第一篇：新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

一、定義

1.語(yǔ)言學(xué)Linguistics

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)General Linguistics

The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.語(yǔ)言language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.語(yǔ)言是人類(lèi)用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。

4.識(shí)別特征Design Features

It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多產(chǎn)性

Duality雙重性

Displacement移位性

Cultural transmission文化傳遞

⑴arbitrariness

There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it

makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity

Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶Duality

Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷Displacement

Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmission

Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system.this showed that language is culturally transmitted.not by instinct.animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.語(yǔ)言能力Competence

Competence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用performance

Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。

7.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Diachronic linguistics

The study of language change through time.a diachronic study of

language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time.9.語(yǔ)言langue

The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言語(yǔ)parole

The realization of langue in actual use.11.規(guī)定性Prescriptive

It aims to lay down rules for ‖correct‖ behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性Descriptive

A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.語(yǔ)言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類(lèi)在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。

2.幾種觀(guān)點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)象的提出者：

⑴瑞士語(yǔ)言學(xué)家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的區(qū)別

⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家N.Chomsky

in1950針對(duì)Saussure‘s langue&parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾經(jīng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言概念下過(guò)定義的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家

Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Charles Hockett 提出了語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別特征design features

3.the word ‘language‘ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language一詞前不加冠詞說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語(yǔ)言。

4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once.判斷題

6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家注意的是語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音。

三、問(wèn)答題

1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----it‘s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it‘s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‘s languages.Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology---It‘s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.Semantics---It‘s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language is arbitrary?

Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object

is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it‘s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the ?arbitrariness‘ of language is ?a rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘.3.what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語(yǔ)形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。

traditional grammar is prescriptive.it is based on‘ high‘ written language.傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究?高級(jí)‘書(shū)面語(yǔ)。

4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why

Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language.unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。

5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in

writing.⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.6.how is Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky‘s ?

Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language.their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study

Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.6.the distinction between langue and parole?

⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.1/ What is linguistics? 什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics 語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇

The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.(普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）

The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.（音系學(xué)）

The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.（形態(tài)學(xué)）

The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）

The study of meaning in language is called semantics.（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics.（社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）

The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics.（心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）

The study of applications(as the recovery of speech ability)is generally known as applied linguistics.（應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)）But in a narrow sense，applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics,（人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）neurological linguistics,（神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）mathematical linguistics,（數(shù)字語(yǔ)言學(xué)）and computational linguistics.（計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）

3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics 語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念

Prescriptive and descriptive 規(guī)定與描寫(xiě)

If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive.The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is ―correct‖ or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共時(shí)和歷時(shí)

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口頭語(yǔ)與書(shū)面語(yǔ)

Speech and writing are the two major media of communication.Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form.Reasons are: 1.Speech precedes writing;2.There are still many languages that have only the spoken form;3.In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)

The Swiss linguist F.de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study.He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Competence and performance 語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用 Proposed by American linguist N.Chomsky in the late 1950‘s.He defines competence as the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology

一、定義

1.寬式音標(biāo)Broad transcription

The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.2.窄式音標(biāo)Narrow transcription

The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.3.清音Voiceless

When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.4.濁音Voicing

Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.5.元音Vowel

The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.6.輔音Consonants

The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.7.音位Phoneme

The basic unit in phonology, it‘s a collection of distinctive phonetic features.8.音位變體Allophones

Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.9.音素phone

A phonetic unit or segment.it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it‘s a speech sound we use when speaking a language.10.最小對(duì)立對(duì)Minimal pair

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.11.超切分特征Suprasegmental

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features.the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.12.互補(bǔ)分布complementary distribution

P35

Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary

distribution.13.語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音媒介Phonic medium of language

The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.在人類(lèi)交際中有著一定意義、對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究來(lái)說(shuō)舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語(yǔ)音媒介。

14.爆破音stops

When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive.they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]

二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form.2.of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing.3.Phonetic 組成

⑴Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)longest established, mostly developed

⑵Auditory

phonetics 聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)

⑶Acoustic

phonetics 聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)

4.articulatoryApparatus /Organs of Speech

Pharyngeal cavity– 咽腔

Oral...–

口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here

Nasal …– 鼻腔

5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French.6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of[k] and[g],the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound[j];the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sounds[t]and[d].7.nasal consonants: [m] / [n] / [η]

9.A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.10.Sequential rules例子

If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:

⑴the first phoneme must be /s/

⑵the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ ⑶the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w

11.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone;Rise-fall tone

三、問(wèn)答題

1.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound?

Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語(yǔ)音，以及這些語(yǔ)音為何有所不同。

聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語(yǔ)音同一只是理論上的理想。

聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語(yǔ)音從說(shuō)話(huà)者到聽(tīng)話(huà)者之間的傳播方式。

2.how are the English consonants classified?

By place of articulation and By manner of articulation

3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? why?

語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語(yǔ)音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個(gè)更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么?

Phonetics —description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology —description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning.4.what‘s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme? Phone—a speech sound ,a phonetic unit.Phoneme---a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?為什么區(qū)分最小對(duì)立組在一種語(yǔ)言中非常重要?

Minimal pair—two sound combinations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position.除了出現(xiàn)在同一位臵的一個(gè)語(yǔ)音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個(gè)

語(yǔ)音組合.Minimal set—a group of sound combinations with the above feature.一組具有上述特征的語(yǔ)音組合.By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes.通過(guò)分析一種語(yǔ)言的最小對(duì)立對(duì)或最小對(duì)立組,音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位.6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?

Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.7.explain the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.有序規(guī)則Sequential rules

Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.同化規(guī)則Assimilation rules

The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by‘ copying ‘a(chǎn) feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.省略規(guī)則Deletion rule

It‘s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.Chapter Three Morphology

一、定義

1.詞素Morpheme

The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language.2.自由詞素Free Morpheme

Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.3.黏著詞素Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.4.詞根Root

Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.5.詞綴Affix

The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6.曲折詞綴inflectional affixes

The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.7.派生詞綴Derivational affixes

The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes.8.詞干Stem

A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.9.形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則Morphological rules

They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.10.前綴Prefix

Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes ?be-? and ?en(m)-?

11.后綴Suffix

Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.3.In using the morphological rules, we must guard against Over-generalization.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

Inflectional morphology 1.Morphology

Derivational morphology

Free morphemes

Morphemes

Root

Bound morphemes

Inflectional affixes

Affixes

Prefix

Derivational affixes

2.some words maybe said to contain a root morpheme.Suffix

4.Compound features:

⑴orthographically, a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.⑵Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.⑶semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its component

Chapter Four

Syntax

一、定義

1.句子sentence

A structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.2.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用Linguistic competence

The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.3.謂語(yǔ)Predicate

The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate.4.定式子句Finite Clause

A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.5.從屬子句Embedded Clause(E C)

In a complete sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an E C.6.主要子句Matrix Clause

In a complexed sentence, the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause.7.層次結(jié)構(gòu)Hierarchical structure

The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.8.語(yǔ)法關(guān)系Grammatical relations

The structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.9.句法類(lèi)型Syntactic category

A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object.10.表層結(jié)構(gòu)S-structure

A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.11.深層結(jié)構(gòu)D-structure

A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement.12.普遍語(yǔ)法General grammar

A system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about nature language.13.移動(dòng)α 規(guī)則Move α

A general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.14.句法移位Syntactic movement

Syntactic movement occurs when a constituent moves out of its original place to a new position.15.轉(zhuǎn)換原則Transformation rules

Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.16.X標(biāo)桿理論X-bar theory

A general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrases structure rules into a single format :X‖→（Spec）X(Compl).一種泛指的、高度抽象的圖示，它把所有的詞組結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則概括為一種程式

X‖→（Spec）X(Compl)

a:

X‖

b: X‖

Spec X‘

Spec

X‘

X‘

X compl

X

complement

NP ‘the student who likes linguistics‘ consists of Det, N and S with Det being the Specifier ,N the head, S the complement.NP(…)有冠詞、名詞和子句組成，冠詞是指示語(yǔ)，名詞是核心詞，子句是補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1.syntax這個(gè)單詞源于Greek,本義是arrangement.2.我們把syntax的學(xué)習(xí)看作 a system of rules that govern the formation of grammatical sentence.3.A major goal of linguistics is to show with a consistent and explicit grammatical theory how syntactic rules account for this grammatical knowledge.4.判斷題：the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number ,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.5.判斷題:A finite verb, informally called the main verb of a sentence, expresses existence, action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, tense and mood.一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞被非正式稱(chēng)為句中主要?jiǎng)釉~，表達(dá)了人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣限定的存在、行動(dòng)或事件。

6.句子的分類(lèi)

simple sentence

Types of sentences

coordinate or compound sentence

Complex sentence

簡(jiǎn)單句---It consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.并列句合成句-It contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as ―but‖, ‖and‖.ect.復(fù)合句—It contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.復(fù)合句的特點(diǎn)：

⑴An embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause

⑵Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a Subordinator, such as ‖that‖

⑶An embedded clause may not function as a grammatically well-formed sentence if it stands independently as a simple sentence unless its form changes.子句是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法單位，大部分子句要帶一個(gè)被稱(chēng)為從屬連詞的引導(dǎo)詞，如果子句作為秒年第秒年句單獨(dú)存在，它可能不是一個(gè)合乎規(guī)范的句子，除非改變他的形式。

7.when a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence

are produced one after another in a sequence.8.The hierarchical nature of sentence structure句子結(jié)構(gòu)層次特點(diǎn)

sentences are organized with words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase NP or verb phrase VP, grouped together.9.The points at which the tree braches at various levels are called Branching

nodes分叉點(diǎn)

10.In addition to the use of structural tree diagrams, linguists may show the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets and subscript labels.11.句法類(lèi)型

Major …主要詞類(lèi)open ,can add new words

Lexical category

名、動(dòng)、形、副詞N,V,Adj,Adv

Syntactic

Minor… 次要詞類(lèi)close, words are fixed Categories

限定、助動(dòng)、介、代、連、嘆Det,Aux,Prep,Pron,Conj,Int

Phrasal category

Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word(called a lexical category)or a phrase(called phrasal category)that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject in a sentence.12.短語(yǔ)類(lèi)型

Noun Phrase

NP

Phrasal

Verb Phrase

VP

Categories

Preposition Phrase PP

Adjective Phrase

AP

13.The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each moun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb, in many cases, grammatical relations refer virtually to ‘who‘ does ‘what ‘to ‘whom‘.14.we usually refer to the grammatical relations as subject of and direct object of.15.Combinational rules must be small in number so as not to create extra burdens on the human memory.also these rules must be powerful enough to yield all the possible sentences, and rule out the impossible ones 組合規(guī)則一定不能太多，以免給人的記憶帶來(lái)過(guò)多的負(fù)擔(dān)，用這些規(guī)則必須能組合出所有可能的句子，而排除不可能的句子。

16.rules an generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properties.It captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence and enables speakers to repeat syntactic constituents within the same sentence.循環(huán)性體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言中的句子能有更多的成分，使說(shuō)話(huà)者能在同一句子中重復(fù)一些句法成分。

17.移位類(lèi)型

Syntactic

NP-movement=t‘s involving the movement of a noun

phrase.Movement

名詞短語(yǔ)的移位

WH-movement=It changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.陳述變疑問(wèn)句

AUX-…=the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position.助動(dòng)詞移位到句首的移位

18.普遍語(yǔ)法的廣義原則

General Principles of Universal Grammar: Case Condition和Adjacency Condition

格條件---a noun phrase must have Case and Case is assigned by V or P to the object position, or by AUX to the subject position.名詞詞組必須有格，賓語(yǔ)的格是由動(dòng)詞或介詞決定，而主語(yǔ)的格由助動(dòng)詞決定。

相鄰條件—a case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other,it explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object.格分派者和格接受者要相鄰。這解釋了為什么任何別的詞組類(lèi)不能插到動(dòng)詞和它的直接賓語(yǔ)之間。

19.Universal Grammar is believed to contain a parameter with the valves增and減set on the Adjacency condition.with English-type languages，the Adjacency Parameter is set to the增 value, while for French-type language, the parameter is set to減value.三、問(wèn)答題

1.Use the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.⑴the tower on the hill collapsed in the wind ⑵Mary promised John to see the doctor.Chapter 5

Semantics

一、定義

1.命名論The naming theory

The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things.2.意念論The conceptualist view

It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to;rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.3.語(yǔ)境論Conceptualism

It‘s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context.4.行為主義論Behaviorism

It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the‖ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer‖.this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response.5.意義Sense

It‘s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It‘s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it‘s abstract and de-contextualized.6.所指意義Reference

It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.7.同義詞Synonymy

It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms.8.多義詞Polysemy

It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the

same one word may have more than one meaning.9.同音(形)異義Homonymy

It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.10.同音異義Homophones

It refers to two words are identical in sound.e.g.rain/reign.11.同形異義Homographs

It refers to two words are identical in form.e.g.tear v./tear n.12.上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy

It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.13.反義詞Antonymy

It‘s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension.14.成分分析法Componential Analysis----分析詞匯抽象意義

It‘s a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.this approach is based upon the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.15.述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析Predication Analysis

由British Linguist G.Leech提

出

It‘s a new approach for sentential meaning analysis.Predication is usually considered an important common category shared by propositions, questions, commands ect.通過(guò)對(duì)論元argument和謂語(yǔ)predicate的分析，達(dá)到對(duì)句子意義進(jìn)行分析的許多模式中的一種。

16.先設(shè)前提Presupposition

It‘s a semantic relationship or logical connection.A presupposes B.17.蘊(yùn)涵Entailment

Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B.A: Mark married a blonde heiress.B: Mark married a blonde.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1.Major views of meaning study:

The naming Theory-----希臘Scholar Plato

The conceptualism-----觀(guān)點(diǎn)代表人是John Firth,但Bloomfield闡述更有說(shuō)服力

The Conceptualist view----Ogden和Richards用classic semantic triangle of

significance

The Behaviorism-----英國(guó)Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和 Jill故

事闡明

The naming theory的局限性: ⑴It‘s only applicable to Nouns only.⑵Within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that don‘t exist in the real world.sense 2.Lexical meaning

reference 3.主要的意義關(guān)系

Synonymy;Antonymy;Hyponymy;Polysemy;homonymy

4.(1)Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects

Synonyms

(2)Stylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style

分類(lèi)

(3)Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning

(4)Semantically different synonyms 例子：

(1)British English Lift

Luggage Lorry

Petrol

Flat

windscreen torch

American English Elevator Baggage Truck

Gasoline Apartment windshield flashlight

(2)kick the bucket=pop off=die=pass away=decease

5.Words having the same meaning may differ in style, or degree of formality.6.some synonyms differ in their collocation.例子: Accuse….of

charge….with

rebuke….for

sour milk

Rotten tomatoes addled eggs

rancid bacon or butter 7.a polysemic word, i.e, a word with several meaning, is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word.complete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.8.According naming theory words are just names or labels for things.9.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance ,the speaker and the hearer, the action they are performing at the time, the various objects and event existed in the situation.10.the contextulist view was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew on behaviourist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.Homophones—when two words are identical in sound

Rain/reign;night/knight;piece/peace;leak/leek

Homonymy Homographs—when two words are identical in spelling

分類(lèi)

Bow v./bow n.tear v./ tear n lead v./lead n.Complete homonyms—when two words are identical in both spelling

and sound.例子Fast adj./ fast v.scale n./scale v.12.(1)Gradable antonyms分級(jí)反義詞(a matter of degree)

例hot-warm-cold

Antonym(2)Complementary antonyms互補(bǔ)反義詞a matter of degree between

分類(lèi)

two extremes例子

Alive—dead;

male—female;

(3)Relational opposites關(guān)系反義詞(中間可以加成分，如上、中、下)

father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient;buy-sell;above-below

13.句子間的意義關(guān)系sense relation between sentences X is synonymous with Y.X entails Y.X presupposes Y.X is a contradiction.X is semantically anomalous.14.Analysis of meaning意義的分析

子 Old—middle-aged—young;

(1)Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning對(duì)詞匯成分的分析

(2)Predication analysis—a way to analyze sentence meaning對(duì)句子意義的分析

(1)is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called Semantic features.一個(gè)單詞的意義可以分析為稱(chēng)作語(yǔ)義特征的意義。

This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features.這一方法和把一個(gè)音位分析成更小的叫作區(qū)別性特征的方法類(lèi)似。

Plus and minimums signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent, these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters.One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.加減號(hào)用來(lái)表示某一語(yǔ)義特征在一個(gè)詞義中是存在或缺省，這些特征用大寫(xiě)字母來(lái)寫(xiě)。

15.the meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components.Two aspects of Sentence meaning: grammatical and semantic meaning.16.Selectional restrictions---

Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules.17.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication------

Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.it applies to all forms of a sentence, including statements, imperative and interrogative.Predication consists of Arguments and Predicates.述謂是句子基本單位，是對(duì)句子的抽象化，適用于包括陳述句、祈使句和疑問(wèn)句。述謂由一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)論元和一個(gè)謂詞組成。

An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal elements in a sentence, a predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.論元是一個(gè)的邏輯的一個(gè)參與者，謂詞是關(guān)于論元的陳述，或說(shuō)明一個(gè)句子的論元間的邏輯關(guān)系。

18.According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we classify the predications into two-place predication(has two arguments),one-place predication(has one argument),and no-place predication(has no argument).19.判斷題：although predicate and argument are the same kind of unit in terms of their componential make-up, they have different roles in the whole predication.the predicate can be regarded as the main element, for it includes tense, modality, ect.it may also said to govern the arguments for it determines the number of nature of the arguments.20.The analysis of meaning is a highly abstract and complicated matter.三、問(wèn)答題

1.how are sense and reference related?

Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it‘s abstract and de-contextualized.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter of relationship between the form and reality.2.in what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析為區(qū)別性特征有何相似之處？

In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features;it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that

distinguish different sounds.3.what‘s grammaticality? what might take a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?

什么是語(yǔ)法性？一個(gè)語(yǔ)法上有意義的句子可能由于什么而不是有意義的?

Grammaticality---the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence.A sentence may be well-formed grammatically, i.e.it conforms to the grammatical rules of the language, but it is not necessarily semantically well-formed, i.e.it may not make sense at all

Chapter 6

pragmatics 一、定義

1.語(yǔ)境Context

The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it‘s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.2.言語(yǔ)行為理論Speech act theory

It‘s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.it‘s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication.it aims to answer the question ‖what do we do when using language?‖

The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by J.R.Searle constitute the speech act theory.3.敘述句Constatives

Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truth-value.;4.行為句Performatives

Performatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.5.言?xún)?nèi)行為L(zhǎng)ocutionary Act

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses.it‘s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.6.言外行為Illcotionary Act

An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker‘s intention it‘s the act performed in saying something.7.言后行為 Perlocutionary Act

Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.it‘s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance.8.句子意義Sentence meaning

It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning of a

sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.9.話(huà)語(yǔ)意義Utterance meaning

It refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.10.合作原則Cooperative Principle

It‘s proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.11.會(huì)話(huà)含義Conversational implicatures

According to P.Grice, it refers to the extra meaning not contained in th utterance, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker‘s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the CP.話(huà)語(yǔ)的言外之義是說(shuō)話(huà)人通過(guò)故意違反某一準(zhǔn)則而獲得這種聽(tīng)者能懂的暗含之意。

二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1.語(yǔ)用學(xué)的幾個(gè)重要的理論

⑴言語(yǔ)行為理論Speech act theory

由英國(guó)哲學(xué)家John Austin在20世紀(jì)50年代末提出

在此理論基礎(chǔ)上John區(qū)分了定義了敘述句Constatives和行為句

performatives

在區(qū)分?jǐn)⑹鼍浜托袨榫渲?，他又定義了言?xún)?nèi)行為、言外行為和言后行為

例子：you have left the door wide open.Locutionary act:: expressed what each word of this sentence literally mean.Illutionary act: expressed his intention of speaking, asking someone to close the door.Perlocutionary act: someone heard the sentence, and close the door, then this act is successfully performed.※在這三種行為中，語(yǔ)言學(xué)家對(duì)言外行為最感興趣

cos this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‘s intention, and in their study of language communication, linguists are most interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and also how his intention is recognized by the hearer.⑵會(huì)話(huà)原則CP 邏輯哲學(xué)家Paul Grice提出;

2.合作原則的準(zhǔn)則4Maxim of Cooperative Principle

數(shù)量 the maxim of Quantity-----你說(shuō)的話(huà)應(yīng)包含所需內(nèi)容且不可超過(guò)內(nèi)容要求

Make your contribution as informative as required;

Do not make your contribution more informative than is required

質(zhì)量the maxim of Quality-----不要說(shuō)你認(rèn)為是假的話(huà)或你缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話(huà)

Do not say what you believe to false.Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence 關(guān)系 the maxim of relation-----使你的話(huà)與話(huà)題相關(guān)be relevant 方式 the maxim of manner-----避免模糊、歧義，應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)明有序

Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity;

Be brief/be orderly.3.六七十年代時(shí)，美國(guó)哲學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家John Searle對(duì)言外行為分成了5類(lèi)

闡述性Representatives---to commit the speaker to something‘s being the

Case ,to the truth of what has been said.例詞:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing最有代表性，指令性Directives---are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do

something.例詞:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening，ordering 是特有實(shí)例

承諾性Commissives---when speaking the speaker puts himself under

obligation.例詞:promising, undertaking, vowing最典型

表達(dá)類(lèi)Expressives---the speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards

an existing state of affairs.例詞:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating

宣告類(lèi)Declarations---the successful performance of an act of this type brings

about the correspondence between what is said and reality.例句

I now declare the meeting open/I appoint you chairman of the committee/I fire you.這五類(lèi)differ in their strength or force.4.Semantics 和Pragmatics的區(qū)分

Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.5.語(yǔ)境中聽(tīng)者與說(shuō)話(huà)者shared knowledge is of two types:

The knowledge of the language they use, the knowledge about the world，including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.6.Sentence meaning與Utterance meaning的區(qū)別

Sentence meaning---abstract, decontextualized.Utterance meaning---concrete, contextualized it‘s based on sentence meaning, it‘s the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.區(qū)分句子和話(huà)句，類(lèi)似區(qū)分語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)用學(xué)，關(guān)鍵在于是否考慮語(yǔ)境。

7.While most utterances take the form of sentences ,i.e.most utterances are complete sentences

In terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some can‘t even be restored to complete sentences

Chapter 7

Historical linguistics

一、定義

1.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Diachronic linguistics

A term used in stead of historical linguistics to the study of language change at various points in time at various historical stage.2.元音大交替Great Vowel Shift

A series of systematic sound change in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.3.詞尾脫落Apocope

The deletion of a word-final vowel segment.4.插入音Epenthesis

The insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.5.首字母縮略詞Acronym

A word created by combining the initials of a number of words.6.混合法Blending

A process of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words.7.縮寫(xiě)詞Abbreviation

A shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.8.略寫(xiě)詞Clipping

A kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.9.逆向構(gòu)詞法Back-formation

A process by which new words are formed by taking away he suffix of an existing word.10.語(yǔ)義擴(kuò)大化Semantic broadening

The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historical earlier denotation.縮小less general or inclusive

11.原始語(yǔ)Protolanguage

The original form of a language family which has ceased to exist.12.語(yǔ)系Family language

A group of historically related languages that have developed from a comon ancestral language.13.同源詞Cognate

A word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from a common source.14.語(yǔ)音同化Sound assimilation

The physiological effect of one sound on another.15.內(nèi)部借用Internal borrowing

The application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy to its earlier operation.16.派生法Derivation

It refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.17.語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換Semantic shift

It‘s a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former

meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning.18.語(yǔ)義細(xì)化Elaboration

Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness.19.古英語(yǔ)Old English

Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxsons invaded b the British Isles from northern Europe.20.中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)Middle English

in 1066

Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1.the historical study of language is of great importance to our understanding of human languages and human linguistic competence.2.Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable degree, regular and systematic.3.Middle English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar.4.in old English, nearly half of the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative cases.5.one of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in the Vowel Change.6英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的三個(gè)歷史時(shí)期及歷史事件

Old English(449-1100):

Began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-

Saxons from Europe, ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders

historically known as the Norman Conquest.Middle English(1100-1500)

It‘s distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest.Shakespeare‘s plays and Milton‘s Poems 受歐洲文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)影響最大。

Modern English(1500 up to now)

From the Modern English period as the result of the cultural influence

of the European renaissance movement.7.古英語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞的對(duì)比

Old English

Modern English Mann

man Wif

woman Cild

child Hus

house Mete

food Etan

eat

第二篇：簡(jiǎn)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)第一章總結(jié)

Chapter 1

ⅠThe things that I have learnt

① Linguistics: the scientific study of language.② The scope of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics ect.③ Some important distinctions in linguistics: prescriptive vs.descriptive, synchronic vs.diachronic, speech and writing, langue and parole, competence and performance.④ Traditional grammar: prescriptive;tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize the importance of the written words;forced languages into a Latin-based framework.⑤ Several different definitions of language, e.g.Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.(Sapir,1921)

⑥ Generally accepted definition: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.⑦ Design features of language(design features refer to the definition properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.): arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transmission ect.⑧ Functions of language: phatic, directive, informative, interrogative, perforrnative, expressive and evocative.⑨ Saussure: the Swiss linguist in the early 20th century.⑩ Chomsky: the American linguist in the late 1950s.ⅡThe things that I am interested in.① The scope of linguistics, such as phonetics.② The differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar.③ Design features of language.ⅢThe things that I am confused

①the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20thChomsky in the late 1950s.How to understand the red parts(the underline parts)

②How to understand the following words

Synchronic, diachronic, langue and parole

③The functions of language.I still can’t understand each function means what exactaly.

第三篇：語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

一、名詞解釋?zhuān)?*6=24）

1、孤立語(yǔ)：孤立語(yǔ)又稱(chēng)詞根語(yǔ)，其特點(diǎn)是缺乏形態(tài)變化，語(yǔ)法意義主要靠詞序和虛詞來(lái)表示，漢語(yǔ)就是一種比較典型的孤立語(yǔ)。例如，“我喜歡他”中的“我”是主語(yǔ)，“他”是賓語(yǔ)，主要取決于詞序。又如，“買(mǎi)菜”是述賓結(jié)構(gòu)，“買(mǎi)的菜”是偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，主要取決于虛詞。漢語(yǔ)缺乏嚴(yán)格意義上的形態(tài)變化，一個(gè)名詞性詞語(yǔ)無(wú)論是充當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)，詞性都不曾發(fā)生變化。除了漢語(yǔ)外，屬孤立語(yǔ)的還有越南語(yǔ)、彝語(yǔ)、苗語(yǔ)、緬甸語(yǔ)等。

2、屈折語(yǔ)：屈折語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)是通過(guò)各種屈折方式來(lái)表示語(yǔ)法意義。屈折可以分為內(nèi)部屈折和外部屈折。內(nèi)部屈折指通過(guò)詞的語(yǔ)音交替（改變部分語(yǔ)音）來(lái)構(gòu)成不同的語(yǔ)法形式，表示不同的語(yǔ)法意義；如阿拉伯語(yǔ)以固定的輔音框架表示語(yǔ)匯意義，以元音交替表示不同的語(yǔ)法意義。

外部屈折指通過(guò)附加詞綴的方式表示不同的語(yǔ)法意義。例如英語(yǔ)的book（書(shū)，單數(shù)）在后面加上詞綴-s,就表示復(fù)數(shù)意義books(書(shū)，復(fù)數(shù))。

屈折語(yǔ)的一個(gè)構(gòu)型詞綴可以同時(shí)表示幾種語(yǔ)法意義，例如英語(yǔ)的-s在動(dòng)詞后面表示第三人稱(chēng)、單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如works.同樣的語(yǔ)法意義，在不同的詞里也可以用不同的詞綴來(lái)表示，如俄語(yǔ)中性名詞單數(shù)主格的詞尾有-o(如neop鋼筆)，-e（noπe田地）。

屈折語(yǔ)的詞根和構(gòu)型詞綴結(jié)合得很緊，如果去掉構(gòu)型詞綴，詞根往往就不能成詞，如俄語(yǔ)nepo去掉詞尾-o,nep-就不能獨(dú)立使用。

印歐語(yǔ)系各語(yǔ)言以及阿拉伯語(yǔ)等，一般都屬于屈折語(yǔ)，其中俄語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)是最典型的屈折語(yǔ)。

3、音位：是某種語(yǔ)言中能區(qū)別語(yǔ)素或詞的語(yǔ)音形式的最小語(yǔ)音單位，是依據(jù)語(yǔ)音的社會(huì)屬性劃分出來(lái)的語(yǔ)音類(lèi)別。

音位本身并不含有任何意義。音位只有在和別的音位組合成高一層級(jí)的單位后才能負(fù)載意義。如單個(gè)的/k/和/ae/或/t/是沒(méi)有什么意義的，但是他們組合成了[caet](cat)之后就有了“貓”的意義。因此，音位只有區(qū)別音形進(jìn)而區(qū)別意義的作用，而沒(méi)有表達(dá)意義的作用。

音位分析的目的是要把語(yǔ)言里數(shù)目繁多的語(yǔ)言歸納為數(shù)目有限的一套音位系統(tǒng)，分析音位的三基本原則是：對(duì)立、互補(bǔ)、語(yǔ)音相似。

音位可以分為音質(zhì)音位和非音質(zhì)音位兩大類(lèi)。一般把音素的音質(zhì)角度分析歸并出來(lái)的音位叫音質(zhì)音位，因?yàn)樗加幸粋€(gè)時(shí)段，所以又叫音段音位。除了音質(zhì)以外，音高、音強(qiáng)、音長(zhǎng)這些非音質(zhì)形式也能區(qū)別詞的語(yǔ)音形式，由這些韻律（音律）形式構(gòu)成的音位叫非音質(zhì)音位。又叫超音段音位。包括調(diào)位、重位、時(shí)位。

調(diào)位：主要由音高特征構(gòu)成的音位叫調(diào)位，又叫聲調(diào)。調(diào)位是漢藏語(yǔ)系諸語(yǔ)言中區(qū)別詞的語(yǔ)言形式的重要手段之一。

重位：主要由音強(qiáng)特征構(gòu)成的音位叫重位。重音在英語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)中是區(qū)別詞的語(yǔ)音形式和詞義的重要手段。構(gòu)成重位的非音質(zhì)特征是綜合的。

時(shí)位：由音長(zhǎng)特征構(gòu)成的音位叫時(shí)位。長(zhǎng)短音的區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在元音上，如廣東話(huà)和許多少數(shù)民族語(yǔ)言里，時(shí)位都有區(qū)別詞的語(yǔ)音形式和意義的作用。

4、語(yǔ)流音變就是指在連續(xù)的語(yǔ)流中某些語(yǔ)音成分受前后語(yǔ)音環(huán)境的影響而發(fā)生變化的現(xiàn)象。有時(shí)說(shuō)話(huà)人由于種種原因調(diào)整語(yǔ)音的快慢、高低、強(qiáng)弱，也會(huì)造成語(yǔ)音的某種變化。

常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)流音變現(xiàn)象有同化、異化、脫落、增音等幾種類(lèi)型。

5、概念意義：又稱(chēng)理性意義、指稱(chēng)意義等，反映人們對(duì)所指對(duì)象的區(qū)別性特征的概括性認(rèn)識(shí)，如“單身漢”的概念意義就是“沒(méi)有妻子或者沒(méi)有跟妻子一起生活的男人”；“賣(mài)”的概念意義就是“用東西換錢(qián)”。它的作用是區(qū)別不同的事物現(xiàn)象，它反映所指對(duì)象的共同特征以及與其他事物現(xiàn)象的區(qū)別。

概念意義可分為若干小類(lèi)，如通俗意義和專(zhuān)門(mén)意義，認(rèn)知意義和指稱(chēng)意義。

通俗意義反映一般人對(duì)所指對(duì)象的一般性認(rèn)識(shí)，往往只反映事物外在的非本質(zhì)特征，比較膚淺、模糊。如“糖”和“鹽”一般人只理解為產(chǎn)生甜味、咸味的調(diào)味品。

專(zhuān)門(mén)意義反映具備某種專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)的人對(duì)所指對(duì)象的特殊認(rèn)識(shí)，往往反映事物的本質(zhì)特征，比較深刻、明確。如具備化學(xué)知識(shí)的人“糖”和“鹽”的化學(xué)性質(zhì)不同。

通俗意義在人們的日常生活中被廣泛使用，專(zhuān)門(mén)意義一般只用于特定的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。認(rèn)知意義：反映概念的內(nèi)涵，表示概念所指對(duì)象的區(qū)別性特征。

指稱(chēng)意義：反映概念的外延，表示所指對(duì)象的范圍和類(lèi)型。

如“人”的內(nèi)涵是“能制造并使用工具進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)的高等動(dòng)物”，外延是男女老少、古今中外所有的人。

6、評(píng)價(jià)意義：是詞語(yǔ)所反映出來(lái)的說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)所指對(duì)象的肯定或否定的感情態(tài)度。評(píng)價(jià)意義可以分為兩種：一種是顯性評(píng)價(jià)意義，一種是隱性評(píng)價(jià)意義。

顯性評(píng)價(jià)意義，又稱(chēng)感情意義或感情色彩，反映說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)所指對(duì)象的明顯褒貶態(tài)度，大體上分為褒義和貶義的兩種。凡是表示說(shuō)話(huà)人所對(duì)所指對(duì)象的贊揚(yáng)、喜愛(ài)、尊重、親切等感情態(tài)度的，就是褒義，如“聰明”、“頑強(qiáng)”、“好走”。凡是表示說(shuō)話(huà)人所對(duì)所指對(duì)象的壓抑、厭惡、輕蔑、疏遠(yuǎn)等感情態(tài)度的，就是貶義。如“狡猾”、“頑固”。

隱性評(píng)價(jià)意義，又稱(chēng)含蓄意義或內(nèi)涵意義，是指說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)所指對(duì)象的委婉含蓄的評(píng)價(jià)，也反映人們對(duì)所指對(duì)象的非本質(zhì)的偶有性質(zhì)的主觀(guān)認(rèn)識(shí)。如“男人”常常意味著堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、勇敢、有氣度、有主見(jiàn)等。

7、間接語(yǔ)言行為：根據(jù)交際意圖的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式的不同，可以把言語(yǔ)行為分為直接言語(yǔ)行為和間接言語(yǔ)行為。間接語(yǔ)言行為是指用一種行事行為的形式表示另一種行事行為。它可以分為兩種：規(guī)約性間接言語(yǔ)行為和非規(guī)約性間接言語(yǔ)行為。

規(guī)約性言語(yǔ)行為，是指對(duì)“字面用意”作一般性推斷而得出的間接言語(yǔ)行為，即根據(jù)句子的句法形式，按習(xí)慣可立即推斷出間接的“言外之意”。

非規(guī)約性間接言語(yǔ)行為，是指依據(jù)交際雙方共知的信息和所處的語(yǔ)境推斷出來(lái)的間接語(yǔ)言行為。

8、預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)：預(yù)設(shè)往往是由話(huà)語(yǔ)中某些特定的詞語(yǔ)引發(fā)出來(lái)的，這些引發(fā)預(yù)設(shè)的詞語(yǔ)稱(chēng)為預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)。它包括

A、動(dòng)詞性預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)，主要包括敘實(shí)動(dòng)詞和變化動(dòng)詞。

B、副詞性預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)，如“又”、“在”等，表示關(guān)聯(lián)，預(yù)設(shè)存在著同類(lèi)現(xiàn)象。

C、代詞性預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)。疑問(wèn)代詞用于特指問(wèn)句，一般疑問(wèn)代詞以外的部分為預(yù)設(shè)、例如“誰(shuí)去北京？（預(yù)設(shè)：有人去北京）”。

D、領(lǐng)屬性、限定性預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)。這種預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)預(yù)設(shè)存在某事物或狀態(tài)。

二、分析題（4*8=32）

1、常見(jiàn)音素的描寫(xiě)方法。（P74）

2、義素分析法分析一組詞。（P103）

3、述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法分析一個(gè)句子。（P118）

4、直接成分分析法分析歧義句式。（P140）

5、句法變換法分析一組句子。（P145）

6、預(yù)設(shè)和預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)的分析。（P225）

7、間接言語(yǔ)行為的分析。（P207）

三、簡(jiǎn)答題（2*12=24）

1、語(yǔ)言層級(jí)及其特點(diǎn)。

語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)是多層級(jí)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言單位性質(zhì)的不同可以分為兩個(gè)大的層級(jí)：下層和上層。語(yǔ)言的下層是語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的形式層，即語(yǔ)音層，包括音位和音節(jié)；語(yǔ)言的上層是語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)義結(jié)合的符號(hào)和符號(hào)組合層，包括語(yǔ)素、詞和句子。語(yǔ)言層級(jí)有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

①?gòu)恼Z(yǔ)言的下層到語(yǔ)言的上層是質(zhì)的變化。下層語(yǔ)言單位有形式無(wú)意義，不是語(yǔ)言符號(hào)；上層語(yǔ)言單位既有形式又有意義，是語(yǔ)言符號(hào)和語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的組合。

②從下一級(jí)語(yǔ)言單位到上一級(jí)語(yǔ)言單位都是量的擴(kuò)充。有限的音位可以構(gòu)成成百上千的音節(jié)，再構(gòu)成音素、詞和句子。

③上一級(jí)語(yǔ)言單位都是由一個(gè)或者若干個(gè)下一級(jí)語(yǔ)言單位按一定的規(guī)則構(gòu)成的，下一級(jí)語(yǔ)言單位都是上一級(jí)語(yǔ)言單位的構(gòu)成部分。

2、語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系。

語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)既相互區(qū)別又密切聯(lián)系、相互依存。主要區(qū)別在于：

① 語(yǔ)言是抽象的，言語(yǔ)是具體的。

② 語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)的，言語(yǔ)是個(gè)人的。

③ 語(yǔ)言實(shí)現(xiàn)成的，言語(yǔ)是臨時(shí)的。

④ 語(yǔ)言是有限的，言語(yǔ)是無(wú)限的。

⑤ 語(yǔ)言是穩(wěn)定的，言語(yǔ)是多變的。

主要聯(lián)系在于：

①語(yǔ)言來(lái)自言語(yǔ)，依存于言語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)是從具體的言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)和言語(yǔ)作品中抽象概括出來(lái)的，沒(méi)有言語(yǔ)就沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言。

②語(yǔ)言制約著言語(yǔ)，指導(dǎo)人們進(jìn)行言語(yǔ)實(shí)踐。語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)一旦形成，就成為人們進(jìn)行言語(yǔ)交際的依據(jù)，語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)是一套社會(huì)慣例，個(gè)人言語(yǔ)必須符合這個(gè)慣例。

3、句法變換的方式與作用。（一個(gè)句子為例）

不同的句型或句類(lèi)之間有時(shí)可以相互變換，句法變換的基本方式有五種：省略（去掉句子的某些成分）、移位（改變?cè)~語(yǔ)的先后位置）、插入（在句式變換時(shí)添加某些詞語(yǔ)）、代替（用代詞替換某些詞語(yǔ)）和復(fù)寫(xiě)（重復(fù)某些詞語(yǔ)或詞語(yǔ)的一部分）。

句法變換的作用主要有兩個(gè)方面：一是用于語(yǔ)言教學(xué)，而是用于語(yǔ)言研究。語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中句法變換是學(xué)習(xí)一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的一種有效手段；語(yǔ)言研究中句法變換是語(yǔ)法分析的一種有效手段。

4、語(yǔ)法形式的定義與分類(lèi)。

語(yǔ)法形式是反映詞語(yǔ)的組合規(guī)則和語(yǔ)法類(lèi)別的形式標(biāo)志，是表示語(yǔ)法意義的形式手段，又稱(chēng)語(yǔ)法手段。語(yǔ)法形式可分為顯性和隱性?xún)煞N。顯性語(yǔ)法形式可以直接感知，主要包括語(yǔ)序、虛詞、詞綴、重疊等；隱性語(yǔ)法形式不能直接感知，但可以通過(guò)能否組合、替換、擴(kuò)展、變換等方式分析抽象出來(lái)。下面是幾種主要顯性語(yǔ)法形式：

①

②

③

④

⑤

⑥

⑦ 詞序，詞語(yǔ)排列的先后順序，是區(qū)別不同語(yǔ)法意義的重要語(yǔ)法形式； 輔助詞，專(zhuān)門(mén)或主要表示語(yǔ)法意義的詞，主要是虛詞和助動(dòng)詞； 詞綴，定位黏著語(yǔ)素，附在詞根上派生詞，或構(gòu)成詞的形態(tài)變化； 內(nèi)部曲折，通過(guò)詞的語(yǔ)音交替（改變部分語(yǔ)音）來(lái)構(gòu)成不同的語(yǔ)法形式； 重疊，重復(fù)整個(gè)詞或詞的一部分的方式表示某種語(yǔ)法意義； 詞調(diào)和重音； 異根式和零形式，異根式用不同的詞根表示不同語(yǔ)法意義，零形式不改變?cè)~型

直接用原形表示不同語(yǔ)法意義。

四、考察你對(duì)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)識(shí)與看法。（20）

1、語(yǔ)言，是人們交流思想、表達(dá)感情、傳播信息的工具，是人類(lèi)最重要的交際工具。包括口頭語(yǔ)言、書(shū)面語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)心語(yǔ)言，其基本單位是詞和句。語(yǔ)言是以語(yǔ)音為物質(zhì)外殼、以詞匯為建筑材料、以語(yǔ)法為結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律而構(gòu)成的體系。這個(gè)特征是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，其他社會(huì)現(xiàn)象沒(méi)有。

2、語(yǔ)言是人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)勞動(dòng)過(guò)程中，適應(yīng)交流思想、傳遞信息的需要而產(chǎn)生的。語(yǔ)言同思維具有不可分割的聯(lián)系。

3、語(yǔ)言是一種特殊的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，它隨著社會(huì)的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生，也隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展有自己的規(guī)律。隨著社會(huì)實(shí)踐的不斷發(fā)展，人類(lèi)思維能力的不斷提高，語(yǔ)言的詞匯必將日益豐富。

語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)是人們相互溝通的工具。語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展、新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)，正是適應(yīng)人們?cè)趯?shí)踐中的這種需求?？梢哉f(shuō)，語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象就是一種特殊的人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象。新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象就是隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展變化，這種特殊的人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象也隨著發(fā)展變化的必然現(xiàn)象。社會(huì)已經(jīng)和正在發(fā)生許多變化，而且還將有更多的變化。因此，新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象無(wú)時(shí)而不存在。如果有一種語(yǔ)言長(zhǎng)期沒(méi)有“新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象”出現(xiàn)，那么這種語(yǔ)言一定是極少被使用、正在日趨消失的語(yǔ)種。

這是新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的原因。但是，并非所有“新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象”都具有積極意義。目前某些新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，譬如說(shuō)網(wǎng)話(huà)、廣告語(yǔ)，有許多不符合語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)言文化的一種挑戰(zhàn)，說(shuō)嚴(yán)重些是對(duì)我國(guó)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言文化的褻瀆。對(duì)此，有人主張一味推崇以“促進(jìn)”語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展；有人主張不予理睬，“順其自然”；有人主張堵塞、遏制。我認(rèn)為，一味積極甚至狂熱地推崇只能助長(zhǎng)某些“語(yǔ)言垃圾”隨著新語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)而“滿(mǎn)天飛”，非但不能促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展，反而造成更加嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)言污染，阻止了健康語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展；“順其自然”是一種消極措施，也不可取；堵塞、遏制手段卻恐怕無(wú)濟(jì)于事。正確的積極的措施是疏導(dǎo)——通過(guò)所有媒體總結(jié)、推薦、宣傳那些新鮮的、正面的、形象的、生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言，包括外來(lái)語(yǔ)和群眾在實(shí)踐中創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言，同時(shí)分析、批判、抵制新出現(xiàn)的“語(yǔ)言垃圾”。這種疏導(dǎo)工作的導(dǎo)向作用不可低估。

第四篇：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)總結(jié)

1.The fact that there is no logcial or intrinsic connection between a sound and a meaning is called what design feature of language?(Arbitrariness)

2.The actual use of language knowledge is called what by Chomsky?Performance

3.Any syllable can not be exempted from a what?

vowel

4.Free morphemes have two types, what are they?

Lexical morphemes and functional morphemes

5.Which two consonants are liquids?

[l][r]

6.Which vowel is rounded and open?

[o]

7.What is formalism in linguistics?

Formalism or formal linguisitics is the study of the abstract forms of languige and the internal relations.8.What is a minimal pair?

Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.9.What is a bound morpheme?

Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.10.What is langue?

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.11.Describe the sound features:

[g]:stop, velar

[m]:bilabial, nasal

[w]:bilabial,glide

[^]:central, unrounded, semi-open

[f]:labiodental, liquid, fricative

1.The study about the meanings is which branch of linguistics? Smantics

2.Suprasemental features include four, name two.Stress and intonation

3.Sounds that are produced with no obstruction of airstream are called what?

Voiceless sounds

4.Language is used to build or maintain social contact reflects which function?

Phatic function/communion

5.Name the two affricates.6.Which vowel is close, front and long?

[i:]

7.What is phonetics?

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds.8.What is allomorph?

An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.9.What is competence?

10.What is a derivation morpheme?

Derivation morphemes are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.11.Describe the sound features:

[b]:bilabial, stop

[k]:velar,stop

[f]:labiodental, fricative

[∫]:palatal, fricative

[a:]unrounded, back, long, open

1.The fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication reflects what design feature of language?

Specialization

2.The particular realization of langue is what?

3.Describe the syllable structure.V CV VC CVC CCVC VCC CCCVC CVCC CVCCC

4.Words formed from the first letters of a series of words and

pronounced as single words, what are they called?

Acronym

5.Voiced palatal fricative is which sound?

6.Which vowel is unrounded and back?[a:]

7.What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.8.What is syntagmatic relation?

Syntagmatic relation refers to the horizontal relationship between linguisitc elements, which form linear squences.9.What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.10.What is derivation?0

Dereivation is a way of word formation, which is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.11.Describe the sound features:

[i:]:long, closed, front

[t]:alveolar, stop

[v]:labiodental, fricative

[l]:liquid,fricative

[h]:liquid, frictive, glottal

1.Who distinguishes Competence and Performance?

Noam Chosmsky

2.The vertical relation between linguistic elements is called what relation?

Paradigmatic relations.3.The two levels of language--sound and meaning make which design feature of language?

Duality

4.The phenomenon that one sound is influenced by neighboring sounds is called what?

Assimilation

5.The two semi-vowels are what?

[j] [w]

6.Which vowel is long, central?

7.What is a phoneme?

Phonemes are the phonological units of language.8.What is an inflectional morpheme?

9.What is synchronic linguistics?

Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at one particular time.10.What is a compound?

Building new words by putting two words together is called compound.11.Describe the sound features:

[p]:bilabial, stop, liquid

[v]:labioldental, fricative

[l]:alveolar, liquid

[n]:nasal, alveolar

[e]:semi-opened, front, short, unrounded

卡號(hào)10385211密碼5635

第五篇：《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論》課程總結(jié)

外國(guó)語(yǔ)系《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論》課程建設(shè)總結(jié)

一、課程介紹

《語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論》是英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)高年級(jí)的英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)必修課程。教學(xué)目的在于使學(xué)生了解人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言研究的豐富成果，提高其對(duì)語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)、人文、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技以及個(gè)人修養(yǎng)等方面重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)，培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言意識(shí)，發(fā)展理性思維。有助于拓寬學(xué)生的思路和視野，全面提高學(xué)生的素質(zhì)。教學(xué)內(nèi)容主要包括：語(yǔ)言的性質(zhì)、特征和功能；語(yǔ)言構(gòu)造；語(yǔ)義研究；語(yǔ)言與社會(huì)、文化的關(guān)系；語(yǔ)用原則。語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論與語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的關(guān)系以及現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派作為選講內(nèi)容。開(kāi)設(shè)在第6學(xué)期，3學(xué)時(shí)／周，總學(xué)時(shí)為54學(xué)時(shí)。

二、課程負(fù)責(zé)人 余澤標(biāo) 副教授

三、教學(xué)隊(duì)伍 余澤標(biāo) 副教授 張安律 副教授 徐飛 講師

四、教材及教學(xué)參考書(shū)目

1、胡壯麟，《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程（修訂版）》，北京大學(xué)出版社，2001年第1版。

2、戴偉棟，何兆熊，《簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2002年第1版。

3、王德春，《語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2000年第1版。

4、胡壯麟，《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程（修訂版中譯本）》，北京大學(xué)出版社，2002年第1版。

5、楊信彰，《語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論》，高等教育出版社，2005年第1版。

五、教學(xué)大綱

已制訂有《語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論》課程教學(xué)大綱

六、教案（附后）

七、教學(xué)改革及效果

1、改革教學(xué)內(nèi)容和手段，采用自制多媒體課件教學(xué)，重點(diǎn)突出與實(shí)際語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，以利于學(xué)生接受和理解。

2、突破傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式，把系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言理論與語(yǔ)言分析相結(jié)合，從根本上改變語(yǔ)言學(xué)教學(xué)枯燥無(wú)味的教學(xué)模式，有利地促使學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到了對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論學(xué)習(xí)的必要性和重要性。

3、學(xué)習(xí)形式多樣化，重在激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣、擴(kuò)展學(xué)生積極投入學(xué)習(xí)的空間、培養(yǎng)有效語(yǔ)言思維習(xí)慣。課堂學(xué)習(xí)既有準(zhǔn)備充分的講解又有啟發(fā)思維的討論，使學(xué)生既受到系統(tǒng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)訓(xùn)練又獲得實(shí)際操作的技能。

八、建設(shè)規(guī)劃

規(guī)劃在2008年將該課程建設(shè)成為校級(jí)重點(diǎn)課程，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和手段的改革，制作更完善的多媒體教學(xué)課件，提高教學(xué)效果。