第一篇:2017年考研英語閱讀材料之谷歌無人駕駛汽車
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2017年考研英語閱讀材料之谷歌無人駕
駛汽車
MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif.— Google, a leader in effortsto create driverless cars, has run into an odd safety conundrum: humans.加利福尼亞州山景城——作為無人駕駛汽車研發(fā)領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)頭羊,谷歌(Google)遇到了一個(gè)奇怪的安全難題:人類。
Last month, as one of Google’s self-driving cars approached a crosswalk, it did what it wassupposed to do when it slowed to allow a pedestrian to cross, prompting its “safety driver” toapply the brakes.The pedestrian was fine, but not so much Google’s car, which was hit frombehind by a human-driven sedan.上月,當(dāng)谷歌的一輛自動(dòng)駕駛汽車來到人行橫道前時(shí),它像設(shè)想的那樣放慢速度讓一名行人先行,促使“安全駕駛員”啟動(dòng)剎車。那個(gè)行人沒事,但谷歌那輛車卻沒那么幸運(yùn)。它被后面的一輛由人駕駛的轎車追尾了。
Google’s fleet of autonomous test cars is programmed to follow the letter of the law.But it canbe tough to get around if you are a stickler for the rules.One Google car, in a test in 2009,couldn’t get through a four-way stop because its sensors kept waiting for other(human)drivers to stop completely and let it go.The human drivers kept inching forward, looking for theadvantage — paralyzing Google’s robot.按照設(shè)計(jì),谷歌的自動(dòng)測試車會(huì)嚴(yán)格遵守法律條文。但如果拘泥于規(guī)則,上路可能都會(huì)變得困難。在2009年的一次測試中,谷歌的車沒能通過一個(gè)十字路口,因?yàn)樗膫鞲衅饕恢痹诘戎渌?人類)司機(jī)徹底停下來,讓它過去。但其他司機(jī)一直在向前蹭,尋找有利時(shí)機(jī)。這種情況讓谷歌的機(jī)器人陷入了癱瘓。
It is not just a Google issue.Researchers in the fledgling field of autonomous vehicles say thatone of the biggest challenges facing automated cars is blending them into a world in whichhumans don’t behave by the book.“The real problem is that the car is too safe,” said DonaldNorman, director of the Design Lab at the University of California, San Diego, who studiesautonomous vehicles.這不僅僅是谷歌面臨的問題。自動(dòng)化車輛這一新興領(lǐng)域的研究人員稱,自動(dòng)車面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一是讓它們?nèi)谌胍粋€(gè)人類不照章行事的世界。“真正的問題是,這些車太追求安全了,”研究自動(dòng)車輛的加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Design Lab at the University of California, San Diego)主任唐納德·諾曼(Donald Norman)說。
“They have to learn to be aggressive in the right amount, and the right amount depends onthe culture.”
“它們得學(xué)會(huì)適度強(qiáng)硬,而什么叫做適度則取決于不同的文化。”
Traffic wrecks and deaths could well plummet in a world without any drivers, as someresearchers predict.But wide use of self-driving cars is still many years away, and testers
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arestill sorting out hypothetical risks — like hackers — and real world challenges, like whathappens when an autonomous car breaks down on the highway.正如一些研究人員預(yù)言的那樣,世界上如果沒有駕駛員,交通事故造成的傷亡會(huì)大大減少。然而,廣泛使用自動(dòng)駕駛汽車仍是多年后的事,測試人員仍在應(yīng)對像黑客這種假設(shè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和現(xiàn)實(shí)世界里的挑戰(zhàn),比如自動(dòng)駕駛車輛在公路上出故障了應(yīng)該怎么辦。
For now, there is the nearer-term problem of blending robots and humans.Already, cars fromseveral automakers have technology that can warn or even take over for a driver, whetherthrough advanced cruise control or brakes that apply themselves.Uber is working on the self-driving car technology, and Google expanded its tests in July to Austin, Tex.目前,讓機(jī)器人和人類同時(shí)上路這個(gè)問題更緊迫。多家汽車生產(chǎn)商的車輛已經(jīng)掌握了警告或是代替駕駛員的技術(shù),不管是通過先進(jìn)的巡航控制,還是可以自行啟動(dòng)的剎車。Uber正在研發(fā)自動(dòng)駕駛汽車技術(shù),谷歌也于今年7月把測試擴(kuò)展到了德克薩斯州的奧斯汀。
Google cars regularly take quick, evasive maneuvers or exercise caution in ways that are atonce the most cautious approach, but also out of step with the other vehicles on the road.谷歌汽車通常會(huì)迅速采取回避操作,或是謹(jǐn)慎行事。后者立即會(huì)變成最謹(jǐn)慎的應(yīng)對方式,但同時(shí)也將導(dǎo)致與路上其他車輛格格不入。
“It’s always going to follow the rules, I mean, almost to a point where human drivers who get inthe car and are like ‘Why is the car doing that?’” said Tom Supple, a Google safety driver duringa recent test drive on the streets near Google’s Silicon Valley headquarters.“它永遠(yuǎn)都會(huì)遵守規(guī)則,我是說,幾乎到了坐在車?yán)锏娜祟愸{駛員會(huì)想‘這車干嘛那么做?’的地步,”湯姆·蘇普萊(Tom Supple)說。最近,谷歌在其位于硅谷的總部附近的街道上進(jìn)行了一次試駕,而蘇普萊正是當(dāng)時(shí)的安全駕駛員。
Since 2009, Google cars have been in 16 crashes, mostly fender-benders, and in every singlecase, the company says, a human was at fault.This includes the rear-ender crash on Aug.20,and reported this morning by Google.The Google car slowed for a pedestrian, then the Googleemployee manually applied the brakes.The car was hit from behind, sending the employee tothe emergency room for mild whiplash.自2009年以來,谷歌汽車發(fā)生了16次撞車事故,大部分是輕微碰撞。谷歌稱,每次碰撞都是人的錯(cuò),包括公司今天上午通報(bào)的發(fā)生在8月20日的那起追尾。當(dāng)時(shí),谷歌的車因?yàn)樾腥朔怕怂俣龋踩{駛員隨后手動(dòng)剎車。接下來,車子被追尾,導(dǎo)致此人因頸椎輕微受傷而進(jìn)了急診室。
Google’s report on the incident adds another twist: While the safety driver did the right thingby applying the brakes, if the autonomous car had been left alone, it might have braked lesshard and traveled closer to the crosswalk, giving the car behind a little more room to stop.Would that have prevented the collision? Google says it’s impossible to say.谷歌有關(guān)這起事故的報(bào)告揭示了另一個(gè)問題:盡管安全駕駛員啟動(dòng)剎車的行為是正確的,但如果讓自動(dòng)汽車獨(dú)自行駛,它的剎車力度可能不會(huì)那么強(qiáng),因此會(huì)行駛到離人行橫道更近的地方,給后車留出稍微多一點(diǎn)的剎車空間。這樣能避免撞車嗎?谷歌表示無從得知。
There was a single case in which Google says the company was responsible for a crash.Ithappened in August 2011, when one of its Google cars collided with another moving vehicle.But, remarkably, the Google car was being piloted at the time by an employee.Another humanat fault.谷歌稱,只有一次撞車事故責(zé)任在自己身上。那是2011年8月,谷歌的一輛車與另一輛正在行駛中的車相撞。但需要注意的是,當(dāng)時(shí)谷歌的車是由一名工作人員操控的。所以,2頁共2頁
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錯(cuò)還是在人。
On a recent outing with New York Times journalists, the Google driverless car took twoevasive maneuvers that simultaneously displayed how the car errs on the cautious side, butalso how jarring that experience can be.In one maneuver, it swerved sharply in a residentialneighborhood to avoid a car that was poorly parked, so much so that the Google sensorscouldn’t tell if it might pull into traffic.前不久載著《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的記者出行時(shí),谷歌的無人駕駛車采取的兩次避讓操作,既顯示出了它因過于謹(jǐn)慎而出錯(cuò)的情形,也表明了那種經(jīng)歷會(huì)令人多么惱火。一個(gè)操作是,它為了避開一輛車而在一個(gè)住宅區(qū)急轉(zhuǎn)彎。那輛車停得很糟糕,以致于谷歌的傳感器無法識(shí)別它會(huì)不會(huì)開到車道上來。
More jarring for human passengers was a maneuver that the Google car took as it approacheda red light in moderate traffic.The laser system mounted on top of the driverless car sensedthat a vehicle coming the other direction was approaching the red light at higher-than-safespeeds.The Google car immediately jerked to the right in case it had to avoid a collision.Inthe end, the oncoming car was just doing what human drivers so often do: not approach a redlight cautiously enough, though the driver did stop well in time.對車?yán)锏某丝蛠碚f,車子行駛到一處紅燈前時(shí)采取的操作更是令人氣惱。當(dāng)時(shí),車流量屬中等。安裝在那輛無人駕駛車頂部的激光系統(tǒng)檢測到,反方向的一輛車正在以高于安全水平的車速朝著紅燈開來。于是,谷歌的車猛地右拐,以防撞車。但其實(shí),那輛車的行為不過是人類駕駛員通常會(huì)做的:遇到紅燈時(shí)不夠小心,但司機(jī)還是很及時(shí)地停了下來。
Courtney Hohne, a spokeswoman for the Google project, said current testing was devoted to“smoothing out” the relationship between the car’s software and humans.For instance, at four-way stops, the program lets the car inch forward, as the rest of us might, asserting its turnwhile looking for signs that it is being allowed to go.谷歌無人駕駛車項(xiàng)目的發(fā)言人考特妮·霍恩(Courtney Hohne)說,當(dāng)前的測試是為了“理順”車的軟件和人之間的關(guān)系。比如,在十字路口,程序允許車像我們其他人可能會(huì)做的那樣,慢慢向前蹭,在尋找其他車讓自己過的跡象時(shí)果斷轉(zhuǎn)彎。
The way humans often deal with these situations is that “they make eye contact.On the fly,they make agreements about who has the right of way,” said John Lee, a professor of industrialand systems engineering and expert in driver safety and automation at the University ofWisconsin.威斯康星大學(xué)(University of Wisconsin)的工業(yè)與系統(tǒng)工程教授、駕駛員安全與自動(dòng)化問題專家約翰·李(John Lee)說,遇到這種情況時(shí),人類通常會(huì)“進(jìn)行眼神交流。在行進(jìn)中,他們會(huì)對誰有先行權(quán)達(dá)成協(xié)議”。
“Where are the eyes in an autonomous vehicle?” he added.“那么自動(dòng)車輛的眼睛在哪里呢?”他接下來問道。
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第二篇:2018年考研英語閱讀材料之日本汽車制造商
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2018年考研英語閱讀材料之日本汽車制
造商
Japanese carmakers
日本汽車制造商
Lots of oomph
活力無窮
Japan's small-car firms are defying the industry'sget-big-or-die imperative
日本的小廠商們正在與“要么大,要么死”這一條金科玉律抗?fàn)?/p>
ONE of the conundrums of the car business is thatfive smaller Japanese firms continue to prosper alongside three giants, Toyota, Nissan andHonda.In theory, those in the second division—Mazda, Mitsubishi, Suzuki and Subaru—shouldlong ago have merged with rivals at home or abroad, or fallen by the wayside.Daihatsu isalready controlled by Toyota, which has a 51% stake in the firm.They all sell 1m-2m vehicles ayear.Sergio Marchionne, boss of Fiat Chrysler, once said that 6m was the minimum required forcarmakers to have a hope of turning a profit.目前,汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)里有著這樣一個(gè)費(fèi)解的情況:在三大巨頭(豐田Toyota、日產(chǎn)Nissan和本田Honda)的身旁,五家較小的日本公司能夠持續(xù)地取得出色業(yè)績。理論上來說,這些
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prospect.馬自達(dá)汽車,作為一家與鈴木相比規(guī)模更小的公司,欣然地脫離了福特汽車(Ford)的懷抱。為了籌措現(xiàn)金和避免破產(chǎn),福特汽車公司在2008年開始逐步拋售所擁有的馬自達(dá)汽車股份。這兩家公司從1979年開始就成為了合作伙伴。而與此同時(shí)據(jù)報(bào)道稱,作為富士重工(Fuji Heavy Industries)集團(tuán)的一份子,斯巴魯汽車正對豐田公司(全球最大的制造商)所擁有的該公司16.5%的股份表示不滿。對于與三大巨頭聯(lián)合的小規(guī)模制造商來說,那個(gè)“顯而易見”的脫困方案,現(xiàn)在反倒成了一份“遙遠(yuǎn)的期待”。
It helps that all are making generous profits after years of losses.A weaker currency meansthey are well-nigh printing money, notes Max Warburton of Sanford C.Bernstein, an equity-research firm.Subaru and Mazda, the biggest exporters among the five, are enjoying recordsales in North America.Subaru now outsells VW there.The Japanese small-fry are also moreprofitable than most firms in the industry.在長年累月的虧損期過后,目前這些制造商正賺著十分可觀的利潤,而這確實(shí)能讓他們緩一口氣。來自證券分析公司斯坦福·伯恩斯坦(Sanford C.Bernstein)的Max Warburton表示,日元的走弱差不多等同于日本車商正全力發(fā)動(dòng)馬達(dá)印制鈔票。斯巴魯和馬自達(dá)是五家公司里出口貿(mào)易量最大的兩家,他們在北美市場的銷售量取得了紀(jì)錄新高。現(xiàn)在斯巴魯在當(dāng)?shù)氐匿N量還超過了德國大眾。同時(shí),這些日本
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產(chǎn)銷售方面享受到了長期的稅收減免優(yōu)惠。“輕型”車受到廣大女性群體和長者們的歡迎,目前這些迷你轎車和迷你貨車的銷售量已經(jīng)占了日本新車市場的五分之二。雖然日產(chǎn)和本田也在生產(chǎn)“輕型”車,但那較小的三家制造商要比兩大巨頭更為依賴“輕型”車。
The government now seems to have heeded the warnings of the largest carmakers, that makingkei cars diverts attention and funds from the development of models with export potential.Adecision earlier this year to raise taxes on the category bodes ill for their manufacturers.WhileSubaru and Mazda are successful outside Japan, and Suzuki is envied for making big profitsselling small cars, the weakest of the second tier may soon face fresh difficulties.現(xiàn)在,日本政府似乎已經(jīng)注意到了汽車巨頭們的警告,后者認(rèn)為大力制造“輕型”車,會(huì)減少在其他具有出口潛力車型的開發(fā)方面所需的精力和資金投入。今年早些時(shí)候日本政府決定提高“輕型”車的稅率,這也預(yù)示著生產(chǎn)該車型的廠商前景趨于黯淡。當(dāng)斯巴魯和馬自達(dá)在海外市場大獲成功之時(shí),鈴木汽車旗下“輕型”車的巨額利潤也同樣令人眼紅。然而,這
第三篇:考研英語之自我介紹
考研英語復(fù)試之英語自我介紹
pesonel statement(introduction)
good morning,my dear teachers,my dear professors.i am very glad to be here for your interview.my name is song yonghao,i am 22 years old.i come from luoyang,a very beautiful aicent city.my undergratuade period will be accomplished in chang'an university in july ,2004;and now,i am trying my best for obtaining a key to tongji university.generally speaking ,i am a hard working student especially do the thing i am interested in.i will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is.when i was sophomore, i found web design very interesting, so i learned it very hard.to weaver a homepage for myself, i stayed with my pesonel computer for half a month.,and i am the first one in my class who own his homepage.forthermore,i am a person with great perserverence.during the days preparing for the first examination,i insist on running every day, no matter what the weather was like.and just owning to this,i could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.well ,in my spare time ,i like basketball, tennis and chinese chess.also english is my favorate.i often go to english corner to practise my oral english on every thursday,and write compositions to improve my witten ability.but i know my english is not good enough ,i will continue studying.ok, that is all,thank you for your attention.my hometown------luoyang
i am from luoyang,a beautiful city in henan province.it is famous as the “capital of nine dynasties ” and enjoy yhe honer that luoyang peony is the best in the world.luoyang played a very important role in chinese history.so it has a profound cultural background and many great heritagesites have been well reverved.such as longmen grotto, one of the three grottoes in china ang white horse temple, being regarded as the cradle of chnese buddhism.luoyang peony is world-famous.every year, many tourists travel to luoyang to see the beauty of peony.the people in my hometown are friendly, they welcome the travellers from all over the world.i like my hometown very much.考研面試英語口語自我介紹
good morning, my name is jack, it is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, i would like to answer whatever you may raise, and i hope i can make a good performance today, eventually enroll in this prestigious university in september.now i will introduce myself briefly,i am 21 years old,born in heilongjiang province ,northeast of china,and i am curruently a senior student at beijing XX uni.my major is packaging engineering.and i will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in june.in the past 4 years,i spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 with a ease.and i have acquired basic knowledge of packaging and publishing both in theory and in practice.besides, i have attend
several packaging exhibition hold in Beijing, this is our advantage study here, i have taken a tour to some big factory and company.through these i have a deeply understanding of domestic packaging industry.compared to developed countries such
as us, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1978,our packaging industry are still underdeveloped, mess, unstable, the situation of employees in this field are awkard.but i have full confidence in a bright future
if only our economy can keep the growth pace still.i guess you maybe interested in the reason itch to law, and what is my plan during graduate study life, i would like to tell you that pursue law is one of my lifelong goal,i like my major packaging and i won't give up,if i can pursue my master degree here i will combine law with my former education.i will work hard in thesefields ,patent ,trademark, copyright, on the base of my years study in department of p&p, my character? i cannot describe it well, but i know i am optimistic and confident.sometimes i prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but i am not lonely, i like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite
pastime is valleyball,playing cards or surf online.through college life,i learn how to balance between study and entertainment.by the way, i was a actor of our amazing drama club.i had a few glorious memory on stage.that is my pride
英文自我介紹三
General Introduction*
I am a third year master major in automation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P.R.China.With tremendous interest in Industrial Engineering, I am writing to apply for acceptance into your Ph.D.graduate program.Education backgroundIn 1995, I entered the Nanjing University of Science & Technology(NUST)--widely considered one of the China’s best engineering schools.During the following undergraduate study, my academic records kept distinguished among the whole department.I was granted First Class Prize every semester, and my overall GPA(89.5/100)ranked No.1 among 113 students.In 1999, I got the privilege to enter the graduate program waived of the admission test.I selected the Shanghai Jiao Tong University to continue my study for its best reputation on
Combinatorial Optimization and Network Scheduling where my research interest lies.At the period of my graduate study, my overall GPA(3.77/4.0)ranked top 5% in the department.In the second semester, I became teacher assistant that is given to talented and matured students only.This year, I won the Acer Scholarship as the one and only candidate in my department, which is the ultimate accolade for distinguished students endowed by my university.Presently, I am preparing my graduation thesis and trying for the honor of Excellent Graduation Thesis.Research experience and academic activity
When a sophomore, I joined the Association of AI Enthusiast and began to narrow down my interest for my future research.In 1997, I participated in simulation tool development for the scheduling system in Prof.Wang’s lab.With the tool of OpenGL and Matlab, I designed a simulation program for transportation scheduling system.It is now widely used by different research groups in NUST.In 1998, I assumed and fulfilled a sewage analysis & dispose project for Nanjing sewage treatment plant.This was my first practice to convert a laboratory idea to a commercial product.In 1999, I joined the distinguished Professor Yu-Geng Xi's research group aiming at Network flow problem solving and Heuristic algorithm research.Soon I was engaged in the FuDan Gene Database Design.My duty was to pick up the useful information among different kinds of gene matching format.Through the comparison and analysis for many heuristic algorithms, I introduced an improved evolutionary algorithm--Multi-population Genetic Algorithm.By dividing a whole population into several sub-populations, this improved algorithm can effectively prevent GA from local convergence and promote various evolutionary orientations.It proved more efficiently than SGA in experiments, too.In the second semester, I joined the workshop-scheduling research in Shanghai Heavy Duty Tyre plant.The scheduling was designed for the rubber-making process that covered not only discrete but also continuous circumstances.To make a balance point between optimization quality and time cost, I proposed a Dynamic Layered Scheduling method based on hybrid Petri Nets.The practical application showed that the average makespan was shortened by a large scale.I also publicized two papers in core journals with this idea.Recently, I am doing research in the Composite Predict of the Electrical Power system assisted with the technology of Data Mining for Bao Steel.I try to combine the Decision Tree with Receding Optimization to provide a new solution for the Composite Predictive Problem.This project is now under construction.Besides, In July 2000, I got the opportunity to give a lecture in English in Asia Control Conference(ASCC)which is one of the top-level conferences among the world in the area of control and automation.In my senior year, I met Prof.Xiao-Song Lin, a visiting professor of mathematics from University of California-Riverside, I learned graph theory from him for my network research.These experiences all rapidly expanded my knowledge of English and the understanding of western culture.I hope to study in depth
In retrospect, I find myself standing on a solid basis in both theory and experience, which has prepared me for the Ph.D.program.My future research interests include: Network Scheduling Problem, Heuristic Algorithm research(especially in GA and Neural network), Supply chain network research, Hybrid system performance analysis with Petri nets and Data Mining.Please give my application materials a serious consideration.Thank you very much
第四篇:自動(dòng)控制綜合設(shè)計(jì)-無人駕駛汽車計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)
自動(dòng)控制綜合設(shè)計(jì)
——無人駕駛汽車計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)
指導(dǎo)老師:
學(xué)校:
姓名:
目 錄
一 設(shè)計(jì)的目的及意義
二 智能無人駕駛汽車計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)背景知識(shí)
三 系統(tǒng)的控制對象
四 系統(tǒng)總體方案及思路 系統(tǒng)總體結(jié)構(gòu) 2 控制機(jī)構(gòu)與執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu) 3 控制規(guī)律 系統(tǒng)各模塊的主要功能 5 系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)平臺(tái) 6 系統(tǒng)的主要特色
五 具體設(shè)計(jì) 系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì) 2 系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)
六 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)及心得體會(huì)
一 設(shè)計(jì)目的及意義
隨著社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展,汽車已經(jīng)進(jìn)入千家萬戶。汽車的普及造成了交通供需矛盾的日益嚴(yán)重,道路交通安全形勢日趨惡化,造成交通事故頻發(fā),但專家往往在分析交通事故的時(shí)候,會(huì)更加側(cè)重于人與道路的因素,而對車輛性能的提高并不十分關(guān)注。如果存在一種高性能的汽車,它可以自動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)前方障礙物,自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航引路,甚至自動(dòng)駕駛,那將會(huì)使道路安全性能得到極大提高與改善。本系統(tǒng)即為實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣一種高性能汽車而設(shè)計(jì)。
二 智能無人駕駛汽車計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)背景知識(shí)
智能無人駕駛汽車是一個(gè)集環(huán)境感知、規(guī)劃決策、多等級(jí)輔助駕駛等功能于一體的綜合系統(tǒng),它集中運(yùn)用了計(jì)算機(jī)、現(xiàn)代傳感、信息融合、通訊、人工智能及自動(dòng)控制等技術(shù),是典型的高新技術(shù)綜合體。目前對智能汽車的研究主要致力于提高汽車的安全性、舒適性,以及提供優(yōu)良的人車交互界面。近年來,智能車輛已經(jīng)成為世界車輛工程領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)和汽車工業(yè)增長的新動(dòng)力,很多發(fā)達(dá)國家都將其納入到各自重點(diǎn)發(fā)展的智能交通系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。
通過對車輛智能化技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā),可以提高車輛的控制與駕駛水平,保障車輛行駛的安全通暢、高效。對智能化的車輛控制系統(tǒng)的不斷研究完善,相當(dāng)于延伸擴(kuò)展了駕駛員的控制、視覺和感官功能,能極大地促進(jìn)道路交通的安全性。智能車輛的主要特點(diǎn)是以技術(shù)彌補(bǔ)人為因素的缺陷,使得即便在很復(fù)雜的道路情況下,也能自動(dòng)地操縱和駕駛車輛繞開障礙物,沿著預(yù)定的道路軌跡行駛。
三 系統(tǒng)的控制對象
(1)系統(tǒng)中心控制部件(單片機(jī))可靠性高,抗干擾能力強(qiáng),工作頻率最高可達(dá)到25MHz,能保障系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)性。
(2)系統(tǒng)在軟硬件方面均應(yīng)采用抗干擾技術(shù),包括光電隔離技術(shù)、電磁兼容性分析、數(shù)字濾波技術(shù)等。
(3)系統(tǒng)具有電源實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控、欠壓狀態(tài)自動(dòng)斷電功能。(4)系統(tǒng)具有故障自診斷功能。
(5)系統(tǒng)具有良好的人性化顯示模塊,可以將系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前狀態(tài)的重要參數(shù)(如智能車速度、電源電壓)顯示在LCD上。
(6)系統(tǒng)中汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)力為500N時(shí),汽車將在5秒內(nèi)達(dá)到10m/s的最大速度。
四 系統(tǒng)總體方案及思路 系統(tǒng)總體結(jié)構(gòu)
整個(gè)系統(tǒng)主要由車模、模型車控制系統(tǒng)及輔助開發(fā)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。
智能車系統(tǒng)的功能模塊主要包括:控制核心模塊、電源管理模塊、路徑識(shí)別模塊、后輪電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊、轉(zhuǎn)向舵機(jī)控制模塊、速度檢測模塊、電池監(jiān)控模塊、小車故障診斷模塊、LCD數(shù)據(jù)顯示模塊及調(diào)試輔助模塊。每個(gè)模塊都包括硬件和軟件兩部分。硬件為系統(tǒng)工作提供硬件實(shí)體,軟件為系統(tǒng)提供各種算法。控制機(jī)構(gòu)與執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)
智能車主要通過自制小車來模擬執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),自制小車長為34.6cm,寬為24.5cm,重為1.2kg,采樣周期為3ms,檢測精度為4mm。
控制機(jī)構(gòu)中,主控制核心采用freescale16位單片機(jī)MC9S12DG128B。系統(tǒng)在CodeWarrior軟件平臺(tái)基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)完成,采用C語言和匯編語言混合編程,提供強(qiáng)大的輔助模塊,包括電池檢測模塊、小車故障診斷模塊、LCD數(shù)據(jù)顯示模塊以及調(diào)試輔助模塊。在路徑識(shí)別模塊,系統(tǒng)利用了freescaleS12系列單片機(jī)提供的模糊推理機(jī)。控制規(guī)律
因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)電機(jī)控制模塊控制小車的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),其在不同階段特性參數(shù)變化很大,故采用數(shù)字PID控制器,該控制器技術(shù)成熟,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,參數(shù)容易調(diào)整,不一定需要系統(tǒng)的確切數(shù)字模型。系統(tǒng)各模塊的主要功能
控制核心模塊:使用freescale16位單片機(jī)MC9S12DG128B,主要功能是完成采集信號(hào)的處理和控制信號(hào)的輸出。
電源管理模塊:對電池進(jìn)行電壓調(diào)節(jié),為各模塊正常工作提供可靠的電壓。路徑識(shí)別模塊:完成跑道信息的采集、預(yù)處理以及數(shù)據(jù)識(shí)別。后輪電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊:為電機(jī)提供可靠的驅(qū)動(dòng)電路和控制算法。轉(zhuǎn)向舵機(jī)控制模塊:為舵機(jī)提供可靠的控制電路和控制算法。速度檢測模塊:為電機(jī)控制提供準(zhǔn)確的速度反饋。
電池監(jiān)控模塊:對電池電量進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控,以便科學(xué)的利用,保護(hù)電池。小車故障診斷模塊:對小車故障進(jìn)行快速、準(zhǔn)確的診斷。LCD數(shù)據(jù)顯示模塊:顯示系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前狀態(tài)的重要參數(shù)。調(diào)試輔助模塊:使得小車調(diào)試更加方便。系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)平臺(tái)
系統(tǒng)軟件開發(fā)平臺(tái)采用CodeWarrior for S12,CodeWarrior是Metrowerks公司的,專門面向Freescale所有的MCU與DSP嵌入式應(yīng)用開發(fā)的軟件工具,CodeWarrior for S12是面向以HC12或S12為CPU的單片機(jī)嵌入式應(yīng)用開發(fā)的軟件包。包括集成開發(fā)環(huán)境IDE、處理器專家?guī)臁⑷酒抡妗⒖梢暬瘏?shù)顯示工具、項(xiàng)目工程管理器、C交叉編譯器、匯編器、鏈接器以及調(diào)試器。系統(tǒng)的主要特色
(1)系統(tǒng)中引用了模糊推理機(jī)
模糊推理機(jī)是freescaleS12單片機(jī)一個(gè)重要的內(nèi)部資源,利用模糊推理的三個(gè)步驟——模糊化、模糊邏輯推理、反模糊化,可以從路徑傳感信號(hào),推理出精確的控制量。
(2)系統(tǒng)中采用了數(shù)字濾波技術(shù)
數(shù)字濾波技術(shù)可靠性高、穩(wěn)定性好、具有很強(qiáng)的靈活性、可以根據(jù)不同的干擾情況,隨時(shí)修改濾波程序和濾波方法。
五 具體設(shè)計(jì) 系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)
系統(tǒng)硬件系統(tǒng)框圖如下:
以下按各模塊來分別設(shè)計(jì)本硬件電路:(1)電源管理模塊
電源管理模塊的功能對電池進(jìn)行電壓調(diào)節(jié),為各個(gè)模塊正常工作提供可靠的工作電壓。電源管理模塊采用7.2V、2000mAh鎳鎘電池以及LM2576(5V),LM317(6V)穩(wěn)壓芯片構(gòu)成。
(2)微處理器
微處理器是freescale公司推出的S12系列增強(qiáng)型的16位單片機(jī)MC9S12DG128,該系列單片機(jī)在汽車電子領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。
(3)路徑識(shí)別模塊
路徑識(shí)別模塊是智能車系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵模塊之一,其設(shè)計(jì)的好壞直接影響到智能車控制系統(tǒng)的性能。目前能夠用于智能車輛路徑識(shí)別的傳感器主要有光電傳感器和CCD/CMOS傳感器。本設(shè)計(jì)紅外發(fā)射管和紅外接收管以及達(dá)林頓管ULN2803A作為路徑識(shí)別的傳感器。采用雙排傳感器的策略,第一排傳感器專門用于識(shí)別路徑以及記憶路徑的各種特征點(diǎn),第二排傳感器專門用于識(shí)別起始位置與十字交叉路口,由于不同傳感器的功能不一樣,因此它們的布置與安裝位置也是不同。傳感器的設(shè)計(jì)主要包括傳感器布局,傳感器間隔距離,徑向探出距離,信號(hào)的采集幾部分構(gòu)成。
(4)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)和速度檢測模塊
智能車前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力是通過直流電機(jī)來驅(qū)動(dòng)的,本設(shè)計(jì)的驅(qū)動(dòng)直流電機(jī)的型號(hào)為RS—380SH,輸出功率為0.9W—40W。在實(shí)際生活中,我們可能遇到彎道,為了能使模型車在過彎道的時(shí)候能快速地把速度減下來,電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)部分采用了兩塊MC33886組成的全橋式驅(qū)動(dòng)電路,可以控制電機(jī)的反轉(zhuǎn)以達(dá)到制動(dòng)的目的。
在閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中,速度指令值通過微控制器變換到驅(qū)動(dòng)器,驅(qū)動(dòng)器再為電機(jī)提供能量。速度傳感器再把測量的小車的速度量的實(shí)際值回饋給微控制器。以便微控制器進(jìn)行控制。因此要對控制系統(tǒng)實(shí)行閉環(huán)控制,必須要有感應(yīng)速度量的速度傳感器。常用的有軸編碼器,它主要用來測量旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的位置和轉(zhuǎn)速。
(5)轉(zhuǎn)向舵機(jī)模塊
凡是需要操作性動(dòng)作時(shí)都可以用舵機(jī)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。本設(shè)計(jì)采用的舵機(jī)型號(hào)為HS—925(SANWA),尺寸為39.4*37.8*27.8,重量56kg,工作速度0.11sec/60(4.8V),0.07sec/60(6.0V),堵轉(zhuǎn)力矩6.1kg。一般來講,舵機(jī)主要由以下基本分組成:舵盤、減速齒輪組、位置反饋電位計(jì)、直流電機(jī)、控制電路板等。其中,直流馬達(dá)提供了原始動(dòng)力,帶動(dòng)減速齒輪組,產(chǎn)生高扭力的輸出,齒輪組的變速比愈大,輸出扭力也愈大,越能承受更大的重量,但轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的速度也愈低。在設(shè)計(jì)中,為了提高舵機(jī)的響應(yīng)速度和工作力矩,采用6.0V工作電壓。
(6)電源電壓檢測模塊
智能車采用鎳鎘電池供電,由于鎳鎘電池具有記憶效應(yīng),對電池的不完全放電會(huì)認(rèn)為降低電池的電容量,同時(shí)深度放電又會(huì)導(dǎo)致電池內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)變化,造成對電池的永久損害,因此,在智能車控制系統(tǒng)中加入電源監(jiān)控模塊,當(dāng)電池電壓低于6V時(shí)及時(shí)自動(dòng)報(bào)警,并切斷電路,用來保護(hù)電池。本模塊用到的主要器件為光電耦合芯片TLP521—2以及運(yùn)算放大器LM324。
(7)液晶顯示模塊
為了完善智能車控制系統(tǒng)的功能,使其更加人性化,同時(shí)為了方便測試,在設(shè)計(jì)中,加入液晶顯示模塊,把智能車系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前狀態(tài)的一些重要參數(shù)顯示出來。本模塊用到的器件為LCD控制器HD44780。
(8)輔助調(diào)試模塊(紅外遙控)
在智能車調(diào)試階段,小車經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)啟停的情況,例如高速行駛的小車有時(shí)因?yàn)楫惓G闆r沖出跑道,以這樣的速度碰到周圍的障礙物上,勢必?fù)p壞小車的部件,這個(gè)時(shí)候就需要小車立刻停下來。為此,在智能車系統(tǒng)上添加紅外遙控模塊,當(dāng)想啟動(dòng)小車或者想讓小車停止時(shí),只需要按下遙控器上的按鍵,就可以很方便實(shí)現(xiàn)小車的啟停。本模塊主要用紅外接收器HS0038A和紅外遙控器來進(jìn)行遙控控制。
(9)故障診斷模塊
小車的故障診斷模塊原理很簡單,就是利用單片機(jī)的SCIO口,通過RS—232接口與上位機(jī)連接起來,通過軟件編程,小車不斷的向上位機(jī)發(fā)送代碼,通過故障代碼就可以馬上診斷出故障源。系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)
在智能車系統(tǒng)中,軟件系統(tǒng)主要有以下幾個(gè)部分:路徑識(shí)別算法、后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)控制算法、轉(zhuǎn)向舵機(jī)控制算法、速度檢測等。單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)需要接收路徑識(shí)別電路的信號(hào)、車速傳感器的信號(hào),采用某種路徑搜索算法進(jìn)行巡線判斷,進(jìn)而控制轉(zhuǎn)向伺服電機(jī)和直流驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)。控制策略的選擇對于小車的行駛性能是非常重要的,控制小車的最終目的就是要使小車在平穩(wěn)行駛的前提下,盡可能地以最快速度和最短的路線行駛。下面簡要介紹各模塊的軟件算法。
(1)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)控制算法
電機(jī)控制算法的作用是接受指令速度值,通過運(yùn)算向電機(jī)提供適當(dāng)?shù)尿?qū)動(dòng)電壓,盡快盡量平穩(wěn)地使電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到速度值,并維持這個(gè)速度值。換言之,一旦電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到了指令速度值,即使遇到各種不利因素的干擾下,也應(yīng)保持速度值不變。
因此我們采用數(shù)字控制器的連續(xù)化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)PID控制算法來控制本部分電路。
① 數(shù)學(xué)模型的設(shè)定
我們設(shè)定系統(tǒng)中汽車車輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量可以忽略不計(jì),并且認(rèn)為汽車受到的摩擦阻力大小與汽車的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度成正比,摩擦阻力的方向與汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相反。這樣,我們就可以用以下模型來仿真之。
根據(jù)牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律,該系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)學(xué)模型可表示為:
?ma?bv?uy?u
我們對系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)定,設(shè)汽車質(zhì)量m=1000kg,比例系數(shù)b=50N*s/m,汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)力u=500N。
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求,系統(tǒng)中汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)力為500N時(shí),汽車將在5秒內(nèi)達(dá)到10m/s的最大速度。同時(shí)我們可以將系統(tǒng)的最大超調(diào)量設(shè)計(jì)為10%,靜態(tài)誤差設(shè)計(jì)為2%。
② 系統(tǒng)的開環(huán)階躍函數(shù)表示
為了得到系統(tǒng)的傳遞函數(shù),我們進(jìn)行拉普拉斯變換。假定系統(tǒng)的初始條件為零,則:
?msV(s)?bV(s)?U(s)Y(s)?V(s)
所以系統(tǒng)的傳遞函數(shù)為:
Y(s)1? U(s)ms?b運(yùn)用MATLAB編程實(shí)現(xiàn)該傳遞函數(shù)模型: m=1000 b=50 u=500 num=[1] den=[m b] sys=tf(num,den)step(u*sys)title('系統(tǒng)開環(huán)節(jié)躍響應(yīng)曲線')
從圖上我們看出,系統(tǒng)不符合5秒的上升時(shí)間要求,故需要加上合適的控制器。
③ PID控制器的設(shè)計(jì) PID控制器的傳遞函數(shù)為:
KDs2?Kps?KIKIU(s)1 D(s)??Kp(1??TDs)?Kp??KDs?E(s)TIsss我們運(yùn)用湊試法來確定PID的各參數(shù)。
首先我們確定采樣周期。采樣周期的選擇既不能過大也不能過小,過小會(huì)使采樣頻率較高,一方面會(huì)加重單片機(jī)的負(fù)擔(dān),另一方面兩次采樣值的偏差變化太小,數(shù)字控制器的輸出值變化不大。同時(shí)采樣周期也不能太大,太大會(huì)降低PID控制器的準(zhǔn)確性,從而不能正常發(fā)揮PID控制器的功能。綜上所述,我們首先選擇T=0.2s來進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),如果效果不好,我們在對其進(jìn)行微調(diào)。
然后我們進(jìn)行比例控制器的設(shè)計(jì)。比例控制器一般將加快系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng),在有靜差的情況下有利于減小靜差。我們首先設(shè)定Kp=100,則程序與仿真圖為:
nc=100;dc=1;dd=tf(nc,dc)dz=c2d(dd,0.1,'tustin')np=1;dp=[1000 50] g=tf(np,dp)gd=c2d(g,0.1,'tustin')sysold=dz*gd;syscld=feedback(sysold,1)step(500*syscld);title('比例控制器作用下的階躍響應(yīng)(驅(qū)動(dòng)力為500N)')
從圖中可以看出,系統(tǒng)靜態(tài)值太高,而且上升時(shí)間也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。我們改變汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)力為10N,再次進(jìn)行仿真,仿真結(jié)果如下(程序中只需改動(dòng)step語句為step(10* syscld)即可):
我們看到系統(tǒng)靜態(tài)值雖然產(chǎn)生了較大幅度的下降,但仍然不能滿足要求。我們再將Kp從100逐步增加,直至改為1500進(jìn)行測試(程序改動(dòng)為nc=1500),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)此時(shí)仿真靜態(tài)值與靜態(tài)誤差以及上升時(shí)間已基本滿足系統(tǒng)需求,從而我們完全可以通過繼續(xù)增加比例系數(shù)來調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)特性,進(jìn)而理論上可以省去積分環(huán)節(jié)。但是隨著比例系數(shù)的增加動(dòng)態(tài)過程將讓人不滿意,其動(dòng)態(tài)變化將過快,從而給駕駛?cè)藛T帶來身體上的不適(圖二為比例系數(shù)增至5000時(shí)的仿真波形,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在0.1s的時(shí)間內(nèi),汽車速度將從2m/s驟增至5m/s),所以我們從人性化角度考慮,增加積分環(huán)節(jié):
圖二 積分環(huán)節(jié)的加入可以調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)誤差。我們設(shè)定Kp=1000,Ki=10,此時(shí)程序和仿真圖形如下:
nc=[1000 10] dc=[1 0] dd=tf(nc,dc);dz=c2d(dd,0.1,'tustin')np=1;dp=[1000 50] g=tf(np,dp)gd=c2d(g,0.1,'tustin');sysold=dz*gd;syscld=feedback(sysold,1);step(10*syscld,10);title('比例積分控制器作用下的階躍響應(yīng)')
我們可以看到,此時(shí)靜態(tài)誤差過大,我們調(diào)節(jié)積分系數(shù)為50(改變程序?yàn)閚c=[1000 50]),再次仿真:
我們看到系統(tǒng)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)要求,實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中可以不加入微分環(huán)節(jié)。鑒于此次設(shè)計(jì)為課程設(shè)計(jì),為保證設(shè)計(jì)完整性,我們在加入微分環(huán)節(jié)來觀察一下微分環(huán)節(jié)對系統(tǒng)性能的影響。
設(shè)Kd=10,則程序?yàn)椋?nc=[10 1000 50] dc=[1 0] dd=tf(nc,dc);dz=c2d(dd,0.1,'tustin')np=1;dp=[1000 50] g=tf(np,dp)gd=c2d(g,0.1,'tustin');sysold=dz*gd;syscld=feedback(sysold,1);step(10*syscld,10);title('比例積分微分控制器作用下的階躍響應(yīng)')
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)此圖與上圖區(qū)別不明顯,即微分作用不明顯,我們將微分系數(shù)更改為500(程序更改為nc=[500 1000 50]):
我們清楚的發(fā)現(xiàn),系統(tǒng)初始值明顯變大,即微分作用可以加快系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)速度,減小調(diào)整時(shí)間,從而改善系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能。
當(dāng)采樣周期改為T=1s時(shí),系統(tǒng)程序與仿真波形為: nc=[500 1000 50] dc=[1 0] dd=tf(nc,dc);dz=c2d(dd,1,'tustin')np=1;dp=[1000 50] g=tf(np,dp)gd=c2d(g,1,'tustin');sysold=dz*gd;syscld=feedback(sysold,1);step(10*syscld,10);title('比例積分微分控制器作用下的階躍響應(yīng) T=1s')
我們可以看到效果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如T=0.1s時(shí)的情況。所以綜上所述,我們設(shè)計(jì)的PID控制器的傳遞函數(shù)為:
D(s)?U(s)1000s?50?,采樣周期為T=0.1s。E(s)s然后,我們利用數(shù)字控制器的離散化設(shè)計(jì)步驟來設(shè)計(jì)本系統(tǒng)。通過前面的分
Y(s)1?析,我們知道被控對象的連續(xù)傳遞函數(shù)為:。其中,m=1000,b=50。U(s)ms?b1?e?Ts因?yàn)榱汶A保持器的傳遞函數(shù)為:H(s)?。所以得到廣義對象的脈沖傳遞
S函數(shù)為:
1?eTs11G(z)?Z[*]?(1?z?1)Z[]
s1000s?50s(1000s?50)11111
?(1?z?1)Z[*]?*(1?z?1)*20*Z[?]
1000s(s?1)1000ss?120201(1?e)z?110.0488z?1]?*
?[ 1?1?50501?0.9512z1?e20z?1?120對單位脈沖輸入信號(hào)的十倍,R(z)?下:
10,選擇 ?(z)?z?1。仿真程序如?11?zG=tf([0,0.0488,0],[50,47.56,0],1,'variable','z^-1')H=tf([0,1,0],[1],1,'variable','z^-1')R=tf([10,0,0],[1,-1,0],1,'variable','z^-1')Y=R*H figure(1)impulse(Y)He=1-H E=He*R D=H/(G*(1-H))U=E*D figure(2)impulse(U)
從圖中可以看出,在十倍的單位階躍信號(hào),采樣周期為1s時(shí),只需一拍輸出就能跟蹤輸入,誤差為零,非常好的達(dá)到了系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求。
然后,我們再看一下增量型PID控制器的效果: 當(dāng)比例積分微分系數(shù)不變時(shí),程序如下: kp=1000 ki=50 kd=500 G=tf(1,[0,1000,50])Gd=c2d(G,0.1,'z')[num,den]=tfdata(Gd,'v')u_1=0 u_2=0 y_1=0 y_2=0 e_1=0 e_2=0 q0=kp+ki*0.1+kd/0.1A q1=-kp-2*kd/0.1 q2=kd/0.1 for k=1:1:1000 t(k)=k*0.1 r(k)=10 y(k)=1-den(2)*y_1+num(2)*u_1 e(k)=r(k)-y(k)u(k)=q0*e(k)+q1*e_1+q2*e_2 u(k)=u_1+u(k)u_2=u_1 u_1=u(k)y_2=y_1 y_1=y(k)e_2=e_1 e_1=e(k)end plot(t,y)程序運(yùn)行結(jié)果為:
我們可以清楚地看到,除超調(diào)量超過系統(tǒng)要求外,其余要求均符合系統(tǒng)初始條件,我們可以通過增加微分系數(shù)來減小超調(diào),直至使其滿足系統(tǒng)要求。
(2)路徑識(shí)別模塊的軟件設(shè)計(jì) 路徑識(shí)別模塊的工作框圖見下頁。
智能車路徑識(shí)別算法是智能車軟件設(shè)計(jì)中最關(guān)鍵的一部分,智能車設(shè)計(jì)的大部分工作都是圍繞它來展開的。路徑識(shí)別算法概括起來有兩種:一種是靜態(tài)識(shí)別,所謂靜態(tài)識(shí)別就是只根據(jù)小車的當(dāng)前時(shí)刻的輸入量來識(shí)別小車的位置;另一種是動(dòng)態(tài)識(shí)別,所謂動(dòng)態(tài)識(shí)別就是根據(jù)小車的當(dāng)前時(shí)刻以及前面的N個(gè)時(shí)刻的信號(hào)輸入量來識(shí)別小車的運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢。
路徑識(shí)別主要運(yùn)用MC9S12DG128B內(nèi)部的模糊推理機(jī)運(yùn)用模糊邏輯的基本知識(shí)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
本模塊也可以用數(shù)字PID控制算法來實(shí)現(xiàn),鑒于后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)控制算法已詳細(xì)的運(yùn)用了PID來講述之,此處不再贅述。此處運(yùn)用PID的思想即通過與數(shù)字地圖比較偏差,從而不斷調(diào)整小車路線,達(dá)到路徑識(shí)別的功能。
(3)數(shù)字濾波技術(shù)
在電動(dòng)機(jī)數(shù)字閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中,測量值yk是通過系統(tǒng)的輸出量進(jìn)行采樣而得到的。它與給定值r(t)之差形成偏差信號(hào)ek,所以,測量值yk是決定偏差大小的重要數(shù)據(jù)。測量值如果不能真實(shí)地反映系統(tǒng)的輸出,那么這個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)就會(huì)失去它的作用。在實(shí)際中,對電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出的測量值常混有干擾噪聲,用混有干擾的測量值作為控制信號(hào),將引起誤動(dòng)作,在有微分控制環(huán)節(jié)的系統(tǒng)中還會(huì)引起系統(tǒng)震蕩,危害極大。
在本系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中,采用了移動(dòng)平均濾波法。移動(dòng)平均濾波法沒計(jì)算一次測量值,只需采樣一次,所以大大加快了數(shù)據(jù)處理速度,非常適合于實(shí)時(shí)控制。
移動(dòng)平均濾波法是將采樣后的數(shù)據(jù)按采樣時(shí)刻的先后順序存放在RAM中,在每次計(jì)算前先順序移動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù),將隊(duì)列前的最先采樣的數(shù)據(jù)移出,然后將最新采樣的數(shù)據(jù)補(bǔ)充到隊(duì)列的尾部,以保證數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)里總有n個(gè)數(shù)據(jù),并且數(shù)據(jù)仍按采樣的先后順序排列。這時(shí)計(jì)算隊(duì)列中各數(shù)據(jù)的算術(shù)平均值,這個(gè)算術(shù)平均值就是測量值yk,它實(shí)現(xiàn)了每采樣一次,就計(jì)算一個(gè)yk。
(4)轉(zhuǎn)向舵機(jī)控制算法
舵機(jī)控制是智能車系統(tǒng)中很重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),舵機(jī)控制的好壞也直接影響了小車的控制效果,舵機(jī)的控制信號(hào)為20ms的脈寬調(diào)制信號(hào),其中脈沖寬度從0.5ms—2.5ms,相對應(yīng)舵盤的位置為0—180度,呈線性變化。也就是說,給它一定的脈寬,它的輸出軸就會(huì)保持在一個(gè)相對應(yīng)的角度上,無論外界轉(zhuǎn)矩怎樣改變,直到給它提供一個(gè)另外寬度的脈沖信號(hào),它才會(huì)改變輸出角度到新的對應(yīng)的位置上。
(5)速度檢測軟件設(shè)計(jì)
速度傳感器采用紅外對射式傳感器,傳感器感應(yīng)出與速度相關(guān)的脈沖后,接下來就要識(shí)別這些脈沖。有兩種方法可以識(shí)別,一種是通過測量脈沖的寬度來識(shí)別小車的速度,另一種是通過計(jì)算一定時(shí)間內(nèi)的脈沖的個(gè)數(shù)來識(shí)別小車的速度。本設(shè)計(jì)采用后一種方法。在本設(shè)計(jì)中利用了MC9S12DG128B內(nèi)部的兩個(gè)資源,分別是RTI中斷和輸入捕捉中斷:通過RTI中斷,可以控制一定的時(shí)間,這段時(shí)間是固定的;通過輸入捕捉中斷,來計(jì)算捕獲脈沖的個(gè)數(shù),最后通過在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)捕獲的脈沖個(gè)數(shù)來反映小車速度的大小。
六 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)及心得體會(huì)
該智能車控制系統(tǒng)智能化程度較高,使用操作簡單,性能可靠;采用專用單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng),提高系統(tǒng)工作可靠性;智能化程度較高,在一定程度下,基本不用人工操作;采用LCD液晶顯示,人機(jī)交互化程度較高。總體而言,為一質(zhì)量較高的設(shè)計(jì)。這次控制器的設(shè)計(jì),引發(fā)了我的很多思考。對控制對象施以控制的要求,以及具體實(shí)現(xiàn)后,在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的可以用具體事物實(shí)現(xiàn)。這次設(shè)計(jì)讓我在理論與實(shí)際之間的概念轉(zhuǎn)換上得到很大的啟發(fā)。還有就是任何一項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)的具體實(shí)現(xiàn)是需要我們的耐心和細(xì)心。
第五篇:2018考研英語高頻句型之比較句型
東莞中公教育
2018考研英語高頻句型之比較句型
考研英語長難句中常見10種結(jié)構(gòu)句型,考生若是能夠熟練掌握,相信分析起來會(huì)輕松不少。中公考研準(zhǔn)備了“2018考研英語高頻句型之比較句型”,希望對大家有所幫助!
一、理論常識(shí) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)
1.no/not...other than 2.the 比較級(jí)??,the 比較級(jí)?? 3.rather...than...4.more than / no more than 5.less than / no less than 6.more A than B / no more A than B 7.less A than B / no less A than B 8.nothing else than 10.as much as 11.not as...as...12.not so much...as...二、真題舉例
They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.(2006,50)【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】reflection,n.反射、沉思;involve,n.涉及、包含
【參考翻譯】他們可能擅長教書,而且不僅僅專注于賺錢,但是這些人大部分對涉及人類道德判斷的問題很少或沒有進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的思考。