyes fixed upon the black people.= The boy stood there silently and his eyes were fixed upon the black people.3、轉換成”with”的復習結構

Night falling , we hurried home.=With night falling, we hurried home.The signal given, the train left the railway station.= With the signal given, the train left the railway station.The old scientist came to the meeting, his wife supporting him.= The old scientist came to the meeting , with his wife supporting him.The spy sat on he ground, his hands tied behind his back.= The spy sat on the ground, with his hands tied behind his back.

第三篇：獨立主格結構教案

獨立主格結構

（一）獨立主格結構的構成

獨立主格結構的構成方式：名詞普通格或代詞主格+現在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語等。

使用獨立主格結構是因為出現了與句子主語不一致的情況。

1．名詞（或代詞）+現在分詞：現在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態。

The man lay there, his hands trembling.有時，現在分詞being或having been在獨立主格結構中可省略e.g.: The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.2．名詞（或代詞）+過去分詞: 過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。

The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.3．名詞（或代詞）+形容詞（短語）: 形容詞（短語）在獨立主格結構中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質、狀態等。

The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.4．名詞（或代詞）+副詞: 副詞在獨立主格結構中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態。

The meeting over, we all went home.5．名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語: The teacher came in, a book in his hand.6．名詞（或代詞）+不定式（短語）: 不定式表示將來的動作。

He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.有時獨立主格結構中名詞前的定語可以省略: The boy sat quietly in the office,(his)eyes closed /(a)book in(his)hand.（二）獨立主格結構的作用

1．作狀語

1）表示時間 : His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping.2）表示原因 : There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.3）表示條件 : Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.4）表示方式或伴隨: He sat at the table, head down.2．作同位語: Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.3．作定語 : Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.（三）有時用with/without引導的復合結構作狀語，在句中可作定語或狀語。如：

Do you know the girl with a basket on her back?

第四篇：獨立主格小結

獨立主格

I.獨立主格結構的基本概念、特點及構成形式：

由一個名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,加上一個動詞不定式、分詞、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成，這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關系，通常被稱為獨立主格結構。

獨立主格結構的特點：

1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。

2）名詞或代詞與后面的不定式，分詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞等是主謂關系。

3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。

4）獨立結構的位置比較靈活，可置于句首、句中或句尾。

構成形式有：

1）名詞(代詞)+不定式：

The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s.兩個男孩彼此道了別，一個回了家，另一個去了他朋友家。

2）名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞：

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.冬天來了，天氣越來越冷了。

The experiment done, we went home.實驗做完了，我們回家了。

3）名詞(代詞)+形容詞：

The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly.衣服很臟,你快點兒洗洗吧!

4）名詞(代詞)+副詞：

The lights off, we could not go on with the work.燈熄了，我們不能繼續工作了。

5）名詞(代詞)+名詞：

He received many gifts, many of them books.他收到了很多禮物, 其中很多是書籍。

6）名詞(代詞)+介詞短語：

He came in, book in hand / a book in his hand.他進來了，手里拿著本書。

II.獨立主格結構功能：

獨立主格結構主要起狀語作用，相當于一個狀語從句，多用來表示行為、方式、伴隨等情況，有時也可用來表示時間、原因、條件等情況。

1)表示時間

Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.= After/ When her work was done, she sat

down for a cup of tea.她干完活后，坐下來喝茶。

2）表示條件

Time/ Weather permitting, we'll have a holiday at weekends.如果時間/天氣允許，我們周= If time / weather permits末就去度假。

3）表示原因

There being no taxis, we had to walk.= Because there was no taxi, we had to walk.沒有出租車，我們只好步行。

4）表示伴隨情況

Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。

注: 獨立主格結構中的being done 表示“正在被”時，being不可省;當獨立主格結構的邏

輯主語是it、there時，being常不省略。如：

Food being cooked, I fell asleep.It being fine, we went hiking.There being no time left, we had to speed up.

第五篇：獨立主格結構完美總結(附習題)

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獨立主格結構的用法說明與注意點

一、有關獨立主格結構的基本概念?

獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：

1.獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。

2.名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。3.獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。

二、獨立主格結構的常見形式

獨立主格類型1：名詞（代詞）+現在分詞

The question being settled, we went home.問題解決之后，我們就回家了。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.明天假設天氣好，我們就進行比賽。The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。

獨立主格類型2：名詞（代詞）+過去分詞

The job finished, we went home.工作結束后我們就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公車已經走了，我們必須走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better.如果給我們更多的時間，我們會把工作做得更好。

獨立主格類型3：名詞（代詞）+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。

獨立主格類型4：名詞（代詞）+介詞短語

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.士兵們端著槍沖了進來。A girl came in, book in hand.一個少女進來了，手里拿著書。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back.他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。

獨立主格類型5：名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.他坐在前排，嘴半開著。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.她坐在桌前，衣領已解掉，頭低了下來，拿好鋼筆，準備開始寫一封長信。

獨立主格類型6：There being +名詞（代詞）

There being nothing else to do, we went home.沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。

獨立主格類型7：It being +名詞（代詞）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。

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說明：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。

He stood before his teacher with his head down.他低著頭站在老師面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿著一本書走了進來。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他沒熄燈就睡著了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed.他閉目坐在那兒。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了.三、英語獨立主格結構的用法

獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。

1.用作時間狀語

The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我們就回家了。2.用作條件狀語

Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3.用作原因狀語

An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

4.用作伴隨狀語

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5.表示補充說明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold).一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。

四、使用獨立主格結構的幾點注意

1.當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：

After class was over(=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學生很快離開了課室。

2.在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略：

(1)獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。

(2)在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

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溫新堂個性化VIP一對一教學

3.在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4.獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式。如：

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主編來了，我們開始開會。比較動名詞復合結構：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.5.獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發生在謂語之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。

獨立主格結構中的非謂語動詞用法

獨立主格結構的基本形式是“名詞或代詞+形容詞（副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞等）”。本文主要歸納“名詞或代詞+非謂語動詞”這一結構的用法。1.名詞或代詞+不定式

其中的不定式通常表示尚未發生或即將要發生的動作。如：

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor.我們分了工，他擦窗戶，我掃地。

2.名詞或代詞+現在分詞

其中的現在分詞通常表示動作正在進行（或當時正在進行）。如：

She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.她向我跑來，秀發在風中飄揚著。

We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.由彼得作向導，我們探查了那些洞穴。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。注：有時現在分詞不表示進行，而表示一般情況。如：

Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground.他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。3.名詞或代詞+過去分詞

其中的過去分詞通常表示被動意義。如：

Everyone helped, John not excepted.大家都來幫忙，約翰也不例外。

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.積蓄全部用完了，我們就開始找工作。This done, they next set to clean the room.做完這件事之后，他們接下來就開始清理房間。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。

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【現學現用】1 1.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.A.follows

B.followed

C.to follow

D.being followed 2.All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.A.considered

B.considering

C.to consider

D.being considered 3.The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.A.to rise

B.rose

C.having risen

D.being risen 4.More time _________, we should have done the job much better.A.to give

B.give

C.being given

D.given 5.We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.(from www.tmdps.cn)A.permits

B.permitting

C.to permit

D.permitted 6.The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.A.being

B.to be

C.been

D.to have been 7.An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.A.to be

B.being

C.been

D.to have been 8.He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.A.to cross

B.crossed

C.crossing

D.to be crossing 9.Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.A.having been

B.been

C.to be

D.to being 10.Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.A.being

B.to be

C.been

D.having been

【現學現用】2 1.A new technique _______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A)working out C)having been worked out

B)having worked out D)to have been worked out

2.All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off.A)considered B)be considered C)considering D)having considered

3.All flights _______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A)had been canceled B)have been canceled C)were canceled D)having been canceled

4.So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.A)were absent B)been absent C)had been absent D)being absent

5.All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A)been fulfilled B)having been fulfilled C)were fulfilled D)had been fulfilled

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6.All flights _______ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.A)having been canceled

C)having canceled B)had been canceled

D)were canceled

7.The speech _______, a lively discussion started.A)being delivered B)was delivered C)be delivered D)having been delivered

8.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _______ it closely.A)followed B)following C)to follow D)being following

9._______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A)Other things being equal C)To be equal to other things B)Were other things equal D)Other things to be equal

10.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches，chairs or boxes.A)having seated B)seating C)seated D)having been seated

11._______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.A)Since B)For C)As D)With

12._______ in the United States, St.Louis has now become the 24th largest city.A)being the fourth biggest city B)It was once the fourth biggest city C)Once the fourth biggest city D)The fourth biggest city it was

【現學現用】3 1.The meeting____ over, we all left the room.（上海1987）

A.is

B.to be

C.being

D.would be

2.European football is played in 80 countries, it___ the most popular sport in the world.（NMET1998）A.making

B.makes

C.made

D.to make

3.___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.（NMET2001）

A.Having suffered

B.Suffering

C.To suffer

D.Suffered

4.The fish____ bad, the children left much of it.A.tasted, untouched

B.tasting, untouched

C.tasting, untouching

D.tasted, untouching w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 5.___ from what you say, he ought to succeed.A.Judged

B.Judging

C.When you judged

D.Because you judge

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溫新堂個性化VIP一對一教學

6.Everything___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A.to take

B.taken

C.to be taken

D.taking

7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’taccept the offer.A.not being finished

B.not having finished

C.had not been finished

D.was not finished

8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties(特性).A.has

B.had

C.to have

D.having

9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouth

B.with a pipe in mouth

C.pipe in mouth

D.pipe in his mouth

10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.A.has gone up

B.is going up

C.having gone up

D.being gone up

獨立主格結構鞏固練習1 1.______ no bus, we had to walk home.A.There was

B.There being

C.Because there being

D.There were 2.____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits

B.If time permitting

C.Time permitting

D.Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said

B.Goodbye had been said

C.Goodbye said

D.When goodbye said 4._____, we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather

B.It fine weather C.It was fine weather

D.It being a fine weather 5.____, the bus started at once.A.The signal was given

B.The signal giving C.The signal given

D.When the signal given 6.She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.A.tears' rolling down

B.tears rolled down

C.with tears rolled down

D.tears rolling down 7.____, the leaves are turning green.A.When spring coming on

B.Spring coming on C.Spring came on

D.Spring being come on 8._____, I had to buy a new one.A.My dictionary losing

B.My dictionary having been lost C.My dictionary had been lost

D.Because my dictionary lost 9.I used to sleep with the window _____.A.opened

B.open

C.opening D to open 10.____, the hunter went into the forest.一切為了孩子的未來 6

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A.A gun on shoulder

B.A gun was on his shoulder C.Gun on shoulder

D.A gun being on shoulder

11.____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A.As

B.For

C.With

D.Through 12.With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.A.do

B.doing

C.done

D.to do 13.He stood there silently, his lips_____.A.trembling

B.trembled

C.were trembling

D.were trembling 14._____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A.All things considering

B.All things considered

C.All things were considered

D.With all things were considered 15.______, we will surely succeed.A.The teacher helping us

B.The teacher to help us

C.The teacher will help us

D.With the teacher helping

獨立主格結構鞏固練習2 1.The thief stood before the policeman,____ admitting what he had done.A.with his drooping head

B.drooping his head C.raising his head

D.with his head down

2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual.A.With so much work to do

B.With so much work doing C.With so much work done

D.Without so much work to do

3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _______and his eyes __________.A.closed;open

B.closed;opened C.closing;open

D.closing;opening

4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.A.be considered

B.considered

C.considering

D.having considering

5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away.A.As there was no time left

B.There is no time left C.There being no time left

D.There to be no time left

6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk.A.As a fine day

B.It was a fine day

C.It being a fine day

D.For it was a fine day w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

7.The old man stood there,__________.A.with back against the wall

B.with his back against the wall

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溫新堂個性化VIP一對一教學

C.with back against wall

D.his back against wall

獨立主格結構鞏固練習3

1.______ no bus, we had to walk home.A.There was

B.There being

C.Because there being 2.____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits

B.If time permitting

C.Time permitting

D.Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said

B.Goodbye had been said

C.Goodbye said

D.When goodbye said 4._____, we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather

B.It fine weather

C.It was fine weather

D.It being a fine weather 5.____, the bus started at once.A.The signal was given

B.The signal giving

C.The signal given

D.When the signal given 6.She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

A.tears' rolling down

B.tears rolled down

C.with tears rolled down

D.tears rolling down 7.____, the leaves are turning green.A.When spring coming on

B.Spring coming on

C.Spring came on

D.Spring being come on 8._____, I had to buy a new one.A.My dictionary losing

B.My dictionary having been lost

C.My dictionary had been lost

D.Because my dictionary lost 9.I used to sleep with the window _____.A.opened

B.open

C.opening D to open 10.____, the hunter went into the forest.A.A gun on shoulder

B.A gun was on his shoulder

C.Gun on shoulder

D.A gun being on shoulder 11.____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A.As

B.For

C.With

D.Through 12.With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.A.do

B.doing

C.done

D.to do 13.He stood there silently, his lips_____.A.trembling

B.trembled

C.were trembling

D.were trembling 14._____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A.All things considering

B.All things considered

C.All things were considered

D.With all things were considered 15.______, we will surely succeed.A.The teacher helping us

B.The teacher to help us

C.The teacher will help us

D.With the teacher helping

一切為了孩子的未來 8

溫新堂個性化VIP一對一教學

獨立主格結構鞏固練習4

1.______ no bus, we had to walk home.A.There was

B.There being

C.Because there being

D.There were

2.____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits

B.If time permitting

C.Time permitting

D.Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said

B.Goodbye had been said

C.Goodbye said

D.When goodbye said 4._____, we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather

B.It fine weather

C.It was fine weather

D.It being a fine weather

5.____, the bus started at once.A.The signal was given

B.The signal giving

C.The signal given

D.When the signal given

6.She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.A.tears' rolling down

B.tears rolled down

C.with tears rolled down

D.tears rolling down 7.____, the leaves are turning green.A.When spring coming on

B.Spring coming on C.Spring came on

D.Spring being come on 8._____, I had to buy a new one.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m A.My dictionary losing

B.My dictionary having been lost C.My dictionary had been lost

D.Because my dictionary lost 9.I used to sleep with the window _____.A.opened

B.open

C.openingD to open 10.____, the hunter went into the forest.A.A gun on shoulder

B.A gun was on his shoulder C.Gun on shoulder

D.A gun being on shoulder

11.____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A.As

B.For

C.With

D.Through

12.With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.A.do

B.doing

C.done

D.to do 13.He stood there silently, his lips_____.A.trembling

B.trembled

C.were trembling

D.were trembling 14._____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A.All things considering

B.All things considered

C.All things were considered

D.With all things were considered 15.______, we will surely succeed.A.The teacher helping us

B.The teacher to help us

一切為了孩子的未來 9

溫新堂個性化VIP一對一教學

C.The teacher will help us

D.With the teacher helping

【參考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA 答案：CDBDB AABACDC 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.7.A，但是最好是not having been finished 8.D 9.C 10.C 答案：

1-5BCCAC

6-10 DBBBC

11-15 CDABB 答案: 1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB 答案：1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB 答案：1-5 BCCAC 6-10DBBBC 11-15 CDABB 一切為了孩子的未來 10