第一篇：寫作技巧(十八)：對(duì)照式
十八、對(duì)照式
為了增強(qiáng)對(duì)比度，使工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)或先進(jìn)人物的事跡材料表達(dá)得更鮮明和富有代表性，作者在構(gòu)思材料層次觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，將兩種互相聯(lián)琴可以參照對(duì)比的人物、事物或兩種做法加以對(duì)照，并將對(duì)照偽雙方用文字明確體現(xiàn)在層次標(biāo)題之中。我們稱這種方式為對(duì)照式。
（一）基本樣式和特點(diǎn)
例一：有一篇寫１１次立功受獎(jiǎng)、６年被評(píng)為優(yōu)秀黨員的某部志愿兵王教福的先進(jìn)事跡的材料，題目是《拳拳赤子心》：層次觀點(diǎn)是：
1．母親與祖國；
２．愛情與事業(yè)，３．職業(yè)與義務(wù)。
例二：空軍某研究所參謀通過兩年奮斗，完成８門課程的自學(xué)高考，他寫的體會(huì)文章的層次觀點(diǎn)是：
１．“要我學(xué)兒與“我要學(xué)”；
２．“學(xué)知識(shí)”與“領(lǐng)文憑”；
３．“擠時(shí)間”與“給時(shí)間”，４．苦與樂，５．專與博。
例三：有一篇寫經(jīng)營之道的體會(huì)文章，題為《發(fā)揚(yáng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，搞活經(jīng)濟(jì)》，層次觀點(diǎn)是：
１．人無我有，２．人有我全，３．人全我優(yōu)。
例四：一篇題為《老兵的風(fēng)度》的材料，記述的是某集團(tuán)軍“優(yōu)秀班長標(biāo)兵”唐山的先進(jìn)事跡。層次觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)采用了對(duì)照式： 用完善的形象取信于戰(zhàn)士；
2、當(dāng)干部戰(zhàn)士產(chǎn)生誤解時(shí)，干部對(duì)戰(zhàn)士不公道時(shí)候，他——
為雙方搭起互相理解的橋梁；
３．當(dāng)戰(zhàn)友在成長的道路上遇到波折或?yàn)榧覄?wù)事困擾束手無策時(shí)，他——
主動(dòng)靠上去，伸出友誼之手；
這種樣式的特點(diǎn)有，一是層次標(biāo)題中的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比度強(qiáng)。從對(duì)照中折射出開展工作曾經(jīng)遇到的矛盾和取得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)；從兩種不同“態(tài)度的對(duì)照中，體現(xiàn)出被寫人物的高貴品質(zhì)。二是對(duì)照的寫法有直接的乎行對(duì)照（如例
一、例二），有層次遞進(jìn)的對(duì)照（如例三）；有同等條件下的對(duì)照（如例四）。
（二）構(gòu)思這種樣式的要領(lǐng)和應(yīng)注意的問題
要領(lǐng)之中最重要的一條是，要從所寫的材料內(nèi)容中，把需要對(duì)照的方面精心選擇出來，形成鮮明、較強(qiáng)的對(duì)比度。其次，我們?cè)诓捎脤?duì)照式時(shí)，要注意展開對(duì)照的目的是為了深化
第 1 頁
1、當(dāng)個(gè)人利益和革命利益發(fā)生矛盾，一些人注重追求實(shí)惠的時(shí)候，他——
主題和鮮明地反映經(jīng)驗(yàn)，防止出現(xiàn)歹（了很多對(duì)照的方面，給人提示的經(jīng)驗(yàn) 卻不深刻的傾向。
這種對(duì)照的樣式，適合于寫工作學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì)的材料和反映先進(jìn)
人物的事跡材料。
第 2 頁
第二篇：段落式寫作技巧專題
二、如何寫主題句
１．建議放在第一句
２．多用肯定句
３．語意明確，是段落軸心（段落中的每一句都與其相關(guān)）
One day, I was flying from Shanghai to Yunnan.When the plane took off, the wind was blowing, and it was raining hard.I was a little nervous....直接寫出
My worst experience happened on an airplane in August 1995.三、如何發(fā)展段落
１．引用例子或個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)／感受
２．定義某一個(gè)原則或概念
３．詳細(xì)說明主題句
范例一（詳細(xì)說明two cities, taste）
A visitor to my country should visit two cities to get a taste of the country.From north to south, the traveler should stop at _______ which is mainly an industrial city with many tall buildings and stores.After he has seen _______, the
traveler should drive south toward _________.He will see(the sea)as he drives along the coast.When he arrives in _______, he will find a friendly city, with many fruit trees and plants.范例二（定義kind）
My mother was one of the kindest people on earth.When I was young, she would overlook almost all my mistakes and gently correct me.My mother would often be nice to other children in the neighborhood by sharing my food, toys, and even clothes with them.范例三（詳細(xì)說明主題句serious problem）
For most people nowadays, the need of energy is a serious problem.In industrialized countries, people need a lot of gas and electricity.Economists and political leaders continually warn us about the problem.They encourage us to save energy by driving less, turning down heaters, and turning off lights.范例四（詳細(xì)說明several important qualities＋舉例）
My ideal husband would have to have several important qualities.First he would be kind and loving.For example, he would never stay angry for long and he would always find little ways to make life more fun for his family.Second he would be willing to share with me the responsibilities of the household.He would, for instance, do some of the cooking, laundry, and cleaning.He would also share in the raising of our children.Finally, he would be tall and thin with dark eyes.常用于引言的字句-「起」
1.As an old English saying goes, “………” 有句英文諺語是這么說的，…
2.There is no denying(doubt)that S+ V… 不可否認(rèn)的是…
3.Generally speaking, S + V…..一般說來…
4.According to my personal experience, S + V…In my opinion, Personally, I like/think, 根據(jù)我個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)…
5.Nothing in the world can delight me so much as +Ving…..世界上沒有什麼比做…讓我更高興了。
6.As far as I know… 就我所知…
7.As far as I can recall, S + V… 就我印象所及…
常用于延展的字句-「承」
1.Indeed;It is true that + S + V…;Quite true;Rightly so, 的確…
2.To be honest, Frankly speaking;事實(shí)上
3.It is widely believed that + S + V…;Belief has it that + S + V… 誠如所信
4.For example;For instance;To take + N+ for an example, S + V… 以…為例子…
5.We have reasons to believe that + S + V…..我們有理由相信…
6.In fact;As a matter of fact, S + V…..事實(shí)上…
7.Likewise, In a similar fashion, Similarly 同樣地
8.In other words;To be specific;換句話說;詳細(xì)地說
9.As mentioned from above, 如前所述
常用于語氣轉(zhuǎn)換的字句-「轉(zhuǎn)」
1.However, Nevertheless, Granted that 然而…
2.Despite +N;Despite the fact that + S + V, … 盡管….3.On the other hand, S + V..… 另一方面…
4.On the contrary, On the opposite, In contrast 相反的是…
5.When compared to A, B + V, 與A相比, B….常用于結(jié)論的字句--「合」
1.From this point of view, S + V….從這觀點(diǎn)來看…
2.In a word, S + V….總而言之…
3.To sum up, S + V;To conclude;In conclusion 總之…
4.If we can really put + N + into action, S + V…… 如果我們能付諸實(shí)行…
5.Last but not least, S + V….最后…
常用轉(zhuǎn)折詞
（1）因此；結(jié)果︰as a result, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, on this ground, because of this
（2）順序: first/firstly, in the first place, second/secondly, next, finally
（3）此外︰in addition, additionally, besides, furthermore, moreover, also, what's more
（4）然而︰however, nevertheless
（5）換言之︰that is, that is to say, namely, in other words, to put it differently
（6）同樣地︰likewise, similarly, in the similar way
（7）相反地︰instead, on the contrary, by contrast, conversely
四、頭尾呼應(yīng)
１．首句及末句不能相互矛盾
２．末句不要重復(fù)首句
范例一
首句：You can learn many things from traveling that you cannot learn any other way.末句：I learned a lot more about Australia from that experience than a book or TV show could have taught me.首句：For the class reunion, I have decided that we should have a beach party.末句：This reunion will be a way of fulfilling our promise to each other, as well as reminding ourselves of the value of our friendship.
第三篇：對(duì)照式議論文
《辯證思維---學(xué)習(xí)正反對(duì)照展開議論》
第一課時(shí) 【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
1.知識(shí)：掌握對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。2.能力：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用辯證思維從正反兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行提取分論點(diǎn)的能力，并能熟練運(yùn)用對(duì)照結(jié)構(gòu)寫規(guī)范的議論文。
3.情感：進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)對(duì)議論文寫作中思維品質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)，提高認(rèn)真組織文章的學(xué)習(xí)品質(zhì)，養(yǎng)成作文前編寫議論文提綱的習(xí)慣。
【學(xué)習(xí)重難點(diǎn)】
1.能對(duì)中心論點(diǎn)從正反兩方面形成分論點(diǎn)的能力。2.寫作中做到思路明晰，選例精當(dāng)，分析到位。
【學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)數(shù)】一課時(shí)
【知識(shí)鏈接】
事物都是對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的，正確的觀點(diǎn)和做法都有與之對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)和做法存在。寫作議論文時(shí)，如果能把兩種截然相反的觀點(diǎn)和做法放在一起加以對(duì)比，建立對(duì)照式的分論點(diǎn)，必定能更好地彰顯正確觀點(diǎn)的可信，暴露錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的荒謬。所謂對(duì)照式，是從正反兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論證的一種結(jié)構(gòu)模式。對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)大多是將正反兩方面材料組合在一起，使二者互相對(duì)照、比較，或用另一種或幾種事物（或意思）來烘托某一是種事物（或一種意思），從而獲得涇渭分明、是非立判的論證效果。
【學(xué)法指導(dǎo)】
1.對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)寫法：
對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)的文章一般是開頭提出中心論點(diǎn)，然后從正反兩方面提出分論點(diǎn)或擺出正反
【師生互探】
【師生互探】
[佳作簡析1] 遭遇挫折，笑對(duì)痛苦
人之一世，殊為不易，在看似平坦安逸的人生旅途中布滿了種種坎坷和荊棘，往往使人困難重重，甚至痛不欲生。痛苦之于人，猶狂風(fēng)之于陋屋，巨浪之于孤舟，水血之于心臟。百世滄桑，不知有多少心胸狹隘之人因受挫折放大痛苦而一厥不振；人世千年，更不知有多少意志薄弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而志氣消沉；萬古曠世，又不知有多少內(nèi)心懦弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而葬身于萬劫不復(fù)的深淵??
因此，面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)放大痛苦，而應(yīng)直面人生，縮小痛苦，直至成功的那一天。（提出論點(diǎn)，扣題快，有文采）
遭遇挫折，笑對(duì)痛苦，才是明智的選擇。（正面論證，正面提出論點(diǎn)）“老當(dāng)亦壯，寧移白首之心？窮且益堅(jiān)，不墜青云之志。”初唐四杰之一的王勃，可謂“時(shí)運(yùn)不濟(jì)，命途多舛”，然而直面挫折，他卻能達(dá)人知命，笑看人生。試想，如果王勃沒有開朗豁達(dá)的胸襟，他哪能吟出“海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰”的千古絕唱？（正面論據(jù)論證一）“安能摧眉折腰事權(quán)貴，使我不得開心顏”的浪漫詩仙李白，在遭遇仕途不顧挫折重重后，他沉寂了嗎？消沉了嗎？沒有。“長安市上酒家眠”，笑對(duì)痛苦，而對(duì)挫折他拂袖而去，遍訪名山，終于成就了他千古飄逸的浪漫情杯。（正面論據(jù)論證二）
由此看來，面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)過分地深陷于痛苦失意的陰影中不能自撥；面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)終日浸泡在悲傷痛苦的泥沼中越陷越深；面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)長期頹廢不振而迷失
了方向。遭遇挫折，縮小痛苦，才是明智的選擇。（分析透辟，三個(gè)“面對(duì)挫折”展開語段層次；正面小結(jié)）
遭遇挫折，放大痛苦，結(jié)果將不堪設(shè)想。（反面論證 反面提出論點(diǎn)）劉備面對(duì)失去二弟的挫折，因結(jié)義之情無法釋懷，放大痛苦，結(jié)果在痛苦中作出錯(cuò)誤決定，貿(mào)然出兵伐吳，落得“白帝托孤”的千古悲劇，可悲可悲！（反面論據(jù)論證一）
前事不忘，后事之師。古人已經(jīng)為我們作出太多的榜樣，也留下了太多的遺恨。在現(xiàn)在競爭日益加劇的社會(huì)里，挫折無處不在，若因一時(shí)受挫而放大痛苦，將會(huì)終身遺憾。遭遇挫折，就當(dāng)它為一陣清風(fēng)，讓它從你耳邊輕輕吹過；遭遇挫折，就當(dāng)它為一陣微不足道的小浪，不要讓它在你心中激起驚濤巨波；遭遇挫折，就當(dāng)痛苦是你眼中的一顆塵粒，眨一滴淚，就足以將它淹沒。（反面論據(jù)論證二）
遭遇挫折，放大痛苦，將會(huì)終生遺恨。（反面小結(jié)。）
遭遇挫折，不應(yīng)放大痛苦，擦一擦額上的汗，拭一拭眼中欲滴的淚，繼續(xù)前進(jìn)吧！相信總有一天會(huì)看見藍(lán)藍(lán)的天，白白的云，青青的草，還有你嘴角邊甜甜的笑??（總結(jié)全文，語言形象）
正反對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)模式
正面論據(jù)1＋分析論證
（分論點(diǎn)）
正面論據(jù)2＋分析論證
（分論點(diǎn)）
反面論據(jù)＋分析論證
（分論點(diǎn)）
2.讀下文，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)。[佳作簡析] 規(guī)劃自己
你或許不是一朵綻放在冰峰上的雪蓮，無法讓攀登的行者看到生命的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。但，你可以是路邊默默無聞的一株小草，為大好河山添上一色。當(dāng)你恰當(dāng)?shù)匾?guī)劃自己時(shí)，生命的價(jià)值就得以體現(xiàn)。
你也許不是照耀冬日的一片陽光，無法讓饑寒交迫的人嘗到人間的溫暖。但，你可以成為一盞小小的燈，為迷失路途的人找到人生的方向。
當(dāng)你及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己時(shí)，生命的美麗就得以綻放。
那些恰當(dāng)規(guī)劃自己的人，往往會(huì)克服重重困難走向未來；而那些不懂規(guī)劃自己之輩，只能沉淪在過去失敗的陰影中。
被剝蝕了古殿檐頭浮夸的琉璃，淡褪了門壁炫耀的朱紅，史鐵生面對(duì)這荒蕪的地壇，一次又一次地叩問自己的內(nèi)心：“這樣活著還有意思嗎？”他頹廢，自暴自棄，好好規(guī)劃自己及如何走好今后的路，卻從未在他腦海閃現(xiàn)過。直到那一天，他無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)雜草間除了車輪印外，還有人的腳印，是他母親在遠(yuǎn)處靜靜守著他的印跡！不重新規(guī)劃自己，找準(zhǔn)方向，對(duì)得起這深沉的母愛嗎？“柏樹雖老卻愈見蒼幽，野草蕪雜也都茂盛得自在坦蕩。為什么我不能重新站起來，以筆代步，書寫我今后的路，用行動(dòng)規(guī)劃自己呢？”這寥寥幾句，正是史鐵生規(guī)劃自己的第一步，恰當(dāng)?shù)匾?guī)劃自己，成就了他后來得輝煌。
同樣面對(duì)殘疾，有的人卻選擇結(jié)束自己年輕的生命；抑或整天唉聲嘆氣以淚洗面。其實(shí)無論發(fā)生什么，只要恰當(dāng)?shù)匾?guī)劃自己，勇敢地走下去，就已成功了一半。
那些及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己的人，總會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)柳暗花明又一村；那些止步不前之徒，得到的永遠(yuǎn)是伸手不見五指的漆黑。
面對(duì)胯下之辱，韓信忍辱負(fù)重，用毅力規(guī)劃自己；面對(duì)亡國之痛，勾踐臥薪嘗膽，用堅(jiān)忍規(guī)劃自己；然而，面對(duì)滔滔烏江之水，曾威風(fēng)一時(shí)的西楚霸王選擇拔劍自刎，放棄規(guī)劃自己。渡江、潛伏、東山再起，這簡單的規(guī)劃自己卻沒有及時(shí)出現(xiàn)，導(dǎo)致上演了一幕悲劇。因此，及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己的重要性就不言而喻了。
唯有及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己，才造就了馬云的成功；唯有正確規(guī)劃自己，曹雪芹才會(huì)“披閱十載，增刪五次”。相反，沒有規(guī)劃好自己的拿破侖，只能成為戰(zhàn)爭的瘋子并最終淪為階下囚；不及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己的嚴(yán)復(fù)，從提出變革到吸毒過多而死。數(shù)不勝數(shù)的人，林林總總的事，都給我們闡明了一個(gè)真理：及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己的人，總比那些不規(guī)劃自己的人，要活得出色，活得精彩。
人只要不失去方向，就不會(huì)失去自己。
所以，正確并且及時(shí)地規(guī)劃自己吧，當(dāng)夢(mèng)想的藍(lán)圖勾勒完畢，當(dāng)志向的大廈構(gòu)筑完成之時(shí)，就是我們邁步向前，完美人生之際！
中心論點(diǎn)：當(dāng)你恰當(dāng)?shù)丶皶r(shí)地規(guī)劃自己時(shí)，生命的價(jià)值就得以體現(xiàn)，生命的 美麗就得以綻放。
分論點(diǎn)1：那些恰當(dāng)規(guī)劃自己的人，往往會(huì)克服重重困難走向未來；（正）而那些不懂規(guī)劃自己之輩，只能沉淪在過去失敗的陰影中。（反）
分論點(diǎn)2：那些及時(shí)規(guī)劃自己的人，總會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)柳暗花明又一村；（正）
那些止步不前之徒，得到的永遠(yuǎn)是伸手不見五指的漆黑。（反）
總結(jié)：正確并且及時(shí)地規(guī)劃自己吧，當(dāng)夢(mèng)想的藍(lán)圖勾勒完畢，當(dāng)志向的大廈 構(gòu)筑完成之時(shí)，就是我們邁步向前，完美人生之際！
2.破立結(jié)合：先論證_______的觀點(diǎn)，再批駁______的觀點(diǎn)。其實(shí)破立結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)模式的議論文也是對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)。
幸福之花，開在感恩枝頭
落紅不是無情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花。這是花兒的感恩。
烏鳥私情，愿乞終養(yǎng)。這是鳥兒的感恩。
士為知己者死，女為悅己者容。這是人類的感恩。
因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎麄儞碛辛艘活w金子般的心，因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎麄儎?chuàng)下了人世間溫馨的傳奇。
因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎@世界才會(huì)如此美麗。幸福如花，在感恩的枝頭美麗綻放。
“忠則《出師表》孝則《陳情表》”，這兩表道盡了人間感恩的真諦，演繹了人世間感恩的傳奇。為報(bào)劉備三顧茅廬之恩，諸葛亮七出祁山，巧計(jì)破敵軍，為劉備打天下立下了汗馬功勞。“出師末捷身先死。長使英雄淚滿襟。是后人為他寫下的詩篇，為報(bào)當(dāng)年的知遇之恩，他用畢身的精力向后人詮釋了感恩的真諦。自幼失去父母是李密的不幸，但祖母卻用自己的溫暖讓這個(gè)可憐的孩子長大成人，且名揚(yáng)四方，為官作宰是多少讀市人畢生的夢(mèng)想，十年寒窗不正為一朝為官？然而當(dāng)這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)真正來臨，李密卻不曾忘記自己的祖母。他放棄了這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。因?yàn)樗馈白婺笩o臣無以終余年”。在為官和報(bào)恩之間他選擇了后者，向世人彰顯了一首偉大的詩篇——感恩。
他們的感恩溫暖了自已，感動(dòng)了后人。那一刻，幸福之花，在他們的感恩的枝頭灼灼其華。
感恩之心，是我們維系這個(gè)世界的根本，擁有感恩的心，才能稱之為有靈性的人，然而一旦失去后果不堪設(shè)想。
云南大學(xué)曾震驚一時(shí)的血案是多少人揮之不去的陰影。馬加爵一時(shí)的性起讓四個(gè)年輕的生命就此終結(jié)，我不想說他的殘忍。我只想說，他真的不懂感恩。云南大學(xué)用知識(shí)培養(yǎng)他，而他卻便之蒙羞；他的父母用心血把他養(yǎng)大，他卻讓他們體會(huì)白發(fā)人送黑發(fā)人的苦楚；他與同學(xué)的同學(xué)情他不懂得珍惜。如果他有一顆感恩的心，也許這一切就不會(huì)發(fā)生。當(dāng)感恩的心不在，那一刻，他的幸福之花開在哪里? 數(shù)十年為戰(zhàn)友守墓，矢志不渝，是陳健對(duì)戰(zhàn)友的感恩；荊軻賭命，是為報(bào)太子知遇之恩的感恩；袁隆平數(shù)十年專注研究雜交水稻，是為祖國的感恩。
懷抱一顆感恩的心，讓我們將愛傳遞。將別人無私的幫助，深深銘記，并將之傳遞，這世界因感恩而美麗。人世間沒有不絕的風(fēng)暴，感恩卻有其不老的風(fēng)情。幸福之花，開在感恩枝頭，灼灼其華。簡析：
這篇文章中心突出，層次清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言流暢。“題好一半文。”本文以“幸福花，開在感恩枝頭”作為題目和寫作角度，明確了自己的看法。開篇引用詩句,構(gòu)成排比,富有文采,又旗幟鮮明地提出觀點(diǎn),照應(yīng)題目.全文以闡明感恩和幸福之間的關(guān)系作為主要的內(nèi)容，運(yùn)用正反對(duì)比的手法，跨越時(shí)空，讓孔子、李密和馬加爵形成鮮明的對(duì)比，無可爭辯
地說明了“因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎澜绮艜?huì)如此美麗”的道理。文章十分注意過渡和照應(yīng)的安排，標(biāo)題和內(nèi)容照應(yīng)，開頭和結(jié)尾照應(yīng)，議論抒情的句子和敘述的內(nèi)容結(jié)合也十分緊密。文章還用“幸福之花，在感恩的枝頭灼灼其華”這樣的句子來紐織全文，顯得完整、縝密而從容。感情真摯、健康而飽滿，也是文章獲得成功的重要因素。
學(xué)然后知不足
河水來到浩瀚的大海，就會(huì)望洋興嘆，感到自己是多么的渺小；井底之蛙跳出井底，看到無垠的天宇，就會(huì)自慚孤陋寡聞；我們通過學(xué)習(xí)，就能認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的不足，從而更加謙虛、更加努力地去學(xué)習(xí)。
學(xué)習(xí)能豐富我們的知識(shí)，開闊我們的視野，使我們認(rèn)識(shí)到自身的不足，從而更加謙虛地去學(xué)習(xí)。不斷的學(xué)習(xí)過程就是對(duì)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域不斷開拓的過程，每開拓出一片知識(shí)的荒地，就可以種下一片智慧的種子，以努力作陽光，把汗水作基肥，智慧的種子就會(huì)生出智慧之芽，開出智慧之花，結(jié)出智慧之果。隨著知識(shí)的逐漸積累、增多，就會(huì)發(fā)生從量到質(zhì)的變化，從狹小的知識(shí)境界到更廣闊的知識(shí)境界的升華。人們常說，“登高”便可以“遠(yuǎn)望”，遠(yuǎn)望才能夠開闊視野。在知識(shí)的海洋里，知識(shí)境界愈高，視野就愈開闊；視野愈開闊，就愈覺得自己掌握的知識(shí)不過“大海之一滴”而已，于是便愈知己之不足；愈知己之不足，便愈是謙遜虛心，學(xué)習(xí)起來便愈是勤苦，所以他達(dá)到的知識(shí)境界就愈高。
由此看來，我們只有通過學(xué)習(xí)，在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的不足，自謙自勵(lì)，才能在探求知識(shí)的道路上永不知足，永遠(yuǎn)進(jìn)取。
引 論： 類比引論類比體： ；
本 體：
正面提出論點(diǎn)：
正面理論論證比喻論證——
本 層進(jìn)論證——
反面提出論點(diǎn)：
反面理論論證：比喻論證——
反面事實(shí)論證：
結(jié) 論：。
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】
以“要正確地估價(jià)自己”為題，運(yùn)用對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)寫一篇議論文，不少于800字。篇二：高三作文訓(xùn)練(三)議論文布局之對(duì)照式(教師版)高三語文作文訓(xùn)練
（二）二水分流清濁明
——議論文寫作常見布局方法之“對(duì)照式”
【訓(xùn)練目的】
學(xué)習(xí)議論文寫作對(duì)照式的布局方法。
【寫作指導(dǎo)】
一、什么是對(duì)照式布局？ 寫作議論文時(shí)，不少同學(xué)往往觀點(diǎn)不甚鮮明，思路難以拓展，因而使得文章難以具有說服和感召的力量。怎么辦？我們不妨采用對(duì)照式的結(jié)構(gòu)。
對(duì)照式：用來證明論點(diǎn)的層次是兩相對(duì)照的關(guān)系，就是在論證思路中，把兩種事物或意見加以對(duì)比，或是用另一種事物或意見來烘托另一種事物或意見并加以對(duì)比；或者用另一種事物或意見來烘托某種事物或意見。
運(yùn)用正反對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)模式能使文章在布局上對(duì)比鮮明，主次明確，從而涇渭分明，論點(diǎn)突出，給人留下深刻的印象。
二、方法指津——“對(duì)照式”布局模式
（一）正反對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)模式（范文示例一）
引論（提出中心論點(diǎn)）
正面論據(jù)1＋分析論證（分論點(diǎn)）正面論據(jù)2＋分析論證（分論點(diǎn)）
反面論據(jù)3＋分析論證（分論點(diǎn)）
結(jié)論（通過正反對(duì)照進(jìn)行總結(jié)，表明正確觀點(diǎn)，照應(yīng)全文）
（二）正反對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)模式之變式（范文示例二）
引論（提出中心論點(diǎn)）
反面論據(jù)＋分析論證（分論點(diǎn)）
正面論據(jù)＋分析論證（分論點(diǎn)）
結(jié)論（通過正反對(duì)照進(jìn)行總結(jié)，表明正確觀點(diǎn)，照應(yīng)全文）
采用對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)的目的是通過正反兩個(gè)方面的對(duì)照，突出說明其中一個(gè)方面的正確性。因此作為論述重點(diǎn)的一方用墨要多，另一方則起烘托陪襯作用。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的一般模式是，引出對(duì)比——分析對(duì)比——總結(jié)對(duì)比。其對(duì)比的內(nèi)容可以是事實(shí)的對(duì)比、形象的對(duì)比，還可以是分析的對(duì)比、感情的對(duì)比等。在運(yùn)用對(duì)比時(shí)要注意三點(diǎn)：一是對(duì)比要一致，對(duì)比點(diǎn)一一對(duì)應(yīng)；二是對(duì)比具體，其內(nèi)容不能籠統(tǒng)；三是對(duì)比要深入，對(duì)對(duì)比內(nèi)容要加以引申和發(fā)揮，揭示出事物的本質(zhì)。
三、運(yùn)用對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)模式要防止兩種弊病：
1.生硬對(duì)比。有些同學(xué)在對(duì)比時(shí)只將兩件事物照章寫上，讓人看不出其可比之處，不知為何而設(shè)，有時(shí)更是生搬硬套，令人不知所云。
2.不加分析。不注意在比較上下功夫，未能指出其相異之處以證明觀點(diǎn)的正確性。也不能只憑感覺，只看表面。
3.不可把一件事情的主要方面同另一件事情的次要方面做對(duì)照，發(fā)現(xiàn)了相同之處，就認(rèn)為這兩件事情的性質(zhì)是一樣的。
四、范文示例
【示例一】
遭遇挫折，笑對(duì)痛苦
人之一世，殊為不易，在看似平坦安逸的人生旅途中布滿了種種坎坷和荊棘，往往使人困難重重，甚至痛不欲生。痛苦之于人，猶狂風(fēng)之于陋屋，巨浪之于孤舟，水血之于心臟。百世滄桑，不知有多少心胸狹隘之人因受挫折放大痛苦而一厥不振；人世千年，更不知有多少意志薄弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而志氣消沉；萬古曠世，又不知有多少內(nèi)心懦弱之人因受挫折放大痛苦而葬身于萬劫不復(fù)的深淵??因此，面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)放大痛苦，而應(yīng)直面人生，縮小痛苦，直至成功的那一天。（第一段，扣題快，且有文采）
“老當(dāng)亦壯，寧移白首之心？窮且益堅(jiān)，不墜青云之志。”初唐四杰之一的王勃，可謂“時(shí)運(yùn)不濟(jì)，命途多舛”，然而直面挫折，他卻能達(dá)人知命，笑看人生。試想，如果王勃沒有開朗豁達(dá)的胸襟，他哪能吟出“海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰”的千古絕唱？（用例一）
“安能摧眉折腰事權(quán)貴，使我不得開心顏”的浪漫詩仙李白，在遭遇仕途不顧挫折重重后，他沉寂了嗎？消沉了嗎？沒有。“長安市上酒家眠”，笑對(duì)痛苦，而對(duì)挫折他拂袖而去，遍訪名山，終于成就了他千古飄逸的浪漫情杯。（用例二）
由此看來，面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)過分地深陷于痛苦失意的陰影中不能自撥；面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)終日浸泡在悲傷痛苦的泥沼中越陷越深；面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)長期頹廢不振而迷失了方向。遭遇挫折，縮小痛苦，才是明智的選擇。相反，若一味沉迷于挫折的痛苦中；結(jié)果將不堪設(shè)想。（分析透辟，三個(gè)“面對(duì)挫折”展開語段層次）
劉備面對(duì)失去二弟的挫折，因結(jié)義之情無法釋懷，放大痛苦，結(jié)果在痛苦中作出錯(cuò)誤決定，貿(mào)然出兵伐吳，落得“白帝托孤”的千古悲劇，可悲可悲！（從反面用例）
前事不忘，后事之師。古人已經(jīng)為我們作出太多的榜樣，也留下了太多的遺恨。在現(xiàn)在競爭日益加劇的社會(huì)里，挫折無處不在，若因一時(shí)受挫而放大痛苦，將會(huì)終身遺憾。遭遇挫折，就當(dāng)它為一陣清風(fēng)，讓它從你耳邊輕輕吹過；遭遇挫折，就當(dāng)它為一陣微不足道的小浪，不要讓它在你心中激起驚濤巨波；遭遇挫折，就當(dāng)痛苦是你眼中的一顆塵粒，眨一滴淚，就足以將它淹沒。（從反面分析、論證）
遭遇挫折，不應(yīng)放大痛苦，擦一擦額上的汗，拭一拭眼中欲滴的淚，繼續(xù)前進(jìn)吧！相信總有一天會(huì)看見藍(lán)藍(lán)的天，白白的云，青青的草，還有你嘴角邊甜甜的笑??（結(jié)尾，語言形象）
請(qǐng)根據(jù)探究：根據(jù)正反對(duì)照式的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，列出范文示例的寫作提綱：
中心論點(diǎn)： 正面論據(jù)： 分 論 點(diǎn)： 反面論據(jù)： 分 論 點(diǎn)： 結(jié) 論：
【老師點(diǎn)評(píng)】文章開篇就十分漂亮，如一江春水奔來，動(dòng)人心弦。在緊扣話題，渲染一些人經(jīng)受挫折放大痛苦的遭遇后，振臂一呼，亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)：“面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)放大痛苦，而應(yīng)直面人生，縮小痛苦，直至成功的那一天。”行文中，作者用例證，用引證，正反對(duì)比，使論證嚴(yán)密，無懈可擊。作者評(píng)論古人又不忘觀照現(xiàn)實(shí)，說明嚴(yán)肅又不乏詩意敘述，用比喻、引用、排比、反問，使文章文采斐然。
【示例二】
學(xué)然后知不足
雄鷹只有當(dāng)它搏擊藍(lán)天時(shí)，才知道天空是多么遼闊，而自己又是多么的渺小；小溪只有在奔入大海時(shí)，才知道海洋是多么寬廣，而自己又是多么微不足道；同樣，一個(gè)人只有當(dāng)他學(xué)得愈多時(shí)，才知道學(xué)海無涯，而自己學(xué)到的知識(shí)只不過是滄海之一粟罷了，他才懂得要永無止境地進(jìn)取，用句俗話說，就是“學(xué)然后知不足”。
有些人往往不愿意學(xué)習(xí)，不愿學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)然就與未知領(lǐng)域接觸得少，也就不知道未知領(lǐng)域是多么深遠(yuǎn)奧妙，自然不會(huì)感到自己的不足，反而以為自己還很有知識(shí)。這正如井底之蛙，不愿跳出井口，不知天高地厚而自鳴得意。我國南朝梁文學(xué)家江淹，早年以文章著名，被譽(yù)為“江南才子”，后來他不思進(jìn)取，不愿繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，最后留下了“江郎才盡”的笑話。我國古代還有這樣一則寓言，講的是一個(gè)楚國人學(xué)習(xí)駕船的故事。起初他的師傅在平靜的水面教他，不幾日，他便能操舟自如。于是他以為自己“盡操舟之術(shù)”，不愿繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，就辭退了師傅。后來他駕舟到江里去，江里浪濤翻滾，他只落得“四顧膽落，墜槳失舵”。這則寓言告訴我們，不深入學(xué)習(xí)就不能找到自己的不足，也就不能真正掌握一門知識(shí)。
相反，學(xué)習(xí)就能使人感到自己知識(shí)的不足，學(xué)得愈多，就愈感到不足。著名科學(xué)家芝諾曾經(jīng)用一個(gè)生動(dòng)的比喻來說明這個(gè)道理。他用一個(gè)圓的內(nèi)部來表示自己已掌握的知識(shí)，而用圓的外部表示未知的知識(shí)，他說一個(gè)人知識(shí)越多，這個(gè)圓就越大，這個(gè)圓的周長也就越大，與未知域的接觸也越大。因此，他對(duì)他的學(xué)生說：“從這個(gè)意義上講，我不知道的東西比你們多些。”這位科學(xué)家正是因?yàn)槭冀K不滿足，不斷地進(jìn)取，才在科學(xué)上取得了輝煌的成就。
學(xué)然后知不足，首先必須學(xué)，而且要不斷地學(xué)，只有這樣，才能獲得較多的知識(shí)，才能更感到自己的不足，也只有永不滿足，才能促使自己不斷地學(xué)習(xí)，不斷地進(jìn)取。魯迅先生說：“不滿足是向上的車輪。”列寧說：“最有害的，就是自以為我們總還懂得一點(diǎn)什么。”巴甫 洛夫說：“你們?cè)谌魏螘r(shí)候也不要以為自己什么都知道。不管別人怎樣器重你們，你們
總要有勇氣對(duì)自己說‘我沒有知識(shí)’”。這些教誨，從不同的側(cè)面告訴我們，要不斷進(jìn)取，永不滿足。
朱熹有詩云：“問渠哪得清如許，為有源頭活水來。”如果把知識(shí)比作那渠中的清水，那么學(xué)習(xí)就是知識(shí)源泉的源頭。只有永不滿足地學(xué)習(xí)，才能使知識(shí)的源泉永不干涸，永遠(yuǎn)流出清澈的泉水，澆灌出智慧的花朵，結(jié)出豐收的碩果。
請(qǐng)根據(jù)探究：根據(jù)正反對(duì)照式的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，列出范文示例的寫作提綱：
中心論點(diǎn)： 正面論據(jù)： 分 論 點(diǎn)： 反面論據(jù)： 分 論 點(diǎn)： 結(jié) 論：
五、牛刀小試
一位登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員在登珠峰時(shí)，登到8000米時(shí)體力不支放棄了繼續(xù)攀登，他說：“8000米就是我的生命極限。” 一個(gè)人在掘井，掘了很久，這時(shí)距離水層只有一墻之隔，然而他卻半途而廢了。請(qǐng)以“堅(jiān)持還是放棄”為話題列一篇正反對(duì)照式議論文的提綱。
六、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
閱讀下面的材料，按要求作文
打牌是人們?cè)诼猛局邢矏鄣囊环N消遣方式，無論是在列車上還是在候車室里，幾個(gè)人湊在一塊，攤開一副撲克牌，時(shí)間很快就會(huì)被打發(fā)過去。從概率統(tǒng)計(jì)的角度來講，一把牌分?jǐn)傁聛恚總€(gè)玩家手中的牌數(shù)均等，不管誰先誰后，出牌的機(jī)會(huì)都一樣。打牌的高手認(rèn)為，能摸到好牌固然難得，如何合理使用更為重要。有時(shí)候，摸到的是“爛牌”，但通過玩家的運(yùn)籌帷幄，常常能左右局勢(shì)，笑到最后。其實(shí)，人生也與此有些類似。
請(qǐng)針對(duì)這個(gè)材料中所反映的現(xiàn)象，選準(zhǔn)角度，自主立意，自選文體，自擬標(biāo)題；不要脫離材料內(nèi)容及含義的范圍寫一篇800字以上的議論文。要求：不要套作，不得抄襲。采用對(duì)照式的結(jié)構(gòu)。
編制：韓燕飛 校對(duì)：王世貴
四、范文示例探究參考答案
【示例一】請(qǐng)根據(jù)探究：根據(jù)正反對(duì)照式的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，列出范文示例的寫作提綱 中心論點(diǎn)：面對(duì)挫折，我們不應(yīng)放大痛苦，而應(yīng)直面人生，縮小痛苦。
正面論據(jù)：（直面挫折與痛苦）（1）直面挫折的王勃；（2）笑對(duì)痛苦的李白。分 論 點(diǎn)： 遭遇挫折，縮小痛苦，才是明智的選擇。反面論據(jù)：（放大痛苦）劉備做出錯(cuò)誤決定，造成“白帝托孤”的悲劇。
分 論 點(diǎn)：因一時(shí)受挫而放大痛苦，將會(huì)終身遺憾。
結(jié) 論：遭遇挫折，不應(yīng)放大痛苦
【示例二】請(qǐng)根據(jù)探究：根據(jù)正反對(duì)照式的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，列出范文示例的寫作提綱
中心論點(diǎn)：一個(gè)人只有當(dāng)他學(xué)得愈多時(shí)，才知道學(xué)海無涯，而自己學(xué)到的知識(shí)只不過是滄海之一粟罷了，他才懂得要永無止境地進(jìn)取，用句俗話說，就是“學(xué)然后知不足”。反面論據(jù)：（不學(xué)就不知不足）（1）江淹江郎才盡；（2）一個(gè)楚人淺嘗輒止，落得“四顧膽落，墜槳失舵。
分 論 點(diǎn)：不深入學(xué)習(xí)就不能找到自己的不足，也就不能真正掌握一門知識(shí)。正面論據(jù)：（學(xué)然后知不足）科學(xué)家芝諾的比喻
分 論 點(diǎn)：學(xué)習(xí)就能使人感到自己知識(shí)的不足，學(xué)得愈多，就愈感到不足。
結(jié) 論：只有永不滿足地學(xué)習(xí)，才能使知識(shí)的源泉永不干涸，永遠(yuǎn)流出清澈的泉水，澆灌出智慧的花朵，結(jié)出豐收的碩果。
五、牛刀小試參考答案 【答案示例一】
中心論點(diǎn)：遇上任何困難都不應(yīng)該輕易放棄，而應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持到底。
論證過程：正面論據(jù)（堅(jiān)持到底才能取得成功）——（1）映雪夜讀的孫康，堅(jiān)持勤學(xué)苦讀，他終于成為一個(gè)有名的學(xué)者，并當(dāng)上了御史大夫。（2）華羅庚終身殘疾，但是憑借堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的毅力，堅(jiān)持鉆研數(shù)學(xué)，終于在逆境中成才。
分論點(diǎn)：“鍥而不舍，金石可鏤。”在我們面臨困難的時(shí)候，堅(jiān)持就是最大的勝利。反面論據(jù)：項(xiàng)羽兵敗，放棄了霸業(yè)，自刎烏江。
分論點(diǎn)：“鍥而舍之，朽木不折”屈服于困難，半途而棄，最終也將被成功所棄。總結(jié)：困難面前如果有一百個(gè)失敗者，那我們就做第一百零一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)者：堅(jiān)持到底，永不放棄！
【答案示例二】
中心論點(diǎn)：不要一味地堅(jiān)持，有時(shí)放棄是為了更好地堅(jiān)持下去。
論證過程：正面論據(jù)（適時(shí)放棄）——（1）魯迅棄醫(yī)從文，以自己的筆為武器，從內(nèi)心深處喚醒沉睡的中國人。（2）比爾·蓋茨放棄學(xué)業(yè)，創(chuàng)辦微軟，改變了世界
分論點(diǎn)： 有時(shí)放棄，并不是放棄追求，相反，我們?cè)诜艞壍耐瑫r(shí)醞釀著精華，讓我們更加有精力去追求更高的目標(biāo)。
反面論據(jù)：（固執(zhí)地堅(jiān)持）——馬謖固執(zhí)己見，不聽別人的勸諫，堅(jiān)持只在山頂上屯兵，最終街亭失守。
分論點(diǎn)：錯(cuò)誤的堅(jiān)持不如放棄，有時(shí)放棄固執(zhí)己見才能取得成功。
總結(jié)：有時(shí)，放棄不代表懦弱，不要一味地堅(jiān)持，放棄也是一種美麗。
六、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練篇三：議論文 對(duì)照式
議論文寫作常見布局方法（對(duì)照式）
對(duì)照式，是從正反兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論證的一種結(jié)構(gòu)模式。
例如：《苦難是一種財(cái)富》
中心論點(diǎn)：苦難是一種財(cái)富。
正面：人需要苦難，需要苦難的磨練。（勾踐臥薪嘗膽）
反面：溫室的幼苗是經(jīng)不起風(fēng)吹雨打的。（可以聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實(shí)生活材料）
總結(jié)：苦難能磨練出堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的毅力的超人的勇氣。2007年高考全國卷二
閱讀下面的文字，根據(jù)要求寫一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）
著名歌手叢飛節(jié)衣縮食，捐贈(zèng)300多萬，資助了178名貧困學(xué)生。當(dāng)他自己病危住進(jìn)醫(yī)院經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)，幾位受助完成學(xué)業(yè)就在本地工作的年輕人，竟然沒有一個(gè)來看望他。這件是被媒體披露后，有一個(gè)受助者居然還埋怨說，這讓他很沒面子。叢飛說，不要責(zé)怪他們，我已經(jīng)不再需要醫(yī)療了。
華農(nóng)大的學(xué)生小李和同學(xué)們將買廢品的錢捐給了一所希望小學(xué)。不久，小李被查出得了白血病，這所希望小學(xué)的師生給小李捐款，一個(gè)四年級(jí)的女生捐了10元，問她為什么把春節(jié)壓歲錢全部捐出來，她說：“只要做到小李姐姐說的那句話就滿足了。”問她那是一句什么話，她說：“記住別人對(duì)自己的幫助，學(xué)會(huì)幫助別人。”
要求：選擇一個(gè)角度構(gòu)思作文，自主確定立意，確定文體，確定標(biāo)題；不脫離材料內(nèi)容及含意的范圍作文，不要套作，不得抄襲。
幸福之花，開在感恩枝頭
落紅不是無情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花。這是花兒的感恩。
烏鳥私情，愿乞終養(yǎng)。這是鳥兒的感恩。
士為知己者死，女為悅己者容。這是人類的感恩。
因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎麄儞碛辛艘活w金子般的心，因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎麄儎?chuàng)下了人世間溫馨的傳奇。因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎@世界才會(huì)如此美麗。幸福如花，在感恩的枝頭美麗綻放。“忠則《出師表》孝則《陳情表》”，這兩表道盡了人間感恩的真諦，演繹了人世間感恩的傳奇。為報(bào)劉備三顧茅廬之恩，諸葛亮七出祁山，巧計(jì)破敵軍，為劉備打天下立下了汗馬功勞。“出師末捷身先死，長使英雄淚滿襟。”是后人為他寫下的詩篇，為報(bào)當(dāng)年的知遇之恩，他用畢生的精力向后人詮釋了感恩的真諦。自幼失去父母是李密的不幸，但祖母卻用自己的溫暖讓這個(gè)可憐的孩子長大成人，且名揚(yáng)四方，為官作宰是多少讀書人畢生的夢(mèng)想，十年寒窗不正為一朝為官？然而當(dāng)這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)真正來臨，李密卻不曾忘記自己的祖母。他放棄了這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。因?yàn)樗馈白婺笩o臣無以終余年”。在為官和報(bào)恩之間他選擇了后者，向世人彰顯了一首偉大的詩篇——感恩。
他們的感恩溫暖了自已，感動(dòng)了后人。那一刻，幸福之花，在他們的感恩的枝頭灼灼其華。
感恩之心，是我們維系這個(gè)世界的根本，擁有感恩的心，才能稱之為有靈性的人，然而一旦失去后果不堪設(shè)想。
云南大學(xué)曾震驚一時(shí)的血案是多少人揮之不去的陰影。馬加爵一時(shí)的性起讓四個(gè)年輕的生命就此終結(jié)，我不想說他的殘忍。我只想說，他真的不懂感恩。云南大學(xué)用知識(shí)培養(yǎng)他，而他卻使之蒙羞；他的父母用心血把他養(yǎng)大，他卻讓他們體會(huì)白發(fā)人送黑發(fā)人的苦楚；他與同學(xué)的同學(xué)情他不懂得珍惜。如果他有一顆感恩的心，也許這一切就不會(huì)發(fā)生。當(dāng)感恩的心不在，那一刻，他的幸福之花開在哪里? 數(shù)十年為戰(zhàn)友守墓，矢志不渝，是陳健對(duì)戰(zhàn)友的感恩；荊軻賭命，是為報(bào)太子知遇之恩的感恩；袁隆平數(shù)十年專注研究雜交水稻，是為祖國的感恩。
懷抱一顆感恩的心，讓我們將愛傳遞。將別人無私的幫助，深深銘記，并將之傳遞，這世界因感恩而美麗。
人世間沒有不絕的風(fēng)暴，感恩卻有其不老的風(fēng)情。幸福之花，開在感恩枝頭，灼灼其華。
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】這篇文章中心突出，層次清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言流暢。
“題好一半文。”本文以“幸福花，開在感恩枝頭” 作為題目和寫作角度，明確了自己的看法。開篇引用詩句，構(gòu)成排比，富有文采，又旗幟鮮明地提出觀點(diǎn)，照應(yīng)題目。全文以闡明感恩和幸福之間的關(guān)系作為主要的內(nèi)容，運(yùn)用正反對(duì)比的手法，跨越時(shí)空，讓孔子、李密和馬加爵形成鮮明的對(duì)比，無可爭辯地說明了“因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎澜绮艜?huì)如此美麗”的道理。
文章十分注意過渡和照應(yīng)的安排，標(biāo)題和內(nèi)容照應(yīng)，開頭和結(jié)尾照應(yīng)，議論抒情的句子和敘述的內(nèi)容結(jié)合也十分緊密。文章還用“幸福之花，在感恩的枝頭灼灼其華”這樣的句子來組織全文，顯得完整、縝密而從容。
感情真摯、健康而飽滿，也是文章獲得成功的重要因素。
論知足常樂
古語有云：“知足常樂。”有了足矣，何需更多。雖然千年古訓(xùn)時(shí)常縈繞耳際，但一顆不知足的心還是讓我對(duì)此頗為懷疑。這只不過是懦弱者的擋箭牌和懶惰者的借口。“知足”是裹足不前，是安于現(xiàn)狀，是甘于平庸；而“不知足”才能夠以一種持久不滅的熱情勇往直前，才能時(shí)時(shí)鞭策警示自己，不斷進(jìn)取，不斷收獲。
“人生得意須盡歡，莫使金樽空對(duì)月”，借酒消愁，以醉為樂。那酒醒之后呢？又將陷入無邊無際的憂愁中??知足者，樂一時(shí)矣。“與天奮斗，其樂無窮；與地奮斗，其樂無窮”，不知足者，常樂也。“登東山而小魯，登泰山而小天下。”如果你是滿足于登上東山，看到的將是有限的魯?shù)兀跄芟竦巧咸┥街畮p那樣把天下盡收眼底，心胸?zé)o比寬闊呢？不知足，是一股挑戰(zhàn)生活的執(zhí)著追求，是始終如一的人生信念。
“滿招損，謙得益。”秦始皇的一統(tǒng)中國，就是因?yàn)闊o數(shù)次的不滿足，所以無數(shù)次地改革，無數(shù)次地完善。倘若總是知足，今天或許還是刀耕火種。追求的過程是快樂的，盡管有坎坷有風(fēng)雨，但我們總是在往前不斷走著，敗而無憾。世間，沒有哪項(xiàng)偉績會(huì)從天而降，沒有哪段人生能一帆風(fēng)順。荀子曰：“不登高山，不知天之高也；不臨深溪，不知地之厚也。” 只有懷揣一顆不知足的心，不懈追求，才得以常樂。
賈島吟詩，反復(fù)推敲。歐陽修行文“為求一字穩(wěn)，耐得半宵寒”。正因?yàn)椴恢悖虐倬氩淮亻L期磨練，才有了千古絕唱，傳詠至今。愛迪生一生有一千多種發(fā)明。正因?yàn)椴恢悖挪粩嗟劂@研，成功。一位奧運(yùn)會(huì)田徑老將花十年苦苦訓(xùn)練，僅僅加快了1秒多。對(duì)于知足者，這微不足道的1秒鐘根本不值一提。但卻成就了一位冠軍。跑道上一秒的剎那正是用十年的不滿足精神底蘊(yùn)磨礪出來的。不要停止追尋的腳步，不要熄滅前進(jìn)的燈火。滄海桑田，世事變遷，山外更有山，樓外還有樓，只有永不滿足，歷史的車輪才能滾滾向前。知足者,目光短淺；知足者,固步自封。知足，使人愚昧，斗志消磨，給人帶來“常憂”而不是“常樂”。“夜郎自大”、“井底之蛙”和魯迅筆下的阿q不都是 “知足者”嗎？正是這種“知足”鑄成了大錯(cuò)。人生，只有不知足，才能超越；靈魂，只有不知足，才能達(dá)到一個(gè)高度，進(jìn)入一種境界。
前面是一片未知的空間，不知足者，常樂，常樂者，不知足。
《論知足常樂》思路：
參考：文章由古語“知足常樂”引出自己的觀點(diǎn)——“不知足”才能夠以一種持久不滅的熱情勇往直前，才能時(shí)時(shí)鞭策警示自己，不斷進(jìn)取，不斷收獲。第二段從正反兩面進(jìn)行分析論證，再次正明知足樂一時(shí)，不知足常樂。第三四段從正面例舉了秦始皇、賈島的例子論證觀點(diǎn)。第五段從反面列舉人們熟知的故事論證知足常憂。最后簡潔的再次強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)。
堅(jiān)守底線盡顯人性本色
（并列、對(duì)照式）
底線，是足球、籃球、羽毛球等運(yùn)動(dòng)場地兩端的界線。在比賽中，運(yùn)動(dòng)員只有堅(jiān)守底線
才能展現(xiàn)其高超的球技；同樣，人的一生只有堅(jiān)守人性的底線，方可盡顯其英雄的本色。堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守善良。“人之初，性本善。”擁有一顆善良、純真的心，是我們做人的底線。
“摘下我的翅膀，送給你飛翔”，在千鈞一發(fā)之際，29歲的張米亞老師用生命詮釋了這句歌詞，用血肉之軀為學(xué)生們守住了生命之門，唱響了善良的樂章，感動(dòng)了你我，感動(dòng)了中國，感動(dòng)了世界！而我們的“范跑跑”老師呢？卻拋棄了身后的學(xué)生，拋棄了善良，拋棄了做人的底線，選擇了“獨(dú)善其身”！我們可以說，“范跑跑”老師是幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)樗埱一盍讼聛恚坏质遣恍业模驗(yàn)闆]有善良的軀殼，失去底線的人生，與行尸走肉又有何區(qū)別呢？ 堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守誠信。“人而無信，不知其可。”以誠信為本，誠信待人，誠信做事，應(yīng)該是我們?nèi)诵缘牡拙€。
“尾生與女子有約，女子三日不至，遇大水，尾生抱柱而死。”尾生為的是什么？還不是一個(gè)誠信。誠信是做人的底線，既然許下了諾言，既然做好了約定，即使失去了生命也要去踐約。翻開中華文明史，為了要守住誠信這條底線而用生命去踐約的例子又何止尾生一個(gè)。正因?yàn)橛辛恕耙恢Z千金”的豪情，才有了易水悲壯之歌，誠信，中國俠客永恒的旋律；正因?yàn)橛辛恕昂Ｊ纳矫恕钡膱?zhí)著，才有了化蝶共舞之美，誠信，中國情人纏綿的絕唱；正因?yàn)橛辛恕盀樘斓亓⒚瑸榘傩罩\福”的諾言，才彈奏了一曲清官之歌，誠信，中國文人不朽的篇章。而假設(shè)一個(gè)人失去了誠信呢？那么，最后終將會(huì)和放羊的小孩一樣，羊成了惡狼的腹中物，徒留自己一個(gè)人哭泣，無人問津！
堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守忠貞。“效忠貞之節(jié)，繼之以死乎？” 諸葛亮的話告訴我們，忠誠堅(jiān)貞應(yīng)該是我們做人處世的底線。
“長太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艱。”屈夫子一聲長嘆，縱身汩羅江，以死明志，以身殉國；“國家有難，匹夫有責(zé)。”岳飛從小背上刻下“精忠報(bào)國”的理想，調(diào)兵遣將，勢(shì)如破竹，不受利誘，屢遭誣陷，屈死于**亭上；“寧可餓死，也不領(lǐng)美國的救濟(jì)糧。”朱自清一身傲骨，雖忍受饑餓的煎熬，卻維護(hù)了整個(gè)中華民族的尊嚴(yán)。屈原、岳飛、朱自清等人因?yàn)橹邑懽鎳缫蚜鞣及偈溃d入史冊(cè)。而像秦檜這樣折節(jié)叛國的無恥小人和像劉阿斗那樣胸?zé)o大志，屈膝投降的懦弱之輩呢？他們也早已遭世人唾罵，遺臭萬年！善良，感動(dòng)你我；誠信，奏響壯歌；忠貞，書寫尊嚴(yán)。
堅(jiān)守底線，盡顯人性本色。
三、總結(jié)議論文構(gòu)思注意點(diǎn)：
1、中心論點(diǎn)句擬好后，就要用分解法擬好主體部分各段的分論點(diǎn)句。這幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)之間既互相聯(lián)系，成為中心論點(diǎn)的一個(gè)組成部分，又互不統(tǒng)屬，互不交叉的。
2、各分論點(diǎn)句最好能使用同一句式，甚至構(gòu)成排比句式，以話題詞作為排比句式的綱領(lǐng)詞語，這樣可使文章條理清晰，觀點(diǎn)明了，還可增強(qiáng)文章的語勢(shì)。同時(shí)，寫作時(shí)也不會(huì)輕易走題。
3、要想文章論點(diǎn)鮮明，重點(diǎn)突出，在結(jié)構(gòu)上，最好能在段頭段尾采用觀點(diǎn)句。段頭觀點(diǎn)句放在段首，起一種提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用，而段尾觀點(diǎn)句放在段尾，是對(duì)段頭句的升華，它不僅要和段頭觀點(diǎn)句在觀點(diǎn)上具有一致性，不僅對(duì)全段要有總括性，而且不能是段頭句的簡單重復(fù)，至少要變換一下語言形式，或是換一個(gè)新的角度去總結(jié)前文的論說。
第四篇：議論文 對(duì)照式
議論文寫作常見布局方法（對(duì)照式）
對(duì)照式，是從正反兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論證的一種結(jié)構(gòu)模式。例如：《苦難是一種財(cái)富》 中心論點(diǎn)：苦難是一種財(cái)富。
正面：人需要苦難，需要苦難的磨練。（勾踐臥薪嘗膽）
反面：溫室的幼苗是經(jīng)不起風(fēng)吹雨打的。（可以聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實(shí)生活材料）總結(jié)：苦難能磨練出堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的毅力的超人的勇氣。
2007年高考全國卷二
閱讀下面的文字，根據(jù)要求寫一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）
著名歌手叢飛節(jié)衣縮食，捐贈(zèng)300多萬，資助了178名貧困學(xué)生。當(dāng)他自己病危住進(jìn)醫(yī)院經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)，幾位受助完成學(xué)業(yè)就在本地工作的年輕人，竟然沒有一個(gè)來看望他。這件是被媒體披露后，有一個(gè)受助者居然還埋怨說，這讓他很沒面子。叢飛說，不要責(zé)怪他們，我已經(jīng)不再需要醫(yī)療了。
華農(nóng)大的學(xué)生小李和同學(xué)們將買廢品的錢捐給了一所希望小學(xué)。不久，小李被查出得了白血病，這所希望小學(xué)的師生給小李捐款，一個(gè)四年級(jí)的女生捐了10元，問她為什么把春節(jié)壓歲錢全部捐出來，她說：“只要做到小李姐姐說的那句話就滿足了。”問她那是一句什么話，她說：“記住別人對(duì)自己的幫助，學(xué)會(huì)幫助別人。”
要求：選擇一個(gè)角度構(gòu)思作文，自主確定立意，確定文體，確定標(biāo)題；不脫離材料內(nèi)容及含意的范圍作文，不要套作，不得抄襲。
幸福之花，開在感恩枝頭
落紅不是無情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花。這是花兒的感恩。烏鳥私情，愿乞終養(yǎng)。這是鳥兒的感恩。
士為知己者死，女為悅己者容。這是人類的感恩。
因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎麄儞碛辛艘活w金子般的心，因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎麄儎?chuàng)下了人世間溫馨的傳奇。因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎@世界才會(huì)如此美麗。幸福如花，在感恩的枝頭美麗綻放。“忠則《出師表》孝則《陳情表》”，這兩表道盡了人間感恩的真諦，演繹了人世間感恩的傳奇。為報(bào)劉備三顧茅廬之恩，諸葛亮七出祁山，巧計(jì)破敵軍，為劉備打天下立下了汗馬功勞。“出師末捷身先死，長使英雄淚滿襟。”是后人為他寫下的詩篇，為報(bào)當(dāng)年的知遇之恩，他用畢生的精力向后人詮釋了感恩的真諦。自幼失去父母是李密的不幸，但祖母卻用自己的溫暖讓這個(gè)可憐的孩子長大成人，且名揚(yáng)四方，為官作宰是多少讀書人畢生的夢(mèng)想，十年寒窗不正為一朝為官？然而當(dāng)這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)真正來臨，李密卻不曾忘記自己的祖母。他放棄了這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。因?yàn)樗馈白婺笩o臣無以終余年”。在為官和報(bào)恩之間他選擇了后者，向世人彰顯了一首偉大的詩篇——感恩。
他們的感恩溫暖了自已，感動(dòng)了后人。那一刻，幸福之花，在他們的感恩的枝頭灼灼其華。感恩之心，是我們維系這個(gè)世界的根本，擁有感恩的心，才能稱之為有靈性的人，然而一旦失去后果不堪設(shè)想。
云南大學(xué)曾震驚一時(shí)的血案是多少人揮之不去的陰影。馬加爵一時(shí)的性起讓四個(gè)年輕的生命就此終結(jié)，我不想說他的殘忍。我只想說，他真的不懂感恩。云南大學(xué)用知識(shí)培養(yǎng)他，而他卻使之蒙羞；他的父母用心血把他養(yǎng)大，他卻讓他們體會(huì)白發(fā)人送黑發(fā)人的苦楚；他與同學(xué)的同學(xué)情他不懂得珍惜。如果他有一顆感恩的心，也許這一切就不會(huì)發(fā)生。當(dāng)感恩的心不在，那一刻，他的幸福之花開在哪里? 數(shù)十年為戰(zhàn)友守墓，矢志不渝，是陳健對(duì)戰(zhàn)友的感恩；荊軻賭命，是為報(bào)太子知遇之恩的感恩；袁隆平數(shù)十年專注研究雜交水稻，是為祖國的感恩。
懷抱一顆感恩的心，讓我們將愛傳遞。將別人無私的幫助，深深銘記，并將之傳遞，這世界因感恩而美麗。
人世間沒有不絕的風(fēng)暴，感恩卻有其不老的風(fēng)情。幸福之花，開在感恩枝頭，灼灼其華。【點(diǎn)評(píng)】這篇文章中心突出，層次清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言流暢。
“題好一半文。”本文以“幸福花，開在感恩枝頭” 作為題目和寫作角度，明確了自己的看法。開篇引用詩句，構(gòu)成排比，富有文采，又旗幟鮮明地提出觀點(diǎn)，照應(yīng)題目。全文以闡明感恩和幸福之間的關(guān)系作為主要的內(nèi)容，運(yùn)用正反對(duì)比的手法，跨越時(shí)空，讓孔子、李密和馬加爵形成鮮明的對(duì)比，無可爭辯地說明了“因?yàn)槎酶卸鳎澜绮艜?huì)如此美麗”的道理。
文章十分注意過渡和照應(yīng)的安排，標(biāo)題和內(nèi)容照應(yīng)，開頭和結(jié)尾照應(yīng)，議論抒情的句子和敘述的內(nèi)容結(jié)合也十分緊密。文章還用“幸福之花，在感恩的枝頭灼灼其華”這樣的句子來組織全文，顯得完整、縝密而從容。
感情真摯、健康而飽滿，也是文章獲得成功的重要因素。
論知足常樂
古語有云：“知足常樂。”有了足矣，何需更多。雖然千年古訓(xùn)時(shí)常縈繞耳際，但一顆不知足的心還是讓我對(duì)此頗為懷疑。這只不過是懦弱者的擋箭牌和懶惰者的借口。“知足”是裹足不前，是安于現(xiàn)狀，是甘于平庸；而“不知足”才能夠以一種持久不滅的熱情勇往直前，才能時(shí)時(shí)鞭策警示自己，不斷進(jìn)取，不斷收獲。
“人生得意須盡歡，莫使金樽空對(duì)月”，借酒消愁，以醉為樂。那酒醒之后呢？又將陷入無邊無際的憂愁中??知足者，樂一時(shí)矣。“與天奮斗，其樂無窮；與地奮斗，其樂無窮”，不知足者，常樂也。“登東山而小魯，登泰山而小天下。”如果你是滿足于登上東山，看到的將是有限的魯?shù)兀跄芟竦巧咸┥街畮p那樣把天下盡收眼底，心胸?zé)o比寬闊呢？不知足，是一股挑戰(zhàn)生活的執(zhí)著追求，是始終如一的人生信念。
“滿招損，謙得益。”秦始皇的一統(tǒng)中國，就是因?yàn)闊o數(shù)次的不滿足，所以無數(shù)次地改革，無數(shù)次地完善。倘若總是知足，今天或許還是刀耕火種。追求的過程是快樂的，盡管有坎坷有風(fēng)雨，但我們總是在往前不斷走著，敗而無憾。世間，沒有哪項(xiàng)偉績會(huì)從天而降，沒有哪段人生能一帆風(fēng)順。荀子曰：“不登高山，不知天之高也；不臨深溪，不知地之厚也。” 只有懷揣一顆不知足的心，不懈追求，才得以常樂。
賈島吟詩，反復(fù)推敲。歐陽修行文“為求一字穩(wěn)，耐得半宵寒”。正因?yàn)椴恢悖虐倬氩淮亻L期磨練，才有了千古絕唱，傳詠至今。愛迪生一生有一千多種發(fā)明。正因?yàn)椴恢悖挪粩嗟劂@研，成功。一位奧運(yùn)會(huì)田徑老將花十年苦苦訓(xùn)練，僅僅加快了1秒多。對(duì)于知足者，這微不足道的1秒鐘根本不值一提。但卻成就了一位冠軍。跑道上一秒的剎那正是用十年的不滿足精神底蘊(yùn)磨礪出來的。不要停止追尋的腳步，不要熄滅前進(jìn)的燈火。滄海桑田，世事變遷，山外更有山，樓外還有樓，只有永不滿足，歷史的車輪才能滾滾向前。
知足者,目光短淺；知足者,固步自封。知足，使人愚昧，斗志消磨，給人帶來“常憂”而不是“常樂”。“夜郎自大”、“井底之蛙”和魯迅筆下的阿Q不都是 “知足者”嗎？正是這種“知足”鑄成了大錯(cuò)。人生，只有不知足，才能超越；靈魂，只有不知足，才能達(dá)到一個(gè)高度，進(jìn)入一種境界。
前面是一片未知的空間，不知足者，常樂，常樂者，不知足。《論知足常樂》思路：
參考：文章由古語“知足常樂”引出自己的觀點(diǎn)——“不知足”才能夠以一種持久不滅的熱情勇往直前，才能時(shí)時(shí)鞭策警示自己，不斷進(jìn)取，不斷收獲。第二段從正反兩面進(jìn)行分析論證，再次正明知足樂一時(shí)，不知足常樂。第三四段從正面例舉了秦始皇、賈島的例子論證觀點(diǎn)。第五段從反面列舉人們熟知的故事論證知足常憂。最后簡潔的再次強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)。
堅(jiān)守底線盡顯人性本色（并列、對(duì)照式）
底線，是足球、籃球、羽毛球等運(yùn)動(dòng)場地兩端的界線。在比賽中，運(yùn)動(dòng)員只有堅(jiān)守底線
才能展現(xiàn)其高超的球技；同樣，人的一生只有堅(jiān)守人性的底線，方可盡顯其英雄的本色。
堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守善良。“人之初，性本善。”擁有一顆善良、純真的心，是我們做人的底線。
“摘下我的翅膀，送給你飛翔”，在千鈞一發(fā)之際，29歲的張米亞老師用生命詮釋了這句歌詞，用血肉之軀為學(xué)生們守住了生命之門，唱響了善良的樂章，感動(dòng)了你我，感動(dòng)了中國，感動(dòng)了世界！而我們的“范跑跑”老師呢？卻拋棄了身后的學(xué)生，拋棄了善良，拋棄了做人的底線，選擇了“獨(dú)善其身”！我們可以說，“范跑跑”老師是幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)樗埱一盍讼聛恚坏质遣恍业模驗(yàn)闆]有善良的軀殼，失去底線的人生，與行尸走肉又有何區(qū)別呢？
堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守誠信。“人而無信，不知其可。”以誠信為本，誠信待人，誠信做事，應(yīng)該是我們?nèi)诵缘牡拙€。
“尾生與女子有約，女子三日不至，遇大水，尾生抱柱而死。”尾生為的是什么？還不是一個(gè)誠信。誠信是做人的底線，既然許下了諾言，既然做好了約定，即使失去了生命也要去踐約。翻開中華文明史，為了要守住誠信這條底線而用生命去踐約的例子又何止尾生一個(gè)。正因?yàn)橛辛恕耙恢Z千金”的豪情，才有了易水悲壯之歌，誠信，中國俠客永恒的旋律；正因?yàn)橛辛恕昂Ｊ纳矫恕钡膱?zhí)著，才有了化蝶共舞之美，誠信，中國情人纏綿的絕唱；正因?yàn)橛辛恕盀樘斓亓⒚瑸榘傩罩\福”的諾言，才彈奏了一曲清官之歌，誠信，中國文人不朽的篇章。而假設(shè)一個(gè)人失去了誠信呢？那么，最后終將會(huì)和放羊的小孩一樣，羊成了惡狼的腹中物，徒留自己一個(gè)人哭泣，無人問津！
堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守忠貞。“效忠貞之節(jié)，繼之以死乎？” 諸葛亮的話告訴我們，忠誠堅(jiān)貞應(yīng)該是我們做人處世的底線。
“長太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艱。”屈夫子一聲長嘆，縱身汩羅江，以死明志，以身殉國；“國家有難，匹夫有責(zé)。”岳飛從小背上刻下“精忠報(bào)國”的理想，調(diào)兵遣將，勢(shì)如破竹，不受利誘，屢遭誣陷，屈死于**亭上；“寧可餓死，也不領(lǐng)美國的救濟(jì)糧。”朱自清一身傲骨，雖忍受饑餓的煎熬，卻維護(hù)了整個(gè)中華民族的尊嚴(yán)。屈原、岳飛、朱自清等人因?yàn)橹邑懽鎳缫蚜鞣及偈溃d入史冊(cè)。而像秦檜這樣折節(jié)叛國的無恥小人和像劉阿斗那樣胸?zé)o大志，屈膝投降的懦弱之輩呢？他們也早已遭世人唾罵，遺臭萬年！善良，感動(dòng)你我；誠信，奏響壯歌；忠貞，書寫尊嚴(yán)。堅(jiān)守底線，盡顯人性本色。
【簡評(píng)】這篇是一篇亮點(diǎn)紛呈的議論文。文章章法嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，集“鳳頭豬肚豹尾”于一體。文章從運(yùn)動(dòng)場上的底線入題，引出人性的底線，提出中心論點(diǎn)，自然、簡潔而優(yōu)美。酷似“鳳頭”。接著從三個(gè)方面闡釋: 堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守善良；堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守誠信；堅(jiān)守底線，堅(jiān)守忠貞。并將每個(gè)分論點(diǎn)置于段首，構(gòu)成整齊的排比句，論證時(shí)或正反對(duì)比，或排比舉例，或旁征博引，文章說理深入透徹。文章取例角度多樣，厚古但不薄今，重名人但不輕視凡人，文人、俠客、武將紛紛登場，材料翔實(shí)，內(nèi)容充實(shí)。儼然“豬肚”。文章結(jié)尾正向歸納，呼應(yīng)開篇，收束全文，干凈利落，語言簡潔有力。活像“豹尾”。文章結(jié)構(gòu)通體明亮，文章語言文采飛揚(yáng)，加上文章立意集中深刻，使得本文亮點(diǎn)紛呈，引人眼球。
三、總結(jié)議論文構(gòu)思注意點(diǎn)：
1、中心論點(diǎn)句擬好后，就要用分解法擬好主體部分各段的分論點(diǎn)句。這幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)之間既互相聯(lián)系，成為中心論點(diǎn)的一個(gè)組成部分，又互不統(tǒng)屬，互不交叉的。
2、各分論點(diǎn)句最好能使用同一句式，甚至構(gòu)成排比句式，以話題詞作為排比句式的綱領(lǐng)詞語，這樣可使文章條理清晰，觀點(diǎn)明了，還可增強(qiáng)文章的語勢(shì)。同時(shí)，寫作時(shí)也不會(huì)輕易走題。
3、要想文章論點(diǎn)鮮明，重點(diǎn)突出，在結(jié)構(gòu)上，最好能在段頭段尾采用觀點(diǎn)句。段頭觀點(diǎn)句放在段首，起一種提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用，而段尾觀點(diǎn)句放在段尾，是對(duì)段頭句的升華，它不僅要和段頭觀點(diǎn)句在觀點(diǎn)上具有一致性，不僅對(duì)全段要有總括性，而且不能是段頭句的簡單重復(fù)，至少要變換一下語言形式，或是換一個(gè)新的角度去總結(jié)前文的論說。
第五篇：十八大中英文對(duì)照
中共十八大報(bào)告全文英漢對(duì)照
2012年11月20日17:02中國日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)站
Full text of Hu's report at 18th Party Congress
Hu Jintao, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and Chinese president, delivers a keynote report during the opening ceremony of the 18th CPC National Congress at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, Nov 8, 2012.[Photo/Xinhua]
堅(jiān)定不移沿著中國特色社會(huì)主義道路前進(jìn)為全面建成小康社會(huì)而奮斗 ——在中國共產(chǎn)黨第十八次全國代表大會(huì)上的報(bào)告(2012年11月8日）胡錦濤
FIRMLY MARCH ON THE PATH OF SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIVE TO COMPLETE THE BUILDING OF A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS
Report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on Nov 8, 2012
Hu Jintao 同志們：
現(xiàn)在，我代表第十七屆中央委員會(huì)向大會(huì)作報(bào)告。Comrades，I now wish to deliver the following report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on behalf of the Seventeenth Party Central Committee.中國共產(chǎn)黨第十八次全國代表大會(huì)，是在我國進(jìn)入全面建成小康社會(huì)決定性階段召開的一次十分重要的大會(huì)。大會(huì)的主題是：高舉中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟，以鄧小平理論、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為指導(dǎo)，解放思想，改革開放，凝聚力量，攻堅(jiān)克難，堅(jiān)定不移沿著中國特色社會(huì)主義道路前進(jìn)，為全面建成小康社會(huì)而奮斗。
The Eighteenth National Congress is one of great importance being held when China has entered the decisive stage of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The underlying theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development, free up the mind, implement the policy of reform and opening up, pool our strength, overcome all difficulties, firmly march on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and strive to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.此時(shí)此刻，我們有一個(gè)共同的感覺：經(jīng)過九十多年艱苦奮斗，我們黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)全國各族人民，把貧窮落后的舊中國變成日益走向繁榮富強(qiáng)的新中國，中華民族偉大復(fù)興展現(xiàn)出光明前景。我們對(duì)黨和人民創(chuàng)造的歷史偉業(yè)倍加自豪，對(duì)黨和人民確立的理想信念倍加堅(jiān)定，對(duì)黨肩負(fù)的歷史責(zé)任倍加清醒。
At this moment when I address you, we are convinced that thanks to over 90 years of hard struggle, our Party has rallied and led the people of all ethnic groups of the country in turning the poor and backward old China into an increasingly prosperous and powerful new China and opening up bright prospects for the great renewal of the Chinese nation.We are all the more proud of the historic achievements of the Party and the people, we are all the more firm in the ideal and conviction of the Party and the people, and we are all the more aware of the historic responsibility of the Party.當(dāng)前，世情、國情、黨情繼續(xù)發(fā)生深刻變化，我們面臨的發(fā)展機(jī)遇和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。全黨一定要牢記人民信任和重托，更加奮發(fā)有為、兢兢業(yè)業(yè)地工作，繼續(xù)推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展、促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧，繼續(xù)改善人民生活、增進(jìn)人民福祉，完成時(shí)代賦予的光榮而艱巨的任務(wù)。
At present, as the global, national and our Party's conditions continue to undergo profound changes, we are faced with unprecedented opportunities for development as well as risks and challenges unknown before.The whole Party must keep in mind the trust the people have placed in us and the great expectation they have of us.We must aim higher and work harder and continue to pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and improve the people's lives so as to complete the glorious and arduous tasks bestowed on us by the times.一、過去五年的工作和十年的基本總結(jié)
I.Our Work in the Past Five Years and the Basic Experience We Have Gained in the Past Ten Years
十七大以來的五年，是我們?cè)谥袊厣鐣?huì)主義道路上奮勇前進(jìn)的五年，是我們經(jīng)受住各種困難和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)考驗(yàn)、奪取全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)新勝利的五年。Over the past five years since the Seventeenth Party Congress, we have marched boldly on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.During these five years, we have overcome numerous difficulties and risks and achieved new successes in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.十七大對(duì)推進(jìn)改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、實(shí)現(xiàn)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)宏偉目標(biāo)作出全面部署。為貫徹十七大精神，中央先后召開七次全會(huì)，分別就深化行政管理體制改革、推進(jìn)農(nóng)村改革發(fā)展、加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)新形勢(shì)下黨的建設(shè)、制定“十二五”規(guī)劃、推進(jìn)文化改革發(fā)展等關(guān)系全局的重大問題作出決定和部署。五年來，我們勝利完成“十一五”規(guī)劃，順利實(shí)施“十二五”規(guī)劃，各方面工作都取得新的重大成就。
The Seventeenth Party Congress adopted a comprehensive plan for promoting reform and opening up and socialist modernization and attaining the grand goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.To implement this decision of the Seventeenth Party Congress, the Central Committee has held seven plenary sessions, at which decisions were made and implementing steps adopted on the following issues of underlying importance: deepening reform of the administrative system, promoting rural reform and development, improving and strengthening Party building in a new environment, formulating the Twelfth Five-Year Plan and promoting reform and development of the cultural sector.During the past five years, we have fulfilled the goals of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and made good progress in implementing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and we have made new and major achievements in all fields of our work.經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。綜合國力大幅提升，二0一一年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)到四十七點(diǎn)三萬億元。財(cái)政收入大幅增加。農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力提高，糧食連年增產(chǎn)。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整取得新進(jìn)展，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施全面加強(qiáng)。城鎮(zhèn)化水平明顯提高，城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域發(fā)展協(xié)調(diào)性增強(qiáng)。創(chuàng)新型國家建設(shè)成效顯著，載人航天、探月工程、載人深潛、超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)、高速鐵路等實(shí)現(xiàn)重大突破。生態(tài)文明建設(shè)扎實(shí)展開，資源節(jié)約和環(huán)境保護(hù)全面推進(jìn)。
The economy has developed steadily and rapidly.China's overall national strength has grown considerably.The gross domestic product(GDP)reached 47.3 trillion yuan in 2011, and government revenue increased by a wide margin.The overall agricultural production capacity has increased and grain output has gone up year after year.Fresh progress has been made in adjusting the industrial structure, and the infrastructure has been extensively upgraded.Urbanization has been steadily advanced, and development between urban and rural areas and between regions has become better balanced.Notable progress has been made in making China an innovative country, and major breakthroughs have been made in manned spaceflights, the lunar exploration program, and in the development of a manned deep-sea submersible, supercomputers and high-speed railways.Solid steps have been taken to promote ecological progress, and comprehensive progress has been made in resource conservation and environmental protection.改革開放取得重大進(jìn)展。農(nóng)村綜合改革、集體林權(quán)制度改革、國有企業(yè)改革不斷深化，非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展。現(xiàn)代市場體系和宏觀調(diào)控體系不斷健全，財(cái)稅、金融、價(jià)格、科技、教育、社會(huì)保障、醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生、事業(yè)單位等改革穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)達(dá)到新水平，進(jìn)出口總額躍居世界第二位。
Major progress has been registered in reform and opening up.China's overall rural reform, the reform in tenure of collective forests and the reform of state-owned enterprises have been deepened, and the non-public sector of the economy has registered sound growth.The country's modern market system and macro-regulatory system have been steadily improved, and its reform of finance and taxation, banking, prices, science and technology, education, social security, medicine and public health, and public institutions has progressed steadily.China's open economy has reached a new level, and its import and export volume now ranks second in the world.人民生活水平顯著提高。改善民生力度不斷加大，城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，居民收入較快增長，家庭財(cái)產(chǎn)穩(wěn)定增加，衣食住行用條件明顯改善，城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和農(nóng)村扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大幅提升，企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金持續(xù)提高。Living standards have been significantly improved.Efforts to improve the people's wellbeing have been intensified;urban and rural employment has continued to increase;individual income has increased rapidly;household assets have grown steadily;people's need for daily necessities such as clothing, food, housing and transportation is better met;subsistence allowances for both urban and rural residents and the rural poverty line have been raised by a big margin;and basic pensions for enterprise retirees have increased continually.民主法制建設(shè)邁出新步伐。政治體制改革繼續(xù)推進(jìn)。實(shí)行城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表。基層民主不斷發(fā)展。中國特色社會(huì)主義法律體系形成，社會(huì)主義法治國家建設(shè)成績顯著。愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線鞏固壯大。行政體制改革深化，司法體制和工作機(jī)制改革取得新進(jìn)展。
New strides have been made in developing democracy and the legal system.Further progress has been made in reforming the political structure.Urban and rural deputies to people's congresses are now elected on the basis of the same population ratio.Community-level democracy has steadily developed.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics has been established, and notable achievements have been made in building a socialist country based on the rule of law.The patriotic united front has been consolidated and expanded.The reform of the administrative system has deepened, and further progress has been made in the reform of the judicial system and the work mechanisms of the judiciary.文化建設(shè)邁上新臺(tái)階。社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系建設(shè)深入開展，文化體制改革全面推進(jìn)，公共文化服務(wù)體系建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展，文化創(chuàng)作生產(chǎn)更加繁榮，人民精神文化生活更加豐富多彩。全民健身和競技體育取得新成績。
Development of the cultural sector has reached a new stage.Intensive efforts have been made to promote core socialist values;comprehensive progress has been made in the reform of the cultural system;important headway has been made in providing public cultural services;the cultural industry has grown rapidly;cultural creation and production is flourishing;and people enjoy richer intellectual pursuits and cultural entertainment.New progress has been made in public fitness programs and competitive sports.社會(huì)建設(shè)取得新進(jìn)步。基本公共服務(wù)水平和均等化程度明顯提高。教育事業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育全面實(shí)現(xiàn)。社會(huì)保障體系建設(shè)成效顯著，城鄉(xiāng)基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度全面建立，新型社會(huì)救助體系基本形成。全民醫(yī)保基本實(shí)現(xiàn)，城鄉(xiāng)基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生制度初步建立。保障性住房建設(shè)加快推進(jìn)。加強(qiáng)和創(chuàng)新社會(huì)管理，社會(huì)保持和諧穩(wěn)定。
Fresh progress has been made in social development.Basic public services have improved markedly, and access to them has become much more equitable.Education has developed rapidly, and free compulsory education is now available in all urban and rural areas.Marked progress has been made in developing the social security system;the basic old-age insurance system covering both the urban and rural population has been fully established, and a new type of social assistance system is taking shape.The whole population is now basically covered by medical insurance;the basic urban and rural healthcare systems are taking shape.Construction of low-income housing has been accelerated.We have strengthened and made innovations in social management and maintained social harmony and stability.國防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)開創(chuàng)新局面。中國特色軍事變革取得重大成就，軍隊(duì)革命化現(xiàn)代化正規(guī)化建設(shè)協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)、全面加強(qiáng)，軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備不斷深化，履行新世紀(jì)新階段歷史使命能力顯著增強(qiáng)，出色完成一系列急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)。
A new stage has been reached in efforts to strengthen national defense and the armed forces.Significant achievements have been made in the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics.Coordinated and all-around progress has been made in efforts to ensure the revolutionary nature of the armed forces and that they are modern and follow standard procedures in all operations.Military preparedness has been enhanced.The armed forces have greatly enhanced their capability of carrying out their historic mission in this new stage in the new century, and they have accomplished a host of urgent, difficult, dangerous and arduous tasks.港澳臺(tái)工作進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。香港、澳門保持繁榮穩(wěn)定，同內(nèi)地交流合作提高到新水平。推動(dòng)兩岸關(guān)系實(shí)現(xiàn)重大轉(zhuǎn)折，實(shí)現(xiàn)兩岸全面直接雙向“三通”，簽署實(shí)施兩岸經(jīng)濟(jì)合作框架協(xié)議，形成兩岸全方位交往格局，開創(chuàng)兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展新局面。
Work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan affairs has been further strengthened.Hong Kong and Macao have remained prosperous and stable, and their exchanges and cooperation with the mainland have reached a new stage.We have achieved a major transition in the relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits, with direct and two-way links of mail service, transport and trade fully established, and the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement between them has been signed for implementation.All this has promoted extensive mutual contacts and ushered in a new stage of peaceful growth of cross-Straits relations.外交工作取得新成就。堅(jiān)定維護(hù)國家利益和我國公民、法人在海外合法權(quán)益，加強(qiáng)同世界各國交流合作，推動(dòng)全球治理機(jī)制變革，積極促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展，在國際事務(wù)中的代表性和話語權(quán)進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)，為改革發(fā)展?fàn)幦×擞欣麌H環(huán)境。New progress has been made in China's diplomacy.We have staunchly protected China's interests and the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals and legal persons overseas.We have increased exchanges and cooperation with other countries.We have promoted reform in global governance, enhanced world peace and development, secured more representation and a greater say for China in international affairs, and created favorable international conditions for China's reform and development.黨的建設(shè)全面加強(qiáng)。黨的執(zhí)政能力建設(shè)和先進(jìn)性建設(shè)繼續(xù)推進(jìn)，思想理論建設(shè)成效明顯，學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐科學(xué)發(fā)展觀活動(dòng)取得重要成果，黨的建設(shè)改革創(chuàng)新邁出重要步伐。黨內(nèi)民主進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。干部隊(duì)伍建設(shè)取得重要進(jìn)展，人才工作開創(chuàng)新局面。創(chuàng)先爭優(yōu)活動(dòng)和學(xué)習(xí)型黨組織建設(shè)深入進(jìn)行，基層黨組織不斷加強(qiáng)。黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗斗爭取得新成效。
All-around progress has been made in Party building.Further progress has been registered in strengthening the Party's governance capacity and its advanced nature.Notable results have been achieved in strengthening the Party theoretically.Significant achievements have been made in studying and applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.Major progress has been made in conducting reform and innovation in Party building.Intra-Party democracy has been further expanded.Major progress has also been made in strengthening the ranks of Party officials;and new progress has been registered in managing qualified professionals.We have intensified activities to encourage Party members and organizations to excel in their work and to build learning Party organizations.Community-level Party organizations have been strengthened.New progress has been made in improving Party conduct, promoting integrity and combating corruption.同時(shí)，必須清醒看到，我們工作中還存在許多不足，前進(jìn)道路上還有不少困難和問題。主要是：發(fā)展中不平衡、不協(xié)調(diào)、不可持續(xù)問題依然突出，科技創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)依然薄弱，資源環(huán)境約束加劇，制約科學(xué)發(fā)展的體制機(jī)制障礙較多，深化改革開放和轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式任務(wù)艱巨；城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域發(fā)展差距和居民收入分配差距依然較大；社會(huì)矛盾明顯增多，教育、就業(yè)、社會(huì)保障、醫(yī)療、住房、生態(tài)環(huán)境、食品藥品安全、安全生產(chǎn)、社會(huì)治安、執(zhí)法司法等關(guān)系群眾切身利益的問題較多，部分群眾生活比較困難；一些領(lǐng)域存在道德失范、誠信缺失現(xiàn)象；一些干部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)科學(xué)發(fā)展能力不強(qiáng)，一些基層黨組織軟弱渙散，少數(shù)黨員干部理想信念動(dòng)搖、宗旨意識(shí)淡薄，形式主義、官僚主義問題突出，奢侈浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重；一些領(lǐng)域消極腐敗現(xiàn)象易發(fā)多發(fā)，反腐敗斗爭形勢(shì)依然嚴(yán)峻。對(duì)這些困難和問題，我們必須高度重視，進(jìn)一步認(rèn)真加以解決。
On the other hand, we must be keenly aware that there is still much room for improvement in our work and there are a lot of difficulties and problems on our road ahead.They include the following: Unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development remains a big problem.The capacity for scientific and technological innovation is weak.The industrial structure is unbalanced.Agricultural infrastructure remains weak.Resource and environmental constraints have become more serious.Many systemic barriers stand in the way of promoting development in a scientific way.The tasks of deepening reform and opening up and changing the growth model remain arduous.The development gap between urban and rural areas and between regions is still large, and so are income disparities.Social problems have increased markedly.There are many problems affecting people's immediate interests in education, employment, social security, healthcare, housing, the ecological environment, food and drug safety, workplace safety, public security, law enforcement, administration of justice, etc.Some people still lead hard lives.There is a lack of ethics and integrity in some fields of endeavor.Some officials are not competent to pursue development in a scientific way.Some community-level Party organizations are weak and lax.A small number of Party members and officials waver in the Party's ideal and conviction and are not fully aware of its purpose.Going through formalities and bureaucratism as well as extravagance and waste are serious problems.Some sectors are prone to corruption and other misconduct, and the fight against corruption remains a serious challenge for us.We must take these difficulties and problems very seriously and work harder to resolve them.過去五年的工作，是十六大以來全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)十年實(shí)踐的重要組成部分。
Our work in the past five years is an important part of our endeavor to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects in the past ten years since the Sixteenth National Congress of the Party.這十年，我們緊緊抓住和用好我國發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，戰(zhàn)勝一系列重大挑戰(zhàn)，奮力把中國特色社會(huì)主義推進(jìn)到新的發(fā)展階段。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)新階段，國際局勢(shì)風(fēng)云變幻，綜合國力競爭空前激烈，我們深化改革開放，加快發(fā)展步伐，以加入世界貿(mào)易組織為契機(jī)，變壓力為動(dòng)力，化挑戰(zhàn)為機(jī)遇，堅(jiān)定不移推進(jìn)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)進(jìn)程。前進(jìn)過程中，我們戰(zhàn)勝突如其來的非典疫情，認(rèn)真總結(jié)我國發(fā)展實(shí)踐，準(zhǔn)確把握我國發(fā)展的階段性特征，及時(shí)提出和全面貫徹科學(xué)發(fā)展觀等重大戰(zhàn)略思想，開拓了經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的廣闊空間。二00八年以后，國際金融危機(jī)使我國發(fā)展遭遇嚴(yán)重困難，我們科學(xué)判斷、果斷決策，采取一系列重大舉措，在全球率先實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)企穩(wěn)回升，積累了有效應(yīng)對(duì)外部經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沖擊、保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的重要經(jīng)驗(yàn)。我們成功舉辦北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)、殘奧會(huì)和上海世博會(huì)，奪取抗擊汶川特大地震等嚴(yán)重自然災(zāi)害和災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建重大勝利，妥善處置一系列重大突發(fā)事件。在十分復(fù)雜的國內(nèi)外形勢(shì)下，黨和人民經(jīng)受住嚴(yán)峻考驗(yàn)，鞏固和發(fā)展了改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)大局，提高了我國國際地位，彰顯了中國特色社會(huì)主義的巨大優(yōu)越性和強(qiáng)大生命力，增強(qiáng)了中國人民和中華民族的自豪感和凝聚力。
During these ten years, we have seized and made the most of the important period of strategic opportunities for China's development, successfully met major challenges and brought socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new stage of development.Facing a volatile global environment and fierce competition in overall national strength unseen before in this new stage in the new century, we have deepened reform and opening up and accelerated development.We took China's accession to the World Trade Organization as an opportunity to turn pressure into motivation and turn challenges into opportunities, and we have forged ahead in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.While we were on the way, we overcame the unexpected outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS).On the basis of reviewing China's development practices, we gained a good understanding of the essential features of its development in the current stage, set forth in a timely way major strategic thinking including the Scientific Outlook on Development, and have fully applied it, and thus greatly expanded the space for economic and social development.After 2008, the global financial crisis caused acute difficulties to China's development.By making resolute decisions and taking major countermeasures on the basis of sizing up the overall development in a scientific way, we made China's economy the first in the world to make a turnaround, and we have gained important experience in effectively defusing external economic risks and maintaining steady and robust growth.We successfully hosted the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and the XIII Paralympic Games in Beijing and the World Expo in Shanghai.We won great victories in responding to the massive Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province and other natural disasters and in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction and settled major emergencies.Bracing ourselves against complex domestic and international developments, our Party and people have stood severe tests, consolidated and developed the cause of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and raised China's international standing.All this shows the superiority and vitality of socialism with Chinese characteristics and has enhanced the pride and cohesiveness of the Chinese people and nation.十年來，我們?nèi)〉靡幌盗行碌臍v史性成就，為全面建成小康社會(huì)打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)總量從世界第六位躍升到第二位，社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、科技實(shí)力邁上一個(gè)大臺(tái)階，人民生活水平、居民收入水平、社會(huì)保障水平邁上一個(gè)大臺(tái)階，綜合國力、國際競爭力、國際影響力邁上一個(gè)大臺(tái)階，國家面貌發(fā)生新的歷史性變化。人們公認(rèn)，這是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展、民主不斷健全、文化日益繁榮、社會(huì)保持穩(wěn)定的時(shí)期，是著力保障和改善民生、人民得到實(shí)惠更多的時(shí)期。我們能取得這樣的歷史性成就，靠的是黨的基本理論、基本路線、基本綱領(lǐng)、基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)的正確指引，靠的是新中國成立以來特別是改革開放以來奠定的深厚基礎(chǔ)，靠的是全黨全國各族人民的團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗。
Over the past ten years, we have achieved new historic successes and laid a solid foundation for completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.China's economy has risen from the sixth to the second place in the world.The country has undergone new historic changes: Its productive forces and economic, scientific and technological strength have increased considerably, the people's living standards, individual income and social security have improved significantly, and its overall national strength and international competitiveness and influence have been enhanced substantially.During this period, China has seen continuous economic development, steady improvement in democracy, and increasing cultural prosperity and social stability, and we have worked hard to ensure and improve the people's wellbeing and brought them more benefits than ever before.And all this is widely recognized.These historic successes are attributable to the correct guidance of the Party's basic theory, line, program and experience;they have been achieved on the firm foundation laid since the founding of New China in 1949 and particularly since the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up in 1978;and they are the fruits of the united efforts of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in China.在這里，我代表中共中央，向全國各族人民，向各民主黨派、各人民團(tuán)體和各界愛國人士，向香港特別行政區(qū)同胞、澳門特別行政區(qū)同胞和臺(tái)灣同胞以及廣大僑胞，向一切關(guān)心和支持中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的各國朋友，表示衷心的感謝！
Here, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the people of all ethnic groups in China, to the democratic parties, people's organizations and patriots from all walks of life, to our compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese, and to our foreign friends who view favorably and support China's modernization drive.總結(jié)十年奮斗歷程，最重要的就是我們堅(jiān)持以馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo)，勇于推進(jìn)實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)上的理論創(chuàng)新，圍繞堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì)主義提出一系列緊密相連、相互貫通的新思想、新觀點(diǎn)、新論斷，形成和貫徹了科學(xué)發(fā)展觀。科學(xué)發(fā)展觀是馬克思主義同當(dāng)代中國實(shí)際和時(shí)代特征相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，是馬克思主義關(guān)于發(fā)展的世界觀和方法論的集中體現(xiàn)，對(duì)新形勢(shì)下實(shí)現(xiàn)什么樣的發(fā)展、怎樣發(fā)展等重大問題作出了新的科學(xué)回答，把我們對(duì)中國特色社會(huì)主義規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)提高到新的水平，開辟了當(dāng)代中國馬克思主義發(fā)展新境界。科學(xué)發(fā)展觀是中國特色社會(huì)主義理論體系最新成果，是中國共產(chǎn)黨集體智慧的結(jié)晶，是指導(dǎo)黨和國家全部工作的強(qiáng)大思想武器。科學(xué)發(fā)展觀同馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想一道，是黨必須長期堅(jiān)持的指導(dǎo)思想。
The most important achievement in our endeavors in the past ten years is that we have formed the Scientific Outlook on Development and put it into practice by following the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and by making courageous theoretical innovations on the basis of practices and developing closely interconnected new ideas and viewpoints on upholding and building socialism with Chinese characteristics.The Scientific Outlook on Development was created by integrating Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development.This theory provides new scientific answers to the major questions of what kind of development China should achieve in a new environment and how the country should achieve it.It represents a new level of our understanding of the laws of socialism with Chinese characteristics and reaches a new realm in the development of Marxism in contemporary China.The Scientific Outlook on Development is the latest achievement in developing the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China and a powerful theoretical weapon for guiding all the work of the Party and country.Together with Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development is the theoretical guidance the Party must adhere to for a long time.面向未來，深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，對(duì)堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì)主義具有重大現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和深遠(yuǎn)歷史意義，必須把科學(xué)發(fā)展觀貫徹到我國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)全過 程、體現(xiàn)到黨的建設(shè)各方面。全黨必須更加自覺地把推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展作為深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的第一要義，牢牢扭住經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)這個(gè)中心，堅(jiān)持聚精會(huì)神搞建設(shè)、一心一意謀發(fā)展，著力把握發(fā)展規(guī)律、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展理念、破解發(fā)展難題，深入實(shí)施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略、可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，加快形成符合科學(xué)發(fā)展要求的發(fā)展方式和體制機(jī)制，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，不斷實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)展、和諧發(fā)展、和平發(fā)展，為堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì)主義打下牢固基礎(chǔ)。必須更加自覺地把以人為本作為深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的核心立場，始終把實(shí)現(xiàn)好、維護(hù)好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民根本利益作為黨和國家一切工作的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)，尊重人民首創(chuàng)精神，保障人民各項(xiàng)權(quán)益，不斷在實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展成果由人民共享、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展上取得新成效。必須更加自覺地把全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)作為深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的基本要求，全面落實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)五位一體總體布局，促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)各方面相協(xié)調(diào)，促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系與生產(chǎn)力、上層建筑與經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)相協(xié)調(diào)，不斷開拓生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、生活富裕、生態(tài)良好的文明發(fā)展道路。必須更加自覺地把統(tǒng)籌兼顧作為深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的根本方法，堅(jiān)持一切從實(shí)際出發(fā)，正確認(rèn)識(shí)和妥善處理中國特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)中的重大關(guān)系，統(tǒng)籌改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定、內(nèi)政外交國防、治黨治國治軍各方面工作，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展、區(qū)域發(fā)展、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、人與自然和諧發(fā)展、國內(nèi)發(fā)展和對(duì)外開放，統(tǒng)籌各方面利益關(guān)系，充分調(diào)動(dòng)各方面積極性，努力形成全體人民各盡其能、各得其所而又和諧相處的局面。
As we advance toward the future, thoroughly applying the Scientific Outlook on Development is of major immediate significance and far-reaching historical significance for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We must apply it throughout the course of modernization and to every aspect of Party building.The whole Party must more purposefully make promoting economic and social development the top priority in applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must pursue economic development as the central task and concentrate on it with every determination.We should master the laws of development, develop new thinking on development and solve problems hindering development.We must implement the strategies for making China strong by developing science and education and training competent personnel and the strategy for pursuing sustainable development.We must step up efforts to create development models as well as institutions and mechanisms that facilitate development in a scientific way.We must continue to release and develop the productive forces and promote scientific, harmonious and peaceful development so as to lay a solid foundation for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.The whole Party must more purposefully take putting people first as the core requirement for thoroughly applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must always make realizing, safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people the starting point and goal of all the work of the Party and country.We must respect the people's creativity, protect their rights and interests, and make continued progress in enabling the people to share in the fruits of development and in promoting well-rounded development of the person.The whole Party must more purposefully make pursuing comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development the basic requirement for applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must fully implement the overall plan for promoting economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, ensure coordinated progress in all areas of endeavors in the modernization drive, balance the relations of production with the productive forces as well as the superstructure with the economic base, and continue to expand the path of development that leads to increased production, prosperity and a good ecosystem.The whole Party must more purposefully take the holistic approach as the fundamental way of thoroughly applying the Scientific Outlook on Development.We must base ourselves on reality in everything we do, gain a full understanding of the major issues in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and handle them properly.We must take a holistic approach to our work relating to reform, development and stability, to domestic and foreign affairs as well as national defense, and to running the Party, the country and the military.We must coordinate urban and rural development, development between regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic development and opening to the outside world.We must balance the interests of all parties and keep them fully motivated so that all people do their best, find their proper places in society and live in harmony.解放思想、實(shí)事求是、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)、求真務(wù)實(shí)，是科學(xué)發(fā)展觀最鮮明的精神實(shí)質(zhì)。實(shí)踐發(fā)展永無止境，認(rèn)識(shí)真理永無止境，理論創(chuàng)新永無止境。全黨一定要勇于實(shí)踐、勇于變革、勇于創(chuàng)新，把握時(shí)代發(fā)展要求，順應(yīng)人民共同愿望，不懈探索和把握中國特色社會(huì)主義規(guī)律，永葆黨的生機(jī)活力，永葆國家發(fā)展動(dòng)力，在黨和人民創(chuàng)造性實(shí)踐中奮力開拓中國特色社會(huì)主義更為廣闊的發(fā)展前景。Freeing up the mind, seeking truth from facts, keeping up with the times and being realistic and pragmaticthe system of people's congresses;the basic political systemsWe must maintain the people's principal position in the country.Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a cause for the people in their hundreds of millions.We should ensure that the people are the masters of the country and we should uphold the rule of law as a fundamental principle by which the Party leads the people in running the country.We should mobilize and organize as many people as possible to manage state and social affairs as well as the economy and cultural programs in accordance with the law and to devote themselves to socialist modernization, and we should better protect the people's rights and interests and ensure that the people determine their own destiny.——必須堅(jiān)持解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力。解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力是中國特色社會(huì)主義的根本任務(wù)。要堅(jiān)持以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，以科學(xué)發(fā)展為主題，全面推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，實(shí)現(xiàn)以人為本、全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)的科學(xué)發(fā)展。
-We must continue to release and develop the productive forces.This is the fundamental task of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should take economic development as the central task and pursuing development in a scientific way as the underlying guideline, advance in an all-around way economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress and achieve in a scientific way development that puts people first and is comprehensive, balanced and sustainable.——必須堅(jiān)持推進(jìn)改革開放。改革開放是堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì)主義的必由之路。要始終把改革創(chuàng)新精神貫徹到治國理政各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的改革方向，堅(jiān)持對(duì)外開放的基本國策，不斷推進(jìn)理論創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新、科技創(chuàng)新、文化創(chuàng)新以及其他各方面創(chuàng)新，不斷推進(jìn)我國社會(huì)主義制度自我完善和發(fā)展。
-We must persevere in reform and opening up.Reform and opening up are crucial to adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should always apply the spirit of reform and innovation to all aspects of governance, keep improving the socialist market economy, adhere to the basic state policy of opening to the outside world, continue to make innovations in theory, in institutions, in science and technology, in culture 18 and in other fields, and continuously promote the self-improvement and self-development of China's socialist system.——必須堅(jiān)持維護(hù)社會(huì)公平正義。公平正義是中國特色社會(huì)主義的內(nèi)在要求。要在全體人民共同奮斗、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，加緊建設(shè)對(duì)保障社會(huì)公平正義具有重大作用的制度，逐步建立以權(quán)利公平、機(jī)會(huì)公平、規(guī)則公平為主要內(nèi)容的社會(huì)公平保障體系，努力營造公平的社會(huì)環(huán)境，保證人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展權(quán)利。
-We must safeguard social fairness and justice.Fairness and justice are inherent requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We must, relying on the concerted efforts of all the Chinese people and based on economic and social development, step up efforts to develop institutions that are vital to ensuring social fairness and justice;establish in due course a system for guaranteeing fairness in society featuring, among other things, equal rights, equal opportunities and fair rules for all;and foster a fair social environment and ensure people's equal right to participation in governance and to development.——必須堅(jiān)持走共同富裕道路。共同富裕是中國特色社會(huì)主義的根本原則。要堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和分配制度，調(diào)整國民收入分配格局，加大再分配調(diào)節(jié)力度，著力解決收入分配差距較大問題，使發(fā)展成果更多更公平惠及全體人民，朝著共同富裕方向穩(wěn)步前進(jìn)。
-We must strive for common prosperity.This is the fundamental principle of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should adhere to the basic socialist economic system and the socialist income distribution system.We should adjust the pattern of national income distribution, tighten its regulation by secondary distribution and work hard to narrow income gaps so that all the people can share in more fruits of development in a fair way and move steadily toward common prosperity.——必須堅(jiān)持促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧。社會(huì)和諧是中國特色社會(huì)主義的本質(zhì)屬性。要把保障和改善民生放在更加突出的位置，加強(qiáng)和創(chuàng)新社會(huì)管理，正確處理改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定關(guān)系，團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的力量，最大限度增加和諧因素，增強(qiáng)社會(huì)創(chuàng)造活力，確保人民安居樂業(yè)、社會(huì)安定有序、國家長治久安。
-We must promote social harmony.Social harmony is an inherent attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should give higher priority to ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing, strengthen and conduct social management in an innovative way, strike a balance between reform, development and stability, rally all the forces that can be rallied, maximize factors conducive to harmony and increase the creative vitality of society.We should ensure that the people live and work in contentment, 19 society is stable and orderly, and the country enjoys enduring peace and stability.——必須堅(jiān)持和平發(fā)展。和平發(fā)展是中國特色社會(huì)主義的必然選擇。要堅(jiān)持開放的發(fā)展、合作的發(fā)展、共贏的發(fā)展，通過爭取和平國際環(huán)境發(fā)展自己，又以自身發(fā)展維護(hù)和促進(jìn)世界和平，擴(kuò)大同各方利益匯合點(diǎn)，推動(dòng)建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。
-We must pursue peaceful development.Peaceful development is the sure choice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should pursue development through opening up and cooperation to benefit all.We should develop ourselves by securing a peaceful international environment and uphold and promote world peace through our own development.We should expand common interests with all others and work to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.——必須堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。中國共產(chǎn)黨是中國特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心。要堅(jiān)持立黨為公、執(zhí)政為民，加強(qiáng)和改善黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持黨總攬全局、協(xié)調(diào)各方的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心作用，保持黨的先進(jìn)性和純潔性，增強(qiáng)黨的創(chuàng)造力、凝聚力、戰(zhàn)斗力，提高黨科學(xué)執(zhí)政、民主執(zhí)政、依法執(zhí)政水平。
-We must uphold the leadership of the Party.The Communist Party of China is the leadership core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should uphold the principle that the Party was founded for the public good and that it exercises state power for the people, enhance and improve the Party's leadership and ensure that the Party plays its role as the leadership core in exercising overall leadership and coordinating the efforts of all.We should maintain the Party's advanced nature and purity, strengthen its creativity, cohesiveness and capability and enhance its capacity to govern in a scientific and democratic way and in accordance with the law.我們必須清醒認(rèn)識(shí)到，我國仍處于并將長期處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本國情沒有變，人民日益增長的物質(zhì)文化需要同落后的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)之間的矛盾這一社會(huì)主要矛盾沒有變，我國是世界最大發(fā)展中國家的國際地位沒有變。在任何情況下都要牢牢把握社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段這個(gè)最大國情，推進(jìn)任何方面的改革發(fā)展都要牢牢立足社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段這個(gè)最大實(shí)際。黨的基本路線是黨和國家的生命線，必須堅(jiān)持把以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心同四項(xiàng)基本原則、改革開放這兩個(gè)基本點(diǎn)統(tǒng)一于中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大實(shí)踐，既不妄自菲薄，也不妄自尊大，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)奪取中國特色社會(huì)主義新勝利。
We must be soberly aware that China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so.This basic condition of China has not changed;nor has the principal problem in our society, that is, how we can meet the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people with backward social production;nor has China's international position as the largest developing country in the world.We must bear in mind under any circumstances the paramount reality that China remains in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so and base ourselves on this reality in pursuing all of our endeavors of reform and development.The Party's basic line is the lifeblood of the Party and country.We must adhere to the central taskand the two basic pointsin our great endeavor to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should neither look down upon ourselves nor be arrogant.We must take solid steps to achieve new victory for socialism with Chinese characteristics.只要我們胸懷理想、堅(jiān)定信念，不動(dòng)搖、不懈怠、不折騰，頑強(qiáng)奮斗、艱苦奮斗、不懈奮斗，就一定能在中國共產(chǎn)黨成立一百年時(shí)全面建成小康社會(huì)，就一定能在新中國成立一百年時(shí)建成富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧的社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國家。全黨要堅(jiān)定這樣的道路自信、理論自信、制度自信！
As long as we remain true to our ideal, are firm in our conviction, never vacillate in or relax our efforts or act recklessly, and forge ahead with tenacity and resolve, we will surely complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects when the Communist Party of China celebrates its centenary and turn China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious when the People's Republic of China marks its centennial.The whole Party should have every confidence in our path, in our theories and in our system.三、全面建成小康社會(huì)和全面深化改革開放的目標(biāo)
III.The Goal of Completing the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Deepening Reform and Opening Up in an All-Around Way
綜觀國際國內(nèi)大勢(shì)，我國發(fā)展仍處于可以大有作為的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期。我們要準(zhǔn)確判斷重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期內(nèi)涵和條件的變化，全面把握機(jī)遇，沉著應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)，贏得主動(dòng)，贏得優(yōu)勢(shì)，贏得未來，確保到二0二0年實(shí)現(xiàn)全面建成小康社會(huì)宏偉目標(biāo)。
An examination of both the current international and domestic environments shows that China remains in an important period of strategic opportunities for its development, a period in which much can be achieved.We need to have a correct understanding of the changing nature and conditions of this period, seize all opportunities, respond with cool-headedness to challenges, and gain initiative and advantages to win the future and attain the goal of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020.21 根據(jù)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展實(shí)際，要在十六大、十七大確立的全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)目標(biāo)的基礎(chǔ)上努力實(shí)現(xiàn)新的要求。
Basing ourselves on China's actual economic and social development, we must work hard to meet the following new requirements while working to fulfill the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set forth at the Sixteenth and Seventeenth National Congresses of the Party.——經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式取得重大進(jìn)展，在發(fā)展平衡性、協(xié)調(diào)性、可持續(xù)性明顯增強(qiáng)的基礎(chǔ)上，實(shí)現(xiàn)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和城鄉(xiāng)居民人均收入比二0一0年翻一番。科技進(jìn)步對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)率大幅上升，進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新型國家行列。工業(yè)化基本實(shí)現(xiàn)，信息化水平大幅提升，城鎮(zhèn)化質(zhì)量明顯提高，農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)成效顯著，區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展機(jī)制基本形成。對(duì)外開放水平進(jìn)一步提高，國際競爭力明顯增強(qiáng)。
-The economy should maintain sustained and sound development.Major progress should be made in changing the growth model.On the basis of making China's development much more balanced, coordinated and sustainable, we should double its 2010 GDP and per capita income for both urban and rural residents.The contribution of scientific and technological progress to economic growth should increase considerably and China should become an innovative country.Industrialization should be basically accomplished.IT application should be significantly expanded.The quality of urbanization should improve markedly.Notable progress should be made in modernizing agriculture and building new socialist rural areas.The basic mechanism for promoting balanced development between regions should be in place.Opening up should be further improved and China's international competitiveness should increase significantly.——人民民主不斷擴(kuò)大。民主制度更加完善，民主形式更加豐富，人民積極性、主動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮。依法治國基本方略全面落實(shí)，法治政府基本建成，司法公信力不斷提高，人權(quán)得到切實(shí)尊重和保障。
-People's democracy should be expanded.The institutions of democracy should be improved and its forms enriched.People's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity should be fully leveraged.The rule of law should be fully implemented as a basic strategy, a law-based government should be basically in function, judicial credibility should be steadily enhanced, and human rights should be fully respected and protected.——文化軟實(shí)力顯著增強(qiáng)。社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系深入人心，公民文明素質(zhì)和社會(huì)文明程度明顯提高。文化產(chǎn)品更加豐富，公共文化服務(wù)體系基本建成，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)，中華文化走出去邁出更大步伐，社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)更加堅(jiān)實(shí)。
22-The country's cultural soft power should be improved significantly.Core socialist values should take root among the people, and both the level of civility of citizens and the moral and ethical standards of the whole society should be significantly raised.More cultural works should be created;a system of public cultural services should be basically in place, and the cultural sector should become a pillar of the economy.Even greater progress should be made in taking Chinese culture to the global stage.By taking these steps, we will lay a more solid foundation for developing a strong socialist culture in China.——人民生活水平全面提高。基本公共服務(wù)均等化總體實(shí)現(xiàn)。全民受教育程度和創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)水平明顯提高，進(jìn)入人才強(qiáng)國和人力資源強(qiáng)國行列，教育現(xiàn)代化基本實(shí)現(xiàn)。就業(yè)更加充分。收入分配差距縮小，中等收入群體持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，扶貧對(duì)象大幅減少。社會(huì)保障全民覆蓋，人人享有基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，住房保障體系基本形成，社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定。
-Living standards should be fully raised.Equal access to basic public services should be generally achieved.The educational level of the entire population should be significantly raised and training of innovative professionals markedly improved.China should have a large pool of competent professionals and be rich in human resources, and it should basically modernize its education.There should be more employment opportunities.Income gaps should be narrowed, middle-income groups should keep growing, and the number of people living below the poverty line should drop by a large margin.Social security should cover all the people.Everyone should have access to basic medical and public health services.The system of housing for low-income groups should take shape, and there should be social harmony and stability.——資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型社會(huì)建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展。主體功能區(qū)布局基本形成，資源循環(huán)利用體系初步建立。單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能源消耗和二氧化碳排放大幅下降，主要污染物排放總量顯著減少。森林覆蓋率提高，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng)，人居環(huán)境明顯改善。
-Major progress should be made in building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.The establishment of functional zones should be basically completed, and a system for recycling resources should begin to take shape.Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP as well as the discharge of major pollutants should decrease sharply.Forest coverage should increase, the ecosystem should become more stable, and the living environment should improve markedly.全面建成小康社會(huì)，必須以更大的政治勇氣和智慧，不失時(shí)機(jī)深化重要領(lǐng)域改革，堅(jiān)決破除一切妨礙科學(xué)發(fā)展的思想觀念和體制機(jī)制弊端，構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)完備、科學(xué)規(guī)范、運(yùn)行有效的制度體系，使各方面制度更加成熟更加定型。要加快完善社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，完善公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)共同發(fā)展的基本經(jīng) 濟(jì)制度，完善按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度，更大程度更廣范圍發(fā)揮市場在資源配置中的基礎(chǔ)性作用，完善宏觀調(diào)控體系，完善開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)更有效率、更加公平、更可持續(xù)發(fā)展。加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義民主政治制度化、規(guī)范化、程序化，從各層次各領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)大公民有序政治參與，實(shí)現(xiàn)國家各項(xiàng)工作法治化。加快完善文化管理體制和文化生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營機(jī)制，基本建立現(xiàn)代文化市場體系，健全國有文化資產(chǎn)管理體制，形成有利于創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造的文化發(fā)展環(huán)境。加快形成科學(xué)有效的社會(huì)管理體制，完善社會(huì)保障體系，健全基層公共服務(wù)和社會(huì)管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)，建立確保社會(huì)既充滿活力又和諧有序的體制機(jī)制。加快建立生態(tài)文明制度，健全國土空間開發(fā)、資源節(jié)約、生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的體制機(jī)制，推動(dòng)形成人與自然和諧發(fā)展現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)新格局。
To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we must, with greater political courage and vision, lose no time in deepening reform in key sectors and resolutely discard all notions and systems that hinder efforts to pursue development in a scientific way.We should set up a well-developed, scientific, procedure-based and effective framework of systems and ensure that operating institutions in all sectors are fully functioning.We should speed up improvements to the socialist market economy.We should improve the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay of the economy and economic entities of diverse ownership develop together, and we should improve the system of income distribution in which distribution according to work is the main form that coexists with other forms of distribution.We should leverage to a greater extent and in a wider scope the basic role of the market in allocating resources, improve the system of macro-regulation, and perfect the open economy to ensure more efficient, equitable and sustainable economic development.We should work harder to enhance socialist democracy in a systemic way by adopting due standards and procedures, expand people's orderly participation in governance at all levels and in all fields, and ensure that all governance functions are performed in accordance with the law.We should accelerate improvement of the system for managing the cultural sector and the mechanism for cultural production and operation, establish the basic framework of a modern cultural market system, improve the system for managing state-owned cultural assets, and foster a cultural environment that encourages creativity.We should step up efforts to form a scientific and effective social management system, improve the social security system, and strengthen networks of community-level public services and social management.We should establish institutions and mechanisms to ensure that society is full of vigor, harmonious and orderly.We should move faster to set up a system for ecological progress, improve institutions and mechanisms for developing geographical space, conserving resources and protecting the ecological environment and promote modernization featuring harmonious development between man and nature.24 如期全面建成小康社會(huì)任務(wù)十分艱巨，全黨同志一定要埋頭苦干、頑強(qiáng)拼搏。國家要加大對(duì)農(nóng)村和中西部地區(qū)扶持力度，支持這些地區(qū)加快改革開放、增強(qiáng)發(fā)展能力、改善人民生活。鼓勵(lì)有條件的地方在現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中繼續(xù)走在前列，為全國改革發(fā)展作出更大貢獻(xiàn)。
Completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020 is an arduous task, and all the comrades in the Party must work single-mindedly and with fortitude to reach this goal.The state should give more support to rural areas and the central and western regions to accelerate their reform and opening up, strengthen their capacity for development and raise their living standards.We should encourage areas with good conditions to keep taking the lead in pursuing modernization and to make greater contribution to nationwide reform and development.四、加快完善社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式 IV.Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy and the Change of the Growth Model
以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心是興國之要，發(fā)展仍是解決我國所有問題的關(guān)鍵。只有推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展，才能筑牢國家繁榮富強(qiáng)、人民幸福安康、社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。必須堅(jiān)持發(fā)展是硬道理的戰(zhàn)略思想，決不能有絲毫動(dòng)搖。
Taking economic development as the central task is vital to national renewal, and development still holds the key to addressing all the problems we have in China.Only by promoting sustained and sound economic development can we lay a solid material foundation for enhancing the country's prosperity and strength, improving the people's wellbeing and ensuring social harmony and stability.We must unwaveringly adhere to the strategic thinking that only development counts.在當(dāng)代中國，堅(jiān)持發(fā)展是硬道理的本質(zhì)要求就是堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展。以科學(xué)發(fā)展為主題，以加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式為主線，是關(guān)系我國發(fā)展全局的戰(zhàn)略抉擇。要適應(yīng)國內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)新變化，加快形成新的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式，把推動(dòng)發(fā)展的立足點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)到提高質(zhì)量和效益上來，著力激發(fā)各類市場主體發(fā)展新活力，著力增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展新動(dòng)力，著力構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展新體系，著力培育開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展新優(yōu)勢(shì)，使經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展更多依靠內(nèi)需特別是消費(fèi)需求拉動(dòng)，更多依靠現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)和戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動(dòng)，更多依靠科技進(jìn)步、勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)提高、管理創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)，更多依靠節(jié)約資源和循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)推動(dòng)，更多依靠城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域發(fā)展協(xié)調(diào)互動(dòng)，不斷增強(qiáng)長期發(fā)展后勁。
In contemporary China, pursuing development in a scientific way best embodies the thinking that only development counts.Taking the pursuit of development in a scientific way as the underlying guideline and accelerating the change of the growth model as a major task is a strategic choice we have made for promoting China's overall development.In response to changes in both domestic and international economic developments, we should speed up the creation of a new growth model and ensure that development is based on improved quality and performance.We should fire all types of market participants with new vigor for development, increase motivation for pursuing innovation-driven development, establish a new system for developing modern industries, and create new favorable conditions for developing the open economy.This will make economic development driven more by domestic demand, especially consumer demand, by a modern service industry and strategic emerging industries, by scientific and technological progress, by a workforce of higher quality and innovation in management, by resource conservation and a circular economy, and by coordinated and mutually reinforcing urban-rural development and development between regions.Taking these steps will enable us to sustain long-term development.堅(jiān)持走中國特色新型工業(yè)化、信息化、城鎮(zhèn)化、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化道路，推動(dòng)信息化和工業(yè)化深度融合、工業(yè)化和城鎮(zhèn)化良性互動(dòng)、城鎮(zhèn)化和農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化相互協(xié)調(diào)，促進(jìn)工業(yè)化、信息化、城鎮(zhèn)化、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化同步發(fā)展。
We should keep to the Chinese-style path of carrying out industrialization in a new way and advancing IT application, urbanization and agricultural modernization.We should promote integration of IT application and industrialization, interaction between industrialization and urbanization, and coordination between urbanization and agricultural modernization, thus promoting harmonized development of industrialization, IT application, urbanization and agricultural modernization.（一）全面深化經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革。深化改革是加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的關(guān)鍵。經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的核心問題是處理好政府和市場的關(guān)系，必須更加尊重市場規(guī)律，更好發(fā)揮政府作用。要毫不動(dòng)搖鞏固和發(fā)展公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)，推行公有制多種實(shí)現(xiàn)形式，深化國有企業(yè)改革，完善各類國有資產(chǎn)管理體制，推動(dòng)國有資本更多投向關(guān)系國家安全和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈的重要行業(yè)和關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域，不斷增強(qiáng)國有經(jīng)濟(jì)活力、控制力、影響力。毫不動(dòng)搖鼓勵(lì)、支持、引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，保證各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)依法平等使用生產(chǎn)要素、公平參與市場競爭、同等受到法律保護(hù)。健全現(xiàn)代市場體系，加強(qiáng)宏觀調(diào)控目標(biāo)和政策手段機(jī)制化建設(shè)。加快改革財(cái)稅體制，健全中央和地方財(cái)力與事權(quán)相匹配的體制，完善促進(jìn)基本公共服務(wù)均等化和主體功能區(qū)建設(shè)的公共財(cái)政體系，構(gòu)建地方稅體系，形成有利于結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、社會(huì)公平的稅收制度。建立公共資源出讓收益合理共享機(jī)制。深化金融體制改革，健全促進(jìn)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定、支持實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代金融體系，加快發(fā)展多層次資本市場，穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)利率和匯率市場化改革，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)人民幣資本項(xiàng)目可兌換。加快發(fā)展民營金融機(jī)構(gòu)。完善金融監(jiān)管，推進(jìn)金融創(chuàng)新，提高銀行、證券、保險(xiǎn)等行業(yè)競爭力，維護(hù)金融穩(wěn)定。
1.Deepen economic structural reform across the board
Deepening reform is crucial for accelerating the change of the growth model.The underlying issue we face in economic structural reform is how to strike a balance between the role of the government and that of the market, and we should follow more closely the rules of the market and better play the role of the government.We should unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy;allow public ownership to take diverse forms;deepen reform of state-owned enterprises;improve the mechanisms for managing all types of state assets;and invest more of state capital in major industries and key fields that comprise the lifeline of the economy and are vital to national security.We should thus steadily enhance the vitality of the state-owned sector of the economy and its capacity to leverage and influence the economy.At the same time, we must unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector, and ensure that economic entities under all forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete on a level playing field and are protected by the law as equals.We should improve the modern market system and strengthen institutional procedures for setting macro-regulation targets and employing policy tools.We should accelerate the reform of the fiscal and taxation systems and ensure that the central and local governments have sufficient financial resources to exercise their respective powers and fulfill their respective responsibilities.We should improve the public finance system to ensure equal access to basic public services and promote the building of functional zones.We should also institute local tax systems and improve the structure of the taxation system to promote social fairness.We should establish a mechanism for equitable sharing of proceeds from public resource transfers.We should deepen reform of the financial system and improve the modern financial system so that it will better contribute to macroeconomic stability and support development of the real economy.We should accelerate development of a multilevel capital market, take steady steps to make interest rates and the RMB exchange rate more market-based, and promote the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts in due course.We should speed up the development of private financial institutions.We should improve financial supervision and oversight, promote financial innovations, improve the competitiveness of banking, securities, insurance and other sectors, and ensure financial stability.（二）實(shí)施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。科技創(chuàng)新是提高社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和綜合國力的戰(zhàn)略支撐，必須擺在國家發(fā)展全局的核心位置。要堅(jiān)持走中國特色自主創(chuàng)新道路，以全球視野謀劃和推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新，提高原始創(chuàng)新、集成創(chuàng)新和引進(jìn)消化吸收再創(chuàng)新能力，更加注重協(xié)同創(chuàng)新。深化科技體制改革，推動(dòng)科技和經(jīng)濟(jì)緊密結(jié)合，加快建設(shè)國家創(chuàng)新體系，著力構(gòu)建以企業(yè)為主體、市場為導(dǎo)向、產(chǎn)學(xué)研相結(jié)合的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系。完善知識(shí)創(chuàng)新體系，強(qiáng)化基礎(chǔ)研究、前沿技術(shù)研究、社會(huì)公益技術(shù)研究，提高科學(xué)研究水平和成果轉(zhuǎn)化能力，搶占科技發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略制高點(diǎn)。實(shí)施國家科技重大專項(xiàng)，突破重大技術(shù)瓶頸。加快新技術(shù)新產(chǎn)品新工藝研發(fā)應(yīng)用，加強(qiáng)技術(shù)集成 和商業(yè)模式創(chuàng)新。完善科技創(chuàng)新評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、激勵(lì)機(jī)制、轉(zhuǎn)化機(jī)制。實(shí)施知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)戰(zhàn)略，加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新資源高效配置和綜合集成，把全社會(huì)智慧和力量凝聚到創(chuàng)新發(fā)展上來。
2.Implement the strategy of innovation-driven development
Scientific and technological innovation provides strategic support for raising the productive forces and boosting the overall national strength, and we must give it top priority in overall national development.We should follow a path of making innovation with Chinese features and take steps to promote innovation to catch up with global advances.We should increase our capacity for making original innovation and integrated innovation and for making further innovation on the basis of absorbing advances in overseas science and technology, and place greater emphasis on making innovation through collaboration.We should deepen reform of the system for managing science and technology, promote close integration of science and technology with economic development, and speed up the development of the national innovation system.We should establish a system of technological innovation in which enterprises play the leading role, the market points the way, and enterprises, universities and research institutes work together.We should improve the knowledge-based innovation system, and strengthen basic research, research in frontier technologies, and public benefit-oriented research and development;and we should improve research and our capacity for applying research results to production to ensure that we can obtain the leading strategic position in research and development.We should launch important national science and technology projects to remove major technological bottlenecks.We should speed up the research, development and application of new technologies, products and production processes, strengthen innovation in integration of technologies and develop new business models.We should improve standards for evaluating scientific and technological innovations and mechanisms for rewarding such innovations and applying them to production.We should implement the strategy concerning intellectual property rights and strengthen their protection.We should efficiently allocate and fully integrate innovation resources, and ensure that the wisdom and strength of the whole society are directed toward promoting innovation-driven development.（三）推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整。這是加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的主攻方向。必須以改善需求結(jié)構(gòu)、優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、促進(jìn)區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化為重點(diǎn)，著力解決制約經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的重大結(jié)構(gòu)性問題。要牢牢把握擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需這一戰(zhàn)略基點(diǎn)，加快建立擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)需求長效機(jī)制，釋放居民消費(fèi)潛力，保持投資合理增長，擴(kuò)大國內(nèi)市場規(guī)模。牢牢把握發(fā)展實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)這一堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，實(shí)行更加有利于實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的政策措施，強(qiáng)化需求導(dǎo)向，推動(dòng)戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)、先進(jìn)制造業(yè)健康發(fā)展，加快傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，推動(dòng)服務(wù)業(yè)特別是現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展壯大，合理布局建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。建設(shè)下一代信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)產(chǎn) 業(yè)體系，健全信息安全保障體系，推進(jìn)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)廣泛運(yùn)用。提高大中型企業(yè)核心競爭力，支持小微企業(yè)特別是科技型小微企業(yè)發(fā)展。繼續(xù)實(shí)施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略，充分發(fā)揮各地區(qū)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，優(yōu)先推進(jìn)西部大開發(fā)，全面振興東北地區(qū)等老工業(yè)基地，大力促進(jìn)中部地區(qū)崛起，積極支持東部地區(qū)率先發(fā)展。采取對(duì)口支援等多種形式，加大對(duì)革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)、貧困地區(qū)扶持力度。科學(xué)規(guī)劃城市群規(guī)模和布局，增強(qiáng)中小城市和小城鎮(zhèn)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、公共服務(wù)、吸納就業(yè)、人口集聚功能。加快改革戶籍制度，有序推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口市民化，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)基本公共服務(wù)常住人口全覆蓋。
3.Carry out strategic adjustment of the economic structure
This is the major goal of accelerating the change of the growth model.We must strive to remove major structural barriers to sustained and sound economic development, with a focus on improving the demand mix and the industrial structure, promoting balanced development between regions and advancing urbanization.We should firmly maintain the strategic focus of boosting domestic demand, speed up the establishment of a long-term mechanism for increasing consumer demand, unleash the potential of individual consumption, increase investment at a proper pace, and expand the domestic market.We should focus on developing the real economy as a firm foundation of the economy.We should adopt policies and measures to better facilitate the development of the real economy.We should make the economy more demand-driven, promote the sound growth of strategic emerging industries and advanced manufacturing industries, speed up the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, develop and expand the service sector, especially modern service industries, and make the geographical and structural layout of the development of infrastructure and basic industries more balanced.We should develop next-generation information infrastructure and modern IT industry, better ensure information security, and promote the application of information network technologies.We should enhance the core competitiveness of large and medium-sized enterprises and support development of small and micro businesses, especially small and micro science and technology companies.We should continue to implement the master strategy for regional development and fully leverage the comparative advantages of different regions.We should give high priority to large-scale development of the western region, fully revitalize old industrial bases in northeast China, work vigorously to promote the rise of the central region, and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development.We should increase support for old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas through pairing assistance and other means.We should make scientific plans for the scale and layout of urban agglomerations;and we should make small and medium-sized cities and small towns better able to develop industries, provide public services, create jobs, and attract population.We should accelerate reform of the household registration system, conduct registration of rural migrant workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly way, and endeavor to ensure that all permanent urban residents have access to basic urban public services.（四）推動(dòng)城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展一體化。解決好農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村農(nóng)民問題是全黨工作重中之重，城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展一體化是解決“三農(nóng)”問題的根本途徑。要加大統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展力度，增強(qiáng)農(nóng)村發(fā)展活力，逐步縮小城鄉(xiāng)差距，促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)共同繁榮。堅(jiān)持工業(yè)反哺農(nóng)業(yè)、城市支持農(nóng)村和多予少取放活方針，加大強(qiáng)農(nóng)惠農(nóng)富農(nóng)政策力度，讓廣大農(nóng)民平等參與現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程、共同分享現(xiàn)代化成果。加快發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)，增強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力，確保國家糧食安全和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有效供給。堅(jiān)持把國家基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和社會(huì)事業(yè)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)放在農(nóng)村，深入推進(jìn)新農(nóng)村建設(shè)和扶貧開發(fā)，全面改善農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)生活條件。著力促進(jìn)農(nóng)民增收，保持農(nóng)民收入持續(xù)較快增長。堅(jiān)持和完善農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營制度，依法維護(hù)農(nóng)民土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)、宅基地使用權(quán)、集體收益分配權(quán)，壯大集體經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，發(fā)展農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作和股份合作，培育新型經(jīng)營主體，發(fā)展多種形式規(guī)模經(jīng)營，構(gòu)建集約化、專業(yè)化、組織化、社會(huì)化相結(jié)合的新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營體系。改革征地制度，提高農(nóng)民在土地增值收益中的分配比例。加快完善城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展一體化體制機(jī)制，著力在城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共服務(wù)等方面推進(jìn)一體化，促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)要素平等交換和公共資源均衡配置，形成以工促農(nóng)、以城帶鄉(xiāng)、工農(nóng)互惠、城鄉(xiāng)一體的新型工農(nóng)、城鄉(xiāng)關(guān)系。
4.Integrate urban and rural development
Resolving issues relating to agriculture, rural areas and farmers is the number one priority in the Party's work, and integrating urban and rural development provides the fundamental solution to these issues.We should better balance urban and rural development, boost rural development, work to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote their common prosperity.We should continue to encourage industry to support agriculture in return for agriculture's earlier contribution to its development and encourage cities to support rural areas.We should give more to farmers, take less from them and lift restrictions over their economic activities.We should increase policy support to boost agriculture, benefit farmers and increase rural prosperity, and encourage the rural population to participate in modernization on an equal footing and share in its fruits.We should speed up the development of modern agriculture, raise the overall production capacity of agriculture, and ensure food security and effective supply of major agricultural products in China.We should give high priority to rural areas in developing infrastructure and social programs in the country.We should work harder to build new rural areas, carry out programs of poverty alleviation through development and fully improve rural working and living conditions.We should ensure sustained and fast growth of rural income.We should uphold and improve the basic system for rural operations and protect in accordance with the law farmers' rights to farm the land they have contracted, to use the land on which their houses sit, and to share in the proceeds from rural collective operations.We should strengthen the collective economy, develop specialized cooperatives and joint stock partnerships for farmers, foster new types of agricultural business entities, and develop large-scale agricultural operations in diverse forms.We should establish a new type of system for intensive agricultural operations that are specialized, well organized and commercialized.We should reform the land expropriation system and increase the share of gain in land value to farmers.We should speed up improvements to institutions and mechanisms for promoting integrated urban and rural development, with a focus on integrating urban and rural planning, infrastructure and public services.We should ensure equal exchange of factors of production between urban and rural areas and balance allocation of public resources between them.What we aim to achieve is a new type of relations between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas in which industry promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, agriculture and industry benefit each other, and there is integrated urban and rural development.（五）全面提高開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)水平。適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化新形勢(shì)，必須實(shí)行更加積極主動(dòng)的開放戰(zhàn)略，完善互利共贏、多元平衡、安全高效的開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。要加快轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式，推動(dòng)開放朝著優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)、拓展深度、提高效益方向轉(zhuǎn)變。創(chuàng)新開放模式，促進(jìn)沿海內(nèi)陸沿邊開放優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，形成引領(lǐng)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和競爭的開放區(qū)域，培育帶動(dòng)區(qū)域發(fā)展的開放高地。堅(jiān)持出口和進(jìn)口并重，強(qiáng)化貿(mào)易政策和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策協(xié)調(diào)，形成以技術(shù)、品牌、質(zhì)量、服務(wù)為核心的出口競爭新優(yōu)勢(shì)，促進(jìn)加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，發(fā)展服務(wù)貿(mào)易，推動(dòng)對(duì)外貿(mào)易平衡發(fā)展。提高利用外資綜合優(yōu)勢(shì)和總體效益，推動(dòng)引資、引技、引智有機(jī)結(jié)合。加快走出去步伐，增強(qiáng)企業(yè)國際化經(jīng)營能力，培育一批世界水平的跨國公司。統(tǒng)籌雙邊、多邊、區(qū)域次區(qū)域開放合作，加快實(shí)施自由貿(mào)易區(qū)戰(zhàn)略，推動(dòng)同周邊國家互聯(lián)互通。提高抵御國際經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力。
5.Promote all-around improvements to China's open economy
In response to new developments in economic globalization, we must implement a more proactive opening up strategy and improve the open economy so that it promotes mutual benefit and is diversified, balanced, secure and efficient.We should move faster to change the way the external-oriented economy grows, and make China's open economy become better structured, expand in scope and yield greater returns.We should make innovations in the mode of opening up;encourage coastal, inland and border areas to draw on each other's strengths in opening up;develop open areas that take the lead in global economic cooperation and competition;and form leading areas of opening up that drive regional development.We should continue to attach equal importance to export and import, better coordinate trade and industrial policies, and make China's exports more competitive in terms of technology, brand, quality and service.We should transform and upgrade processing trade, develop service trade, and promote balanced development of foreign trade.We should make full use of our overall advantageous position in utilizing foreign capital and make better use of such
investment.We should step up efforts to attract investment, technology and high-caliber professionals from overseas.Chinese companies should expand overseas presence at a faster pace, enhance their operation in an international environment, and develop a number of world-class multinational corporations.We should make overall planning for bilateral, multilateral, regional and sub-regional opening up and cooperation, accelerate implementation of the strategy of building free trade areas, and promote infrastructure connectivity with our neighboring countries.We should become better able to defuse international economic risks.我們一定要堅(jiān)定信心，打勝全面深化經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革和加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式這場硬仗，把我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展活力和競爭力提高到新的水平。
We must have firm confidence in winning the tough battle of deepening reform of the economic structure across the board and of accelerating the change of the growth model so as to increase the vitality and competitiveness of China's economy.五、堅(jiān)持走中國特色社會(huì)主義政治發(fā)展道路和推進(jìn)政治體制改革
V.Keeping to the Socialist Path of Making Political Advance with Chinese Characteristics and Promoting Reform of the Political Structure
人民民主是我們黨始終高揚(yáng)的光輝旗幟。改革開放以來，我們總結(jié)發(fā)展社會(huì)主義民主正反兩方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)人民民主是社會(huì)主義的生命，堅(jiān)持國家一切權(quán)力屬于人民，不斷推進(jìn)政治體制改革，社會(huì)主義民主政治建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展，成功開辟和堅(jiān)持了中國特色社會(huì)主義政治發(fā)展道路，為實(shí)現(xiàn)最廣泛的人民民主確立了正確方向。
People's democracy is a brilliant banner that has always been held high by our Party.Since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced, we have reviewed our experience, both positive and negative, in developing socialist democracy and reaffirmed that people's democracy is the life of socialism.We have ensured that all power of the state belongs to the people and worked to steadily promote reform of the political structure.As a result, we have made major progress in developing socialist democracy and opened up and kept to the socialist path of making political advance with Chinese characteristics, thus charting the correct course for achieving the most extensive possible people's democracy in China.政治體制改革是我國全面改革的重要組成部分。必須繼續(xù)積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)政治體制改革，發(fā)展更加廣泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主。必須堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主、依法治國有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，以保證人民當(dāng)家作主為根本，以增強(qiáng)黨和國家活力、調(diào)動(dòng)人民積極性為目標(biāo)，擴(kuò)大社會(huì)主義民主，加快建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國家，發(fā)展社會(huì)主義政治文明。要更加注重改進(jìn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式和執(zhí)政方式，保證黨
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民有效治理國家；更加注重健全民主制度、豐富民主形式，保證人民依法實(shí)行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督；更加注重發(fā)揮法治在國家治理和社會(huì)管理中的重要作用，維護(hù)國家法制統(tǒng)一、尊嚴(yán)、權(quán)威，保證人民依法享有廣泛權(quán)利和自由。要把制度建設(shè)擺在突出位置，充分發(fā)揮我國社會(huì)主義政治制度優(yōu)越性，積極借鑒人類政治文明有益成果，絕不照搬西方政治制度模式。The reform of the political structure is an important part of China's overall reform.We must continue to make both active and prudent efforts to carry out the reform of the political structure, and make people's democracy more extensive, fuller in scope and sounder in practice.We must ensure the unity of the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country and law-based governance.To guarantee the fundamental position of the people as masters of the country and to reach the goal of enhancing the vitality of the Party and country and keeping the people fully motivated, we should expand socialist democracy, accelerate the building of a socialist country based on the rule of law, and promote socialist political progress.We should place greater emphasis on improving the way the Party exercises leadership and governance to ensure that it leads the people in effectively governing the country.We should attach greater importance to improving the system of democracy and diversifying the forms of democracy to ensure that the people conduct democratic elections, decision-making, administration and oversight in accordance with the law.We should give greater scope to the important role the rule of law plays in the country's governance and in social management, uphold the unity, sanctity and authority of the country's legal system and ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law.We should place high importance on systemic building, give full play to the strength of the socialist political system and draw on the political achievements of other societies.However, we will never copy a Western political system.（一）支持和保證人民通過人民代表大會(huì)行使國家權(quán)力。人民代表大會(huì)制度是保證人民當(dāng)家作主的根本政治制度。要善于使黨的主張通過法定程序成為國家意志，支持人大及其常委會(huì)充分發(fā)揮國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)作用，依法行使立法、監(jiān)督、決定、任免等職權(quán)，加強(qiáng)立法工作組織協(xié)調(diào)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)“一府兩院”的監(jiān)督，加強(qiáng)對(duì)政府全口徑預(yù)算決算的審查和監(jiān)督。提高基層人大代表特別是一線工人、農(nóng)民、知識(shí)分子代表比例，降低黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部代表比例。在人大設(shè)立代表聯(lián)絡(luò)機(jī)構(gòu)，完善代表聯(lián)系群眾制度。健全國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)組織制度，優(yōu)化常委會(huì)、專委會(huì)組成人員知識(shí)和年齡結(jié)構(gòu)，提高專職委員比例，增強(qiáng)依法履職能力。
1.Support and ensure the exercise of state power by the people through people's congresses
The system of people's congresses is China's fundamental political system for guaranteeing that the people decide their own destiny.We should make good use of legal procedures to turn the Party's propositions into the will of the state.We should support people's congresses and their standing
committees in fully playing their role as organs of state power, in exercising legislative, oversight, policymaking, and personnel appointment and dismissal powers in accordance with the law, in strengthening organization and coordination of legislative work, in stepping up their oversight of people's governments, courts and procuratorates, and in tightening examination and oversight of all government budgets and final accounts.The proportion of community-level deputies to people's congresses, particularly those elected from among workers, farmers and intellectuals on the frontlines of various fields of endeavor should be raised, while that of deputies from among leading Party and government officials should be reduced.Deputy liaison offices should be established in people's congresses to improve the mechanism for deputies to maintain contact with the people.The organizational system for organs of state power should be improved.The age mix of the members of the standing committees and special committees of people's congresses should be improved and the areas of their expertise should be widened.The proportion of the full-time members of these committees should be raised.Deputies to people's congresses and members of these committees should enhance their capability to perform their duties pursuant to law.（二）健全社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主制度。社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主是我國人民民主的重要形式。要完善協(xié)商民主制度和工作機(jī)制，推進(jìn)協(xié)商民主廣泛、多層、制度化發(fā)展。通過國家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)、政協(xié)組織、黨派團(tuán)體等渠道，就經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展重大問題和涉及群眾切身利益的實(shí)際問題廣泛協(xié)商，廣納群言、廣集民智，增進(jìn)共識(shí)、增強(qiáng)合力。堅(jiān)持和完善中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，充分發(fā)揮人民政協(xié)作為協(xié)商民主重要渠道作用，圍繞團(tuán)結(jié)和民主兩大主題，推進(jìn)政治協(xié)商、民主監(jiān)督、參政議政制度建設(shè)，更好協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系、匯聚力量、建言獻(xiàn)策、服務(wù)大局。加強(qiáng)同民主黨派的政治協(xié)商。把政治協(xié)商納入決策程序，堅(jiān)持協(xié)商于決策之前和決策之中，增強(qiáng)民主協(xié)商實(shí)效性。深入進(jìn)行專題協(xié)商、對(duì)口協(xié)商、界別協(xié)商、提案辦理協(xié)商。積極開展基層民主協(xié)商。
2.Improve the system of socialist consultative democracy
Socialist consultative democracy is an important form of people's democracy in our country.We should improve its institutions and work mechanisms and promote its extensive, multilevel, and institutionalized development.Extensive consultations should be carried out on major issues relating to economic and social development as well as specific problems involving the people's immediate interests through organs of state power, committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, political parties, people's organizations and other channels to solicit a wide range of opinions, pool wisdom of the people, increase consensus, and build up synergy.We should adhere to and improve the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and make the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference serve as a major channel for conducting consultative democracy.34 The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference should, focusing on the themes of unity and democracy, improve systems of political consultation, democratic oversight, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and deliver a better job in coordinating relations, pooling strength and making proposals in the overall interests of the country.We should strengthen political consultation with the democratic parties, make political consultation a part of the policymaking process, conduct consultations before and when policy decisions are made, and make democratic consultation more effective.We should conduct intensive consultations on special issues with those who work on these issues, with representatives from all sectors of society, and with relevant government authorities on the handling of proposals.We should actively carry out democratic consultation at the community level.（三）完善基層民主制度。在城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)治理、基層公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)中實(shí)行群眾自我管理、自我服務(wù)、自我教育、自我監(jiān)督，是人民依法直接行使民主權(quán)利的重要方式。要健全基層黨組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的充滿活力的基層群眾自治機(jī)制，以擴(kuò)大有序參與、推進(jìn)信息公開、加強(qiáng)議事協(xié)商、強(qiáng)化權(quán)力監(jiān)督為重點(diǎn)，拓寬范圍和途徑，豐富內(nèi)容和形式，保障人民享有更多更切實(shí)的民主權(quán)利。全心全意依靠工人階級(jí)，健全以職工代表大會(huì)為基本形式的企事業(yè)單位民主管理制度，保障職工參與管理和監(jiān)督的民主權(quán)利。發(fā)揮基層各類組織協(xié)同作用，實(shí)現(xiàn)政府管理和基層民主有機(jī)結(jié)合。
3.Improve community-level democracy
An important way for the people to directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law is for them to conduct self-management, self-service, self-education, and self-oversight in exercising urban and rural community governance, in managing community-level public affairs and in running public service programs.We should improve the mechanism for community-level self-governance under the leadership of community-level Party organizations to make it full of vitality.We should broaden the scope and channels of such self-governance and enrich its content and forms, with the focus on expanding orderly participation, promoting transparency in information, improving deliberation and consultation on public affairs, and strengthening oversight of the exercise of power, to ensure that the people have greater and more tangible democratic rights.We should rely wholeheartedly on the working class, improve the democratic management system in enterprises and public institutions with workers and employees' congress as its basic form, and protect workers and employees' democratic rights to participate in management and oversight.Community-level organizations of various types should also get involved to integrate government administration and community-level democracy.（四）全面推進(jìn)依法治國。法治是治國理政的基本方式。要推進(jìn)科學(xué)立法、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法、全民守法，堅(jiān)持法律面前人人平等，保證有法必依、執(zhí)法
必嚴(yán)、違法必究。完善中國特色社會(huì)主義法律體系，加強(qiáng)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域立法，拓展人民有序參與立法途徑。推進(jìn)依法行政，切實(shí)做到嚴(yán)格規(guī)范公正文明執(zhí)法。進(jìn)一步深化司法體制改革，堅(jiān)持和完善中國特色社會(huì)主義司法制度，確保審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)依法獨(dú)立公正行使審判權(quán)、檢察權(quán)。深入開展法制宣傳教育，弘揚(yáng)社會(huì)主義法治精神，樹立社會(huì)主義法治理念，增強(qiáng)全社會(huì)學(xué)法尊法守法用法意識(shí)。提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部運(yùn)用法治思維和法治方式深化改革、推動(dòng)發(fā)展、化解矛盾、維護(hù)穩(wěn)定能力。黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民制定憲法和法律，黨必須在憲法和法律范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng)。任何組織或者個(gè)人都不得有超越憲法和法律的特權(quán)，絕不允許以言代法、以權(quán)壓法、徇私枉法。
4.Promote law-based governance of the country in an all-around way The rule of law is the basic way for running the country.We should make laws in a scientific way, enforce them strictly, administer justice impartially, and ensure that everyone abides by the law.We must make sure that all are equal before the law and that laws are observed and strictly enforced and lawbreakers are prosecuted.We should improve the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, strengthen legislation in key areas, and expand channels for people's orderly participation in the legislative process.We should exercise government administration in accordance with the law and ensure that law enforcement is conducted in a strict, fair, and civilized way according to due procedures.We should continue to deepen reform of the judicial structure, uphold and improve the socialist judicial system with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that judicial and procuratorial bodies independently and impartially exercise their respective powers pursuant to law.We should carry out intensive publicity and education about the law, foster socialist spirit of the rule of law, and adopt the socialist concept of law-based governance.We should enhance the whole society's awareness of the need to study, respect, observe, and apply the law.We should ensure that leading officials are guided by law in both thinking and action in their effort to deepen reform, promote development, solve problems, and maintain stability.As the Constitution and laws are adopted by the Party and the people under its leadership, the Party must act within the scope prescribed by the Constitution and laws.No organization or individual has the privilege of overstepping the Constitution and laws, and no one in a position of power is allowed in any way to take one's own words as the law, place one's own authority above the law or abuse the law.（五）深化行政體制改革。行政體制改革是推動(dòng)上層建筑適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的必然要求。要按照建立中國特色社會(huì)主義行政體制目標(biāo)，深入推進(jìn)政企分開、政資分開、政事分開、政社分開，建設(shè)職能科學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、廉潔高效、人民滿意的服務(wù)型政府。深化行政審批制度改革，繼續(xù)簡政放權(quán)，推動(dòng)政府職能向創(chuàng)造良好發(fā)展環(huán)境、提供優(yōu)質(zhì)公共服務(wù)、維護(hù)社會(huì)公平正義轉(zhuǎn)變。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)大部門制改革，健全部門職責(zé)體系。優(yōu)化行政層級(jí)和行政區(qū)劃設(shè)置，有條件的地方可探索省直接管理縣（市）改革，深化鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)行政體制改革。創(chuàng)新行政管理方式，提高政府公信
力和執(zhí)行力，推進(jìn)政府績效管理。嚴(yán)格控制機(jī)構(gòu)編制，減少領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職數(shù)，降低行政成本。推進(jìn)事業(yè)單位分類改革。完善體制改革協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃和協(xié)調(diào)重大改革。
5.Deepen reform of the administrative system
Reform of the administrative system is a necessary requirement for making the superstructure compatible with the economic base.To reach the goal of establishing a socialist administrative system with Chinese characteristics, we should separate government administration from the management of enterprises, state assets, public institutions, and social organizations, and build a well-structured, clean and efficient service-oriented government that has scientifically defined functions and satisfies the people.We should deepen the reform of the system concerning matters subject to government examination and approval, continue to streamline administration and delegate more power to lower levels, and make the government better perform its functions of creating a favorable environment for development, providing quality public services, and maintaining social fairness and justice.We should steadily advance the reform to establish larger government departments and improve division of functions among them.We should improve the structure of administrative setup and geographical administrative divisions, experiment with the reform to place counties and county-level cities directly under the jurisdiction of provincial governments where conditions permit, and deepen reform of the administrative system at the town and township level.We should exercise government administration in an innovative way, increase public trust in the government, and improve its competence so as to make the government performance-oriented.We should strictly control the size of government bodies, cut the numbers of their leading officials, and reduce their administrative costs.We should continue the reform of public institutions based on the classification of their functions.We should improve the mechanism for coordinating structural reforms and conduct major reforms in a holistic way according to the overall plan.（六）健全權(quán)力運(yùn)行制約和監(jiān)督體系。堅(jiān)持用制度管權(quán)管事管人，保障人民知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、表達(dá)權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)，是權(quán)力正確運(yùn)行的重要保證。要確保決策權(quán)、執(zhí)行權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)既相互制約又相互協(xié)調(diào)，確保國家機(jī)關(guān)按照法定權(quán)限和程序行使權(quán)力。堅(jiān)持科學(xué)決策、民主決策、依法決策，健全決策機(jī)制和程序，發(fā)揮思想庫作用，建立健全決策問責(zé)和糾錯(cuò)制度。凡是涉及群眾切身利益的決策都要充分聽取群眾意見，凡是損害群眾利益的做法都要堅(jiān)決防止和糾正。推進(jìn)權(quán)力運(yùn)行公開化、規(guī)范化，完善黨務(wù)公開、政務(wù)公開、司法公開和各領(lǐng)域辦事公開制度，健全質(zhì)詢、問責(zé)、經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任審計(jì)、引咎辭職、罷免等制度，加強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督、民主監(jiān)督、法律監(jiān)督、輿論監(jiān)督，讓人民監(jiān)督權(quán)力，讓權(quán)力在陽光下運(yùn)行。
6.Improve the mechanism for conducting checks and oversight over the exercise of power
To ensure proper exercise of power, it is important to put power, Party and government operations and personnel management under institutional checks and uphold people's right to stay informed about, participate in, express views on, and oversee Party and government operations.We should make sure that decision-making, executive and oversight powers check each other and function in concert and that government bodies exercise their powers in accordance with statutory mandate and procedures.We should continue to conduct scientific, democratic, and law-based policymaking, improve decision-making mechanisms and procedures, seek advice of think tanks, and establish sound mechanisms for decision-making accountability and remedy.Whenever we make a decision involving the immediate interests of the people, we must solicit their views on it.We must not do anything that may harm the interests of the people and must correct any action that causes damage to their interests.We should make the exercise of power more open and standardized, and increase transparency of Party, government and judicial operations and official operations in other fields.We should improve the systems of inquiry, accountability, economic responsibility auditing, resignation and dismissal.We should tighten intra-Party, democratic and legal oversight as well as oversight through public opinion to ensure that the people oversee the exercise of power and that power is exercised in a transparent manner.（七）鞏固和發(fā)展最廣泛的愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線。統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是凝聚各方面力量，促進(jìn)政黨關(guān)系、民族關(guān)系、宗教關(guān)系、階層關(guān)系、海內(nèi)外同胞關(guān)系的和諧，奪取中國特色社會(huì)主義新勝利的重要法寶。要高舉愛國主義、社會(huì)主義旗幟，鞏固統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的思想政治基礎(chǔ)，正確處理一致性和多樣性的關(guān)系。堅(jiān)持長期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共的方針，加強(qiáng)同民主黨派和無黨派人士團(tuán)結(jié)合作，促進(jìn)思想上同心同德、目標(biāo)上同心同向、行動(dòng)上同心同行，加強(qiáng)黨外代表人士隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，選拔和推薦更多優(yōu)秀黨外人士擔(dān)任各級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。全面正確貫徹落實(shí)黨的民族政策，堅(jiān)持和完善民族區(qū)域自治制度，牢牢把握各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展的主題，深入開展民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步教育，加快民族地區(qū)發(fā)展，保障少數(shù)民族合法權(quán)益，鞏固和發(fā)展平等團(tuán)結(jié)互助和諧的社會(huì)主義民族關(guān)系，促進(jìn)各民族和睦相處、和衷共濟(jì)、和諧發(fā)展。全面貫徹黨的宗教工作基本方針，發(fā)揮宗教界人士和信教群眾在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中的積極作用。鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)新的社會(huì)階層人士為中國特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)作出更大貢獻(xiàn)。落實(shí)黨的僑務(wù)政策，支持海外僑胞、歸僑僑眷關(guān)心和參與祖國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)與和平統(tǒng)一大業(yè)。
7.Consolidate and develop the broadest possible patriotic united front The united front is a powerful instrument for winning new victory for socialism with Chinese characteristics by pooling the strength of all quarters and harmonizing relations between political parties, ethnic groups, religions, social groups and compatriots at home and overseas.We should hold high the banner of patriotism and socialism, consolidate the theoretical and political foundation of the united front, and strike a balance between commonality and diversity.Guided by the principle of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight，38 treating each other with sincerity and sharing of both good and bad times, we should strengthen unity and cooperation with the democratic parties and public figures without party affiliation, pursue the common goal with unity in thought and action, strengthen the ranks of non-Party representative figures and select and recommend more outstanding individuals with no Party affiliation for taking up leading positions in government bodies at all levels.We should fully and faithfully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic groups and uphold and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy.We should, keeping to the goal of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development, conduct intensive education about ethnic unity and progress, speed up development of ethnic minority areas, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities.We should consolidate and develop socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony so that all ethnic groups in China will live and develop together in harmony.We should comprehensively implement the Party's basic policy on religion and fully leverage the positive role of religious figures and believers in promoting economic and social development.We should encourage and guide members of new social groups to contribute more to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should continue to implement the Party's policy on overseas Chinese affairs and support overseas Chinese, returned overseas Chinese and their families in endorsing and participating in China's modernization endeavors and its great cause of peaceful reunification.中國特色社會(huì)主義政治發(fā)展道路是團(tuán)結(jié)億萬人民共同奮斗的正確道路。我們一定要堅(jiān)定不移沿著這條道路前進(jìn)，使我國社會(huì)主義民主政治展現(xiàn)出更加旺盛的生命力。
The socialist path of making political advance with Chinese characteristics is a correct path that rallies people in their hundreds of millions in pursuing a common cause.We must advance unwaveringly along this path to ensure that China's socialist democracy has ever greater vitality.六、扎實(shí)推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國建設(shè)
VI.Developing a Strong Socialist Culture in China
文化是民族的血脈，是人民的精神家園。全面建成小康社會(huì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興，必須推動(dòng)社會(huì)主義文化大發(fā)展大繁榮，興起社會(huì)主義文化建設(shè)新高潮，提高國家文化軟實(shí)力，發(fā)揮文化引領(lǐng)風(fēng)尚、教育人民、服務(wù)社會(huì)、推動(dòng)發(fā)展的作用。
Culture is the lifeblood of a nation, and it gives the people a sense of belonging.To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation, we must create a new surge in promoting socialist culture and bring about its great
development and enrichment, increase China's cultural soft power, and enable culture to guide social trends, educate the people, serve society, and boost development.建設(shè)社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國，必須走中國特色社會(huì)主義文化發(fā)展道路，堅(jiān)持為人民服務(wù)、為社會(huì)主義服務(wù)的方向，堅(jiān)持百花齊放、百家爭鳴的方針，堅(jiān)持貼近實(shí)際、貼近生活、貼近群眾的原則，推動(dòng)社會(huì)主義精神文明和物質(zhì)文明全面發(fā)展，建設(shè)面向現(xiàn)代化、面向世界、面向未來的，民族的科學(xué)的大眾的社會(huì)主義文化。To develop a strong socialist culture in China, we must take the socialist path of promoting cultural advance with Chinese characteristics.We should adhere to the goal of serving the people and socialism, the policy of having a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and the principle of maintaining close contact with reality, life and the people.We should fully promote socialist cultural and ethical progress and material progress, and develop a national, scientific, and people-oriented socialist culture that embraces modernization, the world, and the future.建設(shè)社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國，關(guān)鍵是增強(qiáng)全民族文化創(chuàng)造活力。要深化文化體制改革，解放和發(fā)展文化生產(chǎn)力，發(fā)揚(yáng)學(xué)術(shù)民主、藝術(shù)民主，為人民提供廣闊文化舞臺(tái)，讓一切文化創(chuàng)造源泉充分涌流，開創(chuàng)全民族文化創(chuàng)造活力持續(xù)迸發(fā)、社會(huì)文化生活更加豐富多彩、人民基本文化權(quán)益得到更好保障、人民思想道德素質(zhì)和科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)全面提高、中華文化國際影響力不斷增強(qiáng)的新局面。To develop a strong socialist culture in China, it is critical to inspire the cultural creativity of the whole nation.We should deepen reform of the cultural sector, release and develop cultural productive forces, foster a democratic atmosphere in both academic research and artistic pursuit, create a vast cultural arena for the people and encourage the free flow of cultural inspiration from all sources.By doing so, we will open up a new horizon in promoting China's cultural advance: The Chinese nation's cultural creativity will continuously burst forth;China's cultural life will flourish as never before;people's basic cultural rights and interests will be better protected;the ethical and moral standards as well as the scientific and cultural standards of the people will be fully raised, and the international influence of Chinese culture will steadily increase.（一）加強(qiáng)社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系建設(shè)。社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系是興國之魂，決定著中國特色社會(huì)主義發(fā)展方向。要深入開展社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系學(xué)習(xí)教育，用社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系引領(lǐng)社會(huì)思潮、凝聚社會(huì)共識(shí)。推進(jìn)馬克思主義中國化時(shí)代化大眾化，堅(jiān)持不懈用中國特色社會(huì)主義理論體系武裝全黨、教育人民，深入實(shí)施馬克思主義理論研究和建設(shè)工程，建設(shè)哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)創(chuàng)新體系，推動(dòng)中國特色社會(huì)主義理論體系進(jìn)教材進(jìn)課堂進(jìn)頭腦。廣泛開展理想信念教育，把廣大人民團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚在中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟之下。大力弘揚(yáng)民族精神和時(shí)代精神，深入開展愛國主義、集體主義、社會(huì)主義教育，豐富人民精神世界，增強(qiáng)人民精神力量。倡導(dǎo)富強(qiáng)、民主、文明、和諧，倡導(dǎo)自由、平等、公正、法治，倡 40 導(dǎo)愛國、敬業(yè)、誠信、友善，積極培育和踐行社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀。牢牢掌握意識(shí)形態(tài)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)和主導(dǎo)權(quán)，堅(jiān)持正確導(dǎo)向，提高引導(dǎo)能力，壯大主流思想輿論。
1.Strengthen core socialist values
Core socialist values are the soul of the Chinese nation and serve as the guide for building socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should carry out thorough study of and education in these values and use them to guide social trends of thought and forge public consensus.We should continue to adapt Marxism to China's conditions in keeping up with the times and increase its appeal to the people, work hard to equip the whole Party with the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics and educate the people in these theories.We should further implement the national project to study and develop Marxist theory, build an innovation system in philosophy and the social sciences, incorporate the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the curriculum and make it a way of thinking.We should carry out extensive education about our ideal and conviction, and rally the people under the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should vigorously foster China's national character and promote the underlying trend of the times, intensify education in patriotism, collectivism and socialism, and enrich people's cultural life and enhance their moral strength.We should promote prosperity, democracy, civility, and harmony, uphold freedom, equality, justice and the rule of law and advocate patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendship, so as to cultivate and observe core socialist values.We should maintain leadership and initiative in theoretical work, provide correct guidance, enhance our ability to guide public opinion, and strengthen the influence of the underlying trend of thought in our country.（二）全面提高公民道德素質(zhì)。這是社會(huì)主義道德建設(shè)的基本任務(wù)。要堅(jiān)持依法治國和以德治國相結(jié)合，加強(qiáng)社會(huì)公德、職業(yè)道德、家庭美德、個(gè)人品德教育，弘揚(yáng)中華傳統(tǒng)美德，弘揚(yáng)時(shí)代新風(fēng)。推進(jìn)公民道德建設(shè)工程，弘揚(yáng)真善美、貶斥假惡丑，引導(dǎo)人們自覺履行法定義務(wù)、社會(huì)責(zé)任、家庭責(zé)任，營造勞動(dòng)光榮、創(chuàng)造偉大的社會(huì)氛圍，培育知榮辱、講正氣、作奉獻(xiàn)、促和諧的良好風(fēng)尚。深入開展道德領(lǐng)域突出問題專項(xiàng)教育和治理，加強(qiáng)政務(wù)誠信、商務(wù)誠信、社會(huì)誠信和司法公信建設(shè)。加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)思想政治工作，注重人文關(guān)懷和心理疏導(dǎo)，培育自尊自信、理性平和、積極向上的社會(huì)心態(tài)。深化群眾性精神文明創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)，廣泛開展志愿服務(wù)，推動(dòng)學(xué)雷鋒活動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)宣傳道德模范常態(tài)化。
2.Improve civic morality in an all-around way
This is the basic task for strengthening socialist morals.We should integrate the rule of law with the rule of virtue, intensify education in public morality, professional ethics, family virtues, and individual integrity, and advocate traditional Chinese virtues and new trends of the times.We should press ahead with the program for improving civic morality, exalt the true, the
good, and the beautiful and reject the false, the evil, and the ugly.We should encourage people to willingly meet their statutory duties and obligations to society and family.We should create a social atmosphere in which work is honored and creation is lauded, and cultivate social trends of recognizing honor and disgrace, practicing integrity, encouraging dedication, and promoting harmony.We should carry out thorough education to address serious ethical problems, and step up efforts to enhance government integrity, business and social ethics and judicial integrity.We should strengthen and improve education in values, provide compassionate care and psychological counseling, and cultivate self-respect, self-confidence, a sense of being rational, composure, and a desire to excel oneself among the people.We should conduct more public activities to promote cultural and ethical progress, encourage volunteer service, and carry out regular activities to learn from paragons of virtue such as Lei Feng and publicize their exemplary deeds.（三）豐富人民精神文化生活。讓人民享有健康豐富的精神文化生活，是全面建成小康社會(huì)的重要內(nèi)容。要堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的創(chuàng)作導(dǎo)向，提高文化產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，為人民提供更好更多精神食糧。堅(jiān)持面向基層、服務(wù)群眾，加快推進(jìn)重點(diǎn)文化惠民工程，加大對(duì)農(nóng)村和欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)文化建設(shè)的幫扶力度，繼續(xù)推動(dòng)公共文化服務(wù)設(shè)施向社會(huì)免費(fèi)開放。建設(shè)優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化傳承體系，弘揚(yáng)中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化。推廣和規(guī)范使用國家通用語言文字。繁榮發(fā)展少數(shù)民族文化事業(yè)。開展群眾性文化活動(dòng)，引導(dǎo)群眾在文化建設(shè)中自我表現(xiàn)、自我教育、自我服務(wù)。開展全民閱讀活動(dòng)。加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容建設(shè)，唱響網(wǎng)上主旋律。加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會(huì)管理，推進(jìn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)依法規(guī)范有序運(yùn)行。開展“掃黃打非”，抵制低俗現(xiàn)象。普及科學(xué)知識(shí)，弘揚(yáng)科學(xué)精神，提高全民科學(xué)素養(yǎng)。廣泛開展全民健身運(yùn)動(dòng)，促進(jìn)群眾體育和競技體育全面發(fā)展。
3.Enrich people's intellectual and cultural lives
Enabling the people to lead healthy and rich intellectual and cultural lives is an important part of our efforts to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.We should pursue people-centered cultural creation, and create better cultural products to provide the people with more and better nourishments for the mind.We should be community-and people-focused in our cultural work, carry out at a faster pace key cultural projects that benefit the people, increase support for promoting cultural progress in rural areas and underdeveloped areas and open more public cultural service facilities to the public free of charge.We should develop a system for carrying forward fine traditional culture and promote outstanding traditional Chinese culture.We should extend and standardize the use of the standard Chinese language.We should promote the development and flourishing of cultural activities of ethnic minorities.We should carry out public cultural activities and guide the people to express, educate, and serve themselves in the course of developing culture.We should launch reading programs for the general public.We should improve the contents of online
services and advocate healthy themes on the Internet.We should strengthen social management of the Internet and promote orderly network operation in accordance with laws and regulations.We should crack down on pornography and illegal publications and resist vulgar trends.We should extend scientific knowledge, foster respect for science, and make the whole nation better educated in science.We should carry out fitness activities across the country and fully promote both recreational and competitive sports.（四）增強(qiáng)文化整體實(shí)力和競爭力。文化實(shí)力和競爭力是國家富強(qiáng)、民族振興的重要標(biāo)志。要堅(jiān)持把社會(huì)效益放在首位、社會(huì)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益相統(tǒng)一，推動(dòng)文化事業(yè)全面繁榮、文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。發(fā)展哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)、新聞出版、廣播影視、文學(xué)藝術(shù)事業(yè)。加強(qiáng)重大公共文化工程和文化項(xiàng)目建設(shè)，完善公共文化服務(wù)體系，提高服務(wù)效能。促進(jìn)文化和科技融合，發(fā)展新型文化業(yè)態(tài)，提高文化產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模化、集約化、專業(yè)化水平。構(gòu)建和發(fā)展現(xiàn)代傳播體系，提高傳播能力。增強(qiáng)國有公益性文化單位活力，完善經(jīng)營性文化單位法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)，繁榮文化市場。擴(kuò)大文化領(lǐng)域?qū)ν忾_放，積極吸收借鑒國外優(yōu)秀文化成果。營造有利于高素質(zhì)文化人才大量涌現(xiàn)、健康成長的良好環(huán)境，造就一批名家大師和民族文化代表人物，表彰有杰出貢獻(xiàn)的文化工作者。
4.Enhance the overall strength and international competitiveness of Chinese culture
The strength and international competitiveness of Chinese culture are an important indicator of China's power and prosperity and the renewal of the Chinese nation.We should promote rapid development and all-around flourishing of the cultural industry and cultural services and ensure both social effect and economic benefits, with priority on the former.We should develop philosophy and the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, television and films, and literature and art.We should launch more major public cultural projects and programs, improve the public cultural service system, and make such services more efficient.We should promote integration of culture with science and technology, develop new forms of cultural operations, and make cultural operations larger in size and more specialized.We should develop a modern communications network to improve our capacity for communications.We should invigorate state-owned non-profit cultural institutions, improve corporate governance of profit-oriented cultural entities, and create a thriving cultural market.We should open the cultural sector wider to the outside world and draw on cultural achievements of other countries.We should foster a fine environment that enables a large number of talented cultural figures, particularly eminent cultural figures and representatives of Chinese culture, to distinguish themselves in artistic pursuit.We should honor cultural personalities with outstanding contribution.我們一定要堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化前進(jìn)方向，樹立高度的文化自覺和文化自信，向著建設(shè)社會(huì)主義文化強(qiáng)國宏偉目標(biāo)闊步前進(jìn)。
We must adhere to the goal of advancing socialist culture, deepen our awareness of and confidence in Chinese culture, and strive to meet the grand goal of developing a strong socialist culture in China.七、在改善民生和創(chuàng)新管理中加強(qiáng)社會(huì)建設(shè)
VII.Strengthening Social Development by Improving the People's Wellbeing and Making Innovations in Management
加強(qiáng)社會(huì)建設(shè)，是社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定的重要保證。必須從維護(hù)最廣大人民根本利益的高度，加快健全基本公共服務(wù)體系，加強(qiáng)和創(chuàng)新社會(huì)管理，推動(dòng)社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)建設(shè)。
Strengthening social development is an important guarantee for maintaining social harmony and stability.We must intensify our efforts to improve the basic public service system, strengthen and make innovations in social management, and boost the building of a harmonious socialist society in order to uphold the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.加強(qiáng)社會(huì)建設(shè)，必須以保障和改善民生為重點(diǎn)。提高人民物質(zhì)文化生活水平，是改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的根本目的。要多謀民生之利，多解民生之憂，解決好人民最關(guān)心最直接最現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益問題，在學(xué)有所教、勞有所得、病有所醫(yī)、老有所養(yǎng)、住有所居上持續(xù)取得新進(jìn)展，努力讓人民過上更好生活。
In strengthening social development, we must give high priority to ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing.To improve people's material and cultural lives is the fundamental purpose of reform and opening up and socialist modernization.We should bring as much benefit as possible to the people, resolve as many difficulties as possible for them, and solve the most pressing and real problems of the greatest concern to them.We should keep making progress in ensuring that all the people enjoy their rights to education, employment, medical and old-age care, and housing so that they will lead a better life.加強(qiáng)社會(huì)建設(shè)，必須加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)體制改革。要圍繞構(gòu)建中國特色社會(huì)主義社會(huì)管理體系，加快形成黨委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、政府負(fù)責(zé)、社會(huì)協(xié)同、公眾參與、法治保障的社會(huì)管理體制，加快形成政府主導(dǎo)、覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)、可持續(xù)的基本公共服務(wù)體系，加快形成政社分開、權(quán)責(zé)明確、依法自治的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)組織體制，加快形成源頭治理、動(dòng)態(tài)管理、應(yīng)急處置相結(jié)合的社會(huì)管理機(jī)制。
To strengthen social development, we must accelerate social structural reform.With the aim of establishing a socialist system of social management with Chinese characteristics, we should quicken the pace of building the following mechanisms and systems: a law-based social management system
featuring Party committee leadership, government execution, nongovernmental support and public participation;a basic public service system that is government-led and sustainable and covers both urban and rural areas;a system of modern social organizations in which functions of the government are separated from those of social organizations, rights and responsibilities are clearly established, and social organizations exercise autonomy in accordance with the law;and a social management mechanism that resolves public complaints at the source, exercises dynamic administration, and responds to emergencies.（一）努力辦好人民滿意的教育。教育是民族振興和社會(huì)進(jìn)步的基石。要堅(jiān)持教育優(yōu)先發(fā)展，全面貫徹黨的教育方針，堅(jiān)持教育為社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)服務(wù)、為人民服務(wù)，把立德樹人作為教育的根本任務(wù)，培養(yǎng)德智體美全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)者和接班人。全面實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育，深化教育領(lǐng)域綜合改革，著力提高教育質(zhì)量，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生社會(huì)責(zé)任感、創(chuàng)新精神、實(shí)踐能力。辦好學(xué)前教育，均衡發(fā)展九年義務(wù)教育，基本普及高中階段教育，加快發(fā)展現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育，推動(dòng)高等教育內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展，積極發(fā)展繼續(xù)教育，完善終身教育體系，建設(shè)學(xué)習(xí)型社會(huì)。大力促進(jìn)教育公平，合理配置教育資源，重點(diǎn)向農(nóng)村、邊遠(yuǎn)、貧困、民族地區(qū)傾斜，支持特殊教育，提高家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生資助水平，積極推動(dòng)農(nóng)民工子女平等接受教育，讓每個(gè)孩子都能成為有用之才。鼓勵(lì)引導(dǎo)社會(huì)力量興辦教育。加強(qiáng)教師隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，提高師德水平和業(yè)務(wù)能力，增強(qiáng)教師教書育人的榮譽(yù)感和責(zé)任感。
1.Work hard to run education to the satisfaction of the people
Education is the cornerstone of national renewal and social progress.We must give high priority to developing education, implement the Party's education policy to the letter, ensure that education serves socialist modernization and the people, take fostering integrity and promoting rounded development of people as the fundamental task of education, and train participants of and successors to the socialist cause who develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically.We should provide well-rounded education for all students, deepen overall education reform, focus on improving the quality of education, and cultivate in students a sense of social responsibility, a spirit of innovation and the ability to acquire practical skills.We should develop preschool education, promote balanced development of nine-year compulsory education, make senior secondary education basically universal, accelerate development of modern vocational education, and bring out the full potential for development of higher education.We should actively develop continuing education, improve the system of lifelong education, and build a learning society.We should vigorously promote fairness in education, and ensure balanced allocation of educational resources with a focus on rural, remote, poor and ethnic minority areas.We should support special education, increase subsidies to students from poor families, and ensure that children of rural migrant workers in cities have equal access to education.All this is designed to help all children gain required knowledge and skills.We should
encourage and guide nongovernmental entities to run educational programs.We should strengthen the ranks of teachers, and enhance their work ethics and professional competence as well as their sense of honor and responsibility as teachers.（二）推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)更高質(zhì)量的就業(yè)。就業(yè)是民生之本。要貫徹勞動(dòng)者自主就業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進(jìn)就業(yè)和鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)業(yè)的方針，實(shí)施就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策。引導(dǎo)勞動(dòng)者轉(zhuǎn)變就業(yè)觀念，鼓勵(lì)多渠道多形式就業(yè)，促進(jìn)創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)就業(yè)，做好以高校畢業(yè)生為重點(diǎn)的青年就業(yè)工作和農(nóng)村轉(zhuǎn)移勞動(dòng)力、城鎮(zhèn)困難人員、退役軍人就業(yè)工作。加強(qiáng)職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，提升勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)能力，增強(qiáng)就業(yè)穩(wěn)定性。健全人力資源市場，完善就業(yè)服務(wù)體系，增強(qiáng)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)對(duì)促進(jìn)就業(yè)的作用。健全勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系和勞動(dòng)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察和爭議調(diào)解仲裁，構(gòu)建和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系。
2.Deliver a better job in creating employment
Employment is crucial to the people's wellbeing.We must implement the principle of promoting self-reliant employment, market-regulated employment and government-backed employment and entrepreneurship, the strategy of giving top priority to employment and a proactive employment policy.We should ensure that people have realistic expectations about employment, encourage creating employment through multiple channels and forms, and expand job opportunities by creating new businesses.We should increase job opportunities for young people, especially university graduates, the rural migrant labor force, urban residents who have difficulty finding jobs, and ex-servicepersons.We should strengthen vocational skill training;improve people's ability to find jobs and start up their own businesses;and enhance employment stability.We should improve the human resources market and employment services, and make unemployment insurance play a bigger role in promoting employment.We should improve the system of labor standards and the mechanism for harmonizing labor relations, strengthen supervision of labor protection and labor dispute mediation and arbitration, and build harmonious labor relations.（三）千方百計(jì)增加居民收入。實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展成果由人民共享，必須深化收入分配制度改革，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)居民收入增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展同步、勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬增長和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提高同步，提高居民收入在國民收入分配中的比重，提高勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬在初次分配中的比重。初次分配和再分配都要兼顧效率和公平，再分配更加注重公平。完善勞動(dòng)、資本、技術(shù)、管理等要素按貢獻(xiàn)參與分配的初次分配機(jī)制，加快健全以稅收、社會(huì)保障、轉(zhuǎn)移支付為主要手段的再分配調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。深化企業(yè)和機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位工資制度改革，推行企業(yè)工資集體協(xié)商制度，保護(hù)勞動(dòng)所得。多渠道增加居民財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入。規(guī)范收入分配秩序，保護(hù)合法收入，增加低收入者收入，調(diào)節(jié)過高收入，取締非法收入。
3.Make every effort to increase individual income
To ensure that the people share in the fruits of development, we must deepen reform of the income distribution system, and increase individual income in step with economic development and work remuneration in step with improvement in labor productivity, and we should raise the share of individual income in the distribution of national income and increase the share of work remuneration in primary distribution.A proper balance should be struck between efficiency and fairness in both primary and secondary distribution, with particular emphasis on fairness in secondary distribution.We should improve the primary distribution system to allow factors of production such as labor, capital, technology and managerial expertise to have their due share of income according to their respective contribution;and we should take speedy steps to improve the mechanism of secondary distribution regulating income distribution mainly through taxation, social security, and transfer payments.We should deepen reform of the wage and salary system in enterprises, government bodies and public institutions, promote collective bargaining on wages in enterprises, and protect income earned through work.We should increase proprietary individual income through multiple channels.We should improve the way in which income is distributed, protect lawful income, increase the income of low-income groups, adjust excessively high income, and prohibit illicit income.（四）統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)社會(huì)保障體系建設(shè)。社會(huì)保障是保障人民生活、調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)分配的一項(xiàng)基本制度。要堅(jiān)持全覆蓋、保基本、多層次、可持續(xù)方針，以增強(qiáng)公平性、適應(yīng)流動(dòng)性、保證可持續(xù)性為重點(diǎn)，全面建成覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會(huì)保障體系。改革和完善企業(yè)和機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度，整合城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)和基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度，逐步做實(shí)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人賬戶，實(shí)現(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金全國統(tǒng)籌，建立兼顧各類人員的社會(huì)保障待遇確定機(jī)制和正常調(diào)整機(jī)制。擴(kuò)大社會(huì)保障基金籌資渠道，建立社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)基金投資運(yùn)營制度，確保基金安全和保值增值。完善社會(huì)救助體系，健全社會(huì)福利制度，支持發(fā)展慈善事業(yè)，做好優(yōu)撫安置工作。建立市場配置和政府保障相結(jié)合的住房制度，加強(qiáng)保障性住房建設(shè)和管理，滿足困難家庭基本需求。堅(jiān)持男女平等基本國策，保障婦女兒童合法權(quán)益。積極應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化，大力發(fā)展老齡服務(wù)事業(yè)和產(chǎn)業(yè)。健全殘疾人社會(huì)保障和服務(wù)體系，切實(shí)保障殘疾人權(quán)益。健全社會(huì)保障經(jīng)辦管理體制，建立更加便民快捷的服務(wù)體系。4.Promote coordinated development of the social security system in urban and rural areas
Social security is a basic system for ensuring people's livelihood and adjusting social distribution.We should institute a complete, multi-tiered and sustainable system for providing basic social security for both the urban and rural population, with emphasis on making the system more equitable and sustainable and ensuring the smooth transfer of social security accounts between localities.We should reform and improve the social insurance system for enterprises as well as government bodies and public institutions, integrate the basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance systems for
non-working urban residents and the rural population, provide sufficient funding for personal accounts for old-age insurance in a phased way, place basic pensions under unified national planning, and establish mechanisms for setting standards on social security benefits and regularly adjusting them that give due consideration to the interests of people from all walks of life.We should widen channels for raising money for social security funds, introduce a system to manage investment operations of social insurance funds, and ensure that these funds are safe and appreciate over time.We should improve the social assistance system and the social welfare system, support the development of charities, and ensure preferential treatment to entitled groups.We should put in place a housing system that combines market supply and government support, strengthen construction and management of low-income housing, and better meet poor families' basic housing needs.We should adhere to the basic state policy of gender equality and protect the legitimate rights and interests of women and children.We should actively address population aging and vigorously develop old-age services.We should improve the social security and service systems for the disabled and effectively protect their rights and interests.We should improve the mechanism for supervising the work of social security agencies and make social security services more convenient and efficient.（五）提高人民健康水平。健康是促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展的必然要求。要堅(jiān)持為人民健康服務(wù)的方向，堅(jiān)持預(yù)防為主、以農(nóng)村為重點(diǎn)、中西醫(yī)并重，按照保基本、強(qiáng)基層、建機(jī)制要求，重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)醫(yī)療保障、醫(yī)療服務(wù)、公共衛(wèi)生、藥品供應(yīng)、監(jiān)管體制綜合改革，完善國民健康政策，為群眾提供安全有效方便價(jià)廉的公共衛(wèi)生和基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)。健全全民醫(yī)保體系，建立重特大疾病保障和救助機(jī)制，完善突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件應(yīng)急和重大疾病防控機(jī)制。鞏固基本藥物制度。健全農(nóng)村三級(jí)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和城市社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，深化公立醫(yī)院改革，鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)辦醫(yī)。扶持中醫(yī)藥和民族醫(yī)藥事業(yè)發(fā)展。提高醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生隊(duì)伍服務(wù)能力，加強(qiáng)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)建設(shè)。改革和完善食品藥品安全監(jiān)管體制機(jī)制。開展愛國衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，促進(jìn)人民身心健康。堅(jiān)持計(jì)劃生育的基本國策，提高出生人口素質(zhì)，逐步完善政策，促進(jìn)人口長期均衡發(fā)展。
5.Improve people's health
Good health is a prerequisite for promoting well-rounded development of the person.Keeping to the goal of improving people's health, we should put disease prevention first, make rural areas the focus of our work, support both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, establish a sound mechanism for basic medical and health care and strengthen such endeavor at the community level.We should give high priority to carrying out overall reform in medical insurance, medical treatment, public health, drug supply, and the mechanism of monitoring and supervision, and we should improve the policy for enhancing people's health and provide them with safe, effective, convenient and affordable public health services and basic medical care.We
should improve the medical insurance system that covers the whole population, establish a mechanism to provide insurance and aid in treating major and very serious diseases, and improve mechanisms for handling public health emergencies and for preventing and controlling major diseases.We should consolidate the system for using basic drugs.We should improve the rural medical and health service network at county, township and village levels and the system of urban community health services, deepen reform of public hospitals, and encourage the development of private hospitals.We should support the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the traditional medicine of ethnic minorities.We should ensure that medical personnel provide better services and improve their work ethics.We should reform and improve institutions and mechanisms for managing and supervising food and drug safety.We should launch patriotic sanitation campaigns and ensure that people have good health and a sense of contentment.We must adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, improve the health of newborns, steadily improve the population policy and promote long-term and balanced population growth.（六）加強(qiáng)和創(chuàng)新社會(huì)管理。提高社會(huì)管理科學(xué)化水平，必須加強(qiáng)社會(huì)管理法律、體制機(jī)制、能力、人才隊(duì)伍和信息化建設(shè)。改進(jìn)政府提供公共服務(wù)方式，加強(qiáng)基層社會(huì)管理和服務(wù)體系建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)服務(wù)功能，強(qiáng)化企事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體在社會(huì)管理和服務(wù)中的職責(zé)，引導(dǎo)社會(huì)組織健康有序發(fā)展，充分發(fā)揮群眾參與社會(huì)管理的基礎(chǔ)作用。完善和創(chuàng)新流動(dòng)人口和特殊人群管理服務(wù)。正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾，建立健全黨和政府主導(dǎo)的維護(hù)群眾權(quán)益機(jī)制，完善信訪制度，完善人民調(diào)解、行政調(diào)解、司法調(diào)解聯(lián)動(dòng)的工作體系，暢通和規(guī)范群眾訴求表達(dá)、利益協(xié)調(diào)、權(quán)益保障渠道。建立健全重大決策社會(huì)穩(wěn)定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估機(jī)制。強(qiáng)化公共安全體系和企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)，遏制重特大安全事故。加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)黨對(duì)政法工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，加強(qiáng)政法隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，切實(shí)肩負(fù)起中國特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)建設(shè)者、捍衛(wèi)者的職責(zé)使命。深化平安建設(shè)，完善立體化社會(huì)治安防控體系，強(qiáng)化司法基本保障，依法防范和懲治違法犯罪活動(dòng)，保障人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。完善國家安全戰(zhàn)略和工作機(jī)制，高度警惕和堅(jiān)決防范敵對(duì)勢(shì)力的分裂、滲透、顛覆活動(dòng)，確保國家安全。
6.Strengthen and make innovations in social management
To conduct social management in a more scientific way, we must improve the laws, institutions and mechanisms concerning and capacity for social management, and train more personnel and promote IT application in this field.We should improve the way in which the government provides public services, strengthen the system of social management and services at the community level, and ensure that urban and rural communities provide better services.Enterprises, public institutions and people's organizations should play a better role in conducting social management and providing related services.We should guide social organizations to develop in a healthy and orderly way and fully leverage the fundamental role of the people in social management.We
should improve and make innovations in the management relating to and services for the floating population and special groups.We should correctly handle problems among the people, and put in place a sound mechanism in which the Party and the government play the leading role in upholding the rights and interests of the people.We should improve the system for handling people's complaints expressed in letters or visits, and improve the integrated system of mediation by the people, administrative mediation and judicial mediation.We should maintain regular and open channels for the people to voice their demands, for coordinating their interests and for protecting their rights and interests.We should establish a sound mechanism for assessing potential risks major policy decisions may pose to social stability.We should improve the public safety system and the workplace safety environment in enterprises to curb major and very serious accidents.We should strengthen and improve the Party's leadership over the work of judicial, procuratorial, and public security organs, and strengthen their ranks, so that they can fulfill their duties in carrying forward and protecting the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.We should intensify efforts to ensure law and order, improve the multi-dimensional system for crime prevention and control, strengthen the infrastructure of judicial bodies, and prevent and punish criminal and illegal activities in accordance with the law to protect the people's lives and property.We should improve the national security strategy and its work mechanism, and keep high vigilance against and resolutely forestall separatist activities and activities of infiltration and subversion carried out by hostile forces, so as to ensure national security.全黨全國人民行動(dòng)起來，就一定能開創(chuàng)社會(huì)和諧人人有責(zé)、和諧社會(huì)人人共享的生動(dòng)局面。
As long as the whole Party and all the people make concerted efforts, we can foster a dynamic environment in which everyone contributes to social harmony and benefits from a harmonious society.八、大力推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)
VIII.Making Great Efforts to Promote Ecological Progress
建設(shè)生態(tài)文明，是關(guān)系人民福祉、關(guān)乎民族未來的長遠(yuǎn)大計(jì)。面對(duì)資源約束趨緊、環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)，必須樹立尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然的生態(tài)文明理念，把生態(tài)文明建設(shè)放在突出地位，融入經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)各方面和全過程，努力建設(shè)美麗中國，實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族永續(xù)發(fā)展。
Promoting ecological progress is a long-term task of vital importance to the people's wellbeing and China's future.Faced with increasing resource constraints, severe environmental pollution and a deteriorating ecosystem, we
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