第一篇：連接形式的(中英文對照)

這個是用來表達管件連接形式的；給樓主一份中英文對照還有縮寫吧 縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 P 管子 Pipe EL 彎頭 Elbow ELL 長半徑彎頭 Long radius elbow ELS 短半徑彎頭 Short radius elbow MEL 斜接彎頭（蝦米腰彎頭）Mitre elbow REL 異徑彎頭 Reducing elbow T 三通 Tee LT 斜三通 Lateral tee RT 異徑三通 Reducing tee R 異徑管接頭（大小頭）Reducer CR 同心異徑管接頭（同心大小頭）Concentric reducer ER 偏心異徑管接頭（偏心大小頭）Eccentric reducer CPL 管箍 Coupling FCPL 雙頭管箍 Full coupling HCPL 單頭管箍 Half coupling RCPL 異徑管箍 Reducing coupling BU 內外螺紋接頭 Bushing UN 活接頭 Union HC 軟管接頭 Hose coupler SE 翻邊短節 Stub end NIP 短節 Pipe nipple or straight nipple SNIP 異徑短節 Swaged nipple CP 管帽（封頭）Cap PL 管堵（絲堵）Plug BLK 盲板 Blank SB 8字盲板 Spectacle blind（blank）RP 補強板 Reinforcing pad 法蘭

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 PLG 法蘭 Flange WNF 對焊法蘭 Welding neck flange SOF平焊法蘭 Slip-on flange SWF 承插焊法蘭 Socket-welding flange T 螺紋法蘭 Threaded flange LJ 松套法蘭 Lapped joint flange REDF 異徑法蘭 Reducing flange BF 法蘭蓋（日法蘭）Blind flange FSF 法蘭密封面 Flange scaling face FF 全平面 Flat face RF 凸臺面 Raised face MFF 凹凸面 Male ａnd female face LF 凹面 Female face LM 凸面 Male face RJ 環連接面 Ring joint face TG 榫槽面 Tongue ａnd groove face TF 榫面 Tongue face GF 槽面 Groove face 墊片

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 G 墊片 Gasket NMG 非金屬墊片 Non-metallic gasket AG 石棉墊片 Asbestos gasket RG 橡膠墊片 Rubber gasket TEG 聚四氟乙烯包復墊片 PTFE envelope gasket SMG 半金屬墊片 Semimetallic gasket MJG 金屬包墊片 Meta-jacket gasket SWG 纏繞式墊片 Spiral wound gasket MG 金屬墊片 Metallic gasket FMG 金屬平墊片 Flat metallic gasket SMSG 齒形金屬墊片 Solid metal serrated gasket LER 透鏡式金屬環墊 Lens ring gasket OCR 八角形金屬環墊 Octagonal ring gasket OVR 橢圓形金屬環墊 Oval ring gakset IR/OR 內外定位環 Inner ring ａnd outer ring IR 內定位環 Inner ring OR 外定位環 Outer ring 堅固件

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 B 螺栓 Bolt SB 螺柱 Stud bolt NU 螺母 Nut TB 花藍螺母 Turnbuckle WSR 墊圈 Washer SWSR 彈簧墊圈 Spring washer 閥門

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 GV 閘閥 Gate valve GLV 截止閥 Globe valve CHV 止回閥 Check valve BUV 蝶閥 Butterfly valve BAV 球閥 Ball valve PV 旋塞閥 Plug valve（cock）CV 調節閥 Control valve SV 安全閥 Safety valve RV 減壓閥 Pressure reducing valve ST 蒸汽疏水閥 Steam trap PRV 泄壓閥 Pressur relief valve BV 呼吸閥 Breather valve NV 針形閥 Needle valve AV 角閥

DV 隔膜閥

TWV 三通閥

SGV 插板閥

管道上用的小型設備

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 SPR 氣液分離器 Separator FA 阻火器 Flame arrester SR 過濾器 Strainer SRY Y型過濾器 Y-type strainer SRT T型過濾器 T-type strainer SRB 桶式過濾器 Bucket type strainer TSR 臨時過濾器 Temporary strainer SIL 消聲器 Silencer SG 視鏡 Slight glass SC 取樣冷卻器 Sample cooler DF 排液漏斗 Drain funnel LM 管道混合器 Line mixer RO 限流孔板 Restriction orifice MO 混合孔板 Mixing orifice RD 爆破片（爆破膜）Rupture disk EJ 補償器 Expansion joint 隔熱、伴熱

中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 INS 隔熱 Thermal insulation H 保溫 Hot insulation C 保冷 Cold insulation P 防燙傷隔熱 Personnel protection insulation T&I 伴熱 Tracing ａnd insulation 管道伴熱（冷）Tracing EST 蒸汽外伴熱 External steam tracing IST 蒸汽內伴熱 Internal steam tracing SJT 蒸汽夾套伴熱 Steam-jacket tracing ET 電伴熱 Electric tracing 配管材料和等級

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 M 金屬材料 Metallic material CS 碳鋼 Carbon steel CAS 鑄鋼 Cast steel FS 鍛鋼 Forged steel AS 合金鋼 Alloy steel SS 不銹鋼 Stainless steel AUST SS 奧氏體不銹鋼 Austenitic? stainless-steel CI 鑄鐵 Cast iron MI 可鍛鑄鐵 Malleable iron DI 球墨鑄鐵 Ductile iron AL 鋁 Aluminum BRS 黃銅 Brass BRZ 青銅 Bronze CU 紫銅 Copper LAS 低合金鋼 Low alloy steel FLAS 低合金鍛鋼 Forged low alloy steel CLAS 低合金鑄鋼 Cast low alloy steel THK 壁厚 Thickness SCH 表號 Schedule number STD 標準 Standard XS 加強 Extra strong XXS 特強 Double extra strong 裝置布置

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 CN 建北 Construction north E 東 East W 西 West S 南 South N 北 North H 水平Horizontal V 豎直、鉛直、直立 Vertical GRD 地坪 Ground UG 地下 Underground BL 裝置邊界線 Battery limit line ESEW 事故沐浴洗眼器 Emergency shower ａnd eye washer HS 軟管站 Hose station ML 接續分界線 Match line PS 管道支架（管架）Piping support PR 管橋 Pipe rack STRU 構架（構筑物）Structure BLDG 建筑物 Building PD 清掃設施 Purge device PT 池 Pit SHLT 棚 Shelter COFF 圍堰 Cofferdam FL 樓板 Floor PF平臺 Plateform 尺寸標注 縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 EL 標高 Elevation BOP 管底 Bottom of pipe COP 管中心 Center of pipe TOP 管頂 Top of pipe FOB 底平Flat on bottom FOT 頂平Flat on top CL（屯）中心線 Center line TL 切線 Tangent line SYM 對稱的 Symmetrical BOS 支架底 Bottom of support TOS 支架頂 Top of support CL 凈距（凈空）Clearance CTC 中心至中心 Center to center CTF 中心至面 Center to face CTE 中心至端部 Center to end ETE 端到端 End to end FEF 法蘭端面 Flange ａnd face FTF 面到面 Face to face D 直徑 Diameter

DN 公稱直徑 Nominal diameter ID 內徑 Inside diameter OD 外徑 Outside diameter DIM 尺寸 Dimension MAX 最大 Maximum MIN 最小 Minimum AVG平均 Average APP 約、近似 Approximate PT.EL 點標高 Point elevation 圖表

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 PFD 工藝流程圖 Process flow diagram PID 管道和儀表流程圖 Piping & instrument diagram COD 接續圖 Continued on drawing DTL 詳圖 Datail SPDWG（ISODWG）管段圖 Spool drawing（each line isometric drawing）DWGNO 圖號 Drawing number

DWGI 所在圖號 Drawing identification LOW 材料表 List of material MTO 匯料 Material take-off APPX 附錄 Appendix JOB.No.工號 Job Number BEDD 基礎工程設計數據 Basic engineering design data DEDD 詳細工程設計數據 Detail engineering design data REV.No.修改號 Recision number REF DWG 參考圖 Reference drawing SC 采樣接口 Sample connection 操作方式及工作參數

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 AUT 自動 Automatic ML 手動 Manual control CHOP 鏈條操作 Chain operated CSC 鉛封關 Car seal close CSO 鉛封開 Car seal open LC 鎖閉 Lock closed LO 鎖開 Lock open NC 正常關 Normally close NO 正常開 Normally open ATM 大氣壓 Atmosphere PN 公稱壓力 Nominal pressure A 絕壓

G 表壓

（T）溫度 Temperature（P）壓力 Pressure 施工

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 W 焊接 Welding AW 電弧焊 Arc welding GSAW 氣體保護電弧焊 Gas shielded-acr welding EFW 電熔焊 Elecric fusion welding ERW 電阻焊 Electric Resistance welding GW 氣焊 Gas welding LW 搭接焊 Lap welding BW 對焊 Butt welding TW 定位焊 Tack welding SW 承插焊 Socket welding CW 連續焊 Continuous welding SEW 密封焊 Seal welding SFG 堆焊 Surfacing FW 現場焊接 Field welding HT 熱處理 Heat treatment PH 預熱 Preheating SR 應力消除 Stress relief PWHT 焊后熱處理 Post weld heat treatment EIT 檢查、探傷和實驗 Examination, inspection & testing VE 外觀檢查 Visual examination UI（UT）超聲探傷 Ultrasonic inspection（test）RI（RT）射線探傷 Radiographic inspection（test）

MPI（MT）磁粉探傷 Magnetic particle inspection（test）LPI（PT）液體滲透檢驗 Liquid penterant inspection（test）HADT 硬度實驗 Hardness testing HYDT 水壓實驗 Hydraulic testing PNET 氣壓實驗 Pneumatic testing 焊條 Covered electrode WW 焊絲 Welding wire ASSY 裝配、組合 Assembly F 現場 Field

F/F 現場制造 Field faricated SF 現場決定 Suit in field CSP 冷緊 Cold spring BCT 螺栓冷緊 Bolt cold tightening BHY 螺栓熱緊 Bolt hot tightening CO 清洗口 Clean out ANNY 退火 Annealed PE平端面 Plain end BE 坡口端 Belelled end THR 螺紋 Thread HB 布氏硬度 Brinnel hardness RC 洛氏硬度

其他

縮 寫 中 文 名 稱 英 文 名 稱 FDN 基礎 Foundation INF 信息（資料）Information REF 參考 Reference REV 修改 Revision SEQ 序號（順序）Sequence W/E 設備帶來 With equipment W/I 儀表帶來 With instrument CM 色標 Colour mark CA 腐蝕裕度 Corrosion allowance UTL 公用系統 Utility UC 公用工程接頭 Utility connection QTY 數量 Quantity WT 重量 Weight MHR 工時 Man hour BC 螺栓分布圓 Bolt circle HP 高點 High point LP 低點 Low point SUC 吸入（口）Suction DIS 排出（口）Discharge SO 蒸氣吹掃（口）Steam out NPT 美國標準錐管螺紋 National standard taper pipe thread NPS 美國標準直管螺紋 National standard straight pipe thread DR 排液 Drain VT 放氣 Vent RTG（壓力）等級 Rating CL 等級 Class SMLS 無縫 Seamless

第二篇：中英文對照A

《美國口語慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來一塊魚肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會進那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認為自己沒必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個愛說粗言穢語的喜劇演員應該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統一意見后來見你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報紙上稱那次地震為天災。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區要采取行動反對那項垃圾處理場的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對手在身高上比我們占有優勢。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來事情終會解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會感到

厭倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!請你做事要有一個與自己年齡相稱的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯，但我能隱隱約約感覺到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當邁克喜歡的節目被取消時，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒有最后定下來。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來個沒有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機時暈機了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關系不要很別扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個項目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來說，我認為這一天過得很充實。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來打贏這場比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當我們看見那座建筑突然起火時，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒有發現他們的進來。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來把這個問題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個全能運動員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個人呆會兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開始就知道所發生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來到這兒尋求他的“美國夢”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國人在美國居住時被美國化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒有選擇職業的自由是完全違背美國精神傳統的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛隊員。I just can't go on the American way.我無法適應美國方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運動真正激發出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問我有沒有感覺出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個沒救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經驗了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來在人來過這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現得像什么也沒發生過一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動從明天開始實施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個月的煤氣費平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國平常日

子里，有100,000個孩子帶手槍去上學。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費除掉這些復雜的稅務表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀念日而安排一次周末的外出活動。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調 Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門 BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠”自控 BROAD 遠大

Burnham美國“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達”水泵 CARLY 法國“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機 CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調制冷 DuPont美國“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國德威爾 EBM “依必安”風機

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國“英菲尼蘭“閥門 EVAPCO美國“益美高”冷卻設備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風機 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯爾 GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風機 KU BA德國“庫寶”冷風機 Liang Chi 良機冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調 MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國“美優樂”壓縮機 McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機 RIDGID 美國“里奇”工具 RUUD美國“路德”空調 RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門子

SINKO ",28商機網;新晃“空調 SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺佳”空調 Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機 TRANE 特靈

TROX德國“妥思”風閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國“威樂”水泵 WITTLER 德國”威特”閥門 YORK 約克

ZENNER德國“真蘭”計量

第四篇：中英文對照

醫院中英文對照

發熱門診Have Fever主治醫師Doctor-in-charge 供應室Supply Room謝絕入內No entering 紅燈亮時謝絕入內No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護士Nueser康復理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計價China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號收費Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內科門診Internal Medicine Clinic會議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產房及愛嬰中心Delivery Room內一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門診Gynecology Dept.產科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產科門診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門診Stomatology Clinic 內兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預防保健門診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費健康發證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對照

共軌技術

隨著人們對低油耗、低廢氣排放、發動機低噪聲的需求越來越大，對發動機和燃油噴射系統的要求也越來也高。對柴油發動機燃油噴射系統提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開關時間，以及根據發動機工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經使得柴油發動機具有良好的經濟性、低污染、高動力性，因此柴油發動機甚至進入了豪華高性能轎車領域。達到這些需求的前提是擁有一個可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統。同時，噴油量必須精確計算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計算模型，預噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個可以達到以上需求的系統即共軌燃油噴射系統。

共軌系統包括以下幾個主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統組件。

②高壓系統，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機系統EDC主要由系統模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執行機構組成。共軌系統的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個可以快速開關噴嘴的執行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發器)，這就允許對每個氣缸的噴射進行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來。在共軌燃油噴射系統中，燃油噴射和壓力的產生是分開的。噴油壓力的產生與發動機轉速和噴油量無關。EDC控制每個組件。

(1)壓力產生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產生是通過蓄能器分離開來。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準備的共軌系統的蓄能器。

由發動機驅動的連續運轉的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無論發動機的轉速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設計可以小的多，而且它的驅動轉矩可以比傳統燃油噴射系統低，這源于高壓泵的負載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車上有時會使用內嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過一個壓力控制閥對高壓側進行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對不同工況(如負載變化時)迅速做出反應。

在第一批共軌系統中采用了對高壓側的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統所需要的噴油壓力。

發生故障時，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過最大值。

在進口端對燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統高壓側控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執行器系統也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過計算單元對壓力進行控制，并且通過壓力控制閥對高壓端進行控制，因此同時具備高壓側控制與進口端燃料供給控制的優勢。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發動機的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發動機的控制單元通過與噴油器結合在一起的控制閥的開閉控制噴油嘴的開關。

噴油器的開啟時間和系統油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開啟時間成正比，因此與發動機或油泵的轉速(以時間為計量的燃油噴射)無關。

(4)液壓輔助動力

與傳統燃油噴射系統相比，將壓力的產生與燃油的噴射分離開來，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來會達到1800巴。

共軌系統通過引入預噴射或多次噴射可以進一步減少廢氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過多次觸發高速轉換閥的開閉可以在每個噴射周期內實現多達5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開閉動作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結束的快速性。

(5)控制和調節

發動機的控制單元通過傳感器檢測加速踏板的位置以及發動機和車輛的當前工況。采集到的數據包括：

① 曲軸轉速和轉角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進氣壓力；

④ 進氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進氣量； ⑥ 車速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號。與燃燒同步，電控單元計算施加給壓力控制閥或計算模塊、噴油器和其他執行機構(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發信號。

噴油器的開關時間應很短，采用優化的高壓開關閥和專業的控制系統即可實現。

根據曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數據，對照發動機狀態(時間控制)，角度/時間系統調節噴油正時。電控柴油機系統(EDC)可以實現對燃油噴射量的精確計算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進一步提高發動機的響應特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對柴油燃油噴射正時的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發動機具有能耗低、運行平穩的特點。

其他開環和閉環控制功能用于減少廢氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統等。(6)控制單元結構。

由于發動機控制單元通常最多有8個噴油器輸出口，所以超過八缸的發動機需要兩個控制單元。它們通過內置高速CAN網絡的“主/從”接口進行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據需求情況(如檢測傳感器信號)可以動態地分配給一個或多個控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).