第一篇:英語閱讀課教學設計
英語閱讀課教學設計
Unit5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came? Ⅰ教材分析
本篇文章以馬丁路德金逝世的日子為主線,運用過去進行時講述了人們能記得自己在某個重要的日子或重要的時刻正在做的事情。通過文章,學生了解一些具有重大意義的事件,并且從中體會過去進行時在閱讀語篇中的應用。ⅡTeaching Content: Do you remember what you were doing? ⅢTeaching Targets: 1.to know the dates of some events and their background;2.to master a reading skill---find out relative information.ⅣTeaching Points: 1.help students read in three steps;2.find out key words which connect questions to the text.ⅤTeaching aids: multi-media, English book in Grade8, relative papers ⅥTeaching Procedures: Before-reading 1.Warming up(5 mins)
①write some important dates for you in your daily life;
②talk with your partner about the important dates for Chinese.(設計意圖:通過課前小討論,讓學生對即將要閱讀的內容進行初步判斷和揣測,由考慮個人重要日子轉為國人的重要日子,使學生情感得以提升。)2.Presentation(5 mins)
①play a short film about Martin Luther King’s speech;②give a brief introduction about martin.(設計意圖:通過短片及簡要的人物介紹,學生進一步確認文章的主要人物以及背景信息,提高學生的閱讀興趣。)3.Reading aids(4 mins)
①pick out words that students may not be able to read;②students practice the pronunciation of these words: The United States
Martin Luther King
Memphis
Robert Allen World trade center event silence recent destroyed terrorist astronaut history April
September
October
July While-reading 1.General comprehension(12 mins)① play the tape, students read after the tape and finish the following tasks: A.Match the events with the correct dates Dr.Martin Luther King was murdered
September 11,2001 Yang Liwei flew around the earth
April 4,1968 The world trade center was destroyed in new york
July 20,1969 Man walked on the moon for the first time
October 15,2003
B.Give the main idea of each para.(設計意圖:通過播放磁帶,給學生提供語音上的幫助,通讀全文后,學生掌握整體大意以及各段的主要內容)(注:學生通讀全文后,給學生3-4分鐘思考的時間,概括每段大意時由每組負責一段,在對a問題提問時,注重找到相關答案的方法講述,而在對b問題提問時,教師對學生的回答要加以完善。)2.Detailed comprehension(10 mins)
①Read again and find answers to each questions.How many important days are there in the text? A.One
B.Two
C.Three
D.Four Where was Martin killed? A.Memphis
B.New York
C.World Trade Center
D.China Which is true in the following statements? A.Yang Liwei was the first man to walk on the moon.B.World Trade Center was destroyed on July 20, 1969 C.I was a bright, sunny day when martin was killed D.Robert and his friends walked home angrily on April 4, 1968(設計意圖:通過細節閱讀,確立理解目標。培養學生尋找關鍵詞以及提取有效信息的能力。)(注:在回答此問題時,要學生說出解題思路,并在文中找到相關句子以及自己在解題時是怎樣將題目與相關句子聯系起來的,即確定題目與文章的連接詞)
3.Target reading(3 mins)Underline important phases: one of the most important events one of +adj 最高級+名詞復數
最……之一 hear about
聽說
in silence=silently
安靜地 take place=happen
發生
(設計意圖:通過提取文章的重要詞組,幫助學生更易理解文章)Post-reading(6 mins)1.Give students a reading task to do 2.Check answers(設計意圖:通過自主閱讀,學生使用提取信息這一閱讀技巧。)Summary 1.Give a summary about the passage.2.Give a summary about the reading skill.Ⅶ Homework 1.find some information about martin on the internet 2.finish daily exercise
第二篇:英語課教學設計
[教學內容] 湖南少年兒童出版社
三年級起點六年級下
[設計思路] 根據新課程標準的要求,采用任務型教學模式,運用情景教學法、多媒體設計、閱讀教學法等來組織本課的教學。整堂課的設計都基于“學以致用”的思想。
[教學時數] 40分鐘 [教學目標]知識目標:
1.復習單詞 cloudy,rainy,windy,snowy,sunny.2.四會單詞 cloud,rain,wind,snow,sun.3.會讀,會說以下單詞或短語 the weather forecast,light
(heavy)rain,strong(light)wind.4.會讀會說以下句型 Tomorrow(It)will be …
(rainy)./There won’t(will)be….(heavy rain).知識目標:在了解了天氣變化類型、學習了氣候的單詞后,繼續學習英語的將
來時態;能熟練運用將來等功能型句型描述天氣將來的變化時的活動。
能力目標:學生的聽、說、表演及語言運用的綜合能力得到提高;
學生能對故事進行重新演繹。
情感目標:學生在活動中了解開心生活的意義。
[教學重點] 將來時態的句型
[教學難點] 1.Be able to read the words correctly.2.Be able to say something about the weather.[教學準備] 多媒體課件、學生活動卡、板書設計 [教學過程]
Step 1: Organization 1.Greetings 2.Free-talk.T: Hello, boys and girls.Ss: Hello, Miss Luo.3.Today ,I’m happy.Because many teachers come to our class.And I believe you can learn this lesson well.OK,let’s sing a song《rain rian go away》.stand up please and clap your hands.follow me(播放flash).Step 2:Revision
4.what’s the weather like ?(出示一張下雨的圖片)it’s ……(出示句子)5.Do you like rainy days? 你喜歡雨天嗎?(PPT出示,重點突出單詞rainy)you can answer me “yes” or “no”.6.why?why do you like rainy days?你為什么喜歡雨天?(or why don’t you like rainy days? 你為什么不喜歡雨天?)In english or in chinese.[此環節叫兩個學生回答] 7.[復述學生的觀點][第一個學生]ok,she/he likes/doesn’t like rainy days.rainy,please read after me,rainy.(出示單詞卡片)[第二個學生] she/he likes/doesn’t like rainy days.(對生)can you read it(卡片),girls and boys,now,XX read this word ,you follow him/her,please read it three times.And miss Liu told me,tomorrow will be rainy.明天將會下雨。(板書課題)please spell this sentence.請跟著把句子拼出來。In this sentence,it can replace tomorrow.(在tomorrow下寫個不一樣顏色的it)we can also read it will be rainy tomorrow.也是明天將要下雨的意思。Can you read the sentence?你們會讀這個句子了嗎?ok,the first group ,read each sentence twice.(讀兩個句子)
The second group.(以此類推,每一小組讀兩遍)Now,guessing time,猜謎。Look at the pictuer ,when I ask what’s the weather like?you answer me,it’s……(sonwy ,sunny ,cloudy ,windy)(并出示單詞卡片)Do you like snowy days? I like sunny days too.(把卡片貼黑板上)ok,read after me,snowy,snowy,sonwy.Now,I read snowy,you read snowy.(大小聲)(第三幅圖)what’s the weather like?it’s ….how to spell ?(出示sunny的圖片)(卡片貼黑板上)please read after me.sunny ,sunny ,sunny.(第四幅圖)what’s the weather like?it’s ….
第三篇:幼兒園英語課教學設計
北埭小學:林雪花
一,活動內容:《好吃的水果》
二,活動目的:1,通過在游戲中復習學過的單詞,如:ale,pear,orange,banana,grape等等.2,學習新單詞:“olive”(橄欖),“grapefruit”(釉子).3,初步運用“What'sthis”“It'saan┉┉”的句型.三,活動準備:
準備各種水果(實物),水果頭飾,錄音機,磁帶
四,活動過程:
1,師以“魔術師”的身份邊出示蛋糕邊唱生日歌來激發幼兒對英語活動的興趣.“HayBrithdaytoyou┉┉大家好,我是魔術師,今天是我的生日,我帶來了很多很多好吃的東西來送給大家,請大家和我一起過生日,好嗎
2,出示魔術棒,玩變魔術游戲,復習鞏固學過的水果單詞.”小朋友看這是一根魔術棒,這根魔術棒可厲害啦,今天我們就來一起用這根變出好吃的東西,現在請小朋友跟魔術師一起來變.要求:a,跟魔術師一起變的時候要輕輕地走,不要大聲說話.b,不要擠來擠去.(1)變出水果并提問:
T:What'sthis
S:It'sanale.T;Verygood!alealeIt'sanale.(小朋友可真棒,現在魔術師就把這個蘋果送給你們)
(2)變出橘子并提出問題.T:What'sthis
S:It'sanorange.T:Readafterme,orangeorange.(3)現在請小朋友再看看魔術師還能變出什么(梨子)
T:What'sthis
S:It'sapear.T:pear,pear,pear.(4)變出香蕉并提問.T:What'sthis
S:It'sabanana
T:banana,banana
(5)變出葡萄,并提問
T:Whatarethey
S:Theyaregrapes
T:grapes,grapes
3,出示實物,學習新單詞olive,grapefruit并讓幼兒認真觀察以及學習單詞的正確發音.“現在我們再來看看這根魔術棒還能變出什么東西來呢”
(1)出示橄欖并提問
T:What'sthis
S:是橄欖
T:No,no,no,It'sanolive,olive,olive
(2)出示釉子并提問
T:What'sthis
S:是釉子
T:No,no,no,It'sagrapefruit.(3)Playagame(玩游戲——〈〈大聲小聲〉〉)
要求:讀的時候不要太大聲喧嘩.“現在我們來玩個游戲,游戲的名字叫〈〈大聲小聲〉〉,當魔術師大聲的時候,你們就小聲,當我小聲時你們就大聲,明白了嗎Let'sbegin,OkOK!小朋友可真棒,先面我把小朋友分成兩組,boysanggrils.進行比賽聽聽誰讀得既準確有好聽.(小朋友可真厲害,現在魔術師把這兩種水果也都送給你們)
4,玩游戲,通過游戲讓幼兒加強鞏固對兩種新水果的認識.”下面我們再來玩一個〈〈水果蹲〉〉的游戲,請小朋友戴上頭飾后認真聽著音樂自由做動作,當音樂停之后你們就不能動,當魔術師說alesit,所有戴上ale頭飾的小朋友就要蹲下來,其他的小朋友就不能蹲,看看誰的耳朵最厲害.5,吃水果
要求:在吃水果之前必須說出這中水果的名稱之后才可以吃.“魔術師今天真開心和這么多的小朋友一起玩了這么多的游戲,現在請小朋友和我一起來過生日好嗎”
(放生日歌)HayBrithdaytoyou┉┉
謝謝大家,現在請瞎炮朋友一起來品嘗水果吧,不過呀!在吃之前你們必須說出這是什么,魔術師才可以請你吃,否則就不行了.T:What'sthis
S:It'sa/an┉┉
也可以請你的爸爸,媽媽,爺爺,奶奶還有客人老師一起來品嘗水果.(五)在吃水果中結束活動
第四篇:幼兒園英語課教學設計
篇一:幼兒英語公開課教案模板
★ 幼兒公開課模版 ★公開課前教師要提前20---30分鐘到教室,和學生做一下簡單的溝通。教師可以問:你叫什么呀?在哪上學?以前有沒有學過英語?喜歡干什么啊?是嘛,太棒了***老師也喜歡這個??提前混個臉熟.消除陌生感。part1-class routine:greetings 課堂內容:t:it’s timefor our class.hello, baby!stand up!attention!one two!when i say attention!you should say one two!ok? ok!t: attention!ss:one two!(我們運用全英教學,讓孩子們養成用英文思維的習慣,注意老師在說這些話時要用眼神和動作來引導孩子!老師說attention , 引導孩子說onetwo.注意:這一環節要操練兩到三次,讓孩子養成慣性。第一遍老師要帶小朋友讀 one two!)t:great!you are super stars, right? when i say super star!you should say ”go go go”.t:super star!ss:go go go!(讓小朋友說go go go的時候跳起來!)t: yes, wonderful!praise: wonderful, yeah!yeah!yeaht: sit downplease!t:hello, baby!i am ***.follow me.(老師領讀自己的名字,注意及時獎勵.這一環節老師要用眼神和動作引導孩子們說hello **.)ss:** t: ok!one more time.t: good!**,**,**,i’m **.i’m ? ss: **.t: hello, baby!ss: hello, **!t: ** will sing a song for you.lalalalala(13531).look at me, chua chua chua.t: hello, baby.i’m a little pig.let’s sing
now, show me your hands!(揮手)let’s see who is the best one!“hello baby!” “hello!” ??(老師一定要先和小朋友打招呼,老師可以跳起來和小朋友打招呼,比比誰跳的高,來活躍氣氛。)ss:(do gestures)hello, ***!t: so good, a sticker for you.hello, baby!注意及時獎勵 ss:(do gestures)t sings: jessie will sing a song for you.hello baby hello baby hello hello hello.hello jessie hello jessie hellohello hello.(注意老師唱歌是與孩子眼神的交流)t:ok now show me your hands and let’s sing it together.ss: hello, ****!t: pretty good.let’s sing it again.ss:(sing it.)t: well done.now, look!(show the card or the picture of a family to the student)(關于家庭的照片老師可以從網上下載爸爸媽媽寶寶的照片,也可以下載比較有象征意義的卡通片。)t points the baby and say: look!a baby!and this is ?(mummyàdaddy)ss: mummy.t: yes, mummy.great!follow me do it like this.t: mummy,mummy,mummy.[game: i say u do] ss: mummy,mummy,mummy(do the action)t: and that is ?(daddy)t: daddy, daddy, daddy.[game: i say u do] ss: daddy, daddy, daddy.(do the action)t: ok, i do you say.t: praise: wonderful!yeah!yeah!yeah!t: ***will sing a song for you(13531)[sing] hello baby!à hello mummy!à hello daddy!(這一環節老師要用口形及眼神引導孩子們跳起來說。)t: [帶媽媽的頭飾] hello baby!ss: hello mummy!t: [讓一個小男孩帶頭飾和胡子] say hello baby!ss: hello daddy!t shows the pictures of daddy or mummy, let ss practice hello daddy andmummy!t: wonderful!yeah!yeah!yeah!part3-fairy tale t: one two three ss: four!孩子們課堂常規的養成 t: look at me!chua chua chua!老師放蛋糕,蘋果,香蕉等食物在講臺上,并將老鼠和貓的手偶準備好!
老師演示:一只老鼠鬼鬼祟祟的出來找食物,然后發現了那塊蛋糕,馬上上去吃,發出吵鬧的聲音。這時貓發現了,大叫一聲。
cat:meow!mouse: cat!run!run!run!利用手偶進行funny phonics t: aaa ccc cacaca ttt àcat t: meow meow cat(fellow me)game: i do u say àgame: hide and seek(i do u say 中老師要裝很兇的貓,讓孩子產生興趣,hide and seek老師把貓的圖片放到教室不同的位置,讓小朋友去找,找到圖片之后小朋友要指著貓說cat)t: 帶老鼠的頭飾mouse s: 帶上貓的頭飾 cat cat: meow!mouse: run!run!run!ss: cat -meow!mouse: run!run!run!(請不同的小朋友扮演貓,輸入run run run)run funny phonics game:wood man game:role play 1s: cat ‘meow!’
t & ss: mice “cat!run!run!run!”
àt: cat “meow”教師追趕孩子在教室里繞著座椅跑 ss: mouse “cat!run!run!run!”
t: look, i have a big hammer, you are cat.cat cat cat.老師那氣錘把小朋友從中間分開,cat ss1:cat cat cat.t:you are mouse.mouse mouse mouse.ss2:mouse mouse mouse.ss1: meow!ss2: cat run run run.操練兩到三遍
t: praise!wonderful wonderful yeah yeah yeah.t: now exchanged.you are cat!cat cat cat.ss2: cat cat cat.t: you are mouse!mouse mouse mouse.ss1: mouse mouse mouse.ss1: meow!ss2: cat!run run run!t: greet!clap your hands.t: now who wants to be the cat/ mouse? s1: meow!s2: cat, run run run!(老師請兩到三組小朋友自己上講臺拿著手偶表演)ending:t: wonderful!yeah!yeah!yeah!let’s sing a song“walking walking walkingwalking run run run,run run run!meow meow meow ?? run run run!” attention!ss: one two!part4-closuret: ok, well done.篇二:幼兒英語招生課模版教案
英語招生課 教學活動 1)顏色認讀: 2)數字認讀:
2)提高幼兒對數數的能力,能用英語報數1到4.。
3)培養幼兒欣賞英文律動,并能跟老師做簡單的動作。1)激發幼兒對顏色的喜好,對各種顏色產生的美的感覺。
2)激發幼兒對律動歌曲的美的旋律的欣賞。3)通過游戲鏈接老師和幼兒之間的情感。
1)課堂口令:老師用英文說1, 2, 3幼兒用英文說4, 4, 4。小臉盆三個。邀請幼兒進行投籃。老師說red幼兒
把 red的球投進籃子。依次類推。
3)猜一猜: 神奇的香蕉里藏著小積木,請幼兒猜什么顏色。此環
節進行擊鼓傳花的游戲進行。
4)律動/歌曲欣賞: follow me或cirle time 兩首歡快的旋律,讓幼
兒跟著老師動動手動動腳,全場舞動起來。篇三:幼兒英語教案模板
教學案例:
課程內容:what’s this? it’s a pencil-case/ a pencil/ a pen/ an eraser/ a ruler.班級:中班
教學目標:
語言目標:能熟練運用句型what’s this? 提問,并用it’s ?? 回答。
情感態度目標:能主動、快樂地學習,并積極地參加游戲,使are you sleeping 和longdon bridge成為課堂熱身與練習鞏固的指令和通用形式。
行為養成目標:在游戲中懂得團隊合作的重要性。
教學準備:一個魔法袋,5樣文具,若干個竹圈。
教學重點:認識5個文具單詞 pencil-case/ pencil/ pen/ eraser/ ruler。
會用what’s this? 提問,并用it’s ?? 回答。
教學難點:能根據方位的改變,在游戲中理解what’s this? 的意思,并用it’s ?? 回
答,拓展所學知識。
教學過程: step 1 warm-up game1: are you sleeping? teacher(站在門口):please, sleep.(頭側向左邊,雙手左側合十,閉上眼睛).close your eyes.are you ready? ok, sing a song with me.歌曲:are you sleeping? 當集體唱到 morning bells are ringing.ding-dong-ding時,老師敲三下桌子,學生睜
開眼睛,當集體再次唱到morning bells are ringing.ding-dong-ding時,學
生端坐好。
step 2 presentation 介紹 game 2: a magic bag 老師:i have a magic bag.guess, guess, guess.what’s in it?(走到一名學生面前)look, touch it and guess.what’s this?(若學生回答正確,就把文具暫時獎勵給他)yes, great!here you are.(直到所有的玩具
都獎勵完為止)step 3 practice練習 game 3: listen and find 老師:now, let’s listen and find who is speaking? 請一名學生背對著大家,拿文具的五個小朋友在原地一次說:i’m a pencil-case/ a pencil/ a pen/ an eraser/ a ruler.背對著大家的學生再到教室里把五個文具和他們的主人找到。
依次請學生來這樣找文具。
step 4 production生產制作產品 game 4: london bridge 集體復習兒歌 london bridge 之后,老師將5種文具帶在身邊,和一名小朋友手拉手舉過頭頂當小橋,再請其他小朋友排成長隊從小橋下經過。
老師:are you ready? let’s sing.london bridge is falling down?? 音樂隨時停下來,當音樂停下來時,小橋落下。
老師:ok, answer my question.(舉起一樣文具)what’s this? 被攔住的小朋友回答,如果沒有回答正確,則替換老師下來當小橋,繼續游戲。step 5: extension擴展 game5: ring-toss 擺好文具,畫好投擲的起點線。小朋友的圈圈住了文具,并正確回答老師提出的問題,就可以領走該文具作為獎品。
小朋友投中后,老師(指著遠處)問:what’s that? 小朋友回答正確后,老師(指著近處)問:what’s this? 小朋友回答正確后,老師發獎品予以表揚。
第五篇:英語課講顏色教學設計
篇一:英語公開課教案顏色
課題名稱 what colour is it?
課題 what can you do? 一.教學目標
(一)知識與技能目標:
1.學生能夠聽、說、讀、寫5個表示顏色的單詞: red、yellow、blue、green、purple、orange、black.2.學生能夠運用句型簡單地描述事物的顏色: a:what color is it? b:it’
(二)過程與方法目標:
2.教師隨意抽出顏色卡片,引導學生能夠用 a:what color is it?
(三)情感態度與價值觀目標:
2.學生通過參與多樣性的課堂活動和教學評價,能夠不斷體驗進步與成功,認識自我、建立自信心。
二.教學重難點
(一)教學重點:
1.學生能夠聽、說、讀、寫7個表示顏色的單詞: red、yellow、blue、green、purple、orange、black.2.學生能夠運用句型簡單地描述事物的顏色: a:what color is it? b:it’
(二)教學難點:
三.教具
彩色卡片
四.教學時間 40分鐘
五.教學過程 step① greetings
是創設情景(猜謎語)
師:一座拱橋架天邊,橋頭橋尾都不換,赤橙黃綠青藍紫,七彩繽紛真鮮艷,太陽在西她在東,沒有太陽看不見(謎底:彩虹)
hello,everybody, i have a riddle.please guess what is it?(rainbow).ok!today we will learn the color of the rainbow.step③ text 1.教學單詞red、yellow、blue、green、purple、orange、black.t:look!what color is it? it’s.(在初次展示教具時,引導學生整體感知句型,重點教學單詞)
2.教學句子what color is it? it’s.d。
step④ consolidation
step⑤ homework
教學反思
基礎教育階段英語課程的任務是:激發和培養學生學習英語的興趣,使學生樹立自信心,養成良好的學習習慣和形成有效的學習策略,發展自主學習的能力和合作精神。
英語學科和其他學科間相互滲透和聯系,可使學生的思維和想像力、審美情趣和藝術感受、協作和創新精神等綜合素質得到發展。篇二:英語關于顏色的教學設計
作者姓名
學科
主題單元名稱
研究性學習名稱
1.(1)learn some words about the colors: black, blue, brown, pink, white, purple, red, green, yellow.(2)learn some other useful words and expressions: look the same, both, color, their.2.(1)continue to talk about the people’s appearances: ① we both have black hair and black eyes.② i have blond hair and blue eyes.③ short black hair, long blond hair.(2)talk about the colors: ① —what color is it?—it is pink.② —what color is his hair? —it is black.③ —what color are his eyes?—they are brown.【情境】
1.sing the song with motions: head and shoulders, legs and feet.2.greetings between the students and me.第二步:復習(幻燈片3、4)
1.review some new words with cards.(單詞競賽)
2.(one by one練習,對does she/he have…?句型進行復習)example: t: does she have long hair? s1: yes, she does.does he have short hair? s2: no, he doesn’t.does she have a big nose? etc.t: ok.now look here, i bring some pens today.they have different colors.【任務】
t: now look here.who is this boy?ss: he is michael.t: does he have long hair? ss: no, he doesn’t.t: what colcor is it?ss: it’s yellow.t: yes, he has yellow hair.what colcor are his eyes? ss: they are blue.2.t:good.now please look, listen and answer my questions.(幻燈片9、10)①t: who is that boy?ss: he is yukio.②t: where is he from? ss: he is from japan.③t: does he have black hair and blue eyes? ss:no, he doesn’t.he has black hair and black eyes.t: well done!now look at the blackboard and pay attention to the sentences.that’s right.we both have black hair and black eyes.篇三:幼兒園中班英語教案――顏色(優質課)幼兒園中班英語教案――顏色(優質課)作者:楊麗艷 楊麗梅 來源:《幼兒教育教學活動設計》 上傳時間:2013-12-02 中班英語教案――顏色
【設計意圖】
活動設計采取小組合作的學習方式,使幼兒在相互合作中共同學習。
【活動目標】
2.幼兒能夠靈活運用基本句型,能夠較熟練地認讀單詞:blue,red,yellow;認讀句子:what colour do you like? do you like red? yes,i do.no,i don’t.
【活動準備】
所需的卡片、氣球、水粉顏料、礦泉水瓶、礦泉水瓶蓋(蓋內側頂端涂有藍、紅、黃三
【活動過程】
一、熱身運動
how are you? i’m fine.thank you!how old are you? i’m four years old.
what’s the weather’like today? its a sunny day. do you like sunny day?yes.
3.出示圖片,復習white、black、pink、purple、green,并提問幼兒:do you like black? peter:i don’t like black. teacher:i like purple.
二、認識顏色
children:1 want to buy a balloon.
3.通過游戲來
teacher:i am very thirsty. linda:miss yang.water,water.
teacher:is it water7 children:no,0range juice.
children:yellow.
teacher:are you thirsty? children:yes.
teacher:please,drink water.
經過晃動礦泉水瓶,瓶蓋內的水粉顏料溶解于水中,使瓶中的水分別變成了紅、黃、藍三種不同的顏色。
what colour do you like? i like red balloon 【設計評析】
此活動設計主要是以提高幼兒學習英語的興趣為突破口,全面提升幼兒的聽、讀、認等語言能力。