第一篇：英美文學復習資料

英美文學復習資料

文學體裁：詩歌poem，小說novel，戲劇dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣經 Myth 神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亞瑟王和他的騎士（筆記）

一、The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)

1、這個時期的文學作品分類： pagan(異教徒)Christian(基督徒)

2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《貝奧武甫》(national epic 民族史詩)采用了隱喻手法

3、Alliteration 押頭韻（寫作手法）

例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)

Canto 詩章

1、romance 傳奇文學

2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和綠衣騎士)是一首押頭韻的長詩

三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.喬叟 時期

1、the father of English poetry 英國詩歌之父

2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚格)

3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英國文學史的開端)

大致內容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是來自英國的各地的人,代表著社會的各個不同階層和社會團體

小說特點：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無形中表明了各自的觀點，展示了各自的性格。

小說觀點：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運).他希望人們能從迷信和對命運的盲從中解脫出來。

4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記)

Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上).歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式

代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯.帕希主教

代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾

四、The Renaissance(16世紀)文藝復興時期

（Greek and Roman）戲劇 drama 詩章 canto

The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文藝復興最初是指經典藝術和科學在英國的復興。

The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama

文藝復興時期的英國戲劇也得到了迅速的發展。

1、key work: humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：

1)、Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦

2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一個散文家(essayist)

3)、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特 引入十四行詩的第一人

sonnet(十四行詩)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻)in 14 lines iambic pentameter

4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞 poet’s poet(詩人中的詩人)The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史詩)

5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.馬洛

blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚格)是十六世紀英國戲劇的主要表現形式。

6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞 戲劇 drama

四大悲?。篐amlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，King Lear(李爾王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白)

五、the period of Revolution and Restoration(17世紀)資產階級革命與王權復辟

prose 散文

1、文學特點：the Puritans(清教徒)believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。

2、代表人物：

1)、John Donne 約翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets(玄學派詩人)的代表人物

sonnet 十四行詩 《Death be not proud》(筆記)

作品特點：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠的態度和現實描繪)

② novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角)

③ novelty of its form.(新穎的形式)

2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩人（poem 詩歌 blank verse）

《Defense for the English People》為英國人辯護

《Paradise Lost》失樂園 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人

《Paradise Regained》復樂園)、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’s Progress》天路歷程 prose 散文

該書采用的寫作手法“written in the old-fashioned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻)and dream”

六、The Age of Enlightenment(18世紀)啟蒙運動

prose 散文

1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.強調正確的格式和寫作規范，像艾迪生一樣創作散文，和蒲柏一樣創作詩歌。

The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運動實際上是當時先進的資產階級同落后的封建主義斗爭的一種形式。

The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚的人類本惡的觀點；論證了人生誠實而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會環境所致。

Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.無論怎樣講究理性，社會不平等現象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會公平的手段。

2、18th century 文學的三個方面：

Classicism(古典主義)、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現代派小說)

3、代表人物：

1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福 realistic novel 現實主義小說

Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》魯賓遜漂流記 《Jonathan Wild》喬納森.威爾德 《Moll Flanders》摩爾.弗蘭德斯

2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 father of modern fiction(現代小說之父)

《Joseph Andrews》約瑟夫.安德魯斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的啟發

作家之間的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，說教

Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 語言直接、生動、歡快、粗糙，甚至有點俗,精神煥發，講述流浪者的故事。

《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯的故事 the best novel of him

3)、Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特

《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游記 novel 反諷

作品特點：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice;the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不動顏，罵不揚聲，語調冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時才偶露揶揄之態。

《A Modest Proposal》一個溫和的建議

4)、Samuel Richardson 塞繆爾.理查森

《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法

In the form of letters 書信體小說

5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.謝爾丹

《School for Scandal》造謠學校，喜劇 comedy

6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist

《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novel

《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking comedy

《The Deserted Village》荒村，詩歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感傷主義 no belief 沒有信仰

The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感傷主義的代表人物在繼續反對封建主義的同時又模糊的感覺到資本主義進程中出現的種種矛盾，感覺到資本主義制度對人性的奴役和破壞。

代表人物：Thomas Gray 托馬斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓園挽歌

七、the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主義

散文 prose1、前浪漫主義代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布萊克 詩人 poet

Robert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩人 poet

Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業革命和法國大革命。

2、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛

3、開始的標志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》從威廉.華茲華斯發表的“抒情歌謠”開始

4、lake poets(湖畔詩人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 poet-laureate(桂冠詩人)《The Prelude》序曲 自傳性詩歌Autobiographical poetry

With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”.與s.t.coleridge一起,聯合發表了“抒情民謠”

作品特點：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry

簡單而純潔的語言,反傳統形式的18世紀詩歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜倫 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查爾德?哈羅德游記 cantos 詩章 成名作 《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 詩 satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》閑散時刻 poem 詩 the first volume of poem 首卷詩 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普羅米修斯 drama 戲劇 《Ode to the West Wind》西風頌 poem 詩 4)、John Keats 濟慈 poet 詩人 《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希臘古甕頌 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜鶯 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學原則 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是創造者和歷史小說大師 6)、Jane Austen 簡.奧斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢與偏見 《Sense and Sensibility》理智與情感 《Emma》愛瑪 寫作特點：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中產階級小說的發起人。

7)、Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭伯 essayist散文家

6、十九世紀散文的特點：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在這兩個時期的開始，艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀前期，散文變得對自我的表達越來越肯定

八、Critical Realism 批判現實主義，Victorian Period 維多利亞時期 humanism 人文主義

1、意義：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國的歷史中，憲章運動是偉大的無產階級政治運動。

2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 《Hard Times》艱難時刻 《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外傳 《Oliver Twist》霧都孤兒 《A Tale of Two Cities》雙城記(描述了法國大革命French Revolution)特點：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》簡.愛 Emily Bronte 艾米麗.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼嘯山莊（主人公：Mr.Heathcliff）特點：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton, North and South》瑪麗.巴頓，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利場 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray

from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小說中描繪了廣闊的社會生活，無情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義 人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場中，完美的獲取財富和地位的手段。特點： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說是一個含有諷刺意味的上流社會寫照。5)、George Eliot 喬治.艾略特 女 《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最認真考慮的是個人的道德立場，但是她的心洞察了個性的發展。特點：the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特寫作的意義在于瑣碎的描繪和英國生活的停滯。

3、桂冠詩人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小氣)貢獻：Dramatic monologues 戲劇獨白 dramatic lyrics 戲劇抒情詩 dramatic romances 戲劇傳奇

九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世紀英國文學的過渡期

1、Aestheticism 唯美主義 “art for art’s sake” 為藝術而藝術

2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲觀主義者 Pessimists《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔絲 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特點：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小說和他的后維多利亞詩歌之間的尖銳分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 為藝術而藝術 3)、George Bernard Shaw 劇作家(playwright)《Mrs.Warren’s profession》華萊夫人的職業4)、D.H.Lawrence《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰萊夫人的情人 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》兒子與情人

3、“stream of consciousness”意識流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重視婦女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》

第二篇：英美文學復習資料(全)

文學體裁：詩歌poem，小說novel，戲劇dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣經 Myth 神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亞瑟王和他的騎士（筆記）

一、The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)

1、這個時期的文學作品分類： pagan(異教徒)Christian(基督徒)

2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《貝奧武甫》(national epic 民族史詩)采用了隱喻手法

3、Alliteration 押頭韻（寫作手法）

例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 詩章

1、romance 傳奇文學

2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和綠衣騎士)是一首押頭韻的長詩

三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.喬叟 時期

1、the father of English poetry 英國詩歌之父

2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚格)

3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英國文學史的開端)大致內容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是來自英國的各地的人,代表著社會的各個不同階層和社會團體

小說特點：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無形中表明了各自的觀點，展示了各自的性格。小說觀點：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運).他希望人們能從迷信和對命運的盲從中解脫出來。

4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上).歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯.帕希主教 代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾

四、The Renaissance(16世紀)文藝復興時期（Greek and Roman）戲劇 drama 詩章 canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文藝復興最初是指經典藝術和科學在英國的復興。

The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文藝復興時期的英國戲劇也得到了迅速的發展。

1、key work: humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement

2、代表人物：

1)、Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦

2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一個散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特 引入十四行詩的第一人

sonnet(十四行詩)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻)in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞 poet’s poet(詩人中的詩人)The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史詩)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.馬洛

blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚格)是十六世紀英國戲劇的主要表現形式。6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞 戲劇 drama 四大悲劇：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，King Lear(李爾王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白)

五、the period of Revolution and Restoration(17世紀)資產階級革命與王權復辟 prose 散文

1、文學特點：the Puritans(清教徒)believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。

2、代表人物：

1)、John Donne 約翰.多恩 ―metaphysical‖poets(玄學派詩人)的代表人物 sonnet 十四行詩 《Death be not proud》(筆記)作品特點：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠的態度和現實描繪)② novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角)③ novelty of its form.(新穎的形式)2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩人（poem 詩歌 blank verse）《Defense for the English People》為英國人辯護

《Paradise Lost》失樂園 ―Satan is not a villain‖撒旦不是壞人 《Paradise Regained》復樂園)、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚 a great prose writer ―give us the only great allegory(寓言)‖ Pilgrim’s Progress》天路歷程 prose 散文

該書采用的寫作手法―written in the old-fashioned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻)and dream‖

六、The Age of Enlightenment(18世紀)啟蒙運動 prose 散文

1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.強調正確的格式和寫作規范，像艾迪生一樣創作散文，和蒲柏一樣創作詩歌。

The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運動實際上是當時先進的資產階級同落后的封建主義斗爭的一種形式。

The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚的人類本惡的觀點；論證了人生誠實而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會環境所致。

Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.無論怎樣講究理性，社會不平等現象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會公平的手段。2、18th century 文學的三個方面：

Classicism(古典主義)、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現代派小說)

3、代表人物：

1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福 realistic novel 現實主義小說

Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》魯賓遜漂流記 《Jonathan Wild》喬納森.威爾德 《Moll Flanders》摩爾.弗蘭德斯

2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 father of modern fiction(現代小說之父)《Joseph Andrews》約瑟夫.安德魯斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的啟發

作家之間的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，說教 Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 語言直接、生動、歡快、粗糙，甚至有點俗,精神煥發，講述流浪者的故事?！禩he History of Tom Jones, a foundling》棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯的故事 the best novel of him 3)、Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游記 novel 反諷

作品特點：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice;the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不動顏，罵不揚聲，語調冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時才偶露揶揄之態?！禔 Modest Proposal》一個溫和的建議 4)、Samuel Richardson 塞繆爾.理查森

《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In the form of letters 書信體小說

5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.謝爾丹 《School for Scandal》造謠學校，喜劇 comedy 6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist 《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novel 《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking comedy 《The Deserted Village》荒村，詩歌 poems

4、Sentimentalism 感傷主義 no belief 沒有信仰

The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感傷主義的代表人物在繼續反對封建主義的同時又模糊的感覺到資本主義進程中出現的種種矛盾，感覺到資本主義制度對人性的奴役和破壞。

代表人物：Thomas Gray 托馬斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓園挽歌

七、the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主義 散文 prose

1、前浪漫主義代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布萊克 詩人 poet Robert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩人 poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業革命和法國大革命。

2、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛

3、開始的標志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》 從威廉.華茲華斯發表的“抒情歌謠”開始

4、lake poets(湖畔詩人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 poet-laureate(桂冠詩人)《The Prelude》序曲 自傳性詩歌Autobiographical poetry With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the ―Lyrical Ballads‖.與s.t.coleridge一起,聯合發表了―抒情民謠‖

作品特點：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 簡單而純潔的語言,反傳統形式的18世紀詩歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜倫 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查爾德?哈羅德游記 cantos 詩章 成名作 《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 詩 satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作 《Hours of Idleness》閑散時刻 poem 詩 the first volume of poem 首卷詩 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普羅米修斯 drama 戲劇 《Ode to the West Wind》西風頌 poem 詩 4)、John Keats 濟慈 poet 詩人 《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希臘古甕頌 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜鶯 poem ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖美學原則 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是創造者和歷史小說大師 6)、Jane Austen 簡.奧斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢與偏見 《Sense and Sensibility》理智與情感 《Emma》愛瑪 寫作特點：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中產階級小說的發起人。7)、Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭伯 essayist散文家

6、十九世紀散文的特點：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在這兩個時期的開始，艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀前期，散文變得對自我的表達越來越肯定

八、Critical Realism 批判現實主義，Victorian Period 維多利亞時期 humanism 人文主義

1、意義：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國的歷史中，憲章運動是偉大的無產階級政治運動。

2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 《Hard Times》艱難時刻 《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外傳 《Oliver Twist》霧都孤兒 《A Tale of Two Cities》雙城記(描述了法國大革命French Revolution)特點：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》簡.愛 Emily Bronte 艾米麗.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼嘯山莊（主人公：Mr.Heathcliff）特點：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell 《Mary Barton, North and South》瑪麗.巴頓，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利場 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小說中描繪了廣闊的社會生活，無情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義 人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場中，完美的獲取財富和地位的手段。特點： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說是一個含有諷刺意味的上流社會寫照。5)、George Eliot 喬治.艾略特 女 《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最認真考慮的是個人的道德立場，但是她的心洞察了個性的發展。特點：the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特寫作的意義在于瑣碎的描繪和英國生活的停滯。

3、桂冠詩人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小氣)貢獻：Dramatic monologues 戲劇獨白 dramatic lyrics 戲劇抒情詩 dramatic romances 戲劇傳奇

九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世紀英國文學的過渡期

1、Aestheticism 唯美主義 ―art for art’s sake‖ 為藝術而藝術

2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲觀主義者 Pessimists 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔絲 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特點：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小說和他的后維多利亞詩歌之間的尖銳分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde ―art for art’s sake‖ 為藝術而藝術 3)、George Bernard Shaw 劇作家

(playwright)《Mrs.Warren’s profession》華萊夫人的職業4)、D.H.Lawrence 《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰萊夫人的情人 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》兒子與情人

3、―stream of consciousness‖意識流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重視婦女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》

Part 1 The Anglo—Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格魯-撒克遜時期 1.Historical Background Celts 400B.C.Romans 50B.C.Anglo—Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D.Roman empire從albion撤軍，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（條頓人or日耳曼人）陸續登陸此地 2.Literature 1,pagan異教徒文學 2 christian基督徒文學 alliterative verse頭韻詩 Epic: Beowulf貝奧武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human）

1)Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan寫，插入由christian寫 2)a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic民國史詩 Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格魯-諾曼時期

1.Historical Background Roman conquest,接著是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷戰役）Kings—Barons男爵—Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy統治集團 was formed 2.The language Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England.French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords;Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities;and Old English was spoken only by the common English people.3.The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry騎士制度.The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion.It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter: Geoffrey’s History杰弗里《史記》，riming chronicles押韻編年史，metricalverse格律詩體，doggerel verse打油詩體 1)the Matter of France eg.Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的騎士 2)Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亞歷山大大帝 3)Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3.main literature Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和綠衣騎士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle綠腰帶）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340—1400)杰弗里.喬叟時期

1.Historical Background He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain.In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory領土.The Henry VI lost it all.He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2.What's middle ages like? 1).The medieval society: hierarchy 等級制度social system.2).Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology思想體系 3.Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between(1340-1400).His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family.Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣.He married the sister of Gaunt's wife.He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture.E.G.Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著《十日談》,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.喬叟第一次在英國用韻腳韻律詩形式來創作詩歌，開創了英國文學以重音-音節為基礎的格律詩先河。首創heroic couplet英雄雙行體。His career can be divided into several periods 1.French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2.Italian 1372-1386 3.English The Canterbury tales 4.The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality.He retells the stories in his own way.The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury.Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time.The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be.--Pretentiousness, pretending偽裝too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shoot The significance of his writing 1)it gives a comprehensive廣泛的 picture of Chaucer’s time 2)the dramatic structure 3)Chaucer’s humor 4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language.Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church.Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language.He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大眾民謠 A ballad is a narrative敘述 poem that tells a story.It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic.Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲劇的 incidents.They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相連并押韻的兩行詩）— two line in a unit or quatrain 四行詩__ ababcdcd Characteristics: 1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地.No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale 2)There are strong dramatic elements.A ballad deals with a single episode插曲 3)the story is often told through dialogue and action 4)the theme is often tragic悲劇的 5)The ballad meter is used.It contains four-line stanza節，段 在英國把民謠當文學形式研究的第一人是托馬斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他將民謠收錄到《英詩輯古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale羅賓漢和阿林代爾 Get Up and Bar the Door.起來去關門 Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯賓塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance文藝復興時期 1.Historical Background 1)The reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558_1603)England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity 2)The defeat of the Spanish Armada艦隊 by the English navy in 1588.After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海軍的power.3)Humanism人文主義 Renaissance: it is a French word that means ―rebirth‖復活 in English.In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture.That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare幸福 of human being is very important.It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being.4）主要作者介紹 Thomas More : Utopia托馬斯。莫爾：烏托邦 Thomas Wyatt:懷亞特：把sonnet十四行詩引入英國第一人 Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯賓塞：仙后 John Lyly: Eupheus約翰。黎里：艷詞，首創euphuism絢麗體 Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。馬洛：把blank verse無韻詩作為英語戲劇主要表達方式的開創者 English drama是英國文藝復興的主流 2.The writers William Shakespeare(1564—1616)1)His life and work –1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlain’s國王侍從 company, became very famous.He became a shareholder股東 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown.He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire-2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing(more can be added)1)Shakespeare represented the tread腳步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.(peace)2)Shakespeare’s humanism.His plays reflected the spirit of his age.3He was a great poet 4）He was a master of the English language.5）His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6）Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奧賽羅 King Lear,李爾王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麥克白 are regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.Hamblet:講的是丹麥故事，反映的是英國的事情 主要人物：Claudius克勞迪斯，死去國王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude喬特魯得：王子的母親，Polonius波洛琉斯：愛說閑話的官員，Ophelia奧菲利亞：官員的女兒，Laertes雷歐提斯：官員的兒子 The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 主要人物：Bassanio巴薩尼奧，Antonio安東尼奧，Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy Jew猶太人，Portia鮑西亞：Bassanio’s girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylock’s daughter, Lorenzo羅蘭佐：Bassanio’s friend and Jessica’s boyfriend, Nerissa尼莉莎：Portia’s waiting-woman侍女，Gratiano:葛萊西安諾：Bassanio’s another friend and Nerissa’s boyfriend 地點：Belmont貝爾蒙特 Sonnet 18: The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?thou art more lovely and more temperat?.--The English summer: warm, not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine--Proposing a comparison：Even better to a summer’s day--Rough winds—nature，The duration持續 of summer: ends very soon，Hot_ the sun Summer is beautiful, but it will change into winter，But—change This poem is similar the Spencer’斯賓塞s sonnets Spencer is using tide潮水__time，Shakespeare is using summer—time Sonnet 29: The first eight lines: ―when ,in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone?..‖ unlucky, unfortunate despised by other people Describes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad.Line 9-12：The author—the lark云雀 His great happiness—the memory of his friend brings his happiness--Magical effect Francis Bacon：十七世紀初，英國的杰出散文家 1.his life：Pope蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind，Bacon’s work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works.The final edition of essays contains 58 essays.2.writing(Of Truth,談真理 Of Studies 談讀書)Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17世紀資產階級與王政復辟時期 1.Historical Background 1)English Bourgeois Revolution英國資產階級革命 During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development.James I(Stuart斯圖亞特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface.James I imposed擔負的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product__monopoly壟斷, but people believed in free trade King VS.The Parliament(has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)2)the persecution迫害者 of the Puritans Charles I was beheaded砍頭.After the civil War, the parliament was in power—Crowell克羅韋爾 became the Lord君主 Protector(1653)Charles II, and restoration, James II William Orange singed ― The Bill of Rights‖ which greatly restricted約束 the power of the English King.The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak 2，literature 這一時期的四約翰（John Milton彌爾頓，John Bunyan班揚，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德萊頓）成為文壇杰出人物，metaphysical poet玄學派 and French drama的影響成為兩個重要的文學概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文學評論of Dryden.Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century.One gave us the only epic史詩 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言.2.Writers John Donne:玄學派代表人物 John Milton： Paradise Lost失樂園：consists of 12 books（it’s based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亞當 and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plot）The character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又帶點邪惡色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毀滅 by the flaw缺點 of slef-love.1.his good mastery熟練 of Latin His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin 2.revolutionary enthusiasm His attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedom His language--Long, complex sentence structures--Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神話--Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end.Some are inverted John Bunyan The book: The pilgrim’s Progress天路歷程，it’s written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的舊體形式，大量運用了中世紀時的比喻和夢的形式。In the Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load負荷 on his back from the city of Destruction毀滅城.The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒.Christ基督---Vanity虛榮心 Fair---Heaven Style: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣經的 ― The Vanity虛榮心 Fair,‖ an Excerpt摘錄 from Part 1 The Pilgrim’s Progress Part VI The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England英國啟蒙運動時期

1.Historical Background In 1688, the constitutional憲法的 monarchy君主制.The monarch was deprived剝奪 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament議會 became the actual leader of the country.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派輝格黨, the conservative Tory保守派托利黨，on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利黨中的狂熱分子形成第三方勢力被稱作詹姆斯派，妄圖恢復斯圖亞特王朝 All the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings.People desire peace and stability Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational.無理性The puritan’s revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive過度的 zeal熱情 and subversion顛覆, irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒謬.People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.Moderation溫和, tolerance寬容, restraint約束, rule規則, order次序, these qualities are the most important.With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone經歷 remarkable changes.Some special features: 1)political writings 2)newspapers and journals雜

志 3)coffeehouse 4)the new morality道德 5)science and technology Newton牛頓’s scientific discovery—men were living in a mechanistic機械地 world which ran as precisely精確地 as a clock.6)the French influence 18世紀的英國文學進入了一個散文prose而不是詩歌的時代。文學主流是現實主義，小說是主要的文學樣式 Authors 1.Daniel Defoe丹尼爾。笛福 作者介紹：He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.開創了現代派小說的先河。Work：Hymn to the Pillory立伽頌: a set of doggerel verses打油詩 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 魯濱遜漂流記：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此書根據Alexander Selkirk經歷改編.The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗 2.Jonathan swift喬納森。斯威夫特 1）life: He was born in Dublin都柏林（愛爾蘭首都），He was the most remarkable satirist諷刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic貴族的 society of his age with mercy.寬容，he supports the conservative Tory 2）works: the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游記：包括4部分1，Lilliputians厘厘普特人：矮人, 2，tBrobdingnagians伯羅白丁拉格人：giants, 3，the flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飛島：on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4，Houyhnhnms胡己姆：horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聰明，也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo雅虎：repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.長相像人，行為丑陋 A modest proposal一個小小的建議：is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty權力 of irish people。強烈譴責了英國對愛爾蘭人民的剝削和壓迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift’s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主 3）Joseph Addison約瑟夫。愛迪生 Life: he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作為The Tatler閑談者得主要撰稿人和the Spactator旁觀者得合辦者，他把期刊散文藝術發展到極致。這兩本雜志brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome健康。These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers.Sir Roger是他塑造的經典形象。4)Henry Fielding亨利。菲爾?。河耸兰o最偉大的小說家。主要作品：Jonathan Wild喬納森。威爾德，the history of tom jones, a foundling棄嬰湯姆。瓊斯的故事, amelia阿米莉亞 5）Thomas Gray托馬斯。格雷：浪漫主義運動的先驅。主要作品：Elegy written in a country churchyard墓園挽歌：表達了對農民貧苦遭遇的同情，歌頌了他們的質樸品質。前幾句是：the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea?..6)Oliver Goldsmith 奧利弗。歌爾德斯密斯：he was born in Ireland.As an essayist散文家，he is among the best in the century.As a poet, he makes the riming couplets英雄雙行體 as natural and simple as his prose.主要作品：novel：the vicar of wakefield維克菲德爾的牧師，comedy:She stoops to Conquer委曲求全，essay:the critizen of the world世界公民，poems:The traveler旅行者 and the Deserted Village.荒村 7）Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。謝里丹：主要作品：諷刺喜?。簍he rivals對手，the school for scandal造謠學校：(presents a brilliant portrayal描繪 of england’s high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners of that age.主要人物：Charles查爾斯，Joseph約瑟夫：charles’brother, sir oliver surface奧利弗。薩費恩：their wealthy uncle)8)William Blake(1757—1827)1)Life He lived into the 19th century.In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet.Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature.His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary夢想的 experience: Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniques He believed the power of imagination.With it a poet can reach out.Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival復活—to break away with the convention習俗，協議 2)His work Songs of Innocence天真之歌→delight Songs of Experience經驗之歌→confusion困惑 They show two contrary states of human souls London:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ?.It is taken from The Songs of Experience.Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive綜合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.資本家 Background: industrial revolution, the fog city The scene was in London, in Blake’s time.The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night?..It is from The Songs of Experience.It is one of Blake’s best known poems.The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement.What imagination inspires the creator 1.The image of the maker is complete.the process of creating tiger.Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answered The Chimney-Sweeper掃煙囪的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring‖ weep, weep‖ in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney 9)Robert Burns羅伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my heart’s in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo約翰。安徒生，我愛，a red, red rose一朵紅紅的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠 Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主義時期 A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集by William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯and Samul Taylor.Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798.Coleridge’s chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子詠 1.Historical Background French Revolution，American Revolution，The Industrial Revolution 2.Intellectual Background Rousseau盧梭(1712—1778)the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of romanticism.English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life.Individual is the center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individual, the intense強烈的 subjectivity主觀性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature.Interest in supernatural;take an interest in the past—ancient civilization represented by Greece and Rome.1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies 1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the throne, the start of Victorian Age.The older generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge The younger generation: Byron拜倫, Shirley雪萊, and Keats濟慈 Characteristic features of the romantic movement(more can be added)(1)Subjectivism主觀主義: imagination.(2)Spontaneity自發性: A work of art must be original.The role of instinct本能, intuition直覺, and the feeling of ― the heart‖ is stressed.(3)Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壯麗的, the picturesque生動的, and the illogical.(4)Worship of nature:(5)Simplicity: Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic鄉村的 people.A reviva復活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing sympathy for the suffering of the people.(6)There is a dominating note of melancholy憂郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.(7)The use of free verse form The characteristics of Gothic novels(search from the Google)Authors William Wordsworth(1770—1850)威廉。華茲華斯 1.his life His love for nature is boundless.To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes.Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance.Nature is for him the embodiment體現 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit.He believes the God and universe are identical同一的 2,his work:大部分主題是關于nature and country life.主要有：lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey丁登寺，the prelude序曲，the excursion漫游，miscellaneous十四行詩 課文節選： Tintern Abbey丁登寺 It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成年人 Selected挑選出的 reading: She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人際罕見的路邊：悼亡露西 I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤獨旅行 I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤獨的流云：it’s about the beauty of nature.there is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.The Solitary Reaper孤獨的割麥女：在抒情中表達了華茲華斯的自然觀，具有林秀之氣和音韻之美。Soonet composed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺橋上 Soonet :London 1802 George Gordon Byron喬治。戈登。拜倫 His major contribution of romantic literature is the creation of Byronic hero冷笑而浪漫的主角, a mixture of good and evil.Byron is hard to describe, moody喜怒無常, unstable, sensitive, melancholy憂郁, sad, he deliberately故意地 exile流放himself to a foreign, dared to die.The early death of the Romantic poets-image: the poet will never grow old.Poets die young.They have reached their peak.Reading Works: Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰爾德。哈羅爾德游記, Cain該隱，Done juan唐璜 課文節選： 1.She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中 This perfect beauty serves as the ideal for the poet, peace.Harmony.和睦 2，Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰爾德。哈羅爾德游記 3, when we two parted想從前我們兩分手 4.The Isles of Greece頌希臘 It is taken from ― Don Juan唐璜‖.It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterance on national freedom.All the 16 stanzas節 that constituted the song are supported to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast宴會 of Don Juan and Haidee on an isle of Greece.The past glory of the Greek people The present state of enslavement奴役 by the Turkey土耳其 Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)珀西。比西。雪萊 He was rebellious反抗的 from a very young age.He was a person of extreme personality.He wrote about the universe, lark宇宙 sky.主要作品：pamphlet：the nescessity of atheism無神論的重要性，Queen mab麥布女王，adonais阿多尼斯，ode to the west wind西風頌，to a sky lark致云雀 課文節選： Ozymandias奧西曼祶斯 He was a pharaoh of Egypt.He had several statues雕像 of himself built after he died.這首詩借埃及歷史上的拉美西斯二世嘲諷封建專制，表達了對專制帝王的厭惡和蔑視。同時表明，盡管專制帝王曾經不可一世，但也不過是過往煙云，專制政權可以延續幾百年，但在歷史長河中不過是一瞬之間。Antique古董的 land: Egypt, earliest civilization.文明 A song: man of england給英國蘭人的歌 Ode to the West Wind： Ode: it is used to express the poet’s feelings and emotion.在此詩中，使人抒發了對大自然的熱愛，歌頌了西風摧毀舊事物，孕育新事物的精神。詩歌以―如果冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎‖結尾。The cloud云：反映的是一個爭取獨立和追求幸福的人物形象。To a sky-lark致云雀：運用云雀美妙的歌聲，反映詩人向往美好未來的歡樂心情，表達他渴望自己也能用同樣空靈的曲調宣揚革命理想，獲得世人的傾聽。是詩人追求理想主義的光輝詩篇。John Keats約翰。濟慈（1795—1821）― A thing of beauty is a joy for ever‖.他一生崇尚美，追求美。He was born in a lower class family.He abandoned medicine for poetry simply for its beauty.He is physically small.His father died when he was eight.His childhood was quite miserable.His tomb are carved:― Here lies a one whose name is written with water.‖ 此地長眠者，聲明水上書 課文節選：On first looking into chapman’s homer初讀查普曼譯荷馬詩有感。Ode to a nightingale夜鶯頌 ode on a Grecian urn希臘古翁頌，to autumn秋頌，bright star燦爛的星 Walter scott華特。司各特：歐洲歷史小說之父 這個時代的不同時期：the Crusades,the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18th century.十字軍時期，君主專制制度的興起，英格蘭資產階級革命，18四級欲恢復封建主義的嘗試 His historical novel paved the path for the development ofthe realistic novel of the 19th century.他的歷史小說為19世紀現實主義小說的發展鋪平了道路。主要作品介紹：Waverley威弗利：establish its author as a novelist奠定了作者的小說家帝王，St.Ronan's well圣羅南之泉 ：is the only contemporary novel among the works of scott Count robert巴黎的羅伯特伯爵： the last of scott's novels 課文節選：ivanhoe艾凡赫主要地點：cedric's ball大廳，ashby de la zouche阿什貝.德.拉.左克，isaac of york約克城，knights templar吞不拉司陀圣殿騎士院 重點詞匯: pilgrim朝圣者 Rob roy羅布羅伊 重點句子： in the first selection francis’meeting with robroy is described.The second selection vividly depicts a skirmish戰斗 between the highlanders高地居民 and the english Jane Austin Literature：鄉村生活是她小說的主要題材。全部作品：northanger abbey諾桑覺寺，persuasion勸導，sense and sensibility理智與情感，pride and prejudice傲慢與偏見，mansfield park曼斯菲爾德花園and emma艾瑪 課文節選 ：Pride and Prejudice This book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.Mr.Bennet, a clergyman牧師 who has married young and rashly輕率地, is skeptical懷疑的 of conventional常規的 marriage and has no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth.Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish粗俗的 and vulgar庸俗的 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men.Charles lamb查爾斯。蘭姆:最大成就在散文，其隨筆與蒙田名聲并列 課文節選：Dream-children, a reverie夢中的孩子們，poor relations窮親戚 Part VIII The Victorian Age維多利亞時期 Critical Realism in England英國的批判主義 1.Historical Background Industrial Revolution, railways, novels provide a means to kill the time.The rising of middle class.Reading novels is becoming a sign of statues and a way of living.A typical Victorian novel is usually 400-5oo pages, lengthy長的, thick厚的.The values of Victorian Age The middle class, the core of the values: to be a gentleman, the pursuit of wealth achieved by self-reliance倚靠自己 through hard work.The Victorian Age(1832-1901)1.Historical background The Queen came to the throne in 1837 The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth(1533-1603)Queen Victoria.The similarities between the two queens: First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years and Queen Victoria more than sixty years.Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.During the long reign統治 of Queen Victoria., England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工場 of the world as well as its financial and political center.Thirdly, during their reign, literature flourished.繁榮In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare whereas但是 in the age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared in the literary scene.The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: the early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest;(child labor, women workers, long working hours, miserable working conditions)the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy論戰;(social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron鐵 was built in Hyde Park.It was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held.It was a display of the nation’s advanced technology and industry, as well as its prosperity.)The last period 1870, a period of decay of Victorian values.England continued to grow in strength in this period.―the empire帝國 on which the sun never sets‖.To many Victorians this was a period of serenity安詳 and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.Rival競爭

對手s: Germany, the United States, Japan and Russia The Charitist Movement憲章運動 appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.導致其的主要矛盾是工人階級與此本家的矛盾。此運動最后以工人在議會中取得相應席位而告終。2.The Victorian novelists The rise of the novels as a dominant突出的 literary genre類型 during the Victorian age First, the growth of urban城市的 population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and the serial publication, the libraries Third, writing had become a profession Fourth, there was a large idle空閑的 class who needed recreation and entertainment Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire可怕的 poverty貧窮 in the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular世俗的 form to explore human relations rather than sermons 說教given in the church.the novels were used as a tool to Finally, the feminist男女平等主義 movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.The struggle for women’s rights was a recurring循環的 theme in the novels of the 19th century.The common features of the Victorian novels 1.The plot is unfolded 展現against a social background.The Victorian novels reflect the complexity 復雜性of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writer’s attitude towards the society.2.the cause –effect sequence is much more striking突出的 than in previous novels, the central character, 3.Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment安裝, before they were fully published in a single book.4.the Victorian novels were tainted 污染的by the spirit of Puritanism清教徒 of the Victorian age 5.The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose.Many writers wrote with a purpose to edify開到 readers and to bring about reforms.In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed(though they may depreciate)in the production process.Capital goods may be acquired with money or financial capital.Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned;supply, demand and price are mostly set by market forces rather than economic planning;and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses.Capitalism also refers to the process of capital accumulation 3.in the 19th-century english literature, a new literary trend critical realism appeared.Charles Dickens(1812-1870)：he was the greatest representative of English critical realism.And William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)威廉。梅克皮斯。薩克雷 Dickens and Thackeray were contemporaries.Similarities:Both humorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically嘲諷的。在使小說回返自然和真實這一點上，薩克雷是英國小說家中影響最大的一位。Different life Differences in writings 1.Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats貴族 and rich businessmen, that is, people of the upper and middles classes, whereas Dickens’s chief contribution was his description o the underdogs受壓迫者 and unprivileged平窮的.2.Dickens was a sentimentalist.多愁善感者 He likes to avail有益于 himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers.Thackeray was a cynic憤世嫉俗者 who saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature.On the whole he preserved detachmen分離t, and he always held himself under control.3.Whereas Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination.Thackeray was against affectation假裝.His cynical attitude towards life explains the fact that most of his clever people are rogues流氓 and most of his virtuous善良的 people are fools.3．The Victorian poets The Novel was the predominating占支配優勢 genre類型 of literature in the Victorian age.There are prominent突出的 poets after the death of major romantic poets.Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)Robert Browning(1812-1889)他們兩個最具代表性Elizabeth Barrett Browning(1806-1861)，Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)They not only wrote highly lyrical poems as the romantists did, but also they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.The conflicts at that time: The class struggle between the wealthy and the poor The rapid progress of science and technology, and the discovery of new theories of social science.All these greatly shook the religious faith that had been the mainstay支柱 of people’s spiritual life for centuries.Hence所以 the Victorian age was marked through by the prominence of the spirit of inquiry探究 and criticism by skepticism and religious uncertainty, and spiritual struggle and unrest..2.Writers Charles Dickens 1812-1870 He was the most important novelist in the Victorian age, and he was extremely popular, best seller, most of his characters in his early work are cartoon characters, most complex in his late work Initiation novel.His artistic techniques: 1.Dickens has a tendency to depict描繪 the grotesque荒唐的(very odd奇怪的 or unusual, fantastically奇異的 ugly or absurd荒謬的)characters or events.Most of Dickens’s characters have peculiar奇怪的 habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or her own.2.Dickens loves to instil灌輸l life into inanimate無生氣的 things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things, engines—the head of an elephant, the smoke in the air to snakes trailing 蔓延themselves for ever and ever.3.Dickens is noted for his description of pathetic凄慘的 scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy.Pathos哀婉 is a distinctive與眾不同的 quality in Dickens’s writings.4.Dickens is a great humorist.His novels are full of humor and laughter.5.主要作品：Pickwick Papers匹克威克傳，Oliver Twist霧都孤兒，The old curiosity shop老古玩店, a christmas carol圣誕歡歌，Dombey and son董貝父子，david copperfield大衛科波菲爾，hard times艱難時世，a tale of two cities雙城記，great expectation遠大前程。In 雙城記，the two cities are london and paris in the time of revolution.艱難時運makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and the bourgeois philosophy人生觀 6.課文節選 Posthumous Papers of the pickwick club匹克威克傳 Oliver twist 霧都孤兒：this passage tells us the terrible conditions in the english workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by the so-called ―Philanthropists‖慈善事業。William makepeace thackeray威廉。梅克皮斯。薩克雷 課文節選： The vanity fair名利場：its sub-title is a novel without a hero.the writer’s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women: Amelia Sedlley 阿美利亞。賽迪尼And Rebecca Sharp瑞比卡。夏普。George eliot喬治。艾略特 Life: 原名Mary Ann Evans瑪麗。安埃。文斯。主要作品：Adam Bede亞當比德，The mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊，silas marner織工馬南。作品特色：1，her novels ,for the most part, describe rural life,deal with moral problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.2,she has rich humor and keen observation, and her characters are real men and women of her time.3,her novels are very philosophical.4,with her the transition from critical realism to naturalism began in english literature.課文節選：Adam bede亞當比德：主要人物：Adam, heety sorrel:海蒂蘇洛：adam最初喜歡的人，arthur donnithorne亞瑟。唐尼桑恩：海蒂喜歡的人，Seth賽斯: adam’s brother, Dinah Morris:戴娜。莫里斯：seth喜歡的人，同時也是adam 最后喜歡的人。Charlotte bronte(1816—1855)and emily bronte(1818—1848)夏洛蒂。勃朗特和艾米麗。勃朗特 Charlotte bronte:主要作品：the professor, jane eyre, shirley雪莉, villette維萊特.emily bronte主要作品：wuthering heights呼嘯山莊：it is influenced both by the Romantic Movement as well as Gothic writing.The novel deals with a kind of raw天然的 passion.It is not to be judged by its moral context背景.Her novel has nothing to do with moral issue.Hworks in human beings.Wuthering Heights: the place stands for storm, violence Thrush畫眉鳥: civilization文明, very gentle, mild.Her mentality心態 is much in line with what Wuthering Height stands for.Complex structure, layers層面板 of narration敘述 Wuthering Height: Class distinction: emphasis decency莊重, respect 課文節選：jane eyre., wuthering heights主要人物：lockwood洛茲伍德，Heathcliff西斯克里夫，catherine，Hindley辛迪尼。Thomas hood（1799—1845）托馬斯。胡德 Most of his works were humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporary events and manners.主要作品：the princess, in memorian悼念：是為了悼念朋友hallam而寫 ,Idylls of the king國王敘述詩 課文節選：the song of the shirt襯衫之歌：this poem presents a vivid picture of the miserable life of the british seamstresses.女裁縫。The bridge of sighs嘆息橋 Alfred，Lord Tennyson艾爾弗雷德.丁尼生（1809—1892）He is the representative of Victorianism.His poem has an exquisite 精致的sense of music.課文節選：Ulysses尤利西斯：A Greek hero If life is not without experience, struggle.It is not life at all.A typical ambition of Victorian age, a confidence.The age is full of ambition, desire to explore the world.The poet expresses this through the image of Ulysses.Break ,break ,break 碎了，碎了，碎了：把自己痛失密友的悲傷之情同漁家子女的嬉戲和少年水手的歌唱等天真快樂對比，并同撞擊海岸那無情的海浪以及駛入港灣那冷漠的航船進行對照，書法自己的悲痛心情。crossing the bar過沙洲：注重本能和自然 Robert Browning 1812-1889 代表作：the ring and the book指環與書 Dramatic monologue獨白poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his characters and through their won speeches, he analyses and dissects分析is characters and reveals the innermost secret of their lives dramatic monologue.It has a single person who is not the poet himself as the speaker.He utters at the critic moment.--The person addresses and interacts with one or more people.We can feel the presence of the auditor.We can infer what they say and they do from the clues in the course of the speaker.--The principle to select a piece of poem: it should reveal temperament and character of the speaker.課文節選：My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 Ferrara費拉拉 An image of a lively young lady.Dramatic situation which reveal the psychology of the character.It paved鋪 the way for the upcoming即將到來的 of the 20th century poetry.Critical moment, single speaker, and interaction合作: the speaker is talking to a specified auditor旁聽者 or speaker.Elizabeth barrett browning伊麗莎白。巴雷特。布朗寧 代表作：casa guidi windowsk卡薩。吉迪的窗子，aurora leigh奧羅拉。利，poems before congress議會前的詩 課文節選：from sonnets from the portuguese葡萄牙十四行詩：表達詩人對愛情的贊美和對幸福的追求。Part IX Twentieth century literature20世紀文學 The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatue Historical background:對文學產生影響的兩個因素：1，imperialism帝國主義：統治世界的精神的覺醒。相繼爆發了第一，二次世界大戰。2，widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy 托馬斯。哈代（1840—1928）1.His life He was born in Dorset多賽特, an agricultural district in the south of England.His father was an architect.After studying in Dorset and in London, he returned to settle down in his native place.While he worked as an architect, he began to write novels and stories.Later he became a full—time writer.His principal主要的 works are the Wessex偉克塞斯 novels, novels describing the characters and environment of native countryside.He was a writer who sees the turn of the century.He witnessed the change of the society, the fashion;he was the last of the Victorian novelist and one of the forerunners of the modern writing.代表作：Tess of the d’urbervilles德伯家的苔絲，jude the obscure無名的裘得，epic drama：the dynasts統治者 課文節選:Tess of the D’urbevilles：是哈代―性格和環境小說‖中一部分量頗重的長篇小說，導致苔絲悲劇的不是盲目的無從追究責任的命運，而是環境和社會的力量。Setting環境: the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The impoverishment使貧窮 and decay腐爛 of small farmers who became hired field hands and roamed漫步 the country in search of seasonal jobs.His tone is pessimistic悲觀的 Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life.The double moral standard for men and women exposes曝光 the hypocritical虛偽的 morality in bourgeois society.Why does Hardy call her a pure woman? According to the values of that age, Tess is a stained 玷污的woman, she gave birth to a child outside marriage, and she became the mistress情婦 of Alec艾立可 later.The son’s veto兒子的否決權：小說反映了生活的多層面，還對受挫以后的幸福提出了重建。女主人公名叫Sophy.John Galsworthy約翰。高爾斯華朔 他是20世紀英國杰出的批判現實主義小說家和劇作家。代表作：the man of property有產業的人：was the highest point of social criticism ever attained by Galsworthy,它是福賽特世家中的第一部，the forsyte saga福賽特世家，the sivler box銀匣 課文節選： 有產業的人中 chapter X diagnose of a forsyte福爾賽的診斷, conscience良心 Oscar wilde奧斯卡。王爾德 出生于Dublin，have a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred douglas和艾爾弗雷德。道格拉斯有同性戀關系 代表作：長篇小說：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的畫像，Salome莎樂美：唯美主義的代表作，是戲劇，喜?。篖ady windermere’s fan溫得梅爾夫人的扇子, a woman of no importance無足輕重的女人, an ideal husband理想丈夫, and the importance of being earnest認真的重要.課文節選：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的畫像 George Bernard Shaw（1856—1950）喬治。蕭伯納 George Bernard Shaw was dramatist, essayist隨筆作家, and critic.He was born of Irish Protestant新教徒 parents in Dublin.In 1876 Shaw left Ireland for good.During his life time he wrote lots of dramas.He is considered to be the best –known English dramatist since Shakespeare.His works are the best example of all the plays that are inspired by social criticism.In most of his plays, he expressed a strong indignation against political and economic exploitation開發, against hypocrisy虛偽 and corruption腐敗, against prostitution作踐自己 and slavery奴隸制度, and against poverty and dirt.His style: 1.didactic教導的，學究式的 2.Made his lessons ―palatable‖可口的 through comedy.3.Use his wit to ridicule嘲笑 the things he attacked—witty rather than humorous.4.Inversion倒裝 of ideas—made things usually considered good and just to appear absurd荒謬的 and ridiculous.5.Exaggerated, sometimes grossly很，非常, in order to achieve comedy.6.Plays made up-to-date references and used modern stage props小道具.7.Destructive破壞性的 in his criticism, but constructive建設性 in his analysis and interpretation 解釋of life.Features of his plays: 1.His plays witty rather than humorous—avoidance of emotion and sympathy.2.Improved upon play craftsmanship of his predecessors—increased stage directions.3.Frequently subordinates下級得 dramatic interest to expounding論述 his ideas.His characters are his mouthpieces代言人.4.characters lack true life 5.His plays vehicles to express his many ideas.6.Shocks his audience into attention—paradoxical矛盾的, personal, and outspoken直言的.7.Powerful, logical, satirical style.Dialogue has vitality精神, clearness, directness.課文節選：Mrs.Warren’s profession華倫夫人的職業：華倫夫人的職業是豢養妓女，Mr.Crofts是她的幫兇，女兒Vivie是一所傳統寄宿學校畢業的學生。此書深刻揭露了―體面的‖資本者不體面的財富來源：殘酷的剝削和骯臟的交易。It deals with the theme of prostitution賣淫 as big business in the bourgeois society.David.Herbert.Lawrence(1885—1930)戴維。赫伯特。勞倫斯 He is often criticized for the didactic 說教的elements and looseness in structure.代表作：

the white peacock白孔雀: his first novel，sons and lovers兒子與情人，the rainbow虹，Lady Chatterlay’s Lover查特萊夫人的情人：his most controversial爭議的 novels 課文節選：sons and lovers兒子與情人主要人物：paul保羅，Mrs morel莫瑞爾：it’s a semi-autobiographical nove.Viginia Woolf弗吉尼亞。沃爾夫（1882—1941）她是20世紀歐洲最重要的女性作家，著名的文學批評家和文藝理論家。她是―意識流‖stream of consciousness小說的代表人物.代表作：Mrs.Dalloway達洛維夫人，to the lighthouse到燈塔去，the waves海浪。課文節選：Mrs.Dalloway達洛維夫人 James Joyce詹姆斯。喬伊斯（1882—1941）He was born in Dublin.是―意識流小說之父‖。代表作：Dubliners都柏林人，a portrait of the artist as a young man一個青年藝術家的肖像。Ulysses尤利西斯：in the book, the writer intends to present a microcosm小規模地 of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated總結 in the happenings of one day.。課文節選：Araby阿拉比：是dubliners中的第3篇小說。英美文學復習資料

English Literary History

1.Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2.Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3.Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry.His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.4.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.5.Edmund Spenser is known as ―the poets’ poet‖.Masterpiece the Faerie Queene is a great poem of its age.6.Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the ―University Wits‖.His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr.Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II.Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7.William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets.His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies.8.Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist.9.John Donne is the leading figure of the ―Metaphysical school.‖

10.The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason.Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism.11.The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel.12.John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church.His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress.(最成功的宗教寓言詩)13.Alexander Pope’s best satiric work is The Dunciad(愚人志).14.Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.15.Jonathan Swift was a master satirist.His ―A Modest Proposal‖ is generally taken as a perfect model.16.Henry Fielding is regarded as ―father of the English Novel‖.He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a ―comic epic in prose‖, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.17.Samuel Johnson, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman – A Dictionary of the English Language.18.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century.His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy.19.Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖

establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially ―the Graveyard School.‖

20.English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.21.William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet.Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.His major works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell.22.William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleridge, became known as the ―Lake Poets.‖ He published Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with Coleridge.The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism.23.Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner

24.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is Don Juan, which was called comic epic and mock epic.25.Percy Bysshe Shelley’s greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound.His most well-known lyric is ―Ode to the West Wind.”

26.John Keats is known for his many great odes.27.Jane Austen’s first novel is Sense and Sensibility.Her masterpieces are Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.28.Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.29.Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.30.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.Dickens is a master of story-telling, and Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works.31.Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights.32.Alfred Tennyson’s masterpiece is In Memoriam.33.George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that ―started putting all the actions inside.‖

34.Thomas Hardy’s works, known as ―novels of character and environment,‖ are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer.Influenced by nature and environment.35.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36.Bernard Shaw is a brilliant dramatist.Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays.His plays have one passion only, that is, indignation.37.John Galsworthy is a modern novelist.His first trilogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let.38.William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923.His well-known poem is ―sailing to Byzantium.‖

39.T.S.Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer.His major poems are ―the love song of J.Alfred Prufrock‖, and ―the waste land.‖

40.D.H.Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family.The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces.41.James Joyce is the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist.His masterpiece is Ulysses.美國文學

42.Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation.His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip Van winkle and ―the Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖.43.Ralph Waldo Emerson the American towering figure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul.44.Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter.45.Walt Whitman is a national figure in American literary history.His Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work, containing ―song of myself.‖ 46.Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.47.Edgar Alan Poe is a famous fictional writer, short story writer.48.James Fenimore Cooper’s lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and the Prairie.49.Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature.He is known as a local colorist.Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer.50.Henry James is the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness.Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.51.Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period.52.Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest America’s literary naturalists.Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work.53.Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition.He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage.54.Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement,‖ was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century.55.Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.56.Eugene O’Neill is America’s greatest playwright.He was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize.He is widely acclaimed ―founder of the American drama.‖

Masterpiece is Long Days Journey Into Night.57.Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s.His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era.58.Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the ―Lost Generation.‖ Novels include A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.Quiz

1.The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.2.The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement.3.The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.4.Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form.5.Faulkner’s novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order.6.The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of ―no ideas but in things.‖

7.E.E.Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分：詩歌

1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ? Footprints in ―The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls‖: The transient nature of human achievement 2.―She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways‖ by William Wordsworth Last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathos

The last line creates a perfect pathos.It shows that Lucy?s death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucy?s death is a great loss to him.In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3.―Wuthering Heights‖ by Emily Bront?

God1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave? Your soul---Catherine I love my murderer---but yours!My murderer---Catherine

Yours---Catherine?s husband: Edgar

Catherine?s brother: Hindley

第三部分 閱讀理解

1.1.―Sonnet 18‖ by William Shakespeare Sh?ll I| cǒmpáre| th?e tó| ? súm|m?r?s dáy? Thǒu árt| mǒre lóve|ly ánd| mǒre tém|p?ráte.Róugh wínds| dó sháke| th? dár|lǐng búds| ǒf Máy, And súm|m?r?s léase| h?th áll| tǒo shórt| ? dáte.Sǒmetímes| tǒo hót| th? éye| ǒf héav|?n shínes, And óf|ten ís| his góld| cǒmpléx|ǐon dímm?d;And éve|ry fair| frǒm fáir| sǒmetíme| d?clínes, By chánce,| ǒr ná|t?re?s cháng|ǐng cóurse,| ?ntrímm?d;B?t thy| ?tér|nál súm|m?r sháll| nǒt fáde, Nǒr lóse| pǒssés|sǐon óf| thát fáir| thǒu ów?st;Nǒr sháll| D?ath brág| thǒu wán|d?r?st ín| hǐs sháde, Wh?n ín| ?tér|nál línes| tǒ tíme| thǒu grów?st;Sǒ lóng| ás mén| cán bréathe,| ǒr éyes| cán sée, Sǒ lóng| lǐves thís,| ánd thís| gǐves lífe| tǒ thée.What is the rhyme and meter of the poem? Meter: iambic pentameter The rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.What does the poem reveal? In the poem, the poet shows his profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves and then expounds that all nice and beautiful things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus the poem reveals Shakespeare?s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting power of human art and the creative power of human beings.2.What is the difference between realism and modernism? Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.

第三篇：英美文學

Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

2009級師范三班劉靜 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

never lose hope.

第四篇：英美文學

術語解釋：

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream

***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄學派詩人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻畫人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部現實主義小說，作品的主題是通過對主人公魯濱孫的成功刻畫，歌頌資本主義上升時期那種不畏艱難和困苦，充滿野心和冒險精神，富有百折不撓，頑強毅力和斗志，依靠自己的雙手改變一切、創造一切的自我奮斗和創業精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨擊當時英國的議會政治和反動的宗教勢力，通過描寫格列佛四次遇險，寫出了作者看透了當代的腐敗，以諷刺的方法，抨擊了當時腐敗的社會。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express

Transcendentalism是美國浪漫主義最高潮時期的體驗，認為世間萬物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.詩歌鑒賞

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否將你比作夏天？

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美麗溫婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂風將五月的蓓蕾凋殘，And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暫。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休戀那麗日當空，And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,轉眼會云霧迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休嘆那百花飄零，By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于無常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫發無損。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也無緣將你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的詩中長存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩篇，So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.這詩就將不朽，永葆你的芳顏。

全詩的基本格律是五音步抑揚格（iambic pentameter），包括三個四行組（quatrain）和一個對偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韻式，即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有時平淡或離奇，破壞意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes當我受盡命運和人們的白眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飄零，And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干擾聾瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顧盼著身影，詛咒自己的生辰，Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一個一樣富于希望，Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一樣廣交游，Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求這人的淵博，那人的內行，With what I most enjoy contented least最賞心的樂事覺得最不對頭；

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，當我正要這樣看輕自己，Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破曉從陰霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱著圣歌在天門：

For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的愛使我那么富有，That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王換位我也不屑于屈就。

賞析：對社會、對自己的命運的不滿和無奈。格律是五音步抑揚格（iambic pentameter）.韻式，即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鳥 》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡倫·布賴恩特

Whither, 'midst falling dew,披著滴落的露珠，While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空燦爛，白日的行程就要結束；

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿過玫瑰色的遙遠空際，Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤單的前程追逐？

總結：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are

going?

Vainly the fowler's eye看你遠遠飛翔而無計可施，Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鳥人的眼光徒勞眷顧；

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,滿天紅霞把你映襯，Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飄飄飛舞。

總結：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在尋找開闊的大河之濱，Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,還是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水沖刷的海灘，On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔騰起伏？

? 總結：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上蒼把你關照，Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在無路的海岸為你指路，The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和無邊的空際，Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤單的飄蕩不致迷途。

? 總結：There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕動翅膀，At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空氣稀薄暴風寒冷，飛在高處，Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒適的大地，Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即將緊閉它的帷幕。

總結：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就會結束這樣的勞苦，Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即將找到你夏天的住處；

And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼喚自己的伙伴，Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.蘆葦也會躬身把你的窩巢遮護。

? 總結：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身軀全被吞沒，Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深淵里，你蹤影全無；

Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的啟迪深深留在我的心底，And shall not soon depart.我將久久地久久地把它記住。

? 總結:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,誰，從一個地方到另一個地方，Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越無限的天空作必然的飛翔，In the long way that I must tread alone,也會在我必須獨自跋涉的長途上，Will lead my steps aright.正確地引導我的腳步。

賞析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.

第五篇：英美文學

《英美文學》復習方法

一、找到《英美文學》的輔導書，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通車》等類型的漢語版輔導書。

二、先把漢語版輔導書的課文翻譯通讀，理解了全書每個章節的內容和知識點；用漢語記錄重點；

三、第一輪復習順序：

1、先看英國文學，后看美國文學

2、按照時間順序看，每個時代都有代表性文學流派和代表作家及代表性作品

3、按照課本的章節順序，看完漢語譯文后，對照英語譯文，劃出課本上對每個時代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和評論。名詞性描述一般是填空題和選擇搭配題；評論部分是簡單題和問答題；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介紹不用看；記住某個時代某個流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及該作品的簡要介紹和評論。

4、按照章節劃出重點信息，然后整理筆記；

5、全部整理完畢之后，基本上對文學史和代表文學作品有了基本了解。

四、第二輪復習順序

1、找到歷年真題，做題的時候對照答案，尋找該答案在課文原文中的原始線索，并作好整理記錄；

2、整理理解全部真題的答案以后，對課本的重點知識就有了比較清楚的理解；

五、考前突擊復習

1、依據真題筆記和第二輪復習的筆記，對不熟悉的部分進行重點復習。

2、根據以往考題的研究，舊題還會重新考，所以大家要關注所有做過的真題和各章節中沒有考過的但屬于代表性知識的部分，這些有可能是將要考的新題。自學考試已經有歷史了，所以過去的真題加起來也就是全書的重點知識網絡，所以認真復習真題并理解消化，整理幫助記憶，這對于考試制勝是最好的辦法。

*警告：千萬不要拋開課本直接做真題；

千萬不要死記硬背，而是要在理解的基礎上反復讀，抄寫，默記；反復整理筆記，新的筆記只記錄沒有掌握好的，直到最后的筆記成為提綱式的。

〈高級英語〉復習方法說明；

一、對照輔導書，精讀課文，做課后練習；

二、找來歷年考試真題，認真做，查到答案在課本中的相關地方

三、認真復習真題，總結知識點；錯題本，反復研究錯題

四、回到課本，從頭到尾認真閱讀課文，全面復習重點知識點；

五、整理真題，再次復習錯題；

*高級英語上下冊32個單元，復習面積很大，所以必須早動手，狠下功夫。

祝愿大家能夠取得優秀的成績！