第一篇:_材料力學雙語教學學習資料3
材料力學雙語教學學習資料3
主講教師:陳曉峰
第七章應力和應變分析 強度理論
Chapter SevenStress and Strainprincipal stresses are not equal to zero.二向應力狀態:一個主應力為零的應力狀AnalysisStrength Theories
§7–1應力狀態概述
§7–1Concepts of the State of Stress
1.一點的應力狀態:過一點有無數的截面,這一點的各個截面上應力情況的集合,稱為這點的應力狀態。
state of stress at a point: There are countless sections through a point.The gathering of
stresses in all sections is called the state of stress at this point.2.單元體:構件內的點的代表物,是包圍被研究點的無限小的幾何體,常用的是正六面體。
Element: Delegate of a point in the member.It is an infinitesimalgeometricbody envelopingthe studied point.In common use it is a correctitudecubicbody.3.主單元體:各側面上剪應力均為零的單元體。
principalelement :The element in which the shearing stresses in side planes are all zero.4.主平面:剪應力為零的截面。
Principal Planes:The planes on which the shearing stresses are zero.5.主應力:主平面上的正應力。
principal stresses: Normal stresses acting on the principle planes.6.主應力排列規定;按代數值大小 ?1??2??3Convention of the order for three principal stresses: In magnitudeof the algebraicvalue.7.三向應力狀態:三個主應力都不為零的應力狀態。
state of the triaxial stress(three dimensional state of stress):State of stress that all the three
態。
state of the biaxial stress(plane state of stress): state of stress that one principal stress is equal to zero.單向應力狀態:一個主應力不為零的應力狀態
state of the uniaxial stress(unidirectional state of stress):state of stress that one principal stress is not equal to zero.§7–2 二向應力狀態分析——解析法 §7–2 Analysis of the State of Plane Stress—
AnalyticalMethod
1.任意斜截面上的應力:stresses acting in arbitraryinclined plane
2.正負規定:?? 截面外法線同向為正;
??繞研究對象順時針轉為正;
?逆時針為正。
Sign Stipulate:?? is positive if its direction is the same with one of the external normal line of the section;??is positive if it make the element rotate clockwise; A
counterclockwise angle ? is considered to be positive.§7–3 二向應力狀態分析——圖解法 §7–3 Analysis of the State of Plane Stress—
GraphicalMethod
1.應力圓 :stress circle
2.單元體與應力圓的對應關系:
Corresponding relation between the element and stress circle
(1)?面上的應力(? ?,? ?)?應力圓上一點(? ?,? ?)
(2)?面的法線 ? 應力圓的半徑
(3)兩面夾角?? 兩半徑夾角2? ;且轉向一致。
(1)stress(? ?,? ?)in ? plane?a point(? ?,? ?)on the stress circumference
(2)normal line of ? plane?radius of the stress circle(3)angle ? between two sections?angle 2? between two radiuses;And the direction of rotation is the same.§7–10強度理論概述
§7–10Concepts of Strength Theories1.材料的破壞形式:⑴ 屈服 ⑵ 斷裂 :types of failure of materials:⑴ yield⑵ rupture
2.強度理論:是關于“構件發生強度失效起因”的假說。
theories of strength:some assumptions about the cause of the strength failure of materials.§7–11四種常用強度理論
§7–11 Four Common Used Strength Theories 1.最大拉應力(第一強度)理論:
認為構件的斷裂是由最大拉應力引起的。當最大拉應力達到單向拉伸的強度極限時,構件就斷了。
theory of the maximum tensile stress(the first strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum tensile stress.The member will rupture as the maximum tensile stress reaches the strength limit in axial tension.2.最大伸長線應變(第二強度)理論:
認為構件的斷裂是由最大伸長線應變引起的。當最大伸長線應變達到單向拉伸試驗下的極限應變時,構件就斷了
Theory of the maximum tensile strain(the second strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum tensile strain.The member will rupture as the maximum tensile strain reaches the limit strain in axial tension3.最大剪應力(第三強度)理論:
認為構件的屈服是由最大剪應力引起的。當最大剪應力達到單向拉伸試驗的極限剪應力時,構件就破壞了。
Theory of the maximum shearing stress(the third strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum shearing stress.The member will rupture as the maximum shearing stress reaches the limit shearing stress in axial tension.4.畸變能密度(第四強度)理論:
認為構件的屈服是由形狀改變比能引起的。當形狀改變比能達到單向拉伸試驗屈服時的形狀改變比能時,構件就破壞了。
Theory of the distortionalenergy density(the fourth strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of yield to be the distortional strain energy.The member will rupture as the distortional strain energy reaches the distortional strain energy of yield in axial tension
5.相當應力:equivalentstress 6.斷裂準則:criterionof rupture屈服準則:criterion of yield
第八章組合變形
Chapter Eight Composite Deformation
§8–1組合變形和疊加原理 §8–1Composite Deformation and
Superposition Principle
1.疊加原理的步驟:
The steps for principle of superposition
①外力分析:外力向形心簡化并沿形心主慣性軸分解
Analysis of external forces:External forces are reduced along the centroidof section and resolved along principal axes of inertia.②內力分析:求每個外力分量對應的內力方程和內力圖,確定危險面。
Analysis of internal forces:Determine the internal force equation and its diagram corresponding to each external force component and the critical section.③應力分析:畫危險面應力分布圖,疊加,建立危險點的強度條件。Analysis of stresses:Plot the distribution diagram of the stress in the critical section,do the superposition of the stresses and establish the strength condition of the critical point.平均應力。
Critical stress : average stress in the cross section §8–2拉伸(或壓縮)與彎曲的組合of the compressive column in the critical state.§8–2Composite Deformation of Tension
(or Compression)and Bending 2.柔度(或長細比):flexibility
(or slenderness ratio)§8–4扭轉與彎曲的組合§8–4 Combination of Torsion and Bending大柔度桿的臨界應力由歐拉公式來求;小 柔度桿的臨界應力就是它的屈服極限;中柔度
桿的臨界應力由經驗公式來求第九章壓桿穩定
The critical stress of the large flexibility column Chapter NineStabilization
is calculated by Euler’s formula.of Compressive Columns
The critical stress of small flexibility column is
its yield limit.§9–1壓桿穩定性的概念
The critical stress of the middle flexibility §9–1 Concepts of Stability of
column may be determined by the empirical Compressed Columns
formula.1.失穩:loss of stability
2.穩定與不穩定平衡:
stable and instable equilibrium§9–5壓桿的穩定校核3.臨界壓力: critical pressure§9–5Stability Check of Compressed Column1.穩定安全因數:safety coefficient of stability §9–2兩端鉸支細長壓桿的臨界壓力 2.穩定條件:stability condition§9–2 Critical Pressure of The SlenderCompressed Column With Two Hinged Ends §9–6提高壓桿穩定性的措施1.歐拉公式:Euler’s formula §9–6 Method to Improve Stability of 2.理想壓桿:材料絕對理想;軸線絕對直;壓Compressed Column力絕對沿軸線作用。1.選擇合理的截面形狀:choose reasonable Ideal compressive column: the material is section of the column: absolutelyideal;the axis is 2.改變壓桿的約束條件:change constraint
condition of the column absolutely straight;the compressive force is
absolutely along the axis of the column.3.合理選擇材料: choose reasonable material.§9–3其它支座條件下細長壓桿的臨界壓力 第十章 動載荷 §9–3Critical Pressure of The Slender Compressed Chapter TenDynamic Load
Column With Other End Conditions
§10–1 概述 1.?長度系數(約束系數):length coefficient
(or constraint coefficient)§10–1Introduction
2.兩端鉸支: two hinged ends 1.靜載荷:static loads
The loads don’t change with time(or change 3.一端固定另端自由:
one fixed end and one free end very stably and slowly)and acceleration of each
member is zero or may be neglected4.兩端固定: two fixed ends
5.一端固定另端鉸支:2.動載荷:dynamic loadsone fixed end and one hinged end The loads change sharply with time and thevelocity of the member changes obviously
§9–4歐拉公式的適用范圍經驗公式
§9–4Application Range of Euler’s Formula §9–2動靜法的應用Empirical Formula§9–2 Application of The Method of 1.臨界應力: 壓桿處于臨界狀態時橫截面上的Kinetic Statics
1.慣性力:inertiaforce
2.動荷系數:dynamic load coefficient
3.達朗伯原理:處于不平衡狀態的物體,存在慣性力,慣性力的方向與加速度方向相反,慣性力的數值等于加速度與質量的乘積。只要在物體上加上慣性力,就可以把動力學問題在形式上作為靜力學問題來處理,這就是動靜法。D’Alembert’s principle: There is inertial force on the body in unequilibrium.The direction of the inertial force is opposite to the acceleration of the body and the magnitude of the inertial force is the product of the mass and the acceleration of the body.After the inertial force is applied on the body the dynamic problem may be dealt with the static problem in form, which is called the method of kinetic statics.Exercise 1: The state of stress at a point as shown.(unit:Mpa),try to determine the three principal stresses.(either by analytical method or by graphical method).And compute the
equivalent stress of the fourth strength theory.Exercise 4:A hollow circular shaft is shown in the figure.Its inside diameter is d=24mm and its outside diameter is D=30mm.The diameters of pulley B and D are respectively D1=400mm and D2=600mm,P1=600N,[?]=100MPa.Try to check the strength of the shaft with the third strength theory.Exercise 5: A compressed rod produces the bending deformation due to the loss of stability.A beam produces the bending deformation due to the action of transverse forces.What are the differences of the two in nature?
Exercise 2: A circular rod made of cast iron is subjected to the loads T=7kNm, P=50kN as shown in the figure.Its diameter is d=0.1m, [?]=40MPa.Try to check the strength of the rod according to the theory of the first strength.Exercise 3: The cross-section area of the
square-section rod is reduced half at the section mn.Try to determine the maximum tensile stress at the section mn due to the axial force P.
第二篇:雙語學習資料
雙語學習每周一句內容
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第三篇:雙語教學輔助資料
《免疫學導論》(于善謙等編,高等教育出版社)
雙語教學輔助資料
Auxiliary Material of Bilingual Teaching
for Introduction to Immunology
蚌埠醫學院免疫學教研室
Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College
Feb.to Jun.2006
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology
CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN 2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens
CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES 3-1 Structures and classes of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins
CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-2 Complement activation 4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements 4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency
CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM 5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-2 The cells in immune system
CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibilty complex 6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC
CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATION 7-1 Antibody preparations
7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis
CHAPTER EITHT CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity
CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION 9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the
immune response
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in
immune response
9-3 Interleukins and Immune regulation 9-4 Immune tolerance
CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic
Hypersensitivity)
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex
hypersensitivity)
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type
Hypersensitivity)
CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE
RESPONSES
11-1 Auto immune response 11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-4 Immunologic deficiency
CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF
IMMUNE SYSTEM
12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION(緒言)
1-1
Origination and development of 1-2
Essential points of concepts of Immunology immunology 1-1-1 Infection and immunity of 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired diseases immunity
1-1-2 Foundation and development of 1-2-2 Immune response the discipline of Immunology 1-2-3 Immunology and practically 1-1-3 Recent development of applications Immunology 1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
The term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and might still be considered by people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, the modern concept of immunity is conferring the host the specific function to recognize and neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self tissue components)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity includes innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and
1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;killed millions of peoples in this globe before nineteenth century.From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接種法)to prevent children from smallpox
1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接種法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(傷寒),anthrax 鼠疫 鼠疫,瘧疾malaria 1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology
(1)1.Foundation of immunology
(1)Louis Pasteur, was a famous biochemist in France in 19th century, contributed his lots of effort to immunization to prevent animal and human from several serious diseases(cholera霍亂, anthrax炭疽, rabies(狂犬病)---vaccination---active immunization
(2).Development of experimental immunology
1-1-3 Recent development of I mmunology(1).Humoral immunology,(2).Cellular immunology
1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity
1-2-2 immune response
1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications
1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
Basic concept or definition for the term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and usually still be considered by common people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, at present, the modern concept of immunity, is conferring the host specific functions to recognize and final neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity include innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and
1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases
Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接種法)to prevent children from smallpox
1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接種法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(傷寒)霍亂,anthrax炭疽 鼠疫 鼠疫,瘧疾malaria
1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology
1-1-3 Recent development of Immunology
1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity
1-2-2 immune response
1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications
1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN(抗原)
2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen 2-1-2 classes/types of antigen
2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen 2-2-2 antigen determinants
2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen 2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity
2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen
2-1-2 classes/types of antigen
2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen
2-2-2 antigen determinants
to individual and immunization manner
2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and
immuno-predominance of antigen
2-3-4 The immunologic feature of
hapten
2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria 2-4-2 Fungi 2-4-3 virus
2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen
2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity to individual and immunization manner
2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and immuno-predominance of antigen
2-3-4 The immunologic feature of hapten
2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria
2-4-2 Fungi
2-4-3 Virus CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES(抗體)
3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies 3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins 3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression
of immunoglobulin genes
3-2-3 The diversity of
immunoglobulin genes
3-3 Synthesis and secretion of
immunoglobulin
3-3-1 Humoral immune response and
the production of antibodies
3-3-2 Expression, assemble and
secretion of immunoglobulin 3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies
3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins
3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins
3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes
3-2-3 The diversity of immunoglobulin genes
3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin 3-3-1 Humoral immune response and the production of antibodies
3-3-2 Expression, assemble and secretion of immunoglobulin CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM(補體系統)
4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components 4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components 4-2
Complement activation 4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation 4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation 4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation 4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways
in complement activation
4-3 The control of complement
reaction and biological effect of complements
4-3-1 Regulating protein of
complement activation in serum
4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface
of cell membrane
4-3-3 Complement receptors 4-3-4 The biological function of
complement protein
4-4
Biosynthesis of complement and
complement deficiency
4-4-1 The gene of complements
4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement 4-4-3 Complement deficiency and
complement deficient diseases 4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components
4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components
4-2 Complement activation
4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation
4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation
4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation
4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways in complement activation
4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements
4-3-1 Regulating protein of complement activation in serum
4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface of cell membrane
4-3-3 Complement receptors
4-3-4 The biological function of complement protein
4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency 4-4-1 The gene of complements
4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement
4-4-3 Complement deficiency and complement deficient diseases
CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(免疫系統的細胞、組織和器官)
5-1 The structure and functions of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation
5-2
The cells in immune system 5-2-1 B cells 5-2-2 T cells
5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural
suppressor cells
5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and
mast cells
5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic
cells
5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs
5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs
5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation
5-2 The cells in immune system
5-2-1 B cells
5-2-2 T cells
5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural suppressor cells
5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and mast cells
5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic cells
CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
(主要組織相容性復合體)
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules 6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules 6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule
6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC 6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)
6-2-3 The gene structure of human
MHC(HLA complex)
6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of
HLA
6-3 The Principle and application of
detection for MHC
6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA
antigen
6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA
antigen
6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene 6-3-4 Applications of detection of
HLA
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules
6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules
6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule
6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC
6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)
6-2-3 The gene structure of human MHC(HLA complex)
6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of HLA
6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC 6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA antigen
6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA antigen
6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene
6-3-4 Applications of detection of HLA
CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(抗原-抗體反應及其應用)
7-1 Antibody preparations 7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation mono valent antigen 7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal 7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to antibody polyvalent antigen 7-1-3 The preparation of gene
engineering antibody 7-3 Common techniques in 7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic immune-analysis antibody 7-3-1 immune precipitation 7-3-2 immune labeling 7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody 7-3-3 In site immune-analysis reaction 7-3-4 Other applications for 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics antigen-antibody reaction of antigen-antibody reaction
7-1 Antibody preparations 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation
7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal antibody
7-1-3 The preparation of gene engineering antibody
7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic antibody
7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics of antigen-antibody reaction
7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to monovalent antigen
7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to polyvalent antigen
7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis 7-3-1 immunoprecipitation
7-3-2 immune labeling
7-3-3 In site immuno-analysis
7-3-4 Other applications for antigen-antibody reaction
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
(細胞介導的免疫應答)
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response 8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity 8-1-3 Anergy
8-2
The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response
8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity
8-1-3 Anergy
8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells
8-2-2 T cell activation
8-2-2 T cell activation
8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced
immune response
8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced
immune response
8-3
Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis 8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis 8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the
immune response
8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced immune response
8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced immune response
8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis
8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis
8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the immune response
CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION(免疫調節)
9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation 9-1-2 The antibody regulation 9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype-anti-idiotype antibodies
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells 9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells
9-3 Interleukins and Immune
regulation
9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines 9-3-2 Interleukins
9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T
cells
9-4
Immune tolerance
9-4-1 Discovery of the immune
tolerance
9-4-2 Foundation requirement and
induction pathway of immune tolerance
9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune
tolerance
9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation
9-1-2 The antibody regulation
9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype anti-idiotype antibodies
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells
9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells
9-3 Interleukins and Immunoregulation 9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines
9-3-2 Interleukins
9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T cells
9-4
Immune tolerance
9-4-1 Discovery of the immune tolerance
9-4-2 Foundation requirement and induction pathway of immune tolerance
9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune tolerance
CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY(超敏反應)
10-1
Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity 10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity 10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE 10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity 10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity
10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE
10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
(Immune complex hypersensitivity)
10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type
III hypersensitivity
10-3-2 Common immune complex
diseases
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity
(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)
10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed
type hypersensitivity
10-4-3
Common Type IV
hypersensitivity diseases
10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity
10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex hypersensitivity)10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type III hypersensitivity
10-3-2 Common immune complex diseases
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed type hypersensitivity
10-4-3 Common Type IV hypersensitivity diseases
CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES
(異常免疫應答)
11-1 Auto immune response
11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response 11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases
11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft 11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity 11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant
11-1 Auto immune response
11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response
11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases
11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft
11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity
11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant
11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen
11-3-2 Host immune response to
tumor
11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape
from immunity to tumor
11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in
immunity to tumor
11-4
Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency 11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen
11-3-2 Host immune response to tumor
11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape from immunity to tumor
11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in immunity to tumor
11-4 Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency
11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(免疫系統的進化)
12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals
12-1-1 Immune cells and their
defense ability 12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid 12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions
12-2
The immune evolution of
vertebrate animals
12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in
primary vertebrate animals
12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue
evolution between
invertebrates and vertebrates
12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes
and immune molecules in vertebrates 12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-1-1 Immune cells and their defense ability
12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid
12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions
12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals 12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in primary vertebrate animals
12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue evolution between invertebrates and vertebrates
12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes and immune molecules in vertebrates
第四篇:《建筑力學》課程學習指導資料
《建筑力學》課程學習指導資料
本課程學習指導資料根據該課程教學大綱的要求,參照現行采用教材《建筑力學》(李前程 安學敏 李彤主編,高等教育出版社,2004年)以及課程學習光盤,并結合遠程網絡業余教育的教學特點和教學規律進行編寫。第一部分 課程的學習目的及總體要求
一、課程的學習目的
建筑力學是將理論力學中的靜力學、材料力學、結構力學等課程中的主要內容,依據知識自身的內在連續性和相關性,重新組織形成的建筑力學知識體系。研究土木工程結構中的桿件和桿系的受力分析、強度、剛度及穩定性問題。它是力學結合工程應用的橋梁,同時為后續相關課程提供分析和計算的基礎。
二、課程的總體要求
通過該課程的學習,學生應掌握以下內容 1.掌握靜力學的基本概念及構件受力分析的方法;2.了解平面力系的簡化,能較熟練地應用平面力系的平衡方程;3.能正確地計算在平面荷載作用下的桿件的內力,并作出內力圖;4.掌握桿件在基本變形時的強度和剛度計算;5.了解壓桿失穩的概念,能夠進行臨界壓力計算;6.熟練掌握幾何不變體系的簡單組成規則及其應用;7.熟練掌握靜定結構指定位移計算的積分法,疊加法和單位載荷法;8.弄懂力法原理,能熟練地應用力法計算超靜定結構;9.弄懂位移法原理,能應用位移法計算連續梁和剛架。第二部分 課程學習的基本要求及重點難點內容分析 第一章 緒論
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容 建筑力學的任務,內容和教學計劃安排;建筑力學教材和參考書;任課老師的聯系方式(email)(2)應掌握的內容
結構與構件的概念;構件的分類:桿,板和殼,塊體;剛體、變形固體及其基本假設;彈性變形和塑性變形(構件在外力作用下發生變形,如果外力去掉后能夠恢復原狀,變形完全消失,這種變形就是彈性變形;如果外力去掉后不能夠恢復原狀,有殘余變形存在,這種變形就是塑性變形);載荷的分類:集中力和分布力。真實的力都是分布力,集中力是一種簡化形式。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
材料力學的三大任務:強度,剛度,穩定性;桿件變形的4種基本形式:拉伸,扭轉,剪切和彎曲。
2、本章重點難點分析
①拉伸,扭轉,剪切和彎曲變形的方式和特點
②強度,剛度,穩定性的定義。強度和桿件的破壞有關,剛度和變形有關,沒有達到強度和剛度破壞條件而產生的失效可能和穩定性有關。
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答):無
4、本章作業:無 第二章 靜力學基礎
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
剛體靜力學的定義及其研究的基本問題;平衡-平衡力系-平衡條件;力系-等效力系-合力-平面力系;力-力偶-力偶矩的概念,力-力矩-力偶矩的單位;約束和約束反力的概念;分離體和受力圖的概念。(2)應掌握的內容
力的三要素(大小、方向和作用點)決定了力是矢量;二力平衡原理:注意是一個物體上的兩個力;加減平衡力系原理-力的可傳性定理;力在坐標軸上的投影是代數量,注意正負符號;力偶的符號及其等效變換性質;內力和外力的概念,內力的相對性;二力桿和二力構件的概念。(3)應熟練掌握的內容 力的合成-力的平行四邊形法則和三角形法則;力的分解-正交分解;作用力與反作用力;根據坐標軸上的投影分量求力的大小和方向;力矩-力臂-矩心-力矩的方向(正負);8種約束類型(柔索,光滑接觸面,光滑圓柱鉸鏈,固定鉸,滑動鉸,鏈桿,固定端,定向支座)及其對應的約束力;熟練掌握畫受力圖的方法、步驟。
2、本章重點難點分析
①力的合成與分解,力偶的合成
②力或力系對某點取矩的計算方法,重點是力臂的計算和符號,力臂是矩心到力的作用線的垂直距離。
③柔索約束力必然是拉力,光滑接觸面必然是壓力
④二力桿是一個力,不能把二力桿兩端的鉸各畫2個力;定向支座與此類似。⑤畫受力圖時外力不能簡化,要一體一圖,三力平衡匯交定理可用,可不用 ⑥畫受力圖時要注意作用力與反作用力,同時要注意不同受力圖中,力的符號的一致性和相關性
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)
例.試分別作出AB, CE(加滑 輪), CE,以及整體的受力圖。
解:本題的關鍵是(1)A點是固定鉸,B點與地面相接的是滑動鉸;(2)ADB是一個桿,CDE是一個桿,由于在D點受力,因此ADB和CDE均不是二力桿,桿件BC是二力桿;(3)與墻壁相連的還有一個柔索約束。根據以上說明,最后的結果如下所示:
4、本章作業
2-2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12;3-9,3-10 第三章 力系的簡化
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
力系簡化的定義;平面匯交力系的定義;力系的主矢和主矩的概念主矢是一個自由矢量,不是一個力;線載荷與載荷集度的概念。(2)應掌握的內容
平面匯交力系簡化的幾何方法-力多邊形法則;平面匯交力系簡化的解析方法-合力投影定理;平面力偶系的簡化;力系等效原理,平行力系的簡化方法。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
合力投影定理:合力在任一軸上的投影等于各分力在同一軸上的投影的代數和;合力矩定理,力線平移定理;平面任意力系簡化的4種結果;平衡定理:力系平衡的充分必要條件是該力系的主矢及對于某一點的主矩同時等于零;形心計算公式。
2、本章重點難點分析 ①主矢是一個自由矢量(只有大小和方向,沒有作用點),不是一個力 ②力線平移定理是可逆的,即反過來也是成立的
③力系向某一點簡化一般是主矢和主矩均不為零,但通過適當的平移后,可以去掉力矩,而變成一個合力,但此時合力的作用點不在簡化中心 ④形心計算的面積分割法和負面積方法要熟練掌握,靈活應用
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例 如圖所示,求作用于懸臂梁AB的線分布荷載對A點的矩。解:根據合力矩定理,合力對A點的矩,等于分力對A點矩的代數和。
而矩心A到Q1的矩離為L/2, 到Q2的矩離為2L/3, 故
故:
4、本章作業 4-1,4-2 第四章 力系的平衡
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容平面一般力系有3個獨立的平衡方程,平面匯交力系和平面平行力系均有2個獨立的平衡方程,而平面力偶系只有1個獨立的平衡方程;系統和局部的概念,系統平衡局部必然平衡;靜定和超靜定問題;平面桁架的定義;零力桿的定義。(2)應掌握的內容
平面任意力系的平衡方程有三種等價形式,其中二力矩形式和三力矩形式是有限制條件的;平面匯交力系,平面平行力系和平面力偶系的平衡方程;剛體系統平衡問題的特點是:僅僅考察系統整體平衡,無法求得全部未知力。因此,要取局部或子系統建立另外的平衡方程,才能最后解出全部未知力;由n個剛體組成的受平面力系作用的系統,其獨立平衡方程數 £ 3n;平面桁架節點受力圖的畫法:所有桿件的內力均按正向假設,箭頭向外,外力照實際方向畫出。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
平面任意力系中的二力矩平衡方程和三力矩平衡方程,用好了可以簡化計算;正確認識結構中的約束類型,尤其是二力桿和二力結構,并正確的畫出受力圖是至關重要的;取分離體時,應該使得平衡方程中的未知力越少越好,最好是1個,以便于迅速求出未知力;計算平面桁架內力的節點法;計算平面桁架內力的截面法;必須熟練掌握約束力或支座反力的計算方法。
2、本章重點難點分析
①平面任意力系中,對于每個分析對象最多只能列出3個獨立的平衡方程,不能列出3個以上的方程,否則其中的某些方程必然是不獨立的。
②求解物系平衡問題時,列平衡方程應結合求解的問題,以最簡單的受力圖,最簡單的平衡方程,最快的速度迅速求解出未知力,對于沒做要求的力可以不必求出。
③零力桿的判別方法
④在平面桁架內力計算時,盡管我們在截面方法中規定,最好不要超過3根桿,但有時由于結構復雜或者解題的需要,可能要截取3根以上的桿。
⑤平面桁架內力計算時,有時候節點法和截面法要綜合運用,才能達到事半功倍的效果。
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例.求圖示結構A點的約束力。
解:A點位固定端,假設A點約束力分別為
4-3,5,6,7,8,11,13,14,16,20 6-16 第五章平面體系的幾何組成分析
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
幾何不變體系與幾何可變體系的概念;幾何組成分析的目的;自由度,剛片和約束的概念;復鉸的概念。(2)應掌握的內容
常見約束類型及其作用;剛片和鉸的計算方法;二元體的定義及其判別;幾何瞬變體系及其三種基本類型。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
一個由n個剛片所組成的復鉸相當于n-1個單鉸,減少2(n-1)個自由度;自由度的計算公式:W=3n-3r1-2r2-r3;幾何不變體系的組成規則:兩剛片規則,三剛片規則和二元體規則;幾何組成分析的方法、步驟及最后結論
2、本章重點難點分析
①自由度的計算中,剛性連接的多個剛片只能看作一個剛片
②結構中任何一個二力桿均可看作一個約束,無論是外部約束還是內部約束 ③二元體的任意一端必須是固定鉸或光滑圓柱鉸鏈連接,不能是滑動鉸或支鏈桿 ④不要忘記大地或支座是一個剛片
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例,計算下列各體系自由度,并進行幾何組成分析。
解:自由度W=3x4-2x5-3=-1 分析:桿AB,桿BC和桿AC通過不在一條線上的三個單鉸A、B、C相連,根據3鋼片規則ABC組成一個幾何不變結構,支鏈桿CD為其內部多余約束。又ABC與大地通過3個既不互相平行又不相交于一點的支鏈桿連接,按兩鋼片規則,他們組成幾何不變結構。故原結構為幾何不變結構,且有一個多余約束。
4、本章作業 5-1 第六章 桿件的內力 應力與應變
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容 內力的概念,截面法的目的;軸力,剪力和彎矩的定義;應力與應變的概念及單位;復習高等數學中直線、拋物線,斜率、導數,極大值、極小值等有關概念;剛節點和平面剛架的定義(2)應掌握的內容
內力分量:軸力,剪力,彎矩,還包括后面的扭矩;正應力與剪應力,剪應力互等定理;線應變與剪應變;內力方程與內力圖;最大彎矩的計算方法;剛架的內力圖包括軸力圖,剪力圖和彎矩圖。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
軸力,剪力和彎矩的符號規定;軸力,剪力和彎矩的計算步驟和注意事項;根據內力方程繪內力圖的方法、步驟;應用微分關系繪制剪力圖和彎矩圖的步驟;沒有載荷,就是載荷集度q=0,此時,剪力圖必然是水平向右,彎矩圖是一條斜直線或水平方向的線;載荷集度q為常數時,剪力圖必然是一條斜直線,彎矩圖是一個拋物線;在集中力作用點,剪力發生突變,彎矩圖發生轉折;在集中力偶矩作用點,剪力圖不變,彎矩圖發生突變;繪制平面剛架內力圖的方法、步驟;要特別注意,剛節點處彎矩圖“同側”,“相等”這兩個特點
2、本章重點難點分析
①線應變代表相對伸長,無量綱,變形量代表絕對伸長,單位mm或m ②截面法中的正向假設,是按照材料力學的定義的正向進行的,但在列平衡方程時必須回到理論力學的規定來區別正負符號,這點很容易混淆,初學者必須搞清楚。
③在軸力圖和剪力圖中,通常規定橫坐標軸的上方為正。但在土建工程中,彎矩圖通常是畫在梁的受拉一側。當梁的凹面向上時,M 為正,梁的下側受拉,故正彎矩應畫在橫坐標的下方;而當梁的凹面向下時,M 為負,梁的上側受拉,負彎矩則畫在橫坐標的上方。
④彎矩、剪力與載荷集度之間的微分關系,要和數學上的斜率、直線、拋物線等有關概念聯系起來,同時要注意彎矩圖是向下為正
⑤在集中力、集中力偶矩作用點和剪力為零的點,彎矩出現極值
⑥對于復雜的平面剛架,彎矩圖建議畫在受拉側,簡單剛架畫在受拉側或按正負符號標出均可。
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例1,求圖示簡支梁的內力方程,并畫出剪力圖,彎矩圖
例2,試作懸臂梁的剪力圖和彎矩圖, 并標明關鍵點之值。
4、本章作業
6-1,2,3,4,5,10(c,e,f),12,13 第七章 軸向拉伸與壓縮
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
應力集中的概念;強度極限,容許應力和安全系數;縱向變形和縱向應變的概念;彈性極限,比例極限,屈服極限和強度極限的概念;延伸率和斷面收縮率的概念。(2)應掌握的內容
拉壓條件下的平面假設;材料的拉伸和壓縮強度可能不同;材料拉伸時的力-位移曲線和應力-應變曲線;低碳鋼材料拉伸曲線中的4個階段及其變形特點;塑性材料拉壓曲線的異同。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
拉壓正應力公式及其適用范圍;拉壓桿強度條件及其三方面的作用:強度校核,截面尺寸設計和確定容許載荷;虎克定律;拉壓桿變形計算公式;在應力-應變曲線中,如何確定彈性模量,強度極限和彈性極限。
2、本章重點難點分析
①拉壓桿應力或變形計算公式要求軸向拉(壓)力是一個常數,當軸向力是分段均勻時,應力和變形要分段計算,總變形量是各段變形量的疊加。
②對于一個結構而言,有些桿可能受拉,而另一些桿可能受壓,要先算出各桿內力,判斷其是受拉還是受壓,然后再應用強度條件。
③脆性材料在拉伸和壓縮時力學特性差異明顯,不僅強調極限和變形量大小不同,斷口破壞形式也不相同。
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)
4、本章作業 7-5,6,7,10 第八章 剪切和扭轉
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
剪切的概念;名義應力的含義,近似計算;扭轉的概念,扭矩的符號規定,扭矩圖;抗扭截面模量,抗扭剛度的概念及計算。(2)應掌握的內容
工程中的受剪構件;單剪切與雙剪切,剪切面上的剪力計算;圓軸扭轉的平截面假設,非圓軸扭轉時發生翹曲現象,不滿足平截面假設;極慣性矩的定義及計算方法;薄壁圓管的定義及其扭轉時橫截面上的剪應力。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
剪切虎克定律;名義剪應力及強度條件,名義擠壓應力及擠壓強度條件,連接板的強度條件;擠壓面面積計算,板的凈面積計算;電動機功率、轉速與輸出扭矩之間的關系;圓軸扭轉變形時的3個基本公式及其適用條件;圓形截面和圓環形截面的極慣性矩計算公式
2、本章重點難點分析
①鉚釘均勻受力,單個鉚釘所受的力為總的拉力的1/n(n為鉚釘數目),如果是單剪切,這個力即為剪切面上的剪力,如果是雙剪切面,則每個剪切面的力為其1/2。
②板的拉應力,名義剪應力和名義擠壓應力均是近似計算,沒有考慮應力集中,剪切面和擠壓面上的應力均按均布處理。
③圓軸扭轉時橫截面上剪應力公式的推導方法:幾何方面,物理方面和靜力學方面
④圓軸扭轉的強度條件,也具有強度校核、截面尺寸設計和確定容許載荷的功能。⑤圓軸扭轉變形時扭轉角的計算公式及其對應的剛度條件
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例,圖示兩實心圓軸由法蘭上的4個螺栓連接。已知軸傳遞扭矩Mn=40kN?m,法蘭平均直徑D=300mm,厚t=20mm。軸的[τ]=40MPa,G=80GPa;螺栓的[τ1]=120MPa。求軸的直徑d和螺栓的直徑d1
求解方法參考課件有關例題。
4、本章作業
8-2,3,4,5,6,7,8 第九章 梁的彎曲
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
彎曲,對稱彎曲和純彎曲的概念;靜矩(面積矩),慣性矩的定義;橫截面,縱向對稱面,中性層,中性軸的定義;抗彎剛度和抗彎截面模量的概念。(2)應掌握的內容
靜定梁,簡支梁,懸臂梁,簡支外伸梁的定義;純彎曲時的平面假設和單向受力假設;對稱彎曲時彎曲正應力的推導方法,仍然是從幾何、物理、力學三方面進行;矩形截面梁彎曲剪應力的推導方法,及彎曲剪應力的一般公式;彎曲剪應力的強度條件;提高梁的彎曲強度的若干措施。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
組合圖形的靜矩和慣性矩的計算方法,仍然是面積分割法和負面積法;平行移軸定理;矩形截面,圓形截面和圓環形截面的慣性矩;純彎曲時所得到的曲率、彎曲正應力,最大彎曲正應力公式;彎曲正應力強度條件極其對應的三個主要功能;矩形截面,圓形截面和圓環形截面,最大彎曲剪應力和平均剪應力的關系。
2、本章重點難點分析 ①當計算截面的形心與坐標軸原點不重合時,慣性矩的計算要使用平行移軸定理 ②對于任意給定的圖形,要能根據所給幾何尺寸,計算出截面的形心,截面的面積矩和慣性矩;對于一些復雜的圖形,有時候負面積方法可能較簡單。③對于脆性材料,要分別計算最大拉伸正應力和最大壓縮正應力,然后分別建立強度條件。
④對于對稱截面,最大拉應力和最大壓應力必然同一個截面,即最大彎矩對應的局面;而對于不對稱截面,最大拉應力和最大壓應力可能是不同的截面。⑤熟練的求出支座反力,熟練的畫出剪力圖、彎矩圖是計算梁彎曲應力的基本要求。
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例,圖示矩形截面簡支梁,已知P1=50kN,P2=100kN,b=120mm,h=180mm。試求梁的橫截面上的最大正應力和最大剪應力。
解:先求支座反力。算得 FA=61.9kN,FB=88.1kN 作剪力圖、彎矩圖如下:
4、本章作業
9-2,3,4,6,8,10,11,13,14 第十章 壓桿的穩定
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
穩定失效的概念;屈曲與失穩的概念;慣性半徑和柔度的定義。(2)應掌握的內容
臨界載荷的概念;哪些條件下,壓桿容易失穩;臨界應力總圖;提高壓桿承載能力的若干措施
(3)應熟練掌握的內容
歐拉公式及其對應的四種約束條件的長度系數;臨界應力及其計算公式;歐拉公式的適用范圍:大柔度桿;小柔度桿和中柔度桿的臨界應力計算公式。
2、本章重點難點分析
①當兩端是球鉸或其它類似支承連接,兩端截面在任何方向都可以轉動時,歐拉公式中的慣性矩J 應取Jmin ②一個截面的最大剛度平面和最小剛度平面中的剛度指的是抗彎剛度 ③桿兩端約束不同時,剛度可能不同,有效長度也可能不同
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)
例,圖示的細長壓桿均為圓形截面的木桿,長6m,其橫截面直徑d = 160mm,材質相同,E=10GPa。其中:圖a為兩端球鉸支承;圖b為一端固定,一端鉸支。試求各桿的臨界載荷及臨界應力。解:(a)兩端鉸支
μ = 1,i = d / 4,得到λ = μl / i = 150 σcr = π2E/ λ2= 4.39 MPa,Pcr= σcr A = 88.2 kN(b)一端固定,一端鉸支
μ =0.7,i = d / 4,得到λ = μl / i = 105 σcr = π2E/ λ2= 8.95 MPa,Pcr= σcr A = 180 kN
4、本章作業 15-1,2,3,4 第十一章 梁和結構的位移
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容 廣義力和廣義位移的概念,絕對位移和相對位移的概念;計算結構位移的目的;撓度曲線-撓度-轉角的概念;虛功和實功的概念,虛位移和虛力的概念;功的互等定理,位移互等定理,反力互等定理。(2)應掌握的內容
計算位移的有關假定;中性層曲率與彎矩之間的關系,數學上曲率的計算公式;撓度曲線形狀的粗略判別方法;提高梁的剛度的若干措施;虛功原理:外力在虛位移上所做的虛功=外力產生的內力在微段虛位移上所做的虛功之和。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
撓曲線微分方程,撓度各階導數的意義;積分法求梁的撓度、轉角的方法步驟,及其適用條件;疊加方法原理及其使用條件;單位載荷法求位移的方法、原理及其注意事項。剛架和梁使用單位載荷法時通常只考慮彎矩引起的位移,平面桁架只有軸力;圖乘法原理及其使用條件、注意事項;三角形的面積與形心,兩種類型拋物線的面積和形心。
2、本章重點難點分析
①對于彎矩方程分段連續的梁和結構,積分方法求撓度和位移時也必須分段進行,在分段點上存在光滑連續條件。
②疊加方法的兩個技巧:逐段剛化求解,載荷的分解與重組。其中逐段剛化求解時,要始終記著只能留一段變形體,其余都是剛體。因為疊加方法所使用的基本結構是簡支梁和懸臂梁,只有一段。對于復雜的結構,載荷的分解與重組和逐段剛化求解兩種技巧可能要聯合使用。
③本章計算位移,一般情況下不考慮軸向位移,但是如果題目中給出了結構中某段的拉壓剛度EA,則意味著這一段要考慮軸向位移。
④使用單位載荷法時,在求線位移的地方加集中力,在求轉角的地方加集中力偶矩,計算位移為正,表示實際位移與所加力(力偶矩)的方向相同,否則相反。⑤對于面積和形心難以計算的圖形,可以對圖形進行分解。圖形分解的理論基礎實際上就是把復雜的載荷共同作用下的彎矩,變成單個載荷分別作用下彎矩的疊加,也就是使用了疊加原理。
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例,已知各桿EI為常數。求C點的垂直位移、水平位移和轉角。、本章作業
11-1,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,21 第十二章 用力法計算超靜定結構
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
靜定結構的定義、特點;原結構,基本結構的概念;力法方程中的主系數,付系數和自由項的概念;對稱結構,對稱載荷,反對稱載荷。(2)應掌握的內容
超靜定次數的判定,及確定超靜定次數時應注意的問題;力法典型方程。一次力法方程,二次力法方程,三次力法方程??;對稱結構在對稱荷載作用下的內力及變形特點;對稱結構在反對稱荷載作用下的內力及變形特點。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
力法原理:將多余約束去掉,代之相應的約束力,利用等效原理將這個(些)約束力求解出來;力法原理與解題步驟;求解力法方程中的各個系數,主要使用上一章介紹的圖乘法;用立法求解超靜定梁、剛架、平面桁架和排架。
2、本章重點難點分析
①多余約束的位置不是唯一的,但選取不同的基本結構,求解的難易程度不同 ②建立多次力法方程時引用了疊加原理。同時,力法方程中應用了力與位移成正比的關系。
③用力法解超靜定問題時,應首先判斷其超靜定次數 ④利用對稱性可以簡化計算
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)例,作圖示超靜定剛架的內力圖。
解:取基本結構如右圖。分別做出M1圖、M2圖、MP圖。
4、本章作業
12-2(b,c,e),12-3(c),12-4(a)第十三章 用位移法計算連續梁和剛架
1、本章學習要求(1)應熟悉的內容
固端彎矩、固端剪力的概念;力法與位移法的特點,力法與位移法的區別;位移法中基本結構,基本體系的概念;位移法中的基本未知量和基本假設。(2)應掌握的內容
桿端力的表示方法和正負號的規定;力法、位移法求解超靜定問題的一般步驟;如何確定基本未知量。(3)應熟練掌握的內容
兩端固定梁的轉角位移方程,一端固定、另一端鉸支梁的轉角位移方程,一端固定、另一端定向支承梁的轉角位移方程;位移法解題的基本思路;位移法典型方程和解題步驟。位移法典型方程的物理意義是:基本結構在荷載和結點位移共同作用下,與原結構的受力和變形狀態相同。
2、本章重點難點分析
①力法方程的建立是原結構與基本結構在除去約束地方的位移等效,而位移法是原結構與基本結構在附加約束的地方力等效或力矩等效。②要注意桿端力與節點力符號的差異
3、本章典型例題(案例)分析(解答)無
4、本章作業 無
第三部分 綜合練習題
1.組合梁如圖所示,試分別作出梁AB、BC和整體的受力圖。
2.試分別作出AC, DEBH, DE,以及BH的受力圖。
3.已知: FP、l、r, 求: A、D 二處約束力。4.已知q、l,試求下列各圖中桿件所受的約束力。
5.已知: P = 40 kN, Q = 10 kN。求: 桿4 – 9 的內力。
6.作圖示簡支外伸梁和簡支梁的剪力圖和彎矩圖, 并標明關鍵點之值。
7.某傳動軸,轉速n =400rpm,傳遞功率Np=47kW,設G =80Gpa,[τ]=80Mpa,[θ]=1.5o/m。橫截面為空心圓截面,α=d/D=0.8,試求軸的截面尺寸。
8.求圖示截面的形心位置,及該截面對形心軸的慣性矩Jx0。
9.設 AB、CD 均為剛體, F =39kN , ①、②兩桿[s ] = 160MPa , 試求兩桿所需直徑。
10.圖示矩形截面簡支梁,已知P1=50kN,P2=100kN,[σ]=100Mpa,[τ]=20Mpa,h=2b。試選擇截面尺寸。
11.有一30mm×50mm的矩形截面壓桿,兩端為球形鉸支。已知材料的彈性模量E=200GPa,比例極限σP=300MPa。試求可用歐拉公式計算臨界力的最小長度。12.計算下列各體系自由度,并進行幾何組成分析。
13.求圖示結構A點的垂直位移。14.求圖示結構D點的垂直位移和轉角。
15.求圖示懸臂剛架A點的水平位移、垂直位移和轉角。
16.做圖示剛架的內力圖 17.做圖示超靜定結構的內力圖 已知圖示桁架中各桿EA相同,試用力法求桁架中各桿的軸力。
18.
第五篇:雙語理論力學常用詞匯表 words
Sc-Te Words and Expressions used in
Theoretical Mechanics
ⅠAlphabet Index
A
acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度
acceleration加速度 accommodate調和,調整 addition合成aerodynamics空氣動力學 aerodynamic空氣阻力 algebra代數學 align成一行 amplitude振幅 analytically解析法 angular-impulse角沖量 angular-momentum角動量 angular-velocity角速度 application應用 apply施加,使用
approach途徑,趨近,方法 arc-coordinates弧坐標 axis軸 B
bearing軸承,支撐面 bit鉆頭 bolt螺栓 C
cam 凸輪
cancel抵消,中和 cantilever懸臂
Cartesian-coordinate笛卡兒坐標系 cast-iron鑄鐵
center-of-gravity重心 center-of-mass質心 central-force向心力 centroid形心
chain-rule-of-differentiation鏈導法則
circular-frequency圓頻率 clockwise(CW)順時針 clutch離合器 coefficient系數 collar套筒
collect提取(公因式)collinear共線
combine motion復合運動 combine合并同類項,聯立 complementary-solution通解 component分量,構成元件 composite-body組合體 composite-motion復合運動 concept概念
concurrent匯交的cone圓錐
conic-section圓錐曲線
conservation-of-momentum動量守恒
conservation守恒
conservative-force保守力
consistent with….與…保持一致 constants(const.)常數 contour等高線,參照線 constraint 約束
conventional慣例的convention約定,慣例的 convert-conversion轉化 coplanar共面的Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度 corresponding相應的Coulomb's-law-of-friction庫侖摩擦定律
counterclockwise(CCW)逆時針 couple(s)力偶 crank曲柄
cross-product叉乘法 curvature曲率
curved-surface曲面 cycloid擺線
cylinder圓柱,汽缸 D
d'Alembert's-principle達朗貝爾原理
damped-vibration衰減振動 damp潮濕的,阻尼,衰減的 dashed虛線的deduce推演,證明 deformation形變
degrees-of-freedom自由度 density密度 derivate求導 derivative導數 determinant行列式 detrimental有害的 diagonal對角線
differential-differentiation微分 dimension量綱,度量單位,維 direction-cosine方向余弦 direction方向 displacement位移
distributed-load分布載荷 dot-product點乘法 dynamics動力學 E
eccentricity 偏心距,離心率
ellipse橢圓
elongation(彈簧等)伸長量 equal-sign等號
equation-of-motion運動方程 equilibrium平衡
equipotential-surfaces等勢面 equivalence等價 equivalent等同的expand(多項式)展開 exponent指數 F
finite限定的,有限的finite element method有限元方法formula公式
Fourier-series傅立葉級數 frequency頻率 friction摩擦 G
gradient梯度
graphically圖解法 gravitation引力 gravity重力 H
hard-steel高碳鋼
harmonic-motion諧運動 helix-helical螺旋 hinge門絞,鉸鏈
homogeneous均勻的,齊次的horizontal水平的 hub輪轂
humidity濕度 hyperbola雙曲線 I
identity恒等式 illustrate舉例說明 impact碰撞
impending臨界的 impulse沖量 incline傾斜
indicate=locate標明
Inertial-Reference-Frame慣性系 inertia慣性,慣量 infinitesimal無窮小 infinite無窮的initial-initially初始的 initial-condition初始條件 instant瞬時
integral-integration積分 interchangeability可交換的 interval間隔 inverse倒數
invert反解
investigate研究 invoke調用 J
jack千斤頂
joint=node結合,節 joule焦耳 K
key鍵,鍵槽 kinematics運動學 kinetic-energy動能
kinetics=dynamics動力學 L
Law-of-cosine余弦定理 Law-of-sine正弦定理 linear-vibration線振動 line-segment線段
load-intensity載荷強度 load載荷 lubricate潤滑 M
magnitude量值大小 mass質量 matrix矩陣
mean-radius中徑
mechanical-energy機械能 mechanics力學 mild-steel低碳鋼 misalignment未對準 moment-arm矩臂 moment-of-momentum(angular momentum)動量矩 momentum
(linear momentum)動量
moment矩 multiply乘法 mutually相互的 N
natural-frequency固有頻率 negative負的negotiate=pass通過,越過 non-collinear不共線的 non-coplanar不共面的 non-homogeneous非齊次
non-inertial-reference-frame非慣性系
normal法向的 numerical數值的 nut螺母 O
obtain解得 omitting忽略
operator計算符,算子
ordinary-differentiation常微分 orthogonal-component正交分量 outcome(最終)結果 P
parabolic拋物線
parallel-axis-theorem平行軸定理 parallelogram-law平四法則 parallel平行 parameter參數
partial-differentiation偏微分 particle質點
particular-solution特解 path-coordinate自然坐標系 pedal踏板 pendulum擺 period周期
perpendicular垂直的 phase相位 pitch螺距 plane平面 plank鋪板 plot圖像
plus加上,正的polar-coordinate極坐標 position-vector位矢 positive正的postulate=assume假設 potential-energy勢能 preceding先前的preclude=exclude排除 preliminary 預備的principle-of-change-of-momentum動量定理
principle-of-work-and-energy動能定理
principle原理
procedure=step步驟 projectile拋體projection投影 property性質
proportional成比例的 pulley滑輪 R
radian弧度制 radii= radius半徑
radius-of-gyration回轉半徑 rate-of-change變化率
rectangular-component正交分量 rectangular矩形 rectilinear直線運動 reduce-reduction化簡 repel排斥 resistance阻力
resolve-resolution分解 resonance共振 resonance共振
respectively =separately各自的 restoring-force回復力 restrict-restriction約束 resultant合力
resultant moment 合力矩 right-angle直角 rigid body 剛體
rim 輪緣,沿輪緣(滾動)rotate-rotation旋轉 S
sample示例 scalar標量 scale天平,磅秤 screwdriver螺絲刀 screw螺絲
second-order-differentiation二階微分
section部件,截面 sector扇形 self lock自鎖 shaft連桿,軸
simple-pendulum單擺 simultaneously同時地
solve the equations simultaneously 聯立求解方程式 skid=brake制動 slack松弛,縫隙 slope斜度,斜率 slot滑槽
socket插槽,嵌槽 speed速率(s)spool線框,線軸 stability穩定性 statics靜力學
steer=drive操縱,駕駛 stiffness勁度系數 subscript下標
substantially充分的substitute-substituting取代 subtract=subtraction減法
sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要條件
summation求和 superposition疊加 survey測量,調查 suspend懸掛 symmetry對稱 T
tangent-tangential切向(的)Taylor-series泰勒級數 tendency傾向 term術語
theorem定理法則 thread螺紋 thrust插入 tip尖端,翻倒 tire=tyre輪胎 torque扭矩 traction牽引
trajectory=path軌跡 transfer-couple附加力偶 translate平動 transport牽連的 triangle三角
triple矢量混合積 tripod三腳架 truss桁架 U
uniform=homogeneous均勻的 universal-joint萬向節
unwind繃緊的,伸直的 V
validate驗證(有效)vector矢量 velocity速度(v)versus對,比 weld焊接 winch絞盤 vertex-angle頂角 vertical垂直 virtual-work虛功 vise虎鉗 W
warrant=guarantee保證 wrench扳手,力螺旋 Y
watt瓦特 wear磨損 wedge楔
yield服從(定律)
ⅡClassified Index
▉
Algebra
Algebra代數學
Cartesian-coordinate笛卡兒坐標系 approach途徑,趨近,方法 polar-coordinate極坐標 equal-sign等號 path-coordinate自然坐標系 equivalence等價
equivalent等同的 cross-product叉乘法 formula公式 dot-product點乘法 identity恒等式
triple矢量混合積 operator計算符,算子 matrix矩陣
positive正的 determinant行列式
negative負的 dimension維,量綱,度量單位plus加上,正的minus減去,負的 rate-of-change變化率 coefficient系數 derivative導數 constants常數 derivate求導
parameter參數 chain-rule-of-differentiation鏈導法exponent指數 則
inverse倒數
integral-integration積分
multiply=time乘法
differential-differentiation微分 subtract=subtraction減法 ordinary-differentiation常微分
partial-differentiation偏微分
arc-coordinates弧坐標
second-order-differentiation二階微
▉
Geometry
cone圓錐 cycloid擺線
cylinder圓柱 eccentricity 偏心距,離心率 rectangular矩形 helix-helical螺旋 triangle三角
sector扇形 line-segment線段
projection投影 conic-section圓錐曲線 radii= radius半徑 ellipse橢圓
right-angle直角 hyperbola雙曲線 vertex-angle頂角 parabolic拋物線 plane平面
▉
Basic Concepts & Terms
concept概念
系
aerodynamics空氣動力學 inertia慣性,慣量 mechanics力學 mass質量 statics靜力學 particle質點 kinematics運動學
rigid剛體
kinetics=dynamics動力學 center-of-gravity重心
center-of-mass質心 Inertial-Reference-Frame慣性系 restriction約束 non-inertial-reference-frame非慣性
couple(s)力偶
分
differential-equation微分方程 homogeneous齊次的non-homogeneous非齊次的 complementary-solution通解 particular-solution特解 initial-condition初始條件
Fourier-series傅立葉級數 Taylor-series泰勒級數 gradient梯度
direction-cosine方向余弦 infinitesimal無窮小 numerical數值的 plot圖像
proportional成比例的 slope斜度,斜率
section截面 diagonal對角線 centroid形心 symmetry對稱 curvature曲率
curved-surface曲面 Law-of-cosine余弦定理 Law-of-sine正弦定理
transfer-couple附加力偶 wrench力螺旋
aerodynamic空氣阻力 central-force向心力 friction摩擦力 resistance阻力 gravitation引力 gravity重力 resultant合力
conservative-force保守力 trajectory=path軌跡 moment矩
moment-arm矩臂
composite-body組合體 orthogonal-component正交分量 projectile拋體rectangular-component正交分量 deformation形變
density密度 stiffness勁度系數
equilibrium平衡 elongation(彈簧等)伸長量 load載荷
torque扭矩 distributed-load分布載荷
load-intensity載荷強度 scalar標量 stability穩定性 vector矢量
self lock自鎖 position-vector位矢 velocity速度(v)direction方向
displacement位移 angular-impulse角沖量 acceleration加速度
angular-momentum角動量 acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加angular-velocity角速度 速度
circular-frequency圓頻率 Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度
combine motion復合運動 impulse沖量 composite-motion復合運動 momentum動量
degrees-of-freedom自由度 moment-of-momentum動量矩equation-of-motion運動方程 kinetic-energy動能 rectilinear直線運動 potential-energy勢能
translate平動
mechanical-energy機械能
rotate-rotation轉動
▉
Common Mechanism & Structure axis軸
key鍵,鍵槽 bearing軸承,支撐面 mean-radius中徑 bit鉆頭 nut螺母 bolt螺栓 pedal踏板 cam 凸輪
pitch螺距 cantilever懸臂 plank鋪板 clutch離合器 pulley滑輪 collar套筒 rim 輪緣
crank曲柄
scale天平,磅秤 cylinder汽缸,液壓柱 screwdriver螺絲刀 hinge門絞,鉸鏈 screw螺絲 hub輪轂 shaft連桿,軸
jack千斤頂
simple-pendulum單擺 joint=node結合,節 slack松弛,縫隙
▉
Keywords in Solutions
accommodate調和,調整 property性質
according to依據(定理)procedure=step步驟 analytically解析法的 deduce推演,證明 graphically圖解法的 illustrate舉例說明 application應用 indicate=locate標明 sample示例 validate驗證(有效)apply施加,使用 warrant=guarantee保證 invoke調用
yield服從(定律)postulate=assume假設 reduce-reduction化簡 preclude=exclude排除 resolve-resolution分解 approach途徑 addition合成principle原理 superposition疊加 theorem定理法則
projection投影
parallel-axis-theorem平行軸定理 parallelogram-law平四法則
principle-of-change-of-momentum動量定理
principle-of-work-and-energy動能定理
conservation守恒
conservation-of-momentum動量守恒
equipotential-surfaces等勢面 radius-of-gyration回轉半徑 virtual-work虛功
amplitude振幅
damped-vibration衰減振動 damp潮濕的,阻尼,衰減的 frequency頻率
harmonic-motion諧運動 linear-vibration線振動 natural-frequency固有頻率 pendulum擺 period周期 phase相位
restoring-force回復力 resonance共振
slot滑槽
socket插槽,嵌槽 spool線框,線軸 thread螺紋 tip尖端
tire=tyre輪胎 tripod三腳架 truss桁架
universal-joint萬向節 vise虎鉗 wedge楔 winch絞盤 wrench扳手
cancel抵消,中和
collect提取(公因式)combine合并同類項,聯立 expand(多項式)展開 summation求和 invert反解
substitute-substituting取代 convert-conversion轉化 obtain解得
outcome(最終)結果 initial=initially初始的 conventional慣例的convention約定,慣例的corresponding相應的 preliminary 預備的finite限定的 simultaneously同時地,聯立 infinite無窮的substantially充分的respectively =separately各自的,分interchangeability可交換的別的 sufficient-and-necessary-condition
▉
State Description
align成一行
perpendicular垂直的 misalignment未對準 parallel平行 clockwise(CW)順時針
normal法向的counterclockwise(CCW)逆時針 tangent-tangential切向(的)collinear共線 concurrent匯交的 coplanar共面的initial=initially初始的 noncollinear不共線的 final末態的 noncoplanar不共面的 instant瞬時
component分量,構成元件 impending臨界的 resultant合力,合成量 interval間隔
horizontal水平的 magnitude量值大小 incline傾斜 direction方向 vertical鉛垂的sense 方向
▉
Interchangeable Words
apply =invoke調用,使用 preclude=exclude排除 indicate=locate標明 procedure=step步驟 joint=node結合,節
radii= radius半徑 kinetics=dynamics動力學 rectangular-component
negotiate=pass通過,越過 =orthogonal-component正交分量 postulate=assume假設 respectively =separately各自地
▉
Abbreviation
CCW=counterclockwise逆時針 rev=revolution 轉數 CW=clockwise順時針 deg=degree度數
FBD=Free-body-diagram
A.M.=absolute-motion MAD=Force-acceleration-diagram R.M.=relative-motion const=constant常數,恒量
T.M.=transport-motion
▉
Others
axiom 公理 formula, formulas / formulae theorem 定理 公式
law 定律
formulation(集合名詞)公式principle 原理
assumption 假設
sequence, inference, deduction significant digit 有效數字 推論
integral 整數 definition 定義 fraction 分數 conclusion 結論 decimal 小數 convention 約定
hypothesis 假設 cast-iron鑄鐵 equation 方程 hard-steel高碳鋼 equality 等式 mild-steel低碳鋼 inequality 不等式
aluminum 鋁
充要條件 omitting忽略 subscript下標
mutually相互的uniform=homogeneous均勻的 unwind繃緊的,伸直的 contour等高線,參照線 negotiate=pass通過,越過 repel排斥
skid=brake制動 suspend懸掛 tendency傾向 thrust插入 wear磨損 weld焊接
steer=drive操縱,駕駛 tire=tyre輪胎
uniform=homogeneous均勻的 warrant=guarantee保證
DOF=degree-of-freedom自由度數 IRF= Inertial-Reference-Frame慣性系
humidity濕度 joule焦耳 watt瓦特
Newton’s law牛頓運動定律
D'Alembert's-principle達朗貝爾原理
Cartesian-coordinate笛卡兒坐標系 Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度 Coulomb's-law-of-friction庫侖摩擦定律
Taylor-series泰勒級數 Fourier-series傅立葉級數
Ⅲ read the expression correctly
2a half /(one)half 1
3a third5five twelfth 21
two and a half 0.1 point one
2.35 two point three five
4.9
?four point nine recurring ?plus /positive / and
- minus /negative /subtract
???? times /(be)multiplied by
??(be)divided by
=is equal to /equals
?is approximately equal to?is identically equal to
xn the nth power of x/ x to the power n
x2 x squarex3 x cube
1xn
the nth root of x
x the square root of x
a?b a is greater than b a?b a is less than b
a??b a is much(far)greater than b
xlimf?x?x? the limitation of f?x? when x
approaches(tends)to x sub one
y? y primey?? y double prime
y??? y triple primea quarter/ one(a)fourth 3
three fourth /three over four x?x dot?x
?x double dots / x two dots ? delta
?b
a
f?x?dx integral between limits a and b
? infinity
dy
dx
the first derivative of y with respect to x ?2y
?2x
the second derivative of y with respect to x ?u
?x
the partial derivative of u with respective to x