第一篇：山西省導(dǎo)游現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考試口試景點(diǎn)講解：云岡石窟導(dǎo)游詞

山西省導(dǎo)游現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考試口試景點(diǎn)講解：云岡石窟導(dǎo)游詞

尊敬的女士們、先生們：

今天，我們將參觀舉世聞名的佛教藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)——云岡石窟。云岡石窟位于塞外古都、煤海之鄉(xiāng)的大同市西約16公里處，從酒店出發(fā)需要大約30分鐘的時(shí)間。利用這暫短的時(shí)間，我向大家簡(jiǎn)單地介紹一下云岡石窟。

云岡石窟是北魏王朝初期開鑿的大型石窟，時(shí)間約在公元460年的北魏文成皇帝時(shí)期，迄今已有1540年的歷史。它與甘肅敦煌的莫高窟、洛陽(yáng)的龍門石窟，并稱為中國(guó)三大石窟。云岡石窟的開鑿比敦煌石窟晚94年，較龍門石窟早35年的時(shí)間。它以建筑規(guī)模之大、塑像形體之高、保存之完整，而聞名天下。又因?qū)ρ芯恐袊?guó)古代史、佛教史和藝術(shù)史有極高的價(jià)值，享譽(yù)國(guó)內(nèi)外。1961年，國(guó)務(wù)院將云岡石窟列為全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。1973年，法國(guó)總統(tǒng)蓬皮杜訪華，指名要求參觀云岡石窟，9月15日，周恩來(lái)總理陪同蓬皮杜總統(tǒng)參觀了云岡石窟。我們乘坐的汽車已駛?cè)胪＼噲?chǎng)，大家請(qǐng)按順序下車，在云岡石窟門前集合。

女士們、先生們，大家現(xiàn)在看到的像蜂窩一樣排列的許多洞窟，就是云岡石窟。石窟開鑿在武周山的山崖上，武周山的最高處稱云岡，故名云岡石窟，原名靈巖寺，亦稱石佛寺。云岡石窟為什么開鑿在武周山?這與武周山這塊風(fēng)水寶地密切相關(guān)。武周山坐北向南，武周川內(nèi)山清水秀，可以說是“藏風(fēng)得水”的好地方。武周山，又稱武周塞，從北魏的舊都盛樂(內(nèi)蒙古和林格爾西北)到達(dá)新都平城(大同市)均要經(jīng)過這里。武周山位于內(nèi)外長(zhǎng)城之間，是北魏通向北方的咽喉要道，當(dāng)時(shí)人馬商隊(duì)來(lái)往頻繁，還駐扎了重要的軍隊(duì)，皇帝經(jīng)常在這里議論國(guó)家大事。武周山成為北魏皇帝祈福的“神山”，他們?cè)谶@里遙拜北方，祈求神靈保佑江山社稷。因此，北魏皇帝在“神山”開鑿石窟，創(chuàng)建寺院，也在情理之中。

所謂“石窟”，就是在石壁山崖上開鑿的洞窟，這里冬暖夏涼，幽靜神秘。古印度佛教興起后，佛教信徒、僧侶將石窟作為禮佛和修行的場(chǎng)所。因?yàn)椋郎降耔徥摺⒎鹣瘢扔么u石筑建寺院經(jīng)久耐用。佛教是漢代經(jīng)著名的絲綢之路開始傳入中國(guó)，石窟寺藝術(shù)的傳人，大約在3世紀(jì)。我國(guó)新疆天山南麓的克孜爾千佛洞是最早的石窟，沿絲綢之路東行還有帕孜克里克千佛洞，進(jìn)入河西走廊是著名的敦煌莫高窟，安西榆林窟、天水麥積山石窟，從甘肅繼續(xù)東進(jìn)則是寧夏須彌山石窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽(yáng)龍門石窟等。武周山的地層巖石屬于株羅紀(jì)的長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖，石質(zhì)堅(jiān)硬，結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，有利于石窟和造像的雕鑿。

現(xiàn)在，大家已隨我進(jìn)入云岡石窟的山門，我身后的石窟參觀示意圖，大致告訴我們參觀路線。云岡石窟依山開鑿，東西綿延1公里，現(xiàn)存主要洞窟45個(gè)，分為東、中、西三區(qū)，東部4窟，中部9窟，西部32窟。此外還有許多小型洞窟。共計(jì)1100多龕，大小造像51000多軀。從云岡石窟西行約3公里，武周川北有吳官蒼石窟。再溯河西行，距云岡15公里的高山鎮(zhèn)，還有焦山石窟。這么多洞窟如果要細(xì)看的話，也許你一個(gè)星期的時(shí)間也看不完，目前開放有40多個(gè)洞窟，仔細(xì)觀看需要2天的時(shí)間。按傳統(tǒng)參觀路線，如果大家時(shí)間充足，先從東部第1窟開始，直到第45窟結(jié)束。如果僅參觀2個(gè)小時(shí)左右，則主要游覽第5、6窟、五華洞、曇曜五窟。

首先我們從東部的第1、2窟開始參觀。北魏開鑿石窟從公元460年開始，至524年結(jié)束，約有70年的開鑿歷史。從洞窟的形制和雕刻藝術(shù)，有關(guān)專家將云岡石窟的開鑿年代分為早、中、晚三個(gè)階段。第1、2窟至第13窟大致以云岡石窟中期為主，成窟的年代約公元465年至494年之間。由孝文帝遷都洛陽(yáng)前夕開鑿，人們習(xí)慣將這些石窟稱為“孝文石窟”。大家看到的第1、2窟是一組塔廟式雙窟，開鑿洞窟時(shí)在中央留下一個(gè)方柱，在柱子的四面開龕，龕內(nèi)塑像。第1窟中心塔柱南面下層雕釋迎、多寶佛，上層雕釋伽；石窟后壁的主像是彌勒菩薩。彌勒菩薩是未來(lái)佛，據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典講，彌勒菩薩將繼釋迎佛后成佛，廣說佛法，教化眾生。據(jù)說當(dāng)彌勒降生人世時(shí)，世界將充滿光明幸福，所以古代有些農(nóng)民起義常常打著彌勒降生的旗號(hào)來(lái)組織和號(hào)召群眾。釋迎、多寶佛并列，佛經(jīng)有這樣的傳說，當(dāng)釋迦牟尼佛說《法華經(jīng)》時(shí)，忽然地下涌出安置多寶佛全身的舍利塔，現(xiàn)于空中。釋迎聽到塔中的聲音，告訴聽經(jīng)的大眾說，這是過去東方世界寶凈國(guó)土的佛，號(hào)為多寶。當(dāng)釋迦佛開啟塔門，示現(xiàn)多寶佛身時(shí)，寶塔內(nèi)的多寶佛讓出半座給釋迦佛。

于是，釋迦人塔，與多寶同結(jié)跏趺坐，宣講經(jīng)義。第2窟中心塔柱南面下層雕釋迦、多寶，上層雕三世佛；石窟的后壁主像是釋迦佛。兩窟的窟門兩側(cè)都雕有維摩、文殊對(duì)坐問法像。有關(guān)維摩、文殊對(duì)坐問法是南北朝、隋唐時(shí)期流行的題材，敦煌石窟的壁畫就有“維摩詰圖像”。佛經(jīng)中有“文殊問疾”的故事，據(jù)說有一次維摩居士“示現(xiàn)”病相，眾人前去探訪。釋迦牟尼知道后，派以智慧著稱的文殊菩薩帶領(lǐng)弟子前去維摩居住處。在維摩居士的丈室里，文殊菩薩和能言善辯的維摩展開大乘佛教義的討論，使從者心服口服，也令文殊菩薩十分贊嘆。第2窟前有一泉水長(zhǎng)年涌出，泉水清涼可口，被稱為“石窟寒泉”。

女士們、先生們，大家面前是云岡石窟最大的洞窟——第3窟。它被稱為云岡石窟之最。洞窟崖面高25米，開窟面寬50米，規(guī)模最大。原為大型塔廟窟設(shè)計(jì)，開鑿在孝文帝遷都洛陽(yáng)之前，因工程浩大，北魏一代未能完工，后室的三尊大像為初唐時(shí)期補(bǔ)雕而成。第3窟的前室分兩層，上層左右兩側(cè)各雕一塔，中部鑿方形窯室，主像為彌勒菩薩，壁面滿雕干佛。后室的中部塔柱壁面屬北魏時(shí)期雕鑿，高約10米左右的3尊大佛，屬唐代作品，分別為阿彌陀佛、觀世音、大勢(shì)至菩薩。據(jù)專家考證，第3窟是文獻(xiàn)記載的“通樂寺”、“靈巖寺”，當(dāng)時(shí)可居僧人達(dá)3000人。

第4窟是塔廟窟，中央雕鑿方形立柱，東壁交腳彌勒像保存比較完整，據(jù)考證是云岡現(xiàn)存紀(jì)年最晚的造像，由北魏晚期正光年間(公元520年——524年)開鑿，是第1至第13窟之間僅有的晚期大窟。

現(xiàn)在，大家看到幾座宏偉高聳的樓閣，它們建筑在洞窟的前檐，被稱為窟檐建筑。據(jù)專家考證，云岡石窟的大窟前均有窟檐，但多數(shù)因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或其它因素毀壞，現(xiàn)僅存的窟檐建筑為清代以后建造。第5、6窟是一組雙窟，窟檐建于清代的順治八年(1651年)，這組建筑朱紅柱欄、琉璃瓦頂、巍峨挺拔、氣勢(shì)非凡，是五間四層的繞廊木構(gòu)樓閣。第7、8窟同樣是一組雙窟，遼代這里被稱為護(hù)國(guó)大寺，現(xiàn)在的窟檐是1994年由國(guó)家撥款重新建造，對(duì)保護(hù)石窟起到了重要作用。

第5窟分前后兩室，洞窟形狀為橢圓形的草廬式。后室佛像布局為三世佛，中間的釋迦牟尼佛為結(jié)跏趺坐像，高達(dá)17米，為云岡石窟中的第一大佛像，大佛的雙腿長(zhǎng)達(dá)15．5米，膝上可容納120人，一只腳上可站立12人。釋迎佛頭頂藍(lán)色的螺髻，面部輪廓清晰，白毫點(diǎn)朱，細(xì)眉長(zhǎng)目，鼻準(zhǔn)方直，雙耳垂肩，身著褒衣搏帶，通肩架裳，給人端莊、肅穆、慈祥之感覺。主佛的右側(cè)是未來(lái)世彌勒佛，左側(cè)為過去世迦葉佛。主佛的對(duì)面是兩層高約1米的8尊佛教造像，襯托著主佛更加高大、雄偉。拱門東側(cè)雕鑿著菩提樹和樹下二佛對(duì)坐的造像，屬北魏石窟內(nèi)常見的題材。請(qǐng)大家注意，石窟大佛的后面有一狹長(zhǎng)的隧道，你們猜這是做什么用的嗎?對(duì)了，這是佛教信徒們禮拜繞行的誦經(jīng)道。

第6窟是云岡石窟中精巧著稱的一窟，稱“第一偉窟”。第6窟平面呈正方形，后室為中心塔柱，塔高15米，分上下兩層。請(qǐng)大家看，四壁和塔柱的佛像采用近似圓雕的高浮雕，佛像立體感很強(qiáng)。四方塔柱上層的立佛是具有極高水平的樓空雕刻法，這種立佛被稱為“接引佛”。我們舉目四周環(huán)視，發(fā)現(xiàn)整個(gè)洞窟雕飾富麗堂皇，幾乎找不到一塊沒有雕刻的空間，佛像、菩薩、羅漢、飛天、供養(yǎng)人和瑞鳥神獸、花卉等等，真是一座熱鬧擁擠、琳瑯滿目的佛國(guó)世界。第6窟更具有佛教和藝術(shù)感染力的是在中心塔柱的塔腰和四壁上的釋迦佛陀本生故事圖，藝術(shù)家以淺浮雕和高浮雕結(jié)合的手法，用連續(xù)排列的形式，運(yùn)用近40幅的雕刻，表現(xiàn)了釋迦牟尼從誕生前后到降魔成道、初轉(zhuǎn)法輪的佛傳故事。請(qǐng)大家隨我的手勢(shì)來(lái)觀賞這動(dòng)人的畫面。

(1)迦毗羅衛(wèi)國(guó)是古印度的一個(gè)國(guó)家，國(guó)王是凈飯王。他和摩耶夫人，年近40歲未曾生育。膝下無(wú)子的國(guó)王非常寂寞，一天夜里，摩耶夫人夢(mèng)見一位菩薩乘白象而來(lái)，后來(lái)懷了身孕。王紀(jì)有喜的消息傳開，各國(guó)使臣紛紛前來(lái)祝賀。

(2)按當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)俗，婦女應(yīng)回娘家分娩。公元前454年，摩耶夫人帶眾人回娘家，在途徑毗尼公園時(shí)休息。當(dāng)夫人手攀無(wú)憂樹時(shí)，太子從夫人右腋下降生，取名喬達(dá)摩?悉達(dá)多。太子出生，天空出現(xiàn)五彩樣云。

(3)太子降生時(shí)，向東西南北四方各行七步，出現(xiàn)步步生蓮花的場(chǎng)面。太子一手指天，一手指地，如獅子般怒吼道：“天上地下，惟我獨(dú)尊。”

(4)天上九龍口吐圣水為太子洗澡，這天稱為“浴佛節(jié)”。漢傳佛教將農(nóng)歷四月初八定為釋迦的生日。

(5)天人舞樂，大象眉飛色舞，大家迎接凈飯王和太子還宮。

(6)國(guó)王請(qǐng)仙人為太子看相，太子相貌出眾，不同常人。仙人回票國(guó)王說：“太子乃大圣人降世，若留家中將繼承王位，若離家則必成佛道”。

(7)國(guó)王為太子建造豪華的三時(shí)殿，選來(lái)美女讓太子享樂，欲使太子消除學(xué)佛之心。大家看太子卻表現(xiàn)深思熟慮和感觸人間煩惱的神情。

(8)太子年滿17歲，國(guó)王為他娶善覺國(guó)公主耶輸陀羅為妻。按照風(fēng)俗要試力定婚，太子一箭穿七面金鼓。

(9)太子娶妻后，在宮中娛樂。

10)娶妻生子后，太子向父王提出到宮外游玩要求。

(11)一(14)太子乘車出游，分別遇到老人、病人、死人。在一位法相莊嚴(yán)的僧人引導(dǎo)下，研修解脫人生擺脫苦難之道。

15)太子向父王請(qǐng)求出家修行，遭到父王的拒絕。

(16)太子乘馬離宮，四天神托起太子的坐騎逾越城池而去。經(jīng)過5年尋訪，6年苦修，太子終于在菩提樹下靜坐思維，7天后悟道成佛。

(17)太子成佛后，被譽(yù)為釋迦牟尼，這是釋迦族圣人的意思。太子本身故事中以“鹿野苑初轉(zhuǎn)法輪圖”雕刻精美傳神而著稱，圖中釋迦牟尼正在啟齒講經(jīng)，佛身邊的諸弟子面帶敬意雙手合十洗耳恭聽，就連佛陀身邊的兩頭小鹿也因聞佛法而面帶微笑。

第6窟在總體布局、造像風(fēng)格、雕刻手法等方面，代表了北魏傳統(tǒng)石窟藝術(shù)的最高境界，尤其佛像改變了過去的服裝，雕成了褒衣博帶式的佛裝，采用了當(dāng)時(shí)南朝士大夫地主階層的服飾，被稱為“太和造像”。推測(cè)孝文帝完成第6窟開鑿之后，不久便遷都洛陽(yáng)。大家在第6窟前室上方的門桅上，可以見到幾個(gè)牌匾的把釘，這是誰(shuí)的牌匾?當(dāng)年清朝的康熙皇帝平定噶爾丹叛亂之后，回北京途經(jīng)云岡石窟，看到第6窟雕刻的佛像如此精美，于是留下了“莊嚴(yán)法相”四個(gè)大字。不知何時(shí)，牌匾已不知去向。第7、8窟是孝文帝時(shí)開鑿的一組雙窟，屬孝文帝初任皇帝時(shí)開鑿，細(xì)心的朋友會(huì)問這樣一個(gè)問題：“為什么孝文帝時(shí)期開鑿雙窟?”雙窟的開鑿可能與馮太后擅政有關(guān)，馮太后是文成帝的皇后，孝文帝即位時(shí)任皇太后，一切朝政大權(quán)操縱在這位馮太后手中，這種狀況一直延續(xù)到馮太后逝世。當(dāng)時(shí)將馮太后和孝文帝并稱為二圣或二皇，馮太后世奉佛教，開鑿雙窟應(yīng)與馮太后主持朝政有重大關(guān)系。

第7窟的主像是三世佛，造像風(fēng)化嚴(yán)重。后室北壁佛龕分上下兩層，上龕正中為彌勒佛，兩側(cè)是倚坐佛像，下層佛龕為釋迦多寶對(duì)坐講經(jīng)論法圖。前后室壁面分層分段大面積布置了本生故事浮雕，以及佛傳故事的佛龕，以釋迦佛降伏火龍的雕刻較為精美。請(qǐng)大家抬頭觀賞窟頂，在平棋藻井圖案內(nèi)六格，每格以蓮花為中心，環(huán)繞八身飛天。傳說飛天又名香音神，以能歌善舞著稱，當(dāng)佛講經(jīng)說法時(shí)，飛天在天空向凡界播灑四瑞花雨。在南壁拱門的上方，并排雕刻兩組相向合掌而跪的6位供養(yǎng)天人的造像，被專家稱為“云岡六美人”，這是云岡石窟中最先出現(xiàn)的供養(yǎng)人形象。

從第7窟走到相連的第8窟，發(fā)現(xiàn)兩窟的主要造像、造像組合及其紋飾風(fēng)格均基本相近。值得注意的是供養(yǎng)天人行列上方雕出了仿木構(gòu)屋檐，這是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)瓦頂建筑式樣，說明孝文帝初期佛教開始融人中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化。第8窟門拱東西兩側(cè)的雕像，是云岡石雕中罕見的藝術(shù)品，西側(cè)是三頭六臂的塢摩羅天乘孔雀的造像，東側(cè)為三頭八臂的摩醯首羅天騎牛的造像。兩組造像中，以鳩摩羅天像著名，被認(rèn)為是東西方藝術(shù)最巧妙的組合。塢摩羅天又稱塢摩羅什，音譯是“童壽”，他是后秦時(shí)代的高僧，是中國(guó)佛教史上著名的翻譯家，譯出了《妙法蓮花經(jīng)》、《阿彌陀經(jīng)》、《金剛經(jīng)》等佛教經(jīng)典，人們將他尊為佛教護(hù)法之神。鳩摩羅天雕像給人智慧(三頭)、力量(六臂)、安詳(面善)、吉祥(手托吉祥鳥)的感覺。他乘坐的孔雀，是名為“那羅延夫”的神鳥，口銜玉珠，爪趾雄健，尾巴卷起長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的羽毛。第8窟的造像給人豐富的想象力和感染力，但又因四壁雕刻被嚴(yán)重風(fēng)化而讓人痛惜。

女士們、先生們，大家請(qǐng)隨我參觀云岡中部的“五華洞”。第9窟至第13窟，在清代晚期被施以彩繪，彩繪后的五個(gè)洞窟異常華麗，五彩斑斕，被人稱為“五華洞”。“五華洞”分為兩組，分別為第9、10窟和第11、12、13窟。第9、10窟是一組雙窟，開鑿時(shí)代略晚于7、8窟，為馮太后的閹官王遇負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)監(jiān)造，兩窟初建于公元484年。第9、10窟的前室雕鑿四根八角柱，每窟洞開三門，頗具漢魏以來(lái)中國(guó)建筑’“金楹(金柱)齊列，玉局(柱礎(chǔ))承跋”的遺風(fēng)。大家看到的前室側(cè)壁屋形龕、后室窟門上方屋形檐等雕刻，都是仿漢民族木結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑形式。

第9窟后室主佛釋迦像，面相方圓，右袒式的服裝。西北壁下層雕鑿附有榜題的分欄長(zhǎng)卷式畫面，是太子本生故事圖，手法簡(jiǎn)樸。后室兩側(cè)雕護(hù)法像，顯示出高超的石窟寺藝術(shù)魅力。

第10窟的主像是彌勒菩薩，壁畫布置有釋迦多寶并坐像。后室門楣雕飾非常精細(xì)，門楣上方的須彌山層巒疊嶂，山間二龍交首盤環(huán)，山腰間有參天的林木和奔跑的動(dòng)物，山體左右雕有阿修羅天和塢摩羅天護(hù)法神。這組雕塑動(dòng)靜結(jié)合，虛實(shí)相問，對(duì)稱均衡，別具匠心。

第9、10窟的頂部均雕有飛天造像。大家看那凌空飛舞的是歌舞神緊那羅，飾欄干圓拱龕中的伎樂神乾闥婆為她伴奏，把人們帶入歌舞升平的天堂世界。飛天造像群的仙人，或吸腿跳，或倒踢，或掖腿，或雙飛燕，其舞姿優(yōu)美，可與敦煌的飛天造像相媲美。

第11、12、13窟是一個(gè)組合的整體形式，以第12窟為中心。第12窟是鑿前后室的洞窟，前室外壁上方鑿屋檐，下方雕列柱。洞開三門。后室南壁中央上鑿明窗，下開窟門。兩側(cè)的11、13窟則于窟門上方各開明窗，與12窟形成左右對(duì)稱的立面布局。

第11窟為塔廟窟，塔柱下層皆以立佛雕像出現(xiàn)，上層南面為彌勒菩薩，其他三面為倚坐佛像。窟東壁有太和七年(公元483年)邑義信士女等造95驅(qū)石廟形象銘，西壁有太和二十年(公元496年)銘龕和七佛立像。第11窟的題記是云岡石窟研究的重要資料，太和七年是現(xiàn)存最早的題記。

第12窟為佛殿窟，主像下龕為釋迦多寶，上龕是彌勒菩薩。前室雕交腳坐佛像。第12窟是云岡石窟中著名的音樂窟，也叫佛籟洞。后室的雕像分上下兩層，布局莊嚴(yán)肅穆

第二篇：山西省導(dǎo)游現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考試口試景點(diǎn)講解：懸空寺導(dǎo)游詞

山西省導(dǎo)游現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考試口試景點(diǎn)講解：懸空寺導(dǎo)游詞

各位朋友：

大家好！歡迎您在這個(gè)吉祥美好的日子，光臨中華五岳之一的北岳恒山。

莽莽蒼蒼蜿蜒起伏的北岳恒山，有許多奇特的景觀，古有“恒山十八景”之說，其中最負(fù)盛名的便是建于北魏后期距今已有1500多年歷史的懸空寺。

懸空寺始建于北魏太和十五年（公元491年），金、明、清均有重修，現(xiàn)為明清建筑風(fēng)格，是國(guó)家級(jí)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。整個(gè)建筑具有險(xiǎn)、奇、巧的特點(diǎn)，共有樓閣40余間，從低到高三層迭起，最高處三教殿距峽谷深處的高度曾為90余米，由于1500余年峽谷河床沙石沉積，現(xiàn)高度僅為45米，但站在三教殿仍有身臨險(xiǎn)境的感覺。這座純木構(gòu)建筑，矚目遠(yuǎn)望，仿佛是一幅玲瓏剔透的浮雕，大有凌空欲飛之勢(shì)，鬼斧神工，令人嘆為觀止。民間道：“懸空寺，半天高，三尺馬尾空中吊”，大詩(shī)人李白則用“危樓高百尺，手可摘星辰，不敢高聲語(yǔ)，恐驚天上人”來(lái)形容之。據(jù)史料記載，初建時(shí)，寺院高出地面近百米，而支撐寺院的僅僅是十幾根碗口粗的柱子。懸空寺為什么建在這懸崖峭壁之上而不與地相接？據(jù)史料記載，南北朝時(shí)期，隨著政治勢(shì)力的分裂，道教也分為南北天師道場(chǎng)。北魏時(shí)期，太武帝拓跋燾崇信道教，曾一度滅佛興道，并且迎請(qǐng)嵩山道士寇謙之來(lái)京都平城設(shè)立道壇。太和十五年（公元491年），孝文帝拓跋宏下詔將天師道場(chǎng)移到恒山，就在當(dāng)年，按照寇謙之道長(zhǎng)“上延霄客，下絕囂浮”的遺訓(xùn)修建了“崇虛寺”，后來(lái)人們根據(jù)崇虛寺建筑懸空的特點(diǎn)，改稱如今的“懸空寺”。

懸空寺以西為正，大門朝南，整個(gè)建筑由南向北擴(kuò)建而成，越往北走地勢(shì)相對(duì)越高越狹窄。寺院由三部分組成，每部分都有一座三層式的樓閣，內(nèi)設(shè)懸梯連接。第一部分是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的寺院布局，由于建于懸崖峭壁之間，所以將一個(gè)平面的寺院布局立體化了。第一層是禪堂；第二層是大雄寶殿的兩個(gè)配殿，為比肩式樓閣。真正體現(xiàn)“懸”的地方是第二部分和第三部分。兩座樓之間飛架懸空棧道連接，半插飛梁為基，巧借巖石暗托。插入巖石里的橫梁使用當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)鐵杉，事先用桐油浸過，起到防蟲防腐作用。之前先將木楔置于洞內(nèi)，后將橫梁插入，因石洞口小肚大，外邊用力越大里邊咬合就越緊，這樣固定的橫梁就把壓力傳到了巖石上。在橫梁的下面用木柱支撐，這些木柱長(zhǎng)短不一，有的著力，有的則虛設(shè)，甚至可以晃動(dòng)，根本不受力，懸空寺像這樣形似虛設(shè)、可以晃動(dòng)的支柱有十多根。當(dāng)然，這些虛柱不僅僅是作為裝飾用的，一般情況下并不吃力，一旦承重壓力增大，就起到一柱頂千斤的作用，從而使懸空寺形成一座似虛而實(shí)、似危而安、危中見俏的奇特建筑

懸空寺的選址充分顯示出它的合理性，沒有花費(fèi)巨大的勞力去改造地貌，而是因地制宜，巧妙地利用峭壁的凹凸部分依勢(shì)造殿，顯示出各殿閣的主次錯(cuò)落和強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏感。寺廟建筑半藏絕壁之中，上有巨崖掩護(hù)，兩旁又有突出的石壁遮擋，下雨時(shí)雨水順崖而下，正好滴在寺廟前檐流入峽谷，避開了雨水對(duì)殿宇的侵蝕；山風(fēng)吹來(lái)兩旁突出的石壁減緩了風(fēng)勢(shì)，減少了對(duì)寺廟的威脅。另外，對(duì)面高聳的恒山主峰天峰嶺遮擋太陽(yáng)，相對(duì)縮短了寺廟的光照時(shí)間，就是日照時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的夏至?xí)r節(jié)，每天也只有三四個(gè)小時(shí)。這些因素是懸空寺巍然屹立1500多年，仍然保持原有風(fēng)采的重要原因。

懸空寺不僅以建筑奇巧著稱于世，最主要的就是反映了“三教合一”的宗教思想。全寺共有大小殿宇40間，其中最著名的就是“三教殿”。三教殿是體現(xiàn)“三教合一”的典型殿閣，位于懸空寺第三部分的最上層。三位教主共聚一堂，中間為佛教創(chuàng)始人釋迦牟尼，左邊為儒家創(chuàng)始人孔子，右邊為道家鼻祖老子，三教供于一殿，在全國(guó)各地寺廟建筑中極為罕見。集中體現(xiàn)了中華民族民族共融，世界大同的崇高境界。

懸空寺不僅外形美觀，轉(zhuǎn)折升降的木梯上也同樣具有藝術(shù)價(jià)值。木梯上用鐵釘組成數(shù)十種蓮花狀的圖案，如繁星燦爛，似鐵水迸濺，令人賞心悅目，堪稱古寺一絕。既起到保護(hù)木板和裝飾的作用，又賦予了深刻的寓意。香客進(jìn)寺，踏步而上，可謂“步步登蓮，吉祥如意”。集實(shí)用、裝飾、宗教價(jià)值于一身，可見古代建筑工匠的良苦用心。

全寺共有銅鑄、鐵鑄、木雕、石刻、脫紗等塑像80余尊，其中最突出的是大雄寶殿內(nèi)的3尊脫紗佛像。其做法先用膠泥塑成泥胎，再用南方生產(chǎn)的麻（也叫夏布）一層層地裹，裹到一定成型的厚度，再磨光、油漆、上彩、貼金。塑完后把里邊的泥胎從底部掏出，整個(gè)塑像形成空殼，高度達(dá)50厘米的塑像，凈重不超過3公斤，為懸空寺塑像中的一絕。

古往今來(lái)，懸空寺以它獨(dú)特的魅力吸引了不少文人墨客。公元735年，大詩(shī)人李白云游至此，揮毫?xí)鴮懥恕皦延^”兩個(gè)大字；公元1633年，大旅行家徐霞客游歷懸空寺后，在他的游記當(dāng)中留下了“天下巨觀”的贊譽(yù)；英國(guó)的一位建筑學(xué)家曾無(wú)限感慨地說過這樣一段話：“中國(guó)的懸空寺把美學(xué)、力學(xué)、宗教巧妙地融為一體，達(dá)到了盡善盡美，我真正懂得了畢加索所說‘世界上真正的藝術(shù)在東方’這句話的含義，懸空寺不僅是中國(guó)人民的驕傲，而且是全人類的驕傲。”

第三篇：陜西省導(dǎo)游口試景點(diǎn)講解：華清池導(dǎo)游詞

陜西省導(dǎo)游口試景點(diǎn)講解：華清池導(dǎo)游詞

華清池位于西安市城東30公里處的臨潼區(qū)內(nèi)，南依驕山，北臨渭水，內(nèi)有自然造化的天然溫泉。優(yōu)越的地理?xiàng)l件和自然環(huán)境適于原始人類在此繁衍生息，更吸引了在陜西建都的歷代帝王在此修建離宮別苑，自古以來(lái)就是我國(guó)著名的沐浴游覽勝地。

華清池歷史沿革

根據(jù)歷史文獻(xiàn)和考古發(fā)掘的資料證明，華清池已有6000年的溫泉使用史和3000年的皇家園林建筑史。近年來(lái)，考古工作者在溫泉總源北側(cè)基建時(shí)挖掘出大量的泥質(zhì)夾沙紅陶片，其紋飾、火候、陶質(zhì)、陶色均與原始社會(huì)仰韶文化時(shí)期的“姜寨遺址”出土的陶器完全相同。這表明早在6000多年以前，原始先民便在這天賜之水的滋潤(rùn)下，繁衍生息，創(chuàng)造出燦爛的史前文明。早在3000年前的西周時(shí)，周幽王就在此修有“驪宮”，周以后經(jīng)歷了秦始皇的“驪山湯”、漢武帝的“漢驪宮”、唐太宗的“湯泉宮”、唐高宗的“溫泉宮”，到了唐代第七位皇帝唐玄宗李隆基時(shí)期，在以前宮殿的基礎(chǔ)上充分發(fā)揮地理上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，依驪山的山勢(shì)而筑，環(huán)山列宮殿，宮周筑羅城，并修有登山的夾道和通往長(zhǎng)安的復(fù)道，把這里同長(zhǎng)安的“大明宮”、“興慶宮”連為一體。公元747年，新宮落成，李隆基賜名華清宮，后因?qū)m內(nèi)多溫泉浴池，又名“華清池”，并一直沿用至今。唐華清宮為富麗宏大的建筑群，從山頂至山下，宮殿林立，樓閣相屬。既合理地利用了溫泉，又體現(xiàn)了宮內(nèi)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)牟季帧m內(nèi)置百宮衙署及公卿府第，新修有玄宗皇帝專用的“御湯九龍殿”、楊貴妃沫浴的“海棠湯”及供百官公卿沐浴的“尚食湯”、“少陽(yáng)湯”、“長(zhǎng)湯十六所”等。除此之外，還修有專供唐玄宗與楊貴妃尋歡作樂的“斗雞殿”、“按歌臺(tái)”、“大小馬球湯”、“舞馬臺(tái)”等。至此，華清池達(dá)到了它歷史上的鼎盛時(shí)期，出現(xiàn)了“高高驪山上有宮，朱樓紫殿三四重”的壯觀景象。

華清池是唐玄宗與楊貴妃愛情羅曼史的歷史見證。楊貴妃原名楊玉環(huán)，生于公元718年，唐代蒲州永樂(今山西永濟(jì))人。從小隨叔父在河南長(zhǎng)大。她天資聰穎、通音律、善歌舞，與西施、昭君、貂蟬并稱中國(guó)古代四大美女。公元735年，楊玉環(huán)被冊(cè)封為唐玄宗第十八子壽王李瑁妃。公元737年，唐玄宗的寵妃武惠妃去世，玄宗悼惜不已，整日悶悶不樂，后宮美女?dāng)?shù)千，竟無(wú)一人中意，洞知玄宗心思的高力士便暗搜外宮，于公元740年發(fā)現(xiàn)壽王妃，并被玄宗看中，為避人耳目，將壽王妃召入道觀，賜道號(hào)太真，這樣一來(lái)就解除了李瑁與楊貴妃的夫妻關(guān)系。公元745年八月初六唐玄宗正式冊(cè)封楊玉環(huán)為貴妃。因唐玄宗通音律，而楊玉環(huán)善歌舞，兩人在感情志趣上情投意合，使得玄宗對(duì)楊玉環(huán)寵愛有加，宮中呼為“娘子”，禮儀皆如皇后，真是“后宮佳麗三千人，三千寵愛在一身”。

據(jù)史載，公元750年，唐玄宗與楊貴妃在驪山半山腰的長(zhǎng)生殿前相依而立，他仰望星空，因羨慕牛郎織女的多情，傷感人世間的多變，便雙雙跪地對(duì)天盟誓，愿生生世世為夫妻。《長(zhǎng)恨歌》中“七月七日長(zhǎng)生殿，夜半無(wú)人私語(yǔ)時(shí)。在天愿作比翼鳥，在地愿為連理枝”就是對(duì)此情景的描寫。

“門外千宮罷早朝，三郎沉醉不知曉”，從公元747年至公元755年，每年十月，玄宗便攜貴妃姊妹及親信大臣，從京都長(zhǎng)安來(lái)華清宮淋浴溫泉，號(hào)稱“避寒”，直到第二年暮春三月才返回京師長(zhǎng)安。“十月一日天子來(lái)，青繩御路無(wú)塵埃”，他們?cè)谶@里度七夕，避夏暑，處理朝政并接受萬(wàn)國(guó)使臣的朝拜。所以華清宮又有“第二都城”、“第二長(zhǎng)安”之稱。他們整日飲酒作樂，由梨園弟子奏樂助興，打馬球、觀斗雞、看舞馬。由于唐玄宗在執(zhí)政后期整日過著“春宵苦短日高起，從此君王不朝”的奢靡生活，終于導(dǎo)致公元755年的“安史之亂”。“西出都門百余里，六軍不發(fā)無(wú)奈何”。士兵們殺了宰相楊國(guó)忠，并逼玄宗賜締楊貴妃于馬嵬坡(今陜西興平)。從此，華清宮失去了往日的輝煌。后晉時(shí)這里被賜為道觀。宋、元、明、清還曾有多位皇帝游幸至此，但都未能達(dá)到唐華清宮的盛大規(guī)模。

好了，請(qǐng)各位跟隨我一同去領(lǐng)略這座千年皇家園林的魁力。

飛霜殿

我們首先來(lái)到的是以九龍湖為中心的風(fēng)景游覽區(qū)。映人眼簾的這座宏偉的仿古建筑，便是飛霜殿。唐時(shí)的飛霜殿，是唐玄宗與楊貴妃游幸驪山使用的寢殿。相傳此殿落成之時(shí)，正適冬季，雪花漫天飛舞，還沒落及地面就被大殿四周溫泉的熱氣蒸騰到空中，落雪為霜，故稱 “飛霜殿”。現(xiàn)在已成為華清池的貴賓接待室。

御湯遺址博物館

接下來(lái)我們?nèi)⒂^華清宮御湯遺址博物館：唐御湯遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)于1982年4月，經(jīng)考古工作者8年的發(fā)掘考證，在4000多平方米的遺址內(nèi)清理出“海棠湯”,“蓮花湯”,“星辰湯”,“尚食湯”、“太子湯”5組湯池遺址和眾多的文物遺跡，引起史學(xué)界的高度重視。1990年9月，建成了我國(guó)目前唯一的湯池遺址博物館，1996年11月華清宮御湯遺址被國(guó)務(wù)院正式公布為全國(guó)第四批重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

“海棠湯”又名“芙蓉湯”，俗稱“貴妃湯”。始建于公元747年，因湯池平面呈一朵盛開的海棠花而得名。唐人的構(gòu)思超俗，設(shè)計(jì)新穎，一方面用海棠花的艷麗襯托貴妃的嬌美；另一方面用海棠花的造型形象比喻楊貴妃豐腆的形體。湯池的池壁由四塊墨玉(即青石，經(jīng)打磨后，通體釉黑，為皇家上等貢品)拼砌而成，湯池東西長(zhǎng)3.6米，南北寬2.9米，東西兩側(cè)分別設(shè)有一組踏步便于上下，充分體現(xiàn)出唐代建筑藝術(shù)中對(duì)稱協(xié)調(diào)的美學(xué)觀念。不僅如此，湯池的供水系統(tǒng)也設(shè)計(jì)得非常科學(xué)合理，池底正中有一直徑為10厘米的進(jìn)水口，進(jìn)水口上裝蓮花噴頭，寓意為海棠花的花蕊，下接陶制水管道，與溫泉總源相通。溫泉因自然壓力從花蕊中自動(dòng)噴灑而出，噴出的形式與噴泉相似，而灑下來(lái)的形質(zhì)，不正是今天生活中的淋浴嗎？

“回眸一笑百媚生，六宮粉熏無(wú)顏色”的楊貴妃在海棠湯中淋浴了近八個(gè)春秋。淋浴時(shí)為增加情趣，池中灑有鮮花的花瓣和具有美容養(yǎng)顏功效的中藥材及價(jià)值昂貴的香料(如紫檀、多摩羅香、沉香、丁香、麝香等)，享受香湯沐浴。“驪山飛泉泛暖香，九龍呵護(hù)玉蓮房”，貴妃在這里蕩滌塵垢，也在這里享受著溫泉賜給她的尊貴、溫暖與舒適。她沐浴時(shí)宛如海棠初睡的嬌媚姿態(tài)不僅深受玄宗皇帝的寵愛，也成為歷代文人墨客吟詩(shī)作畫的素材，創(chuàng)作出無(wú)數(shù)流傳千古的詩(shī)詞歌賦。白居易的《長(zhǎng)恨歌》中“春寒賜浴華清池，溫泉水滑洗凝脂。侍兒扶起嬌無(wú)力，始是新承恩澤時(shí)。”便是對(duì)此情景的絕妙寫照。

蓮花湯是專供唐玄宗李隆基沐浴的，是唐華清宮御湯遺址中最有氣勢(shì)、最具代表性的湯池，也稱“御湯九龍殿”。當(dāng)您第一眼看到它，一定會(huì)為它的氣勢(shì)所震撼。宮殿建筑面積達(dá)400多平方米，有內(nèi)外殿之分。御湯可儲(chǔ)水近l00立方米，儼然是一座龐大的室內(nèi)游泳池，充分顯示出唐代追求恢弘大氣的社會(huì)風(fēng)尚及皇權(quán)神授的至高無(wú)上和唯我獨(dú)尊。

蓮花湯造型奇特，上下兩層臺(tái)階不同的造型是唐代工匠創(chuàng)造性審美取向的結(jié)晶，上平面四角有一定的曲線變化，呈寫實(shí)的蓮花狀;下平面為規(guī)則的八邊形，“八邊”代表著大地的八個(gè)方位，取“普天之下，莫非王土”之意，而蓮花設(shè)計(jì)在大地八極之上，完全合乎于根植于大地土壤之中而花浮于水的特殊生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律;水、土、花三者緊密關(guān)聯(lián)不可分割，這是自然與宗教觀念的整合，是將沐浴看作是與自然的溝通，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)“天人合一”的理念，這也就是唐人心目中沐浴的最高境界。李隆基是狂熱的道教徒，他希望通過淋浴與天相連，在清泉、蓮花的護(hù)佑下，求得一種解脫，一種升華，從而達(dá)到延年益壽、長(zhǎng)生不老的目的。這座湯池?zé)o疑是唐代禮制宮設(shè)計(jì)師煞費(fèi)苦心的創(chuàng)作，也深刻反映出玄宗皇帝對(duì)人間現(xiàn)實(shí)的肯定和感受、憧憬和執(zhí)著。

星辰湯是唐太宗李世民“湯泉宮”的文化遺存。建于公元644年，專供唐太宗李世民所用，原名“御湯”，占地面積100多平方米，是目前國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大的御用湯池。整個(gè)湯池的設(shè)計(jì)是閻立德根據(jù)唐代禮制規(guī)定，再結(jié)合天空星象、二十四節(jié)氣，即天、地、人三位一體的理念設(shè)計(jì)建造的。古代人相信天上有天帝主宰宇宙，地上有皇帝統(tǒng)治人民，星座的位移、明暗、隕落，反映著皇權(quán)的變化。信奉“天人合一”說的唐玄宗便將酷像北斗七星的“御湯”，更名為“星辰湯”。很顯然，這些用意就是想企求蒼天北斗保佑李氏王朝，永固帝位。當(dāng)然也有企求皇天賜福，得道成仙，長(zhǎng)生不老的內(nèi)心秘密。星辰湯離溫泉水源最近，水質(zhì)最好，地理位置最優(yōu)越。泉水因自然漫溢涌人湯池形成了現(xiàn)代的自流水及沖浪浴的沐浴方式，更吸引了多位皇帝在此修建湯池。在1982年修復(fù)過程中，考古工作者又考證在星辰湯的底部疊壓著秦始皇的“驪山湯”和漢武帝的“漢離宮”文化遺存，并在文化層中發(fā)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)歷史上最早的皇室配套浴具——陶甕、陶鑒和我國(guó)考古界目前發(fā)掘的唯一的木門，為研究秦代漢淋浴文化提供了佐證材料。

尚食湯，形制小，工藝簡(jiǎn)單，并無(wú)奇特造型，相對(duì)于前面的御用湯池，顯然沐浴者的地位不及前者。曾有人解釋:尚食湯是專供尚食局官員沐浴的。然而根據(jù)考古學(xué)家多年的考證，只定位尚食官員不太準(zhǔn)確。古文獻(xiàn)記載，“尚”字還包括“賞賜、給予”的含義，而唐代除尚食局外，隨皇帝出行的還有尚藥、尚衣、尚社、尚乘、尚擎五局官員。就湯池的整體結(jié)構(gòu)分析，湯池中間設(shè)有石隔墻，東、南、北三面修砌有入池石臺(tái)階，池中并無(wú)固定的坐向位置，充分說明尚食湯面積雖小，但在此沫浴的人較多，使用率較高，身份也較復(fù)雜。所以推斷得出，尚食湯在華清宮可解釋為皇帝賞賜給等級(jí)較高的隨行內(nèi)侍官員的沐浴場(chǎng)所，在此沐浴常沐皇恩，知圣心之苦衷，為唐王朝的江山社稷效忠。由于史記記載較少，有關(guān)此湯池的諸多疑問(如：臺(tái)階下的百坑以及石隔墻的用途)，還有待于考古專家進(jìn)一步的探討和論證。太子湯的沐浴者，顧名思義就是東宮的皇太子，建于公元644年，先后共經(jīng)歷80余年。沐浴的皇太子有李承乾、李治、李忠、李弘、李賢、李憲、李旦、李崇君、李隆基、李瑛共10人，其中僅有4位君臨天下，其他的幾位都成了皇權(quán)斗爭(zhēng)的犧牲品。由此可見，唐宮廷內(nèi)部爭(zhēng)奪皇位是何等的激烈和殘酷。

太子湯采用“星辰湯”排水道供水，即擺正了皇帝與皇太子之間的尊卑關(guān)系，解決了禮制犯忌的問題，又寓意著來(lái)自“星辰湯”的溫泉能使皇太子常沐父皇恩澤。由于太子湯的四壁及池底遭到較嚴(yán)重的破壞，唐時(shí)的青石板大多已不復(fù)存在，再考慮到整個(gè)博物館的建筑格局，所以太子湯以露天的形式陳設(shè)。

以上介紹的五組湯池，它們大小不一，形制各異，各具風(fēng)格與特色，為研究中國(guó)古代沐浴史、唐宮廷建筑史、封建社會(huì)的等級(jí)制度、中國(guó)古代利用地?zé)豳Y源史均提供了翔實(shí)的史料依據(jù)，也極大地豐富了華清池的歷史文化內(nèi)涵。

溫泉水源

我們眼前這座拱形的建筑便是溫泉池的總源。我國(guó)有溫泉2700多處，是世界上溫泉最多的國(guó)家之一。而華清池的驪山溫泉因開發(fā)利用早，并且受歷代帝王青睞而名冠諸泉之首，享有“天下第一御泉”的美稱。

溫泉，大多含有對(duì)人體有益的礦物質(zhì)和微量元素。沐浴溫泉，不僅可以消除疲勞，還具有治療多種疾病的功效。驪山溫泉水溫常年在43C，水質(zhì)純凈，具有醫(yī)療價(jià)值的礦物質(zhì)和微量元素的含量較高。根據(jù)科學(xué)檢測(cè)，驪山溫泉水質(zhì)屬低礦化、弱堿性、中等放射性泉水，故又稱硅水、氟水和放射性氨水。這些均達(dá)到了醫(yī)療用水的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，故有“自然之經(jīng)方，天地之元?dú)狻钡拿婪Q。由于溫泉神奇的功效，贏得帝王們的特別喜好，并形成了一種專供帝王享用的傳統(tǒng)特權(quán)。

驪山溫泉可療疾起源于2000年前的秦代，《三秦》記載：秦始皇幸游驪山時(shí)遇見一位神女，遂有調(diào)戲之舉，神女一氣之下唾于始皇面部，始皇臉部遂即生瘡，病久治不愈。始皇追悔莫及，向神女表示仟悔，神女見其有悔改之意，便說：“此有溫湯，何不一洗”，始皇就用驪山溫泉治療了毒瘡。秦始皇湯戲神女的傳說雖不足信，但卻印證了溫泉可治愈疾病的歷史。

驪山溫泉除其特有的醫(yī)療作用和得天獨(dú)厚的自然條件外，還可改變植物的生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性。相傳秦始皇在冬季命人在驪山溫谷中種西瓜，引起了儒生們的懷疑而被秦始皇坑殺，釀成了著名的“焚書坑儒”事件。當(dāng)然這只是傳說而已，不足為憑。數(shù)百年后的唐代，唐華清宮內(nèi)辟有西瓜園。王建有“酒幔高樓一百家，宮前楊柳寺開花，內(nèi)園分得溫泉水，二月中旬已進(jìn)瓜”的佳句，證明了古代勞動(dòng)人民能巧妙地利用溫泉進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)革新。

“西安事變”舊址——環(huán)園

華清池不僅在中國(guó)古代史上享有盛名，中國(guó)近代史上震驚中外的“西安事變”也發(fā)生在這里。我們現(xiàn)在就來(lái)到了“西安事變”舊址——環(huán)園。

環(huán)園是1878年臨潼縣令沈家禎主持營(yíng)建并題名的，總占地面積6000平方米。園內(nèi)風(fēng)貌既具有江南園林優(yōu)雅別致的風(fēng)格，又有北方園林殿宇宏偉的特色。主要建筑有望湖樓、飛霞閣、飛虹橋、荷花閣、五間廳、三間廳等。

1900年八國(guó)聯(lián)軍攻陷北京，慈禧太后西逃曾駐于此。1936年10月、12月蔣介石兩次來(lái)陜督戰(zhàn)，都以環(huán)園為臨時(shí)行轅，堅(jiān)持“攘外必先安內(nèi)”的錯(cuò)誤主張，在此布置“剿共”事宜。1936年12月12日，這里爆發(fā)了震驚中外的“西安事變”。1982年2月，五間廳、三間廳被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為全國(guó)第二批重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

五間廳是“西安事變”時(shí)蔣介石的下榻之處，由西向東依次為:秘書室、蔣介石臥室、辦公室、會(huì)議室、侍從室。

“西安事變”爆發(fā)于1936年12月12日，所以歷史上也稱“雙十二事變”。它是由國(guó)民黨內(nèi)部主張抗日的愛國(guó)將領(lǐng)張學(xué)良和楊虎城發(fā)動(dòng)的。1931年，日本帝國(guó)主義用刺刀和大炮制造了駭人聽聞的“九一八”事變，中國(guó)面臨民族滅亡的緊急關(guān)頭。野蠻的侵略，激起了全國(guó)人民的憤怒，抗日的呼聲響徹大江南北、黃河兩岸。在民族存亡日益加重的緊要關(guān)頭，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨于1935年12月在陜北召開了“瓦窯堡會(huì)議”，毛澤東根據(jù)我國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)的形勢(shì)，提出了建立民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的策略，全國(guó)各階層愛國(guó)人士積極響應(yīng)，投身于抗日救國(guó)的洪流之中，而蔣介石卻置民族安危于不顧，頑固推行“攘外必先安內(nèi)”的錯(cuò)誤政策，他移師西北，把大本營(yíng)置于西安。

1936年12月4日，蔣介石乘專列第二次來(lái)西安，以華清池為臨時(shí)行轅，下榻于五間廳，準(zhǔn)備在此布置實(shí)施“剿共”事宜。他一到行轅，便迫不及待地召見了東北軍和十七路軍師以上的軍官，要他們服從命令，進(jìn)攻陜北紅軍。蔣介石于12月6日召見了張學(xué)良、楊虎城，并向他們攤牌，提出兩種方案供其選擇：要么全面進(jìn)攻陜北紅軍，要么讓出陜西，由中央軍進(jìn)剿。12月7日，張學(xué)良赴臨潼晉見蔣介石并和其“諍諫”，他至誠(chéng)大義地規(guī)勸蔣介石放棄“剿共”內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，卻遭到蔣介石的嚴(yán)詞訓(xùn)斥。12月8日，張、楊兩位將軍大義凜然地苦諫，聲淚俱下地哭諫，都無(wú)濟(jì)于事。從國(guó)家和民族利益出發(fā)，兩位將軍在西安止園商定，以武裝形勢(shì)逼蔣介石停止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)、一致抗日。12月9日凌晨，古城學(xué)生舉行紀(jì)念“一二.九”運(yùn)動(dòng)一周年請(qǐng)?jiān)赣涡校瑴?zhǔn)備步行來(lái)臨潼向蔣介石請(qǐng)?jiān)浮ＪY介石聽到消息后大發(fā)雷霆，命令張學(xué)良前去制止學(xué)生鬧事，并聲稱：“如不聽者，格殺勿論。”游行隊(duì)伍行至灞橋時(shí)，被張學(xué)良驅(qū)車阻止，學(xué)生們聲淚俱下地講述了各種理由，說明一定要到行轅請(qǐng)?jiān)浮Ｃ鎸?duì)熱血沸騰的愛國(guó)學(xué)生，張學(xué)良懇切地說：“同胞們!同學(xué)們!我張學(xué)良是國(guó)家的軍人，我絕不辜負(fù)你們救國(guó)的心愿，絕不欺騙大家，一星期之內(nèi)，我用事實(shí)答復(fù)你們。”學(xué)生們報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲，在張學(xué)良將軍的勸阻下，學(xué)生們陸續(xù)返回西安。而此時(shí)的蔣介石正在行轅內(nèi)的宴會(huì)廳宴請(qǐng)東北軍和十七路軍的部分高級(jí)將領(lǐng)，加緊分化收買工作。張學(xué)良深夜赴臨潼華清池見蔣，向蔣轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)了學(xué)生們的請(qǐng)求，而蔣介石卻置之不理。張學(xué)良無(wú)奈地離開五間廳后，蔣介石取出紙章，給陜西省政府主席邵力子寫了一紙手諭，欲解除張學(xué)良和楊虎城的兵權(quán)。

12月10日，張學(xué)良、楊虎城決心對(duì)蔣介石實(shí)行兵諫。12月12日凌晨3時(shí)左右，東北軍外線部隊(duì)的兩個(gè)團(tuán)迅速進(jìn)入驪山附近，包圍了華清池，解除了駐華清池附近的憲兵武裝，在驪山腳下打響了“西安事變”的第一槍。蔣介石聽到槍聲，因不知敵情，未及穿衣，便和侍衛(wèi)官及隨從倉(cāng)皇而逃，在翻越后門時(shí)，不小心摔傷了脊梁，還丟了一只鞋子，由隨從扶掖向山上逃去。

黨衛(wèi)隊(duì)沖入第二道門，沖人五間廳，闖進(jìn)蔣介石臥室時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)空無(wú)一人，而蔣介石的衣帽、斗篷、假牙尚在，伸手摸摸被窩仍有余溫，推測(cè)蔣介石并未逃遠(yuǎn)，于是開始大規(guī)模搜山，發(fā)現(xiàn)驪山半山腰虎斑石處的夾縫中躲藏有人，立即間：“什么人，還不出來(lái)，要開槍了。”蔣介石終于從夾縫中走出，卻意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)，搜山的并不是紅軍而是東北軍，連聲問：“張副司令在哪里，在哪里。”此時(shí)的蔣介石身穿古銅色睡袍，渾身是土，凍得瑟瑟發(fā)抖，在士兵的扶掖下，被護(hù)送至西安。

在臨潼發(fā)生激烈槍戰(zhàn)的同時(shí)，楊虎城將軍的官兵也迅速行動(dòng)，解除了中央憲兵團(tuán)的武裝，扣押了隨蔣來(lái)陜北的要員陳誠(chéng)、衛(wèi)立煌等，占領(lǐng)了飛機(jī)場(chǎng)、火車站，很快控制了西安的局勢(shì)。1陜西導(dǎo)游資格證考試2陜西省導(dǎo)游資格考試3陜西導(dǎo)游資格考試4陜西省導(dǎo)游資格證5陜西導(dǎo)游網(wǎng)6陜西導(dǎo)游詞7陜西導(dǎo)游8陜西導(dǎo)游考試9陜西導(dǎo)游考試試題10陜西英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游詞11陜西八大景點(diǎn)導(dǎo)游詞12陜西導(dǎo)游試題13陜西省導(dǎo)游考試14陜西英文導(dǎo)游詞15陜西導(dǎo)游論壇16陜西華清池導(dǎo)游詞17陜西導(dǎo)游證182007陜西導(dǎo)游考試19陜西導(dǎo)游培訓(xùn)學(xué)校20陜西導(dǎo)游考試網(wǎng)21陜西英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游考試題22陜西省導(dǎo)游232007年陜西導(dǎo)游考試24陜西導(dǎo)游證考試25陜西導(dǎo)游考試真題26陜西省導(dǎo)游網(wǎng)27陜西導(dǎo)游證考試題28陜西導(dǎo)游學(xué)校29陜西導(dǎo)游社區(qū)30陜西導(dǎo)游培訓(xùn)31陜西導(dǎo)游考試時(shí)間3207陜西導(dǎo)游考試3307年陜西導(dǎo)游考試34陜西導(dǎo)游講解視頻35陜西導(dǎo)游培訓(xùn)學(xué)院36陜西英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游37陜西兵馬俑導(dǎo)游詞38陜西導(dǎo)游考試導(dǎo)游詞39陜西導(dǎo)游大賽視頻40陜西省導(dǎo)游證考試41陜西紅色旅游導(dǎo)游詞42陜西延安導(dǎo)游詞43陜西導(dǎo)游考試口試44陜西導(dǎo)游考試模擬題45陜西省導(dǎo)游考試時(shí)間46陜西乾陵導(dǎo)游詞47陜西大雁塔導(dǎo)游詞48陜西導(dǎo)游歡迎詞49陜西導(dǎo)游講解詞50陜西省英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游詞

“西安事變”爆發(fā)后，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨派出了以周恩來(lái)、秦邦憲、葉劍英為首的代表團(tuán)抵達(dá)西安，為“西安事變”的和平解決作出了多方面努力，終于迫使蔣介石答應(yīng)“停止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，一致抗日”的要求，遂于12月25日釋放蔣介石回南京。“西安事變”的和平解決，結(jié)束了長(zhǎng)達(dá)10年之久的國(guó)共內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，促進(jìn)了抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的形成，使抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)得到了廣泛發(fā)動(dòng)。華清池五間廳的墻壁上、玻璃窗上的累累彈痕將永遠(yuǎn)銘記著中國(guó)現(xiàn)代革命史上的重大事件——“西安事變”。華清池也因承載著這一段歷史而名載史冊(cè)。

昔日的皇宮禁苑，天子御湯，今日已成為融風(fēng)景園林、文物遺址、溫泉沫浴于一體的綜合性的旅游勝地。1982年華清池被列入全國(guó)第一批全國(guó)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，1998年被建設(shè)部授予“中國(guó)名園”，2000年被評(píng)為全國(guó)首批“AAAA”級(jí)旅游景區(qū)。正如郭沫若吟詩(shī)所詠：“華清池水色清蒼，此日規(guī)模越盛唐。不僅宮池依舊制，而今民庶盡天王。”

第四篇：陜西省導(dǎo)游口試考試景點(diǎn)講解：華山英文導(dǎo)游詞

陜西省導(dǎo)游口試考試景點(diǎn)講解：華山英文導(dǎo)游詞Hua Shan is the highest of China’s five sacred mountains.It is 120 kilometers east of Xian.It has five peaks that resemble the petals of a flower.The highest peak is 2180 meters(7085 feet).We had had discussions about going to Hua Shan with some graduate students from Computer Science.That didn’t work out due to changes in schedules on both sides.Also, they were planning to do the climb at night to be able to reach the peak at sunrise.That did not appeal to us.We wanted to spend a night on the mountain.Fran’s department arranged a trip for us, making reservations at the simple hotel on the North Peak.They sent two graduate students to accompany us, though they had not been to Hua Shan before.We met them at 8:00 on Saturday morning and took a taxi to the train station.There we asked around and located a mini-bus.The bus made a couple of stops.One was to see a presentation about the traditional medicines grown on the mountain and a chance to buy some of them.It probably would have been interesting if we understood Chinese.Our guides gave us the general outline about what was said.The other stop was a quick lunch stop.There are two approaches to Hua Shan.[Chinese proverb: “There is one road and only one road to Hua Shan,” meaning that sometimes the hard way is the only way.] The west entrance involves 10 kilometers of walking on a road before you start climbing.We went with the east entrance, where the bus brings you to the base of a cable car that goes up to the 1500 meter North Peak.Our plan was to walk up to the North Peak, then climb to the four other peaks the next day and take the cable car down.We started the climb in the early afternoon.The path consists of stone steps with rough chain link handrails in the narrowest areas(we wore our bicycling gloves for hand protection).Physically, it is more like climbing the steps of a skyscraper than trails at home.However, the temperature was about 95 degrees and there was not much shade.We brought lots of water, including some bottles that we froze and some Gatorade that we got at the fancy department store in downtown Xian.There are plenty of refreshment stands along the way where you can buy bottled water, the Chinese equivalent of Gatorade, and other drinks or snacks at a premium price.We reached the North Peak before 4:00 PM and rested at the hotel.Our room was basic, but comfortable and clean enough.Because water is scarce on the mountain, there were neither showers nor sinks available for washing.In that sense the experience felt like camping, but we were sleeping in a big tent!

After dinner at the hotel restaurant, we spent some time talking with our guides.We were a bit surprised to find that they both think of Japan negatively, but like the U.S.It seems that Japan’s WWII behavior in China has not been forgotten, and is emphasized in school.We saw a beautiful sunset and watched the sky become resplendent with thousands of stars, including the Milky Way galaxy.This was the clearest sky that we have seen in China.The fresh air at Hua Shan is a treat!

Our guides had both been planning to get up at 4:00 AM to watch the sunrise.Fran and I made sleep a priority.We did happen to wake up a bit before sunrise(our room faced east)and went outside to watch the sky become rosy.Ironically, our guides missed the sunrise because they had stayed up late watching the European soccer championships on the television in their room The plan for the day was to climb the other four peaks, but we reserved the right to shorten the route.The first part was a steep climb to Middle Peak.After the low North Peak, all the others are at roughly 2000 meters.There were crowds on the way to Middle Peak – mostly Chinese hikers but we did see a few other wai guo(foreigners)as well.We visited two Taoist temples en route to Middle Peak.Each one had an altar with incense and offerings of fruit.The friendly monks invited us to say a prayer or to send blessings to loved ones.Fran accepted their invitation.At the first temple, she lit incense sticks and knelt on a cushion in front of the altar saying a silent prayer for our safe journey to the various summits of Hua Shan(the prayer was answered).At the second temple, she knelt on a cushion in front of the altar and sent silent blessings to several friends who are experiencing challenging situations in their lives at present.After each blessing, she leaned forward and the monk struck a drum.After Middle Peak, the crowds got much thinner.The next was East Peak, which had a steep ladder climbing rock.Fran was dubious about this ascent, but realized that the ladder wasn’t so bad and went for it.That was a good decision because we were then able to do a loop and the trails got almost empty at this point.After skirting the top of a cliff with a steep dropoff on both sides, we had a pleasant walk to South Peak and West Peak.There was even a small amount of dirt trail!The summit of South Peak was the highest point on Hua Shan, so of course we asked another hiker to take a photo of our guides and us.The views from the tops of each peak were beautiful.Hua Shan and the surrounding mountains are very rugged and remind us somewhat of hiking in the southwestern United States or the Sierras.We took a route that eventually brought us to the main line returning down from Middle to North Peak.We were happy to have ascended each of the five peaks(petals)of Flower Mountain.By cable car(the longest in Asia), it was just 7 minutes down to the park entrance.We caught a shuttle bus into town, then transferred to a bus for Xian.Our guides told us that we had walked up and down a total of 4000 stairs!We were glad that we did not have this information when we started.For three days after returning home, our sore leg muscles instructed us to take the elevator to our fifth floor apartment rather than climbing the stairs.

第五篇：陜西省導(dǎo)游口試考試景點(diǎn)講解：秦兵馬俑英文導(dǎo)游詞

陜西省導(dǎo)游口試考試景點(diǎn)講解：秦兵馬俑英文導(dǎo)游詞

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang(259-210B.C.)had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name.He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22.By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor.He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system.Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system.He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures.To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built.All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture.They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field.As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy.Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive.Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain.These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other.Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated.What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened.However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum.In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey.The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum.This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council.The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters.It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively.The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks.Thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth.The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east.In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces.They are supposed to be the van of the formation.Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long.They are probably the main body of the formation.There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards.They are probably the flanks and the rear.There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed.The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten.But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc.left clear impressions on the earth bed.The copper parts of the chariots still remain.Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long.According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor.The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation.Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits.The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick.In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken.Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army.All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest.They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions.Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy.They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on.The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted.As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours.However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new.They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads.These weapons were exquisitely made.Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals.Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years.This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum.These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy.The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall.The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background.They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful.Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection.The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology.For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation.According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling.The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated.After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983.No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.The museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning, Today, we are going to visit the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses.This museum is located at the foot of mountain Li Shan, about 35 kilometers east of Xi’an.First, I will give you a brief introduction about the master of this underground army---the First Qin Emperor, Yingzheng.He came to the throne at the age of 13 and seized the power at the age of 22.By 221BC, he had annexed all the six independent states and established the first centralized autocratic feudal empire in the long history of China.After the unification of the whole country, he styled himself the First Emperor and standardized the coinage, weights and measures, the legal codes, the written scripts and so on.He also ordered the linkage of the original Great Wall.All these exerted an everlasting influence on the long feudal history of China.But the First Qin Emperor was very ambitious.As soon as he came to the throne, he ordered that a magnificent mausoleum should be built for him.It took 37 years to complete this great project.Actually, the site of those terracotta warriors and horses we now see is just a small part of his mausoleum.Ok, everyone, now we are standing at the front gate of the Eighth Wonder of the world---the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses.As one of the top ten places of historical interest in China, it was also listed as a world heritage site.So next, let’s go to uncover the veil of this miraculous work.In March 1974,when several farmers were sinking a well about 1.5km east of the First Qin Emperor’s Maosolem, they came upon many fragments of the terracotta figures.The results of archaeological excavation showed that is two more pits were discovered respectively.They were then named pit1，pit2, and pit3 by the order of discovery.The new discovery stirred up a sensation all over the world.In order to provide the historical artifacts with adequate protection, a musem was set up on the site of Pit 1 in 1975 upon the approval of the state council.Pit 1,covers an area of 16,300 square meters, is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.The terra cotta armies in pit 1 were arranged in battle formation.In the front of this formation, there are 210warriors in 3 lines facing forward.Armed with bows and arrows, they constitute the so-called vanguard.Meanwhile, there is one row of warriors on each of the borders of this pit, facing outward---they are the flanks and the rear guard.Holding long-distance shooting weapons, they took up the job of defending the whole army.Then, this way please.We may find ten partition walls which divided this pit into 11 corridors.The warriors standing inside them with horse-drawn chariots represent the principal military force of this battle formation.According to the density, there are over 6000 terracotta warriors and horses, and most of them are infantrymen.Ok, Here now we arrived at Pit 2.we can see that Pit 2 is still under cover, that’s because we want to preserve them.Pit 2 consists of 4 different mixed military forces in four arrays, they are infantrymen, cavalrymen, archers and charioteers.And pit 2 also include many chariots and horses.They can be divided to act independently, capable of attacking, and defending with a quick response.As you see, those worriors, their feet, legs, bodies, necks, hands and heads, all with different faces, were all made separately and joined together.we may find they are all vivid and true to life.And also as we can see, here are some actual weapons unearthed in those pits.The most attractive one is a bronze sword.Although it was buried over thousands of years, it is still very sharp.It can cat through 20 pieces of paper put together.Now we come to pit 3.Pit 3 covers an area of about 520 square meters.There are only 68 warriors and 4 clay horses.The warriors were arranged opposite to each other in two rows, and only one kind of weapon called “SHU” had been discovered.This kind of weapon has no blade, and is believed to be used by the guards of honor.We have found many animal bones in the north side, and it is supposed to be “Prayer Hall”, and “Commander’s office” is on the south side.This suggests pit 3 is the headquarters directing the whole underground army.Then we have arrived at the exhibition hall of Bronze Chariots and Horses.In 1980, two sets of large painted bronze chariots and horses were found.They broke into thousands of pieces when we found them and after 8 years’ careful restoration;they were rebuilt and open to the public.The first one was named “High Chariot” and the second one was called “Security Chariot”.They were the eariliest and most exquisitely and intricately made bronze valuables,and also the largest bronze wares discovered in the history of world archaeology.It provides extremlyvaluable material and data for the research of the metallurgical technique and technological modeling og the Qin Dynasty.So now we will finish our journey in the museum today, I believe that you must be very astonished at this world wonder.So it’s your time,you can work around and take some pictures.thank you for listening.