第一篇:小學英語一般過去式講解習題
一般過去時
1.一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態,常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時也表示過去經常或反復發生的動作感謝。
2.Be動詞在一般過去時中的變化:
⑴am 和is在一般過去時中變為was。(was not=wasn’t)
⑵are在一般過去時中變為were。(were not=weren’t)
⑶帶有was或were的句子,其否定、疑問的變化和is, am, are一樣,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑問句把was或were調到句首。
3.句中沒有be動詞的一般過去時的句子
否定句:didn’t +動詞原形,如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.一般疑問句:在句首加did,句子中的動詞過去式變回原形。
如:Did Jim go home yesterday?
特殊疑問句:⑴疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形?
如: What did Jim do yesterday?
⑵疑問詞當主語時:疑問詞+動詞過去式?
如:Who went to home yesterday?
動詞過去式變化規則:
1.一般在動詞末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2.結尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3.末尾只有一個元音字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節,應雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4.以“輔音字母+y”結尾的,變y為i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
5.不規則動詞過去式:
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat過去時練習
寫出下列動詞的過去式
isam_________ fly_______ plant________ are ________
drink_________ play_______ go________ make ________
does_________ dance________ worry________ ask _____
taste_________ eat__________ draw________ put ______
throw________ kick_________ pass_______ do ________
第二篇:過去式測試題及簡單講解
一般過去時
1.一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態,常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時也表示過去經常或反復發生的動作感謝。
2.Be動詞在一般過去時中的變化:
⑴am 和is在一般過去時中變為was。(was not=wasn’t)
⑵are在一般過去時中變為were。(were not=weren’t)
⑶帶有was或were的句子,其否定、疑問的變化和is, am, are一樣,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑問句把was或were調到句首。
3.句中沒有be動詞的一般過去時的句子
否定句:didn’t +動詞原形,如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.一般疑問句:在句首加did,句子中的動詞過去式變回原形。
如:Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑問句:⑴疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形?
如: What did Jim do yesterday? ⑵疑問詞當主語時:疑問詞+動詞過去式?
如:Who went to home yesterday? 動詞過去式變化規則:
1.一般在動詞末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2.結尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted 3.末尾只有一個元音字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節,應雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped 4.以“輔音字母+y”結尾的,變y為i,再加-ed,如:study-studied 5.不規則動詞過去式:am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat.
第三篇:小學六年級 一般過去式 語法講解 教案
教學目標與要求
1,知識目標:能夠聽、說、讀、寫動詞短語的過去式。
2,能力目標:學生能用句型表述他人在過去某一時間發生的情況或動作。3,情感目標:使學生學會與他人進行合作、交流。教學重點
重點掌握一般過去時的表達方式。教學難點:重讀閉音節動詞過去式的變化。教學步驟及說明 Step 1:warm up 1.T: What do you usually do on the weekend? S: I usually ??(通過師生對話,直接引出詞組)T: What did you do at last weekend? S: I ?? 一,概念
表示在過去某個時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。通常在句子里找到表示過去時間的詞或詞組。如:yesterday, yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, yesterday evening, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, a moment ago, just now, two days ago, a week ago, in 1990等。
如:I went to bed at eleven last night.昨晚我11:00睡覺。二 動詞過去式的構成規律
(一)規則動詞的過去式
1,一般情況下,在動詞原形后面加-ed;Look---looked play----played start---started visit—visited 2, 以不發音e結尾的動詞,在詞尾直接加-d;Live—lived use---used 3, 以“輔音字母+y”結尾的動詞,先將y 改成i,再加 –ed;Study---studied try—tried fly---flied 4,以重讀閉音節(即輔音+元音+輔音)或 r 音節結尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞,要先雙寫這個輔音字母后,再加 –ed。Stop---stopped plan---planned preferred(二)不規則動詞的過去式 1 改變動詞中的元音;
Begin---began drink---drank come---came eat---ate Grow---grew run---ran know---knew win---won speak---spoke Take---took write---wrote get---got 2 變詞尾的-d 為-t Build---built lend---lent send---sent spend--spent bend--bent 3 與動詞原形一樣;
Cut---cut put---put cost----cost hurt---hurt shut---shut 4 變-ay 為—aid(少數動詞)Say---said pay---paid lay---laid 5 采用不同詞根;
Sell---sold teach----taught buy----bought 6 其他
Am/is---was are---were have/has---had do---did
二 加 –ed 后的讀音方法 1 ed加在清輔音后面讀/t/ Finished/-t/ help /-t/ asked/-t/ 2 ed 加在濁輔音或元音結尾的,讀/d/ Played/-d/ lived/-d/ enjoyed/-d/ 3 ed 加在/t/或/d/后面,讀/id/ Wanted /-tid/ needed/-did/ visited /-tid/
過去時練習: 寫出下列動詞的過去式
Isam______ fly___ plant_____ are_____ drink_____ Play ______ go____ make______ does_____ dance_____ Worry______ ask____ taste_______ eat_____ draw_____ Put_____ throw______ kick_______ pass_____ do______ 用所給動詞的適當形式填空 We_____(live)in Japan last year.2 Susan_____(stop)the car on the street yesterday.3 My mother____(clean)my room and I _____(study)for the English test last Sunday.4 What____ you_____(do)last night? 5 On Saturday morning I ____(play)football 二 用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空
(1)May_____(finish)her homework very late yesterday evening.(2)Han Mei_____(bring)her pet to the park that day.(3)His father______(buy)a new computer for him last week(4)Miss Du______(walk)to work every day last term.(5)We____(move)to Shenyang 8 years ago.(6)_____ you _________(have)bread for breakfast this morning?(7)She_______(give)me a nice present last night.(8)The police______(stop)the car and_____(catch)the thief(小偷)just now.(9)Tom ____(carry)water for the old man last Saturday.(10)Uncle Wang______(come)into the room and______(find)something to eat.(11)Lily______(study)in the classroom for two hours and then ____(leave).(12)Jimmy______(do)a lot today.He______(go)shopping and _____(cook)supper.(13)We_____(go)to the cinema last night.The film_____(be)very good.(14)What time ______you________(get)to school this morning?
三 句子變化
(一)一般過去時的一般疑問句
1.把 was, were放在句首,其余位置不變。由Was?? 引導的一般疑問句,肯定答為:Yes,? was.否定回答為:No,?wasn’t 由Were??引導的一般疑問句,肯定回答為:Yes,?were.否定回答為:No,?weren’t.如:
(1)I was born in Shanghai.----Were you born in Shanghai?---Yes, I was.(肯定回答)----No, I wasn’t(否定回答)(2)They were in Li Yan’s home last night.----Were they in Li Yan’s home last night?--Yes, they were.(肯定回答)--No, they weren’t(否定回答)2.在行為動詞的句子中,要用助動詞did 來引導,其余的語序不變。要注
意的是,要把行為動詞的過去式改為原形。肯定回答為:Yes,?did 否定 No,?didn’t.如:John played computer games last night.---Did John play computer games last night? Yes, he did.No,he didn’t(二)一般過去時的否定句
在表示過去存在的狀態的句子中,相接在was, were的后面加上not。
如:
(1)He was in the park the day before yesterday.He was not in the park the day before yesterday.(2)We were busy last week.We were not busy last week.2 在表示過去的時間發生的動作的句子中,要在行為動詞的前面加助動詞didn’t.然后把過去式的行為動詞改為動詞原形。即:didn’t+ 動詞原形。
如
(1)She played the violin last night.She didn’t play the violin last night.(2)They swam in the lake yesterday.They didn’t swim in the lake yesterday.(三)一般過去式的特殊疑問句
1.What did??(主要是詢問過去發生了什么事情,注意要把過去式改為動 原形。)
We ate Chinese food last night.What did we eat last night? 2.Where did ?(主要是詢問過去事情發生的地方)They sang and dance in the music room yesterday morning.Where did they sing and dance yesterday morning? 3.Who +動詞過去式??(主要是詢問過去事情發生的人物)Mike and Tom climbed mountains last weekend.Who climbed mountains last weekend? 四 句子結構
在表示某個時間里存在的狀態的句子,系動詞用過去式was,were 構成。
如:(1)I was at home yesterday.昨天我在家。
(2)We were in the gym just now.剛才我們在體育館、2 在表示過去某個時間里發生的動作,用動詞的過去式構成。
如:I visited my uncle yesterday.昨天我拜訪了我的叔叔。3 各種句式
(1)一般過去時的肯定陳述句:
主語 + 動詞過去式 + 賓語或表語。
He worked in Shanghai ten years ago.(2)一般過去時的否定句:
a.主語 + didn’t + 動詞原形 + 賓語。(did+not=didn’t)He didn’t do morning exercises yesterday.b.主語 + wasn’t/weren’t + 表語。(was+not=wasn’t were+not=weren’t)
(3)一般過去時的一般疑問句: a.Did + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 賓語?
Did you study English in `1990? b.Was/Were + 主語 + 表語 ?
Was he a pupil five years ago?(4)一般過去時的特殊疑問句:
a 特殊疑問詞 + did + 主語 + 動詞原形 +賓語?
Where did your parents live five years ago? What did you do last Sunday? b 特殊疑問詞 + were/ was + Who was at the zoo yesterday?
表語?
第四篇:小學六年級_一般過去式_語法講解_教案
第一講 過去式
一 概念
表示在過去某個時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。通常在句子里找到表示過去時間的詞或詞組。如:yesterday, yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, yesterday evening, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, a moment ago, just now, two days ago, a week ago, in 1990等。
如:I went to bed at eleven last night.昨晚我11:00睡覺。二 動詞過去式的構成規律
(一)規則動詞的過去式
1,一般情況下,在動詞原形后面加-ed;Look---looked play----played start---started visit—visited 2, 以不發音e結尾的動詞,在詞尾直接加-d;Live—lived use---used 3, 以“輔音字母+y”結尾的動詞,先將y 改成i,再加 –ed;Study---studied try—tried fly---flied 4,以重讀閉音節(即輔音+元音+輔音)或 r 音節結尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞,要先雙寫這個輔音字母后,再加 –ed。Stop---stopped plan---planned preferred(二)不規則動詞的過去式 1 改變動詞中的元音;
Begin---began drink---drank come---came eat---ate Grow---grew run---ran know---knew win---won speak---spoke Take---took write---wrote get---got 2 變詞尾的-d 為-t Build---built lend---lent send---sent spend--spent bend--bent 3 與動詞原形一樣;
Cut---cut put---put cost----cost hurt---hurt shut---shut 4 變-ay 為—aid(少數動詞)Say---said pay---paid lay---laid
采用不同詞根;
Sell---sold teach----taught buy----bought 6 其他
Am/is---was are---were have/has---had do---did
二 加 –ed 后的讀音方法 1 ed加在清輔音后面讀/t/ Finished/-t/ help /-t/ asked/-t/ 2 ed 加在濁輔音或元音結尾的,讀/d/ Played/-d/ lived/-d/ enjoyed/-d/ 3 ed 加在/t/或/d/后面,讀/id/ Wanted /-tid/ needed/-did/ visited /-tid/
過去時練習: 寫出下列動詞的過去式
Isam______ fly___ plant_____ are_____ drink_____ Play ______ go____ make______ does_____ dance_____ Worry______ ask____ taste_______ eat_____ draw_____ Put_____ throw______ kick_______ pass_____ do______ 用所給動詞的適當形式填空 We_____(live)in Japan last year.2 Susan_____(stop)the car on the street yesterday.3 My mother____(clean)my room and I _____(study)for the English test last Sunday.4 What____ you_____(do)last night? 5 On Saturday morning I ____(play)football 二 用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空
(1)May_____(finish)her homework very late yesterday evening.(2)Han Mei_____(bring)her pet to the park that day.(3)His father______(buy)a new computer for him last week(4)Miss Du______(walk)to work every day last term.(5)We____(move)to Shenyang 8 years ago.(6)_____ you _________(have)bread for breakfast this morning?(7)She_______(give)me a nice present last night.(8)The police______(stop)the car and_____(catch)the thief(小偷)just now.(9)Tom ____(carry)water for the old man last Saturday.(10)Uncle Wang______(come)into the room and______(find)something to eat.(11)Lily______(study)in the classroom for two hours and then ____(leave).(12)Jimmy______(do)a lot today.He______(go)shopping and _____(cook)supper.(13)We_____(go)to the cinema last night.The film_____(be)very good.(14)What time ______you________(get)to school this morning? 三 句子變化
(一)一般過去時的一般疑問句
1.把 was, were放在句首,其余位置不變。由Was?? 引導的一般疑問句,肯定答為:Yes,? was.否定回答為:No,?wasn’t 由Were??引導的一般疑問句,肯定回答為:Yes,?were.否定回答為:No,?weren’t.如:
(1)I was born in Shanghai.----Were you born in Shanghai?---Yes, I was.(肯定回答)----No, I wasn’t(否定回答)(2)They were in Li Yan’s home last night.----Were they in Li Yan’s home last night?--Yes, they were.(肯定回答)--No, they weren’t(否定回答)2.在行為動詞的句子中,要用助動詞did 來引導,其余的語序不變。要注
意的是,要把行為動詞的過去式改為原形。肯定回答為:Yes,?did 否定 No,?didn’t.如:John played computer games last night.---Did John play computer games last night? Yes, he did.No,he didn’t(二)一般過去時的否定句
在表示過去存在的狀態的句子中,相接在was, were的后面加上not。
如:
(1)He was in the park the day before yesterday.He was not in the park the day before yesterday.(2)We were busy last week.We were not busy last week.2 在表示過去的時間發生的動作的句子中,要在行為動詞的前面加助動詞didn’t.然后把過去式的行為動詞改為動詞原形。即:didn’t+ 動詞原形。
如
(1)She played the violin last night.She didn’t play the violin last night.(2)They swam in the lake yesterday.They didn’t swim in the lake yesterday.(三)一般過去式的特殊疑問句
1.What did??(主要是詢問過去發生了什么事情,注意要把過去式改為動
原形。)
We ate Chinese food last night.What did we eat last night? 2.Where did ?(主要是詢問過去事情發生的地方)They sang and dance in the music room yesterday morning.Where did they sing and dance yesterday morning? 3.Who +動詞過去式??(主要是詢問過去事情發生的人物)Mike and Tom climbed mountains last weekend.Who climbed mountains last weekend?
四 句子結構
在表示某個時間里存在的狀態的句子,系動詞用過去式was,were 構成。
如:(1)I was at home yesterday.昨天我在家。
(2)We were in the gym just now.剛才我們在體育館、2 在表示過去某個時間里發生的動作,用動詞的過去式構成。
如:I visited my uncle yesterday.昨天我拜訪了我的叔叔。3 各種句式
(1)一般過去時的肯定陳述句:
主語 + 動詞過去式 + 賓語或表語。
He worked in Shanghai ten years ago.(2)一般過去時的否定句:
a.主語 + didn’t + 動詞原形 + 賓語。(did+not=didn’t)He didn’t do morning exercises yesterday.b.主語 + wasn’t/weren’t + 表語。(was+not=wasn’t were+not=weren’t)
(3)一般過去時的一般疑問句:
a.Did + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 賓語?
Did you study English in `1990? b.Was/Were + 主語 + 表語 ?
Was he a pupil five years ago?(4)一般過去時的特殊疑問句:
a 特殊疑問詞 + did + 主語 + 動詞原形 +賓語?
Where did your parents live five years ago? What did you do last Sunday? b 特殊疑問詞 + were/ was + 表語?
Who was at the zoo yesterday?
第五篇:英語定語從句講解+習題
高中定語從句講解
在復合句中充當定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當于形容詞,用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個主句,所以,也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關系詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。提示: 關系詞在定語從句中有三大作用 1.連接作用——連接先行詞和定語從句。
I gave her all the money that I had.我把我所有的錢都給了她。(that 連接先特詞 money和定語從句I had)
2.替代作用——在定語從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。
The man who lives next door is a famous teacher.住在隔壁的那個人是個名師。(who 替代the man)
3.成分作用——在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語。
I like picrures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style.我喜歡傳統的中國畫。(which在定語從句中作主語)
一、關系代詞引導的定語從句
引導定語從句的關系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞,并在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語。
A.Who
指人,在定語從句中作主語。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
借錢給你的那人叫什么名字?(定語從句修飾先行詞the man)
He who laughs last laughs best.誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。(定語從句修飾先行詞he)
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.會議主席坐在我右邊,他先發言。(定語從句修飾先行詞the chairman)
B.Whom
指人,在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中,whom可省略或可用who來代替,但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語從句中只能用whom。
There are some people whom/who we like and others whom/who we dislike.有些人我們是喜歡的,有些人則是我們討厭的。(定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others)
The people whom/who I work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。(定語從句修飾先行詞the people)
Mr.Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.Mr.Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過,他對我們的計劃很感興趣。(非限制性定語從句中不能用who代替whom)
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.兩個人來到我的辦公室,我以前從未見過他們。(在介詞后面不用who)
C.Whose
人、物皆可,做定語,后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞,先行詞和后面的名詞之間往高中定語從句講解
往是從屬關系。
There are some people whose faces you can never forget.有些人,他們的臉你永遠難以忘懷。(定語從句修飾先行詞people)
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發黑。(定語從句修飾行詞trees)
D.Which
1.指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.英語是一門容易學的語言。(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略)
The children like cookies(which)my wife makes.孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關系代詞which作makes的賓語,可以省略)
2.which引導的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個主句,相當于and this。
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.吉姆通過了駕駛考試,這使大家都感到驚訝。(定語從句修飾的是整個主句,而不是the driving test)
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.希拉不能來參加聚會,真遺憾。(定語從句修飾的是整個主句,而不是the party)
3.which在非限制性定語從句中有時也可以作定語。
John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.約翰在這里呆了一星期,在此期間我們一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.周末可能下雪,在這種情況下,我們就不去北京了。E.That
指人時,相當于who 或whom;指物時,相當于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語(做賓語時常可省略)。
He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那個人。(定語從句修飾先行詞the man,作主語)
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜歡結尾悲傷的故事。(定語從句修飾先行詞stories,作主語)
The dress(that)Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well.安買的衣服不太合身。(定語從句修飾先行詞the dress,that作賓語可省略)
Is there anything(that)I can do for you?
有我能為你效勞的事嗎?(定語從句修飾先行詞anything,that作賓語,可省略)
提示:
在口語中,that有時還可以作關系副詞,相當于when或 介詞+which 結構。
We left the day(that)he arrived.他來的那一天,我們就走了。(that替when)
He doesn't see things the way(that)we see them.他看問題的方法和我們不一樣。(that代替in which)
Imagine the speed(that)he drives his car!很難想象,他開車的速度那么快!(that代替at which)F.其他關系代詞
as 和but也可作關系代詞,引導定語從句。1.As
as可以在限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中作主語或賓語。高中定語從句講解
① 在限制性定語從句中,as可跟在由such, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。
Such men as heard him were deeply moved.聽過他說話的人,都會深受感動。(as在定語從句中作heard的主語)
I've never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。(as在定語從句中作tell的賓語)
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。(as在定語從句中lift的賓語)比較:
在the same as結構中,as也可用that代替。但嚴格地說,the same as強調相同的東西,the same that注重同一個。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的衣裙。(as指的是與先行詞相似的同類事物)
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。(that指的是與先行詞同一事物)
②
在非限制性定語從句中,as可代表主句整個句子,引導的定語從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,一般用逗號與主句分開。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知,臺灣屬于中國的領土。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人,這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。必背:
一些由as引導的定語從句常位于句首,已形成了固定的說法。
as is known to all 這是眾所周知的 as may be imagined 這可以想象得出
as has been said before 如前所說
as has been pointed out 正如已經指出
as is often the case 情況常常如此
as often happens 這種情況常常發生
2.But
but作關系詞只能引導限制性定語從句,同具有否定意思的主句連用,相當于that not, who not或which not。
There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.我班上沒有一個學生不愿意多學一點的東西的。(but = who not)
There are very few but are against war.很少人不反對戰爭。(but = who not)
G.介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句
介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句是一種非常常見但也比較復雜的定語從句結構。
1.介詞+關系代詞中介詞的位置
關系代詞whom, which在從句中作介詞賓語時,可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間(that, who不可以),也可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面,使關系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.他是個經驗豐富的人,從他那兒可以學到很多。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.=The school(which that)he once worked in is a key school.他曾經工作過的學校是一所重點學校。高中定語從句講解
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.=The manager whose company I'm working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我就職的那家公司經理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。2.介詞+關系代詞的常見結構
①介詞+which whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.這就是那位我們經常談論的著名歌唱家。
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.很幸運,我們帶了一張地圖,如沒有的話,我們就會迷路了。
②名詞+of+ which /whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.請把那本藍封面的書遞給我。(也可用whose cover)
③數詞+of+ which /whom
She's got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.她有三只幸運筆,其中兩只從未用過。
④代詞+of+ which /whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.我發現籃子里有好些蘋果,有些已經壞了。
There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.我們班有50個學生,其中大多數來自大城市。
⑤最高級+of+ which /whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有數千個島嶼,其中最大的是臺灣。
⑥介詞+which+名詞
He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows.他通常十點鐘回家,在這時候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。
His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.他的妻子病得很重,在這種情況下,他不得不放棄出國的機會。3.關系代詞前介詞的選擇
在介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句中,應注意介詞的正確選擇。
①
根據后面動詞和介詞的搭配關系選擇。
The two things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair.他們引以為豪的兩樣東西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發。(feel proud of是固定搭配詞組)
In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街道上沒有一個她可以求助的人。(turn to sb.for help是固定搭配詞組)
②根據與前面名詞的搭配關系選擇。
I'll never forget the ay on which I first met him.我永遠忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介詞on)
Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used?
你能設想一個使用這個詞語的場合嗎?(a situation前面一般用in)高中定語從句講解
③有時須同時考慮動詞和介詞的搭配關系及介詞和名詞的搭配關系。
Is that the house in which you once lived
那就是你曾經住過的房子嗎?(Live in the house)
④根據所要表達的意思來確定。
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.這是我的眼鏡,離了它我什么也看不清。注意:
當關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,謂語動詞應與先行詞的人稱和數保持一致。
I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.我是你的好朋友,我會盡我一切所能來幫你。
The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month.這家人很愛音樂,他們每月都去聽一次音樂會。
He is one of the boys in our class who speak English well.他是班上英語說得很好的男生之一。(one of +復數名詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句謂語動詞用復數形式)
He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.他是班上唯一英語說得很好的男生。(the(only)one the very one the right one of +復數名詞+關系代詞 引導的定語從句謂語動詞用單數形式)
二、關系副詞引導的定語從句
引導定語從句的關系副詞有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分別在定語從句中作狀語,在意義上相當于介詞+which結構,分別代替表示時間、地點或原因的先行詞。
A.when
指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。(when= on which)
He came at a time when we needed him most.他是在我們最需要他的時候來的。(when= at which)
We will never forget the year 1949, when th People's Republic of China was founded.我們永遠忘不了1949年,那是中華人民共和國成立的一年。(when= in which)B.where
指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
I recently went back to the town where I was born.我最近曾回過一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)
I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine.我想住在一個陽光充足的國家。(where = in which)
What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday
你度假的那個地方叫什么名字?(where = at which)C.why
指原因,在限制性定語從句中作原因狀語。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.請告訴我你誤機的原因。(why = for which)
Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us.高中定語從句講解
他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。
注意:
無論是關系代詞,還是關系副詞,都在定語從句中取代了先行詞,因此,先行詞在定語從句中不復出現。
【誤】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday.這就是我昨天借的書。(that在定語從句中取代了先行詞the book,作borowed的賓語,因此,要去掉it)
【誤】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English.英語角是人們經常去練習英語口語的地方。(where在定語從句中取代了先行詞the pace,作go的狀語,因此,要去掉there)
三、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
根據定語從句在句中所起的作用,可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。
A.限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時不用逗號與先行詞分開。
This is the boy who broke the window.這就是打破窗子的孩子。(the boy是先行詞,who broke the indow是限制性定語從句,明確指出the boy是打破窗子的那個孩子)
I have a book which teaches English grammar.我有一本講解英語語法的書。(a book是先行詞,which teaches English grammar是限制性定語從句,修飾the book)
The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.你在大廳見到的那些人來自日本。(定語從句whom you met in the hall定先行詞the people)
B.非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句在意義上只是一個附加修飾語,對先行詞或主句作些附加的說明。如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時往往用逗號與先行詞分開。
I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.我是你的朋友,將與你分擔這項工作。(I是先行詞,who am your friend是非限制性定語從句,對先行詞I起附加說明的作用)
New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all.新概念英語是專為外國學生編寫的,這是我們大家都知道的。(which is known to us all是非限制性定語從句,對主句作進一步的補充說明)C.在下列情況下,通常使用非限制性定語從句。1.當先行詞表示的是世界上獨一無二的人或物時。
The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star.太陽是一顆恒星,它給我們光和熱。
Last year I visted the People's Great Hall, where many important meetings are held 高中定語從句講解
every year.去年我參觀了人民大會堂,每年許多重要會議都要在那里舉行。2.當定語從句修飾整個主句時。
Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows.眾所周知,臺灣屬于中國的領土。
The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.天氣非常糟糕,這點們沒有料到。
3.當先行詞是專有名詞,或先行詞本身指示意義十分明確時。
Mr.Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.喬先生現在住在北京,那里距離這兒很遠。
I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election.我祝賀我的鄰居,他的兒子剛剛贏得選舉。非限制性定語從句的五個“不能”(1)關系詞不能用 that
(2)關系詞不能用 why,只能用 for which(3)有且只有 as 能放整個句首,which 不能
(4)“介詞+關系代詞 其中的關系代詞不能用 as。介詞 + which/ whom(5)指人的關系代詞作賓語時,只能用賓格 whom;不能用 who 替換,也不能省略。
四、關系代詞和關系副詞的選用
引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞的選用,比較復雜除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物,所引導的定語從句是限制性的還是非限制性的,以及關系詞在從句中充當什么句子成份外,還要根據習慣用法而定。A.只用who 1.在非限制定語從句中指人時:
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他媽媽十分地愛他,對他要求很嚴格。2.先行詞是one, anyone, those等指人時:
One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth.一個無所畏懼的人敢說真話。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.凡是反對這項計劃的人,請舉手。3.在there/here be開頭的句子中。
Here is a boy who wants to see you.有個男孩想見你。B. 只用which whom
在下列情況下,一般不能用that代替which whom。1.在非限制性定語從句中。
The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.天氣非常糟糕,這我們沒有料到。2.介詞后面。高中定語從句講解
關系代詞緊跟在介詞或短語介詞后面,只能用which或whom,不能用that。
He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view.他爬到一塊巨大的巖石頂上,從那里他看到很好的景色。(也可用from where)
Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.聲音是工具,人們通過這個工具進行交流。
C.只用that 1.當先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等詞時,或當先行詞被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時。
Everything that they said was true.他所說的一切都是真的。
He is dead and there's nothing that can be done.他死了,再也沒有什么辦法了。
There was little that we could do to help her.我們沒有什么能幫助她的。
These walls are all that remain of the ancint city.這些墻是這座古城所殘存下來的全部。
提示: something 后面可用which引導定語從句。
There is something(which/ that)I'd like to tell you.有些事我想告訴你。2.當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。
The first place(that)they visited in London was the Big Ben.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。
She was probably the hardest working student(that)I have ever taught.她也許是我教學生中學習最勤奮的。3.當先行詞被the very, the only修飾時。
This is the very grammar book(that)I want to buy.這正是我要買的語法書。
Beauty is the only thing(that)Emily can be proud of.美麗是埃米莉唯一能驕傲的東西。
4.當先行詞為who或前面有who, which等疑問代詞時。
Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常識的人誰會相信這種無聊的事情?
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個人是誰?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
5.當先行詞為人與事物或動物時。
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.掉入河里的司機與車都還沒有找到。
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning.被認為在森林里迷路的孩子與狗,今天早上已經獲救了。
6.先行詞在定語從句中做表語時。
She is no longer the sweet girl(that)she used to be.她再也不是過去那個甜美的女孩了。
He is not the man(that)he seems.他這人不貌相。
D.關系副詞與關系代詞的選擇
當先行詞是表示時間、地點或原因的名詞時,定語從句用關系副詞還是關系代詞來引導,要根據關系詞在定語從句中所擔當的句子成分來決定。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永遠忘不了我們一起度假的日子。(when作狀語)高中定語從句講解
I will never forget the days which we spent together.我永遠忘不了我們一起度過的日子。(which作we spent賓語)
I know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一個我們可以野炊的地方。(where作狀語)
I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.我知道一個以自然景色優美而聞名的地方。(which作主語)E.關系詞的省略
在下列情況下,關系代詞或關系副詞在非正式文體中可以省略。
1.關系代詞that, which, who, whom在定語從句中做賓語時,常可省略。
Are these keys(that which)you were looking for? 這是你正在尋找的鑰匙嗎?
The man(who that)I was sitting net to on the plane talked all the time.飛機上坐在我旁邊的那個人一直在喋喋不休。
2.以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或that引導,而且通常可以省略。
I don't like the way(that in which)she walks.我不喜歡她走路的樣子。The way(that in which)he answered the questions was surprising.他回答這些問題的方式令驚奇。
3.在the time when, the place where, the reason why結構中,when, where, why可省略。
I shall never forget the day(when)we first met.我永遠不能忘記我們第一次見面的那一天。
That's the place(where)he stayed when he was in the country.那就是他在鄉下呆過的地方。
F.定語從句與強調句型的區別
1.強調句型中的it是個引導詞,本身沒有意義。如果去掉it is/was that,句子結構仍然完整,句意也完整。定語從句中的it是指示代詞,做主句的主語。如果去掉it is/was that,句子結構不完整,意思也完整。
It is a question that needs careful consideration.這是一個需要慎重考慮的問題。(定語從句)
It is novels that she enjoys reading.她喜歡閱讀的是小說。(強調句)
2.在強調句中被強調的部分還可以是副詞、介詞短語或從句;在定語從句中先行詞一般是名詞、代詞或名詞短語。
Was it in this palace that the last emperor died(強調句型)
那位末朝皇帝是在這個宮殿里死的嗎?
Was it this palace where the last emperor died(定語從句)
這是那位末朝皇帝死的宮殿嗎?
3.有些強調句型中含有一個定語從句,這往往給理解帶來一定的難度。解決方法是仔細分析that或who在句中的作用。
It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment.他們是在去年建造的實驗室里完成這個實驗的。(that was set up last year 是定語從句,that在從句中作主語,并可被which替換)
It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest.是來自我們學校的學生獲得了競賽一等獎。(who came rom our school 是定語從句,who在從句中作主語)高中定語從句講解
G.定語從句與同位語從句的區別
1.定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,起限定作用。而同位語從句等同于它所修飾的名詞,是名詞性的,其功能是對所修飾的名詞作補充說明。
It is a fact(that)you can't deny.這是一個你不能否認的事實。(定語從句)
It is a fact that she has done her best.她盡了最大的努力,這是事實。(同位語從句)
2.在定語從句中,that代先行詞,在從句中不僅起連接作用,還充當某個句子成分,在作賓語時通常可省略。而在同位語從句中,that只起連接主句和從句的作用,無意義,在從句中不充當句子成分,一般不可省。
The news(that)we heard spread all over the school campus.我們聽到的消息傳遍了校園。(定語從句)
The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個消息是真的。(同位從句)
歷年高考真題:
1.---Mom, what did your doctor say?
---He advised me to live _____ the air is fresher.2006年(四川卷)
A.in where
B.in which
C.the place where
D.where
先行詞在句中無法找到, 故該句型不屬定語從句,應為地點狀語從句。本題考察
了定語從句與地點狀語從句的區別。【D】
2.I saw a woman running towards me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _____ she had come.2006年(重慶卷)A.of which
B.by which
C.in which
D.from which 3.Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada,_____this was a memory she especially treasured.2006年(廣東卷)
A.as
B.if
C.when
D.where 4.Women ______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t.2006年(北京卷)
A.who;不填 B.不填;who C.who;who D.不填;不填
解析:兩處空格后均為定語從句,均缺少關系詞。第一個定語從句的先行詞是woman,要用關系代詞引導從句,同時該從句中缺主語,用who;第二個定語從句高中定語從句講解的先行詞是those,在句中指人,其定語從句也缺少主語,用who.所以選C。
5.We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us _____ we gave some bells and glasses.2006年(湖南卷)
A.to which
B.to whom
C.with whom
D.with which 6.She was educated at Beijing University, _____ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.2006(陜西卷)
A.after which
B.from which
C.from that
D.after that 有逗號是定語從句,若是句號用after that即為狀語從句。如果which在從句中是句子的一部分,充當從句的主語或者賓語,沒有which句子就不完整。而that在從句中不是一部分,沒有that一樣是個完整的句子
7.The Beatles,____many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.2006年(天津卷)
A.what
B.that
C.how
D.as 8.I was given three books on cooking, the first _____ I really enjoyed.2006年(浙江卷)
A.of that
B.of which
C.that
D.which 9.My most famous relative of all, _____ who really left his mark on America, was Rob Sussel, my great-grandfather.2006年(江蘇卷)
A.one
B.the one
C.he
D.someone 10.We’re just trying to reach a point _____ both sides will sit down together and talk.2006年(山東卷)
A.where
B.that
C.when
D.Which 我們僅僅是嘗試達到一個能使雙方坐下來對話的目標。
point,base,situation,condition等表示事態,情況等的一些詞在用于定語從句時后面的連詞要用where或in which
11.You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre,_____ is always busy at the weekend.2006年(上海春季)
A.that B.where
C.what
D.Which先行詞為shopping center 12.Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _____ they learn simple games and songs.2007年(全國Ⅰ卷)
A.while
B.there
C.then
D.where 13.Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _____ wanted to buy it.2007年(安徽卷)
A.none of them B.both of them
C.none of whom
D.neither of whom 14.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____ they can be controlled on purpose.2007年(重慶卷)
A.with which
B.to which
C.of which
D.for which 按題意先行詞 the degree 在句中構成 to sth.(達到某種程度)作句中作賓語 應選【B】。
1. 先行詞在句中無法找到, 故該句型不屬定語從句,應為地點狀語從句。本題考察
了定語從句與地點狀語從句的區別。【D】 高中定語從句講解
2. 按題意先行詞 the direction 用在 come(from)后構成(from)the direction 在句中作方式狀語,應填 from which。【D】
3. 先行詞是指整個主句的內容, 但是它在從句中不充當任何成分,故該句型不屬定語從句,應為原因狀語從句。本題考察了定語從句與原因狀語從句的區別。【A】
4. 先行詞 Women 在句中作主語,應選【C】
5. 按題意先行詞 them 在句中作 give sth.to sb.結構作介詞的賓語,應選【B】。
6. 按題意先行詞是指整個主句的內容,在句中又構成了(after)sth作介詞的賓語,應選【A】。
7. 【解析】按題意先行詞是指整個主句的內容,在句中作 remember 的賓語,應選【D】。
8. 【解析】按題意先行詞 three books 在句中與 the first(of …)一起作 enjoyed 的賓語,應選【B】。
9. 【解析】按題關系代詞為 who 已給出,在句中作主語。本題是考察根據從句找出先行詞。根據題意關系代詞指人,常用 the one 代替,故選【B】 10. 【解析】先行詞 a point 在句中作地點狀語,應選【A】。
11. 【解析】先行詞 the shopping centre 在句中作主語,且該句為非限制性定語從句,故D
12. 【解析】先行詞 a day care center 在句中作地點狀語,應選【D】。13. 【解析】按題意先行詞 only two people 在句中作主語,應選【D】。
14. 【解析】按題意先行詞 the degree 在句中構成 to sth.(達到某種程度)作句中作賓語 應選【B】。