第一篇:英美文學發展史
英美文學新古典主義時期
18世紀前半葉,英國社會安定,文學上崇尚新古典主義,其代表者是詩人蒲柏。他運用英雄偶句體極為純熟,擅長寫諷刺詩,但以發泄私怨居多。表現出啟蒙主義精神的主要是散文作家,他們推進了散文藝術,還開拓了兩個文學新領域,即期刊隨筆和現實主義小說。
期刊文學是應廣大讀者的要求而興起。斯梯爾與艾迪生兩人有首創之功。前者創辦《閑談者》報(1709~1711),后者繼出《旁觀者》報(1711~1712),將街談巷議和俱樂部里的風趣幽默寫上了期刊。艾迪生的文筆尤見典雅。后來笛福、斯威夫特、菲爾丁、約翰遜、哥爾德斯密斯等名家都曾主編期刊或為期刊撰稿,可見此風之盛。由于他們的努力,英國式的隨筆得到進一步的提高,題材更廣泛,文筆也更靈活。更具英國特色而又對歐洲大陸產生重大影響的則是散文小說。笛福的《魯濱孫飄流記》(1719)、《摩爾?弗蘭德斯》(1722)等書把水手和女仆當做英雄人物來介紹,細節寫得十分逼真,雖然書的結構松散,作者卻有娓娓動聽的說故事的本領,使讀者始終保持興趣。他的文字口語化,善于繪聲繪形,而又迅捷有力。這些特點,加上笛福對英國城鄉諸色人等的深刻了解,使他奠定了英國現實主義小說的基礎。斯威夫特的《格利佛游記》(1726)是以諷刺朝政、表現人類的丑惡為目的的寓言,然而作為故事,也是十分引人入勝。他把現實細節放在十分奇特的幻想的情景之中,而幻想也是正在發展中的英國小說所需要的。世紀中葉,理查遜用書信體小說細致地描寫遭遇不幸的少女的內心,以《克拉麗莎》(1747~1748)等大部頭小說感動了一整代英國和西歐的讀者,法國啟蒙思想家狄德羅稱之為偉大創造力的表現。但在菲爾丁的眼里,理查遜只是市儈哲學的代表,于是他起而用仿作去諷刺之,其結果卻掌握了寫小說的藝術,于是有了他自己的創作,其中最受稱道的是《棄嬰托姆?瓊斯的故事》(1749),它的人物、風景、場面都是典型的英國式的。作者歌頌真誠、熱心、忠實而又不受傳統束縛的青年男女,全書有一種爽朗、清新的空氣,而又結構完整,把現實主義小說推進到了一個新的水平。當時及稍后還有斯摩萊特、哥爾德斯密斯、斯特恩等人的小說,或擴充了題材,或實驗了新寫法,都有建樹,因此雖然世紀末出現了渲染神秘恐怖的“哥特小說”,但是現實主義已經成為英國小說中的主流,繼續向前發展。菲爾丁的作品《棄嬰托姆?瓊斯的故事》插圖 出色的散文還見于其他文學品種。約翰遜的《詩人傳》(1779~1781)是傳記和文論的卓越結合,鮑斯韋爾的《約翰遜傳》(1791)開辟了傳記文學的新境界,伯克的《論美洲的賦稅》(1774)展示了政治講演術的力量,羅吉《羅馬帝國衰亡史》(1776~1788)更以其深刻的啟蒙主義思想和典麗的文筆成為全歐欽仰的史學杰作。
然而散文之勢雖盛,詩歌并未沉寂,不僅有世紀初的蒲柏和湯姆遜在創作,就是一些散文名家,如斯威夫特、約翰遜和哥爾德斯密斯,也善于寫詩。等到世紀后半葉,感傷主義抬頭,詩歌也復振,出現了揚格的《夜思》(1742~1745)和格雷的《墓園挽歌》(1750)等佳作,反映了英國許多人在產業革命加緊進行中所感到的痛苦和彷徨。珀西編的《英詩輯古》(1765)引起了對古民歌的愛好,于是仿作者有之,偽造者有之,形成一種對中世紀神往的風氣。這時從經濟不甚發達的蘇格蘭傳來了農民詩人彭斯的聲音,他既是舊民歌的整理者,又是新詩篇的創造者,而吟唱的內容則是愛情和自由、平等、博愛的新思想。后者正是法國啟蒙思想的結晶,在80年代之末導致了法國大革命。對這次革命的迎或拒,同情或反對,使英國散文作家發生了嚴重的分裂,但大多數詩人卻在革命初起的“黎明”時刻對人類的未來充滿了希望。在這樣的氣氛中產生了浪漫主義詩歌。
浪漫主義時期
浪漫主義詩歌的第一個大詩人是布萊克。這個靠鐫版謀生的手工匠人是法國革命的熱烈的擁護者,但又反對它的哲學基礎理性主義,所寫的詩也大異于18世紀的優雅含蓄,而著重想象力和神啟式的宗教感,初期的《天真之歌》(1789)寫得純真,《經驗之歌》(1794)寫得沉痛;后來詩風一變,轉而寫作篇幅巨大的長詩如《四天神》(1804),其中有一套獨特的象征和神話系統。
大學生華茲華斯和柯爾律治卻經歷了另一種變化,即從擁護法國革命變成反對,于是前者寄情山水,在大自然里找慰藉;后者神游異域和古代,以夢境為歸宿。兩人的詩歌合集,題名《抒情歌謠集》,于1798年出版。兩年后再版,華茲華斯加了一個長序,認為“所有的好詩都是強烈情感的自然流露”,主張詩人“選用人們真正用的語言”來寫“普通生活里的事件和情境”,而反對以18世紀格雷為代表的“詩歌詞藻”。他進而論述詩和詩人的崇高地位,認為“詩是一切知識的開始和終結,它同人心一樣不朽”,而詩人則是“人性的最堅強的保護者,是支持者和維護者。他所到之處都播下人的情誼和愛”。
這一理論有足夠的實踐作為支持。華茲華斯的小詩清新,長詩清新而又深刻,他的十四行詩雄奇,他的《序曲》(1805)首創用韻文來寫自傳式的“一個詩人的心靈的成長”,無論在內容和藝術上都開了一代新風。柯爾律治另有特長。他的《古舟子詠》(1798)借用了一個充滿了奇幻之美的航海故事,探索了罪和贖罪的問題;他的短詩《忽必烈□》(1816)發掘了詩的音樂美和人心的聯想作用;他的理論著作《文學傳記》(1817)吸收了德國哲學家謝林的論點,對浪漫主義詩歌的特色,尤其是想象力在詩歌創作中的重要作用,作了精辟的論述,使他成為英國文學批評史上最敏銳的理論家之一。
然而這兩人的詩才在短期的閃耀之后相繼熄滅了,另一代詩人在1815年左右起來,把浪漫主義詩歌帶進了更廣闊的境界。拜倫、雪萊、濟慈三人各有特色,但是都忠于法國革命的理想。拜倫是出于對暴政的反感,雪萊是著眼于未來的理想社會,濟慈是由于憎恨這個使“青年臉色蒼白、骨瘦如鬼”的殘酷世界。在藝術上,他們都有重大的創新。拜倫在他的杰作《唐璜》(1818~1823)里一反歐洲舊傳說,把主人公從紈□子弟轉變成熱血青年,讓他兩度橫越歐陸,通過他的眼睛見證了又評論了廣闊的歐洲現實,而作者在本詩里對于口語體的運用又達到前所未有的高峰。拜倫詩如其人,始終為自由而斗爭,產生了超越英國和歐洲的文化和政治上的重大影響。雪萊的抒情詩情思專注而意境高遠,鼓舞了當時和后世的革命志士;他的哲理詩探討人類解放和理想的男女關系等重大問題,以議論入詩而詩句依然絢爛多采;他有志于復興希臘式的詩劇,在《解放了的普羅米修斯》(1820)里他師法埃斯庫羅斯而又不取其懦弱,重申人的復興的勝利,詩句挺拔,取得了輝煌成就。而濟慈,這個英年夭折的天才,在1819年一年之內,寫出了他幾乎全部最重要的詩篇:《心靈》、《夜鶯》、《希臘古甕》、《秋頌》、《許佩里翁》,每一篇都使人感染到年輕詩人是怎樣不知疲倦地追求著美,然而這卻只使他更憬然于當時英國無處不見的丑,使他明白“只有那些把世界的苦難當作苦難,而且苦難使他們不能安息的人”才能達到藝術巔峰。正是這對于“世界的苦難”所感到的切膚之痛使得濟慈的詩篇不僅瑰麗,而且深刻。
這一時期詩歌還有司各特、克萊普、莫爾、坎貝爾、胡德等人的作品,總的成就是驚人的。英國文學史上,莎士比亞去世以后,沒有另外一個時期有這樣多的第一流詩人,創作了這樣大量的為后世所珍視的第一流作品。
浪漫主義也有著名的散文作家,如哈茲里特和蘭姆,前者的《時代的精神》(1825)是精辟的文論;后者的《伊利亞隨筆集》(1823)以其風趣、典雅得到了英國和世界無數讀者的欣賞。此外還有《一個英國鴉片服用者的自白》(1821)的作者德?昆西,《幻想的對話》(1824~1848)的作者蘭道爾,都講究風格,喜作“美文”。德?昆西還運用詞句的音韻,試圖在散文中造成詩的效果。與之成為對照的是平民政治家科貝特所寫的《騎馬鄉行記》(1830),結合對民生疾苦的觀察和美好山水的感興,表明樸實有力的平易散文仍在發展。
散文的更大成就見于小說。原來以寫詩出名的司各特從1814年起寫了27部長篇歷史小說,用雄邁的文筆再現了蘇格蘭、英格蘭和歐洲歷史上的一些有突出意義的事件,包括人民起義、民族矛盾、宗教沖突和近代國家在反封建的斗爭中的建立,展示了歷史的進程,刻劃了眾多的英雄人物,留下了《威弗利》(1814)、《羅布?羅伊》(1817)、《米德洛西恩的監獄》(1818)、《艾凡赫》(1819)等名著,不僅創建了一個新的小說部門,而且對英、法、德、意、俄、美等國的小說寫作產生了影響。同樣有影響的,特別在英語國家的讀者當中,是女作家奧斯丁。她一共寫了6部小說,都以鄉下紳士家女兒的婚姻為主題,用筆細膩而略帶嘲諷,寫出了真愛情的可貴,偽善的可笑,創造了一類有見地、有個性的新的青年婦女典型,而小說結構勻稱,組織緊密 《傲慢與偏見》(1813)與《愛瑪》(1815)尤為精心之作。小說在19世紀40至50年代得到更大的發展,這也是英國國內階級斗爭激化的時期。列寧稱為“世界上第一次廣泛的、真正群眾性的、政治性的無產階級運動即憲章運動”帶來了憲章派文學。同時科學技術在加快發展,達爾文的劃時代的進化論給了傳統信仰以猛烈沖擊。在宗教界內部,出現了圍繞“牛津運動”的論爭。在政界和輿論界,圍繞谷物法和“英國現狀”問題展開了時間更長的論爭。論爭鍛煉了散文。正是在這個多事之秋,散文文學成果累累,卡萊爾的《法國革命》(1837)和《過去和現在》(1843)、麥考萊的《英國史》(1849~1861)、羅斯金的《威尼斯之石》(1851~1853)、穆勒的《論自由》(1859)等便是明證。讀者層也在急劇擴大;不少新刊物問世,開始了逐期連載長篇作品的作法。
這樣的環境和氣氛使小說作者更加關心社會上的重大問題。狄更斯最初用幽默風趣的筆觸寫了《匹克威克外傳》(1837),使人們感染到他的樂觀主義;而不過兩年,他就在《奧列佛?特維斯特》(1838)里寫孤兒的苦難和倫敦賊窟的黑暗;進入40年代,他又寫了一系列小說揭發崇拜金錢的罪惡后果,其中《董貝父子》(1848)尤為深刻;《大衛?科波菲爾》(1850)是一部充滿人世滄桑之感的成熟作品;接著而來的《荒涼山莊》(1853)、《艱難時世》(1854)與《小杜麗》(1857)則更見陰郁;《雙城記》(1859)強烈地譴責了法國貴族的殘酷,也表達了作者對于人民采取暴烈行動的戒懼;60年代的《遠大前程》(1861)寫的是前程渺茫,而《我們共同的朋友》(1865)則用巨大的垃圾堆來作英國社會的象征。象征手法的更多使用和對于小說結構的注意是他后期小說的特點,表示了他在小說藝術上的發展;然而他最吸引讀者的依然是他一貫保持的優點,即真實的細節與詩意的氣氛的結合,幽默、風趣與悲劇性的基本人生處境的結合,具體情節與深遠的社會意義的結合。這些結合,加上他對于語言的莎士比亞式的運用,使狄更斯的小說不僅內容豐富、深刻,而且以其藝術上的創新對歐洲現實主義小說的發展作出了獨特貢獻。
同樣關心社會問題但在范圍與寫法上不同于狄更斯的還有一大批別的作家。薩克雷的《名利場》(1847~1848)是另一部有長遠吸引力的巨著,用文雅的筆法諷刺了上層社會的貪婪和欺詐,而他的《亨利?埃斯蒙德》(1852)則發揚了英國歷史小說的優良傳統。1847至1848年間是英國小說的“奇跡年”:除了狄更斯的《董貝父子》和薩克雷的《名利場》外,還出版了夏洛蒂?勃朗特的《簡?愛》,埃米莉?勃朗特的《呼嘯山莊》,蓋斯凱爾夫人的《瑪麗?巴頓》。更多女作家的出現是一個值得注意的現象,而她們各有特長:蓋斯凱爾夫人用同情的筆調寫工人斗爭;勃朗特姊妹一個把倔強、有個性的家庭女教師放在小說的中心,讓她對有錢的小姐們發出抗議的聲音;另一個則用熾熱的情感寫愛與恨的故事,以荒涼的約克郡的野地為背景,情節中充滿40年代特有的嚴厲性。稍后,另一個女作家喬治?艾略特寫了一系列剖析倫理問題的小說,其中充滿田野景色的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》(1860)是一動人的悲劇,而她的晚年作品《米德爾馬奇》(1871~1872)則又以缺乏愛情的痛苦的婚姻生活為中心,細致、深入地描寫了一整個小市鎮的形形色色的人物。此外,這一時期里還有迪斯雷利寫貧富對立的兩個英國的社會小說,里德和金斯利寫為社會改革服務的揭露小說,特羅洛普寫小鎮故事和以內閣和議會為中心的政治小說,科林斯寫對狄更斯也產生了影響的偵探小說,都留下了出色作品。進入19世紀的后30年,英國小說依然活力不衰,題材范圍繼續擴大。梅瑞狄斯的《利己主義者》(1879)細致地分析了英國紳士在婚姻問題上的虛妄的自信,而他的《維托利亞》(1867)和《克勞斯威的黛安娜》(1885)又描繪了一類參與政治斗爭的新女性;勞瑟福德在《皮市巷的革命》(1887)里寫相信“異議派”教義的手工業者,勃特勒在《眾生之路》(1903)里寫維多利亞時期中產階級的冰冷無愛的家庭生活,威廉?莫里斯在《夢見約翰?保爾》(1888)里懷念舉行1381年起義的壯士。
英美文學超現實主義時期
超現實主義是20世紀20年代興起于法國的現代資產階級文藝思潮,也是第一次世界大戰后在法國出現的一個文學藝術流派,它的追隨者遍及美國、比利時、瑞士、德國、南斯拉夫、希臘、美國、墨西哥、巴西、日本及非洲。
超現實主義是從達達主義發展而來的。達達主義由特里斯唐·查拉于1916年在瑞士的蘇黎世創立?!斑_達”一詞是全無意義的。它實際上是主張推翻一切傳統的寫作技巧,完全打亂人的思維表達方式,企圖以毫無意義的文字堆積取得驚人的效果。達達主義沒有系統的理論,也沒有成功的創作,只存在了短短的幾年。超現實主義一詞最先是在阿波利奈德一個劇本序(1917)中提出的:“人當初企圖模仿行走,所創造的車輪子卻不象一條腿。這樣,人就在不知不覺中創造出超現實主義?!?/p>
1919年,安德烈.布勒東和保爾·艾呂雅、路易.阿拉貢等創辦了《文學》雜志,進行了超想實主義的實驗。1924年法國作家布勒等人在巴黎創立“超現實主義研究室”,并發表《超現實主義宣言》,創辦《超現實主義革命》雜志,宣布了這一流派的思想傾向和藝術觀點。他們以柏格森的直覺主義和弗洛伊德的精神分析學說為哲學基礎,否定文藝反映現實生活的基本創作規律,鼓吹超越現實,超越理智,用“自然寫作”的方法(即不受理性、道德準則制約的寫作法)來表現思想的真實活動。他們相信夢幻的下意識比事實更能表現出精神深處的真實,因此提出要挖掘久受壓抑的下意識世界,使之居于主宰的地位。超現實主義作品大多雜亂無章,荒謬混亂,有的甚至用晦澀難懂的符號來代替文字,反映了當時歐洲青年一代苦悶彷徨和找不到出路的狂亂不安的精神狀態,除布勒東外,這一流派的代表作家還有法國的艾呂雅和阿拉貢、英國的托瑪斯等人。
至1930年為止的整整十年,是超現實主義的興盛時期。隨后,超現實主義的陣營產生了分裂,阿拉貢和艾呂雅先后退出。
在理論上,超現實主義提出了一套文學主張。它的理論依據來自弗洛伊德的潛意識學和關于夢的闡釋。超現實主義認為,文學藝術要在人的復雜性后面發現它的統一;現實的表面不足于反映實現本身;超于現實之上存在著“某種組合形式”,這種形式能達到事物的本質。這種形式之一是潛意識,另一種就是夢。潛意識,反映了人的靈魂和世界的內在秘密;表達了潛意識,才能達到人對自己的完全意識,才能解釋現實世界的動因。夢,把人秘而不宣的東西完全剝露出來,既顯示了過去和現在,也預知著未來。
超現實主義者極端強調人的內在意識的重要性反映了他們對外在世界的一種厭倦情緒。他們自我標榜是“精神的反叛者”,并要以他們的作品去實現這場“血腥的革命”。否定西方文明,中止人們的現存關系。所以,他們的言論既有不滿現實的一面,又深深打上了虛無主義和無政府主義的烙印。
超現實主義在藝術上還提出要注意幽默的手法,認為有了幽默表明作家不向社會偏見屈服,這種手法是“絕望的面具”。因此,超現實主義的作品具有對一切事物采取笑謔態度的特點,被稱為“黑色幽默”。超現實主義還提出追求“神奇”、“奇特”的藝術效果,他們的創作寓于各種不同的令人預料不到的形象比喻,故他們的作品都有意象豐富新穎的特色。但在很多場合下,由于比喻過于龐雜,想象過于離奇,又往往導致怪誕、晦澀和不可理解。最后,超現實主義主張自動地“記錄思想,摒棄理智的一切控制,排除一切美學和道德的考慮”,為此,采用了一種“自動寫作法”,既把夢幻和一剎那間的潛意識記錄下來,而不考慮文學之間的聯系和美學效果。但超現實主義的這種嘗試并沒有取得“解放詩歌”的預期效果,反而使他們的大多數作品不可卒讀。
超現實主義存在的時間較長,這個流派頗有吸引力和生命力,不少的現代派都受其理論影響并加以發展。
英美文學-后現代主義文學
后現代主義時期是第二次世界大戰之後西方社會中出現的范圍廣泛的文學思潮,于20世紀70-80年代達到高潮。無論在文藝思想還是在創作技巧上,後現代主義文學都是現代主義文學的延續和發展。主流學術界曾經不區分“現代”和“後現代”兩個概念,但由于二戰之後文學發展的特征已經遠遠超過了傳統的“現代主義”所能涵蓋的范圍,因此將後現代主義文學看作一個獨立的文學思潮,和古典主義、浪漫主義、現實主義以及現代主義并舉。
第二篇:英美文學
Analysis of Robinson Crusoe
2009級師范三班劉靜 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s
failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only
indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full
understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a
remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and
never lose hope.
第三篇:英美文學
術語解釋:
Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:
1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI
1591The First part of King Henry VI
1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors
1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew
1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet
1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream
***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V
1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It
1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will
In the second period:
1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well
160416051606Antony and Cleopatra
1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens
1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre
In the third period:
1609Cymbeline, King of Britain
1610The Winter’s Tale
1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII
7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄學派詩人)
John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1
out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻畫人物。
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部現實主義小說,作品的主題是通過對主人公魯濱孫的成功刻畫,歌頌資本主義上升時期那種不畏艱難和困苦,充滿野心和冒險精神,富有百折不撓,頑強毅力和斗志,依靠自己的雙手改變一切、創造一切的自我奮斗和創業精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨擊當時英國的議會政治和反動的宗教勢力,通過描寫格列佛四次遇險,寫出了作者看透了當代的腐敗,以諷刺的方法,抨擊了當時腐敗的社會。Attack the Britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
Transcendentalism是美國浪漫主義最高潮時期的體驗,認為世間萬物都是平等的。
Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.詩歌鑒賞
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否將你比作夏天?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美麗溫婉。
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂風將五月的蓓蕾凋殘,And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暫。
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休戀那麗日當空,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,轉眼會云霧迷蒙。
And every fair from fair sometime declines,休嘆那百花飄零,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于無常的天命。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫發無損。
Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也無緣將你幽禁,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的詩中長存。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩篇,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.這詩就將不朽,永葆你的芳顏。
全詩的基本格律是五音步抑揚格(iambic pentameter),包括三個四行組(quatrain)和一個對偶句(couplet),采用典型的莎氏十四行的韻式,即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有時平淡或離奇,破壞意美
Sonnet 29
When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes當我受盡命運和人們的白眼,I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飄零,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干擾聾瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顧盼著身影,詛咒自己的生辰,Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一個一樣富于希望,Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似,又和他一樣廣交游,Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求這人的淵博,那人的內行,With what I most enjoy contented least最賞心的樂事覺得最不對頭;
Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是,當我正要這樣看輕自己,Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你,于是我的精神,Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破曉從陰霾的大地
From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升,高唱著圣歌在天門:
For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的愛使我那么富有,That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王換位我也不屑于屈就。
賞析:對社會、對自己的命運的不滿和無奈。格律是五音步抑揚格(iambic pentameter).韻式,即abab
cdcd efef gg。
To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鳥 》
-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡倫·布賴恩特
Whither, 'midst falling dew,披著滴落的露珠,While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空燦爛,白日的行程就要結束;
Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿過玫瑰色的遙遠空際,Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤單的前程追逐?
總結:As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
Vainly the fowler's eye看你遠遠飛翔而無計可施,Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鳥人的眼光徒勞眷顧;
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,滿天紅霞把你映襯,Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飄飄飛舞。
總結:the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在尋找開闊的大河之濱,Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,還是波浪拍岸的水草之湖?
Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水沖刷的海灘,On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔騰起伏?
? 總結:are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
There is a Power whose care有上蒼把你關照,Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在無路的海岸為你指路,The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和無邊的空際,Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤單的飄蕩不致迷途。
? 總結:There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕動翅膀,At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空氣稀薄暴風寒冷,飛在高處,Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒適的大地,Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即將緊閉它的帷幕。
總結:you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就會結束這樣的勞苦,Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即將找到你夏天的住處;
And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼喚自己的伙伴,Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.蘆葦也會躬身把你的窩巢遮護。
? 總結:you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will
end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身軀全被吞沒,Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深淵里,你蹤影全無;
Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的啟迪深深留在我的心底,And shall not soon depart.我將久久地久久地把它記住。
? 總結:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,誰,從一個地方到另一個地方,Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越無限的天空作必然的飛翔,In the long way that I must tread alone,也會在我必須獨自跋涉的長途上,Will lead my steps aright.正確地引導我的腳步。
賞析:There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
第四篇:英美文學
《英美文學》復習方法
一、找到《英美文學》的輔導書,例如《自考一本通》《自考直通車》等類型的漢語版輔導書。
二、先把漢語版輔導書的課文翻譯通讀,理解了全書每個章節的內容和知識點;用漢語記錄重點;
三、第一輪復習順序:
1、先看英國文學,后看美國文學
2、按照時間順序看,每個時代都有代表性文學流派和代表作家及代表性作品
3、按照課本的章節順序,看完漢語譯文后,對照英語譯文,劃出課本上對每個時代代表性流派,代表作家和代表作品的描述和評論。名詞性描述一般是填空題和選擇搭配題;評論部分是簡單題和問答題;*只看代表性的重要信息,非代表性作品和作家生平介紹不用看;記住某個時代某個流派有哪些代表作家,哪些代表性作品及該作品的簡要介紹和評論。
4、按照章節劃出重點信息,然后整理筆記;
5、全部整理完畢之后,基本上對文學史和代表文學作品有了基本了解。
四、第二輪復習順序
1、找到歷年真題,做題的時候對照答案,尋找該答案在課文原文中的原始線索,并作好整理記錄;
2、整理理解全部真題的答案以后,對課本的重點知識就有了比較清楚的理解;
五、考前突擊復習
1、依據真題筆記和第二輪復習的筆記,對不熟悉的部分進行重點復習。
2、根據以往考題的研究,舊題還會重新考,所以大家要關注所有做過的真題和各章節中沒有考過的但屬于代表性知識的部分,這些有可能是將要考的新題。自學考試已經有歷史了,所以過去的真題加起來也就是全書的重點知識網絡,所以認真復習真題并理解消化,整理幫助記憶,這對于考試制勝是最好的辦法。
*警告:千萬不要拋開課本直接做真題;
千萬不要死記硬背,而是要在理解的基礎上反復讀,抄寫,默記;反復整理筆記,新的筆記只記錄沒有掌握好的,直到最后的筆記成為提綱式的。
〈高級英語〉復習方法說明;
一、對照輔導書,精讀課文,做課后練習;
二、找來歷年考試真題,認真做,查到答案在課本中的相關地方
三、認真復習真題,總結知識點;錯題本,反復研究錯題
四、回到課本,從頭到尾認真閱讀課文,全面復習重點知識點;
五、整理真題,再次復習錯題;
*高級英語上下冊32個單元,復習面積很大,所以必須早動手,狠下功夫。
祝愿大家能夠取得優秀的成績!
第五篇:英美文學
SIR THOMAS MALORY
(1405-1471)
The OutlineI.SIR THOMAS MALORY
II.Morte d' Arthur《亞瑟王之死》
III.Questions for Discussion
.SIR THOMAS MALORY(1405-1471)
Life: He was very rich because he inherited a
considerable estate in Warwickshire(a county in west
central England)upon his father's death in 1433 and he
seems to have quickly become drawn into the turmoil of
local politics.In 1445, he became a Member of
Parliament for his county: a rather unstable area during
this time because the usually powerful Earl of Warwick,was only in his mid-teens.A lot of political affairs in Warwickshire led Sir
Thomas into his numerous clashes with the law.From
1444 onwards, he was caught up in raids(襲擊)on the
attacks on the Duke of Buckingham and Combe Abbey
大修道院,大寺院 , as well as a number of thefts in the county
of Essex.Keen to blacken his name, Sir Thomas'
enemies branded(給某人加上污名)him “a rapist, church-
robber, extortioner(勒索者,敲詐者)and would-be
murderer".Unlucky or incompetent,Sir Thomas was certainly in prison almost
continuously throughout the 1450s, though he did
escape several times.His pardon came to him in
October 1462, followed by military service in
Northumbria.From then on he kept his head down,but may have become embroiled(使卷入)in Cook's
Conspiracy(陰謀活動)of 1468, for which he was
imprisoned.There, he turned to writing and earned
eternal fame.Sir Thomas died on 12th March 1471,probably in Newgate Prison(London).He was buried in the nearby Friary Church of St.Francis.II.Morte d' Arthur
《亞瑟王之死》
Malory's tale begins with the mysterious birth of Arthur and ends with his equally mysterious death.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table.The knights fight many battles and win glory, all of which is a credit to the name of King Arthur.Near the end of the story, however, the tide of good fortune turns.Launcelot, one of Arthur's knights, falls in love with Arfhur's queen, Guinever, and the lady
returns his love.One by one the other knight become discontented(使不滿), selfish, or
disillusioned(使醒悟;使不再抱幻想;使...的理想破滅).Thus weakened, the kingdom is attacked by force under Sir Mordred, Arthur's treacherous(背叛的;不忠的)nephew, and ultimately it goes down in defeat.Arthur is borne away(被...所驅使)on a barge(大型平底船)by three mysterious ladies of the Lake.Morte d‘Arthur was written in a time of transition.The feudal order was dying.By the time Malory began writing his story, soldiers were fighting with gunpowder, a middle class of
tradesmen was arising;and the practices of chivalry were being replaced(代替,取代)by a new aristocratic code.Malory, in a desire to escape the disorder and uneasiness of his day,tried to recapture lost ideals of the romantic past as recounted(敘述,講述)in his tale of noble kings, adventurous knights, and damsels(少女;閨女)in distress(悲痛;苦惱;憂傷;貧困,窮苦;危難;不幸;引起痛苦或悲痛的事物).This book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.III.Questions for Discussion
1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?
2.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?
3.Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?
1.What are the features of Popular Ballads?
See the last paragraph on Page 50 to the fifth paragraph on Page 51.of our text book.What is the story of Morte d‘Arthur ?See Page 6 –9 of our PPt..Why is Sir Thomas Malory an important writer the 15th century?
See the first paragraph on Page 52 of our text book.