第一篇：翻譯第8講(詞類轉換)(2010)

Lecture 5Conversion of part of speech

From today on, we’ll learn some main translation techniques.For example: Conversion of part of speech;amplification;ommision;how to translate passive voice;how to translate nominal clause;how to translate long sentence;how to translate attributive clause, etc.What we’ll learn today is the first one, that is, Conversion of part of speech.A word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.That means it may be translated into another part of speech in another language.For example: a noun, a perposition, an adjective,or an adverbial in one language may be translated into verb in another language;a verb, or an adjective may be translated into noun in another language.As we have learned, English is a noun-dominated language, which means that the noun phase has a high frequency in usage.English sentences tend to be stative.While Chinese is a verb-dominated language.This is because the different way of thinking of the two nations.English speaking people are used to thinking in abstract concepts.Thus English speaking people often express actions through abstract nouns.As these nouns imply some actions, there are hardly corresponding nouns in Chinese to match them.As a result, in translation many such nouns should be better turned into verbs.Therefore, in this chapter we’ll mainly focus on the noun-verb translation.(1)Nouns that imply some action, especially those derived from their corresponding verbs are usually translated into Chinese verbs,(and their attributives naturally become adverbials 見E和H).For examples:

A)The maintenance of the existence of some rare animals has recently claimed world-wide attention.Word-for-word translation of “maintenance of the existence of some rare animals” should be “某些稀有動物生存的保護”.It would sound very awkward.So the noun maintenance here should be translated into verb “保護”.The Chinese version of this sentence should be “保護某些稀有動物的生存，近來已引起了世界范圍的廣泛關注”。

B)My admiration for him grew more.我對他越來越敬佩

C)The proof of the pudding is in the eating.要想知道布丁的滋味，就要親自嘗一嘗。

D)His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.他因受賄而被捕。

E)The timely arrival of the police stopped the riot.警察及時趕到，制止了騷亂。F)He regretted their failure to reach an agreement.他們未能達成協議，他感到遺憾。

G)He shook his head in feigned disbelief.他故意搖搖頭，假裝不相信。

H)His continual, unnatural watching of other’s movements aroused our suspicions.他老是鬼鬼祟祟地查看別人的行動，引起了我們的懷疑。

I)His decision could not be indefinitely postponed.他不能無限期地托延下去而 1

不作決定。

J)His exclusion from the tennis club hurt him very much.網球俱樂部拒絕接納他，這使他很傷心。

K)In the evening after wash and his sit-down tea he went upstairs.晚上，他洗了洗，坐下來喝點茶，然后上樓。

L)Scientists are only beginning to understand why physical workouts can also provide a mental and emotional boost.科學家剛開始了解為什么鍛煉身體也能增進智力，改善情緒。

M)The early spring of England is still full of climatic irregularity.英格蘭初春的天氣常常變幻莫測。

N)How much time would have to pass before he wasn’t her every other thought? 還要過多少時候她才會不再情不自禁地老想起他呢？

We can find that the logical subject(agent of action)of this type of noun is often a possessive case.However, the possessive may not always refer to the logical subject but sometimes to the logical object(patient of the action).For example:

More troops have been sent to your protection.已派更多的部隊來保護你們。

(2)Nouns appearing in the “there be…” pattern and similar pattern showing existence can also be translated into Chinese verbs.For examples:

A)There was a sudden fall in temperature.氣溫突然下降。

B)There has been an outbreak of SARS in this community.這個小區爆發了非典。

C)There is a powerful social argument for a firmer standard of spoken English.社會上有許多人大力主張英語口語應該有一個嚴格的標準。

D)In such a case it is impossible for there to be any escape from exposure.在這種情況下，誰也不可能躲開不被暴露。

E)There were only sporadic attempts to answer such questions.只有零零星星幾個人試著回答這樣的問題。

(3)Nouns of –er form sometimes don’t have corresponding words in chinese.A proper way to transiate them is to turn then into verbs, and sure, their attributive modifiers are better turned into adverbials.A)he is a heavy smoker.他抽煙很厲害。

B)he is a good listerner and they like to talk with him.他能傾聽別人意見，因此他們喜歡和他聊天。

C)he is considered as a poor loser.人們認為他輸不起。

D)what’s the matter? You’re all clock-watchers today.你們今天一直不停看鐘，是怎么回事呀？

Native English speakers seem to prefer to use this kind of noun to describe a person, bur we chinese tend to use verbs.For examole, we often say 他學習很用功。However, in English, “he is a good student” is preferable to “he studies hard”.Therefore, we should adopt this pattern in C-E translation.For example: 她衣著時

髦。She is a sharp dresser；she is a fashionable dresser

(4)Apart from such “dynamic nouns”, which means nouns imply actions, very often some other nouns can also be turned into verbs, or with verbs added in English-Chinese translation in order to make more smooth and natural translation.For examples:

A)But reality makes things difficult.但是一接觸現實，事情就難辦了。

B)She considered housework demeaning and the care of children an added insult.她認為干家務活低人一等，帶孩子更丟人。

C)After more than two centuries of wind and rain, the doors and windows were mouldering.經歷了兩百多年的風吹雨打，門窗都朽壞了。

D)Example is not the main thing in influencing.It is the only thing.以身作則不但是影響人的主要方法，而是唯一的方法。

E)She went and tapped at Liddy’s door, and after some labor awoke her.她敲了敲麗蒂的門，頗費了周折才把她叫醒。

F)To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.在某種程度上說，這已成了先有雞還是先有蛋的問題。

G)Your arm looks like a hospital job.Are you all right? 看上去你的胳膊好像動過手術。你有什么不舒服嗎？

H)I’m a sight in the early morning—I admit it.我承認，我大清早這樣做有點招搖過市。

I)Such actions would become good headlines tomorrow.如果采取這樣的行動，一定會成為明天報紙的頭條新聞。

J)The short cut would take us five hours to get there.(就是)抄近路我們（也要）五個小時才能到那里。

(5)nouns in some special idiomatic usage, such as “all +noun”、“have +a noun”, are always turned into verbs.A)the girl was all smiles.姑娘笑逐顏開。

B)he is all eyes 她全神貫注地看著

C)life is by no means all pleasure 生活不僅僅是享樂

D)they took a final look at Iron Mike，still intact in the darkness 他們最后看了一眼鐵麥克一眼——它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗之中。

(5)nouns fernquently appear in English posters.Their counterparts in Chinese often use verbs.A)No parking.禁止停車。

B)No photographing.禁止攝影。

C)No admittance except on business.閑人免進。

D)Under construction.正在施工。

E)No money down.免付定金。

F)No hawkers.不準在此設攤兜售。

G)Satisfaction or your money back.包您滿意，不滿退款。

H)A drink on the house.本店免費提供飲料。

1.介詞轉譯成動詞。（prep.---v.）

(1)

(2)

(3)It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally poverty.(4)

2.形容詞轉譯成動詞（adj.---v.）

(1)Integrity means you do what you do because it’s right錯。

(2)Don’t be might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.(3)

3.副詞轉譯為動詞（adv.---v.）

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

第二篇：英譯漢4-詞匯翻譯詞類轉換

第三單元 詞匯翻譯 第二節

詞類轉換

一、轉譯為動詞

1、帶有動作意味的名詞

例1.Television is transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.例2.The American people demanded his release.He won praise for his release of the prisoners of war.例3.The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.例4.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.例5.We are enemies of all aggressive wars.例6.The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.2、表示動作的介詞

例1.A force is needed to move an object against inertia.例2.The letter I is commonly used for current, E for electromotive force, and R for resistance.例3.In his early days he abandoned medicine for literature.3、動詞衍生的形容詞和表示感覺的形容詞 例1.Sugar and salt are both soluble in water.例2.The Republicans are out, the Democrats in.例3.They are not sure they can save his life.例4.She is familiar with English.二、轉譯為名詞

1、動詞

例1.Often property damage and disrupted lives result.例2.The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.例3.Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water.例4.When this happens, the light is said to be reflected.2、形容詞

例1.They did their best to help the sick and the poor.例2.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.例3.The Wilde family were religious.3、副詞

例1.He is physically weak but mentally sound.例2.They have not done so well ideologically, as organizationally.例3.Certainly people in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision.三、轉譯為形容詞

1、名詞

例1.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.例2.The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.例3.I am a perfect stranger to physics.2、副詞

例1.The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.四、轉譯為副詞

1、名詞

例1.When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.2、形容詞

例1.We took brief, restless naps.例2.I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.例3.This is sheer nonsense.例4.Buckley was in a clear minority.

第三篇：淺析英譯漢翻譯中詞類轉換技巧

淺析英譯漢翻譯中詞類轉換技巧

【摘要】英語作為一門國際語言和交流工具，隨著我國國力的增加，已經在溝通和交流文化及商業中起到了舉足輕重的作用。英語翻譯中，需要了解兩種語言的特點和形式，并利用一些技巧將文章通順及合理地翻譯。文中闡述了英譯漢翻譯過程中的詞類轉換技巧，就某些翻譯中頻頻出現的問題結合具體實例進行了較為詳盡的分析，這對于英譯漢的翻譯和英語更深層次的學習有重要意義。

【關鍵詞】翻譯原則 英譯漢 詞性轉換

一、翻譯原則及詞類轉換的含義

翻譯是在準確，通順的基礎上，把一種語言信息轉變成另一種語言信息的行為，翻譯也是將一種相對陌生的表達方式轉換成熟悉的表達方式的過程。翻譯的主要標準：1.忠實。要忠實原文所要傳達的信息，把原文的信息完整而準確地表達出來。2.通暢。譯文規范，明白易懂，沒有文理不通，結構混亂，邏輯不清的現象。

詞類轉換法是指在翻譯過程中，根據譯文語言的習慣進行相關的變換，不僅是指詞類的轉變，而且還包含詞類功能的改變和一定詞序的變換，英文和中文詞類沒有完全對應的關系，英語單詞有詞性變換，中文沒有，大學英語中經常出現的詞類轉換是名詞，介詞詞組，形容詞轉譯為動詞。

二、詞類轉換的技巧分析

英文翻譯過程中，不少學生都將自己束縛在原文的語法結構、句型以及字數上，往往會出現“生搬硬套”翻譯情況，使得譯文的詞組運動不當、語序不正確，很難將原文的含義表達出來。這些問題主要表現為譯文的上下文連續性不強、沒有達到語境要求以及死譯等。所以，英文翻譯時需要事先比較英文和中文的語言結構和表述習慣。其中，英語以形式為主，而中文則以含義為主。因此，在對這兩種語言進行翻譯時應根據語言的語言特征和邏輯性，盡量不要頻繁對英文進行斷句，否則將破壞英文的連貫性，還會降低文章的嚴謹性。除此之外，針對詞類轉換中出現的詞性或詞序變化問題，需要學生明確英文詞匯間的關系。例如，英文單詞詞性的變化大都是通過詞綴完成的，例如加前綴或后綴，從而產生不同的詞性。而漢語通常都使用動詞。對于這些差異，在翻譯過程中必須要重視起來。

三、詞類轉換的類型

1.名詞轉換為動詞。①表示直覺，感情，欲望的心里狀態的形容詞，如果做表語則在翻譯是經常轉換為動詞，如confident，certain，careful，cautious，angry，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able等。例如：He is grateful for her help.譯為：他很感激她的幫助。“grateful”由形容詞“感激的”譯為動詞“感激”。②英語的構詞法中，由動詞轉化來的名詞一般有加前綴，后綴的方式。例如，-ment，-tion，-er….這時，由動詞派生或者含有動詞含義的名詞在翻譯時需要將名詞轉換為動詞。例如：Robots have found application for the exploration of the universe.譯為：機器人已經用來探索宇宙。注：如果這里的“application ”和“exploration”轉化為動詞后，就會使句子語句通順。

2.名詞轉換為形容詞。在英語中由形容詞派生的名詞翻譯起來需要轉化為形容詞，否則會使語句不通順。例如：The new design should offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.譯為：新的設計應該使地震頻發的城市更為安全。注：這里的offer security由中的“security”翻譯時由名詞轉化為形容詞；如果字面意思譯為“提供更大安全”，則不夠地道，感覺很生硬。

3.形容詞轉換為副詞。在英譯漢中，通常將修飾名詞的形容詞譯為副詞。例如：You had better give them a quick glance during communication.譯為：在溝通時，你最好飛快地瞥一眼他們。注：在原句中名詞glance 由形容詞quick修飾，需要在譯文中轉換為副詞。

4.副詞轉換為形容詞。在英譯漢中，修飾英文動詞的副詞經常譯為形容詞。例如：We were most impressed by the fact that those patients were not in good condition.譯為：給我們留下深刻印象的是，那些病人的身體狀況不太好。

5.介詞轉換為動詞。英語中常用介詞表達動詞的含義，翻譯時需將介詞譯為動詞。例如：While she is working，her feet are on the bench.譯為：當她工作時，她的腳放在椅子上。注：這里 on the bench 是介詞短語，需要譯為“放在椅子上”的動詞短語。

四、詞類轉換的注意事項

詞類轉換過程中需要注意：首先要尊重原著的意思，不能為了翻譯的方便而破壞原文本意；其次要注意翻譯詞語和語境與文章上下文之間的聯系，使讀者閱讀時能夠清楚詳盡。此外，在翻譯過程中，需要保證翻譯的通順和精確，這是翻譯的最基本原則和要求，也是成功翻譯的條件。最后一點也是最重要的一點，翻譯時需要將文章中的精髓進行一定的加工，使得作品在遵循原文的基礎上能夠更加貼近文學本身，能夠讓讀者感受到理解文章基本內容的同時有可以學到的新的東西，無論是翻譯技巧還是翻譯的內容中包含的知識。不僅考驗翻譯的功底也同時使得翻譯有更加有意義更加長遠的發展。

五、結論

英文翻譯中詞性轉換是最基本也是最常用的方法，上文結合例句介紹的五類詞性轉化的方法是英譯漢翻譯中最常見的五種，掌握這些會有助于翻譯的成功。對于大學生甚至是研究生來說，把握詞性轉化的方法，做到舉一反三，在此基礎上，有良好的翻譯思想做指導，不生搬硬套，注重意義的理解，通過上下文的貫通以及清晰的邏輯關系，會使文章翻譯的更加順暢，更容易理解，加深我們對英語原文的解讀。

參考文獻：

[1]程兵兵，佘波.從《實用英語》中看英譯漢的基本方法和技巧[J].科技視界，2014，12：218-219.

第四篇：重大商務英語翻譯第四次翻譯作業-詞類轉換B

1.Telecommunicationso much in modern life that without it our life would be impossible.電信在現代生活中意義十分重大,沒有它，我們幾乎無法生活。

2.Glass is more

玻璃的透明度比塑料高。

3.The car is moreat a constant speed.汽車在勻速行駛時會更經濟。

4.They showed aunderstanding of our problem.他們對我們的問題表示同情和理解。

5.He had the

他好意地給我指路。

6.Boys 男女生想法不同。

7.The road tois long but we are firmly

發展的道路是漫長的，但是我們已經堅定地走上這條路。

8.After careful investigation they found the design.仔細研究之后,他們發現這個設計過時了。

9.Those small factories are lavishof raw materials.那些小工廠在極大的消耗和浪費原材料。

10.He is a man of.他是個有膽量的人。

11.傳統上，總是會有兩個國家之間的關系非常好。

12.All the students should developand.學生們都應該德、智、體全面發展。

13．Nowadays many people in the society arepoor.當今社會中,有許多人在物質富有卻在精神空虛。

14．Rockets have foundfor the

火箭已經被發現可以應用在宇宙探索中。

第五篇：英語翻譯中的詞類轉換

英語翻譯中的詞類轉換—轉譯成形容詞

轉譯成形容詞

（一）形容詞派生的名詞往往可以轉譯成形容詞。

1.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時的情緒。

2.The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful.驅逐艦的病室很安全也很溫暖，好極了。

3.He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪談了一會，他提出的問題反映出他有很大的懷疑。

（二）有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時，往往可以轉譯成形容詞。如：

1）The blockade was a success.封鎖很成功。

2）As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他對這城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。

3）Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.獨立思考對學習是絕對必需的。其他詞類轉譯

（一）形容詞與副詞的互相轉譯

1.英語名詞譯成漢語動詞時，修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉譯成漢語副詞。如：

1）Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.偶爾下一點毛毛雨，斷斷續續的閃電使得我們不時憂慮地朝著零區方向望去。

2）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.這篇發言清楚明白、心平氣和地說明了總統希望開始中美對話的原因。

2.英語動詞譯成漢語名詞時，修飾該動詞的副詞往往轉譯成形容詞。如：

1）He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.他跟另一個地勤人員進行了例行的無線電聯絡。

2）The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.總統為這次出訪作了十分周密的準備。

3.由于英漢兩種語言表達方式不同，還有一些英語形容詞可譯為漢語副詞。如：

1）This is sheer nonsense.（這完全是胡說。）

2）Buckley was in a clear minority.（巴克利顯然屬于少數。）

3）By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen.只要撥對了號碼，你就可以在家里電視機上選看到有遠方城市一座圖書館發出的預先錄制的一出戲、一堂打高爾夫球的講課，或者一次物理學演講。

（二）名詞與副詞的互相轉譯

1.名詞轉譯成副詞

1）When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發現有可能反對他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這人爭取過來。

2）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市長有禮貌地前來訪問城市貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。

2.副詞轉譯成名詞

1）They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.但是，他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好。

2）He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身體雖弱，但思想健康。轉譯成名詞

（一）英語中很多由名詞派生的動詞，以及由名詞轉用的動詞，在漢語中往往不易找到相應的動詞，這時可將其轉譯成漢語名詞。

1.名詞派生的動詞

1）Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關系，有一個特點，就是以禮相待。

2）To them, he personified the absolute power.在他們看來，他就是絕對權威的化身。

2.名詞轉用的動詞

1）Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數間諜衛星，按其設計，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。

（二）有些英語被動式句子中的動詞，可以譯成“受（遭）到……+名詞”、“予（加）以+名詞”這類結構。如：

Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.（由于經常受到太陽、月亮以及地球引力的影響，衛星活動必須加以密切的觀察。）

（三）形容詞轉譯成名詞

1.英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人，漢譯時常譯成名詞。如：

1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。

2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛并保護窮人。

2.此外，根據情況還有些形容詞可以譯成名詞。如：

1）Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有風度，但很軟弱。

2）They were considered insincere.他們被人認為是偽君子。

在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同，就不能用“一個蘿卜一個坑”的方法來逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉換詞類，才能使漢語譯文通順自然。詞類轉譯的情況歸納起來有以下四種。

一、轉譯成動詞

英語和漢語比較起來，漢語中動詞用得比較多，這是一個特點，往往在英語句子中只用一個謂語動詞，而在漢語中卻可以幾個動詞或動詞性結構連用。例如，在He admires the President's stated decision to fight for the job.（他對總統聲明為保住其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩）中，英語的謂語動詞只有admires一個詞，其他用的是過去分詞（stated）、動詞派生名詞（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介詞（for）等。漢語沒有詞形變化，但可以幾個動詞連用。因此，英語中不少詞類（尤其是名詞、介詞、形容詞和副詞）在漢譯時往往可以轉譯成動詞。

（一）名詞轉譯成動詞

1.由動詞派生的名詞轉譯成動詞，在政論文體中出現比較多。如：

1）The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist.（1967年聯合國文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承認以色列的生存權利的基礎上來解決中東沖突。）

2）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.（火箭已經用來探索宇宙。）

2.含有動作意味的名詞（在記敘、描寫文體中出現較多）往往可以轉譯成動詞。如：

1）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.（看到我們的噴氣式飛機，聽見隆隆的機聲，令我特別神往。）

2）A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.（從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀念碑和林肯紀念館的全景。）

3.英語中有些加后綴-er的名詞，如teacher教師，thinker思想家等等，有時在句中并不指其身份和職業，而是含有較強的動作意味，在漢語中沒有恰當的對應名詞時，往往可以譯成動詞。如：

1）I am afraid I can't teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.（我未必會教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。）

2）Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings.（在和兒子談話時，老人寬恕了年輕人過去所干的壞事。）

4.作為習語主體的名詞往往可以轉譯成動詞，如：

1）They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他們最后看了鐵麥克一眼——它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。

2）The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一個新聞節目比通常短，沒有提到游行。

（二）介詞轉譯成動詞

1）“Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.”來啦！"她轉身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進了門廊。

2）I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.我筆直向前高速飛行，越過港口，飛臨海面。

（三）形容詞轉譯成動詞

英語中表示知覺、情欲、欲望等心理狀態的形容詞，在系動詞后作表語用時，往往可轉譯成動詞。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。

1）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.醫生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

2）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.她能夠給我帶個信兒這件事就是個暗示。但是我必須小心謹慎。

（四）副詞轉譯成動詞

1）That day he was up before sunrise.那天他在日出以前就起來了。

2）She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進來