第一篇：英美文學(xué)9

W.Shakespeare

威廉·莎士比亞

dramatist, man of theatre, and poet

Comments by the Contemporaries ? 1.Edmond Spenser, Robert Greene ? The rise and success of “an upstart crow”(用美麗的羽毛裝飾起來(lái)的狂妄自大的烏鴉)

? 2.Francis Meres: one of the leading figures of the time and “the most excellent” in both comedy and tragedy Comments by the Contemporaries

? A handsome, well-shaped man, very good company（同伴，朋友）, and of a very ready（敏捷的）and pleasant smooth（平和的）wit（大智）

? The “gentle（文雅的）Shakespeare”, “gentle Will”

Ben Jonson’s Comments

? blot out: 抹掉;malevolent: 惡意的;posterity:子孫,后代;fault:出錯(cuò);

? justify:證明;candour:坦率;

? idolatry:崇拜偶像;fantasy:幻想;

? notions概念,想法;flow with: 富有;

? facility:熟練,技巧;

? such like:一類;redeem:拯救,解救

? homage:敬意;owe to:歸功于

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays

（the first）

? The first period of early apprenticeship:

1)Henry VI, Part II, III, I《亨利六世上、中、下》

2)Richard III 《里查德三世》

3)The Comedy of Errors《錯(cuò)誤的喜劇》 《錯(cuò)中錯(cuò)》

4)Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安莊尼克斯》

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays

(the first)

5)The Taming of the Shrew 《馴悍婦》

6)The Two Gentlemen of Verona《維洛那二紳士》

7)Love’s Labor’s Lost《愛(ài)的徒勞》 《空愛(ài)一場(chǎng)》

8)Romeo and Juliet 《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays nd(the 2)

2.the second period of rapid growth and maturity:

1)Richard II 《里查德二世》

2)A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之夢(mèng)》

3)King John 《約翰王》

4)The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays(the

2nd)

5)Henry IV, Part I;Henry IV, Part II《亨利四世》

6)Much Ado about Nothing《無(wú)事自擾》 《無(wú)事生非》

7)Henry V《亨利五世》

8)The Merry Wives of Windsor《溫莎的風(fēng)流女人》

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays nd(the 2)

? 9)Julius Caesar

? 《凱撒大帝》

? 10)As You Like It

? 《如愿》 《皆大歡喜》

?11)Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》

? 3.the third period of Gloom and Sadness:

? 1)Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

? 2)Troilus and Cressida

? 《特洛埃勒斯與克萊西達(dá)》

? 3)All’s Well That Ends Well

? 《終成眷屬》

? 4)Measure for Measure

《惡有惡報(bào)》 《一報(bào)還一報(bào)》

? 5)Othello 《奧塞羅》

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s

Plays(the third)

? 6)King Lear《李爾王》

? 7)

? 8)Antony and Cleopatra《安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉 》

? 9)Coriolanus《科利奧蘭納斯 》

? 10)Timon of Athens《雅典的泰蒙》

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays

(the 4th)

? 4.the fourth period of calm after storm:

? 1)Pericles《波里克利斯》

? 2)Cymbeline《辛柏林》

? 3)The Winter’s Tales《冬天的故事》

? 4)The Tempest《暴風(fēng)雨》

? 5)Henry VIII《亨利八世》

Four periods of Shakespeare’s Dramatic

Composition

The first period of early:Experiments in a number of dramatic form:

The First Period of Apprenticeship

(1590—1594)

Four Comedies in the First Period

Earliest successful tragedy: Romeo and Juliet

Writing Features of the First Period

? 1.concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment

? 2.early history plays, handle political themes and give historical lessons

? 3.extraordinary facility(熟練)in expression and a felicity(恰當(dāng))in the choice of phrases and

epithets(表示性質(zhì)、特征的形容詞)

Features of the First Period

? 4.not so much on character as on fine or witty speech and situation at first

? 5.mistaken identity, the best source of fun

? 6.historical accuracy, not so strictly regarded ? 7.an increasing insight into character and mind, a good command of characterization in Romeo and Juliet

Features in the First Period

? 8.poetical dramas: important dialogues and

soliloquies(獨(dú)白)assume(采取……形式)the form of poetry

? 9.the influence of Marlowe, blank verse in drama which developed into a happy vehicle(means)to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely

The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(1594—1600)

A period of great comedies and mature historical

plays:

? 6 comedies,? 5 historical plays,? a Roman tragedy,? and some sonnets.The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(1594—1600)

The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(1594—1600)

The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(1594—1600)

? In the historical plays of the second period, different phases(stage, period)of English life are shown before us:…courtiers(朝臣)…tavern(小酒館, 小旅館)…rogues(流氓,無(wú)賴)

? The second period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, portraying a magnificent panorama(view)of the manifold(various)pursuits of people in real life.The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(1594—1600)

Vivid Characters in the Historical Plays

The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(1594—1600)The Third Period of Gloom and Sadness(1601—1607)

? great tragedies and dark comedies:

? aggravated(加重)tragic note(tone),? social upheavals

? ill at ease(不安定)

? the Crown, absolutist專制主義者, risings

? In the atmosphere of general unrest, that Shakespeare exposed mercilessly the complicated social contradictions.The Third Period of Gloom and Sadness(1601—1607)

?

The Third Period of Gloom and Sadness(1601—1607)

? The comedies written in the third period are known as ______ The Third Period of Gloom and Sadness

(1601—1607)

? Three pure and saintlikefigures

rise:_____________________________.? But the world around them is a foul(evil)cauldron(大鍋)of ____.? Shakespeare’s reading is _____and ______.because they give _____ pictures of the world.Fourth Period of Romantic Drama

Shakespeare’s

Representative Plays

Assignment

? Read the pages from p.64 to p.85, trying to get the main idea of each play, comedies, tragedies and historical plays.? 1)major characters

? 2)main plots

第二篇：英美文學(xué)

Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

2009級(jí)師范三班劉靜 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

never lose hope.

第三篇：英美文學(xué)

術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋：

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream

***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻畫人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)，作品的主題是通過(guò)對(duì)主人公魯濱孫的成功刻畫，歌頌資本主義上升時(shí)期那種不畏艱難和困苦，充滿野心和冒險(xiǎn)精神，富有百折不撓，頑強(qiáng)毅力和斗志，依靠自己的雙手改變一切、創(chuàng)造一切的自我奮斗和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨擊當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)的議會(huì)政治和反動(dòng)的宗教勢(shì)力，通過(guò)描寫格列佛四次遇險(xiǎn)，寫出了作者看透了當(dāng)代的腐敗，以諷刺的方法，抨擊了當(dāng)時(shí)腐敗的社會(huì)。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express

Transcendentalism是美國(guó)浪漫主義最高潮時(shí)期的體驗(yàn)，認(rèn)為世間萬(wàn)物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.詩(shī)歌鑒賞

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否將你比作夏天？

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美麗溫婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂風(fēng)將五月的蓓蕾凋殘，And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暫。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休戀那麗日當(dāng)空，And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,轉(zhuǎn)眼會(huì)云霧迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休嘆那百花飄零，By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于無(wú)常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫發(fā)無(wú)損。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也無(wú)緣將你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的詩(shī)中長(zhǎng)存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩(shī)篇，So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.這詩(shī)就將不朽，永葆你的芳顏。

全詩(shī)的基本格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格（iambic pentameter），包括三個(gè)四行組（quatrain）和一個(gè)對(duì)偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韻式，即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有時(shí)平淡或離奇，破壞意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes當(dāng)我受盡命運(yùn)和人們的白眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飄零，And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干擾聾瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顧盼著身影，詛咒自己的生辰，Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一個(gè)一樣富于希望，F(xiàn)eatured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一樣廣交游，Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求這人的淵博，那人的內(nèi)行，With what I most enjoy contented least最賞心的樂(lè)事覺(jué)得最不對(duì)頭；

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，當(dāng)我正要這樣看輕自己，Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破曉從陰霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱著圣歌在天門：

For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的愛(ài)使我那么富有，That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王換位我也不屑于屈就。

賞析：對(duì)社會(huì)、對(duì)自己的命運(yùn)的不滿和無(wú)奈。格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格（iambic pentameter）.韻式，即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鳥 》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡倫·布賴恩特

Whither, 'midst falling dew,披著滴落的露珠，While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空燦爛，白日的行程就要結(jié)束；

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿過(guò)玫瑰色的遙遠(yuǎn)空際，Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤單的前程追逐？

總結(jié)：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are

going?

Vainly the fowler's eye看你遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)飛翔而無(wú)計(jì)可施，Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鳥人的眼光徒勞眷顧；

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,滿天紅霞把你映襯，Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飄飄飛舞。

總結(jié)：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在尋找開闊的大河之濱，Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,還是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水沖刷的海灘，On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔騰起伏？

? 總結(jié)：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上蒼把你關(guān)照，Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在無(wú)路的海岸為你指路，The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和無(wú)邊的空際，Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤單的飄蕩不致迷途。

? 總結(jié)：There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕動(dòng)翅膀，At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空氣稀薄暴風(fēng)寒冷，飛在高處，Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒適的大地，Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即將緊閉它的帷幕。

總結(jié)：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就會(huì)結(jié)束這樣的勞苦，Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即將找到你夏天的住處；

And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼喚自己的伙伴，Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.蘆葦也會(huì)躬身把你的窩巢遮護(hù)。

? 總結(jié)：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身軀全被吞沒(méi)，Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深淵里，你蹤影全無(wú)；

Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的啟迪深深留在我的心底，And shall not soon depart.我將久久地久久地把它記住。

? 總結(jié):I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,誰(shuí)，從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方，Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越無(wú)限的天空作必然的飛翔，In the long way that I must tread alone,也會(huì)在我必須獨(dú)自跋涉的長(zhǎng)途上，Will lead my steps aright.正確地引導(dǎo)我的腳步。

賞析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.

第四篇：英美文學(xué)

《英美文學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)方法

一、找到《英美文學(xué)》的輔導(dǎo)書，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通車》等類型的漢語(yǔ)版輔導(dǎo)書。

二、先把漢語(yǔ)版輔導(dǎo)書的課文翻譯通讀，理解了全書每個(gè)章節(jié)的內(nèi)容和知識(shí)點(diǎn)；用漢語(yǔ)記錄重點(diǎn)；

三、第一輪復(fù)習(xí)順序：

1、先看英國(guó)文學(xué)，后看美國(guó)文學(xué)

2、按照時(shí)間順序看，每個(gè)時(shí)代都有代表性文學(xué)流派和代表作家及代表性作品

3、按照課本的章節(jié)順序，看完漢語(yǔ)譯文后，對(duì)照英語(yǔ)譯文，劃出課本上對(duì)每個(gè)時(shí)代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和評(píng)論。名詞性描述一般是填空題和選擇搭配題；評(píng)論部分是簡(jiǎn)單題和問(wèn)答題；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介紹不用看；記住某個(gè)時(shí)代某個(gè)流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及該作品的簡(jiǎn)要介紹和評(píng)論。

4、按照章節(jié)劃出重點(diǎn)信息，然后整理筆記；

5、全部整理完畢之后，基本上對(duì)文學(xué)史和代表文學(xué)作品有了基本了解。

四、第二輪復(fù)習(xí)順序

1、找到歷年真題，做題的時(shí)候?qū)φ沾鸢?，尋找該答案在課文原文中的原始線索，并作好整理記錄；

2、整理理解全部真題的答案以后，對(duì)課本的重點(diǎn)知識(shí)就有了比較清楚的理解；

五、考前突擊復(fù)習(xí)

1、依據(jù)真題筆記和第二輪復(fù)習(xí)的筆記，對(duì)不熟悉的部分進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)。

2、根據(jù)以往考題的研究，舊題還會(huì)重新考，所以大家要關(guān)注所有做過(guò)的真題和各章節(jié)中沒(méi)有考過(guò)的但屬于代表性知識(shí)的部分，這些有可能是將要考的新題。自學(xué)考試已經(jīng)有歷史了，所以過(guò)去的真題加起來(lái)也就是全書的重點(diǎn)知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，所以認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)真題并理解消化，整理幫助記憶，這對(duì)于考試制勝是最好的辦法。

*警告：千萬(wàn)不要拋開課本直接做真題；

千萬(wàn)不要死記硬背，而是要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上反復(fù)讀，抄寫，默記；反復(fù)整理筆記，新的筆記只記錄沒(méi)有掌握好的，直到最后的筆記成為提綱式的。

〈高級(jí)英語(yǔ)〉復(fù)習(xí)方法說(shuō)明；

一、對(duì)照輔導(dǎo)書，精讀課文，做課后練習(xí)；

二、找來(lái)歷年考試真題，認(rèn)真做，查到答案在課本中的相關(guān)地方

三、認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)真題，總結(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)；錯(cuò)題本，反復(fù)研究錯(cuò)題

四、回到課本，從頭到尾認(rèn)真閱讀課文，全面復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)；

五、整理真題，再次復(fù)習(xí)錯(cuò)題；

*高級(jí)英語(yǔ)上下冊(cè)32個(gè)單元，復(fù)習(xí)面積很大，所以必須早動(dòng)手，狠下功夫。

祝愿大家能夠取得優(yōu)秀的成績(jī)！

第五篇：英美文學(xué)

SIR THOMAS MALORY

(1405-1471)

The OutlineI.SIR THOMAS MALORY

II.Morte d' Arthur《亞瑟王之死》

III.Questions for Discussion

.SIR THOMAS MALORY(1405-1471)

Life: He was very rich because he inherited a

considerable estate in Warwickshire(a county in west

central England)upon his father's death in 1433 and he

seems to have quickly become drawn into the turmoil of

local politics.In 1445, he became a Member of

Parliament for his county: a rather unstable area during

this time because the usually powerful Earl of Warwick,was only in his mid-teens.A lot of political affairs in Warwickshire led Sir

Thomas into his numerous clashes with the law.From

1444 onwards, he was caught up in raids(襲擊)on the

attacks on the Duke of Buckingham and Combe Abbey

大修道院,大寺院 , as well as a number of thefts in the county

of Essex.Keen to blacken his name, Sir Thomas'

enemies branded(給某人加上污名)him “a rapist, church-

robber, extortioner(勒索者，敲詐者)and would-be

murderer".Unlucky or incompetent,Sir Thomas was certainly in prison almost

continuously throughout the 1450s, though he did

escape several times.His pardon came to him in

October 1462, followed by military service in

Northumbria.From then on he kept his head down,but may have become embroiled(使卷入)in Cook's

Conspiracy(陰謀活動(dòng))of 1468, for which he was

imprisoned.There, he turned to writing and earned

eternal fame.Sir Thomas died on 12th March 1471,probably in Newgate Prison(London).He was buried in the nearby Friary Church of St.Francis.II.Morte d' Arthur

《亞瑟王之死》

Malory's tale begins with the mysterious birth of Arthur and ends with his equally mysterious death.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table.The knights fight many battles and win glory, all of which is a credit to the name of King Arthur.Near the end of the story, however, the tide of good fortune turns.Launcelot, one of Arthur's knights, falls in love with Arfhur's queen, Guinever, and the lady

returns his love.One by one the other knight become discontented(使不滿), selfish, or

disillusioned(使醒悟;使不再抱幻想;使...的理想破滅).Thus weakened, the kingdom is attacked by force under Sir Mordred, Arthur's treacherous(背叛的;不忠的)nephew, and ultimately it goes down in defeat.Arthur is borne away(被...所驅(qū)使)on a barge(大型平底船)by three mysterious ladies of the Lake.Morte d‘Arthur was written in a time of transition.The feudal order was dying.By the time Malory began writing his story, soldiers were fighting with gunpowder, a middle class of

tradesmen was arising;and the practices of chivalry were being replaced(代替,取代)by a new aristocratic code.Malory, in a desire to escape the disorder and uneasiness of his day,tried to recapture lost ideals of the romantic past as recounted(敘述,講述)in his tale of noble kings, adventurous knights, and damsels(少女;閨女)in distress(悲痛;苦惱;憂傷;貧困,窮苦;危難;不幸;引起痛苦或悲痛的事物).This book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.III.Questions for Discussion

1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?

2.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?

3.Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?

1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?

See the last paragraph on Page 50 to the fifth paragraph on Page 51.of our text book.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?See Page 6 –9 of our PPt..Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?

See the first paragraph on Page 52 of our text book.