第一篇：育才分流英語短語辯析教案

育才分流英語短語辯析教案

【常考詞組】

①V+down類型 break down 垮下；分解；出故障

let down ②V+away類型 die away ③V+off類型 break off

calm down平靜下來

使失望

knock down 撞到

settle down 定居

take down 記下

漸漸消失

put away 放好

clear away 掃除 get away 逃走

break away 擺脫

wear away 磨損

中斷；停止

carry off 奪走

ring off 掛電話

send off 送走；寄出

show off 炫耀

see off 送行

give off 放出；發出（光熱）

wipe off 擦去

pay off 還清債務；得到回報

put off 推遲；擺脫

動詞搭配

1.add to增加，增進 add ? to把?加進? add up相加

add up to總計，所有這一切說明

1)I don't think these facts will ________ anything.2)Fifty new books have been ________ the library.3)The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.4)You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.2.break away from打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉 break down出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開 break off暫停，中斷 break in強行進入，插話 break into闖入

break into pieces成為碎片 break out爆發

break up搗碎，驅散，瓦解，學期結束，拆散

break through突破

1)The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.2)When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.3)Don't break ________ while others are speaking.4)Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5)When does school break ________? 6)After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.3.bring up撫養，嘔吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引進，掙錢 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下

1)The shopkeeper brought his price ________ to only five dollars.2)The school has brought _____ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.3)The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.4)Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5)The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.6)We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.7)The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.8)Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book.4.call on號召，拜訪（某人）call at拜訪、參觀（某地）call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回憶起, 征召入伍 call in召集，請某人來 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不舉行

1)Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.2)Please wait for me at home.I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.3)The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.4)He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.5)The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.5.come about發生，出現

come down下跌，落，降，傳下來 come in進來

come into(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)come on來臨/ 快點 come out出版，結果是

come along一道來，趕快

come to達到(an end/an agreement/a stop)蘇醒，合計，總共是 come over走過來 come up發芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from來自，源自

1)I come _________ the book I lent you last month.2)How did it come _______that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.3)It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.4)Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.5)He came __________ me like a tiger.6)The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.7)The word came __________ use many years ago.8)When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job.9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.10)I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come _______ yet.6.cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削減

cut off切斷，割掉，斷絕關系

cut up連根拔除，切碎 through剪斷，鑿穿 cut out刪（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴

1)Don't cut ___ this tree.It will be very shady in summer.2)You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.3)We decided to cut _________ the moor（曠野）to the village.4)Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.5)The electricity was cut __________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.6)We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________.7.die of(disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饑餓，寒冷，情感原因）

die from死于（意外事故、情形）die away漸漸消逝 die out絕種 die down(爐火)漸熄 die off逐一死去 8.fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退

1)Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.2)Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.3)As soon as the enemies fell _______, the people returned to their village.4)She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken.9.go in for從事，喜愛，參加 go through通過，經受 go over復習，檢查

go up（價格）上漲，建造起來 go after追捕，追趕 go against違反

go ahead先行，開始吧，問吧，說吧 go away離開 go by時間過去

go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)繼續進行 go with相配，陪同 go without沒有，缺少 go out外出，熄滅 go all out全力以赴

go off爆炸，進行，變壞，斷電，停止供應 go back on背約，食言

go beyond超出

1)Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.2)Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.3)Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.4)Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.5)His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6)I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.7)Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.8)The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.9)The buyer went _________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.10)This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.11)If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.12)Many students went __________ playing basketball.10.get down下來，記下，使沮喪 get down to致力于，專心于 get on進展，進步，穿上，上車 get off脫下,下車 get in收集，插（話）get away逃跑，逃脫，去休假

get over忘記，越過，克服，從疾病中恢復 get along with進展，相處

get up起床

get through打通電話，完成，通過 get round消息傳開

get close to sth.接近，幾乎 get into(trouble)get to(know)get back取回，收回 get out 1)She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.2)We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.3)The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.4)When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.5)After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.6)Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.7)It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.11.give away贈送，泄露，出賣 give out發出，疲勞，分發，公布 give off發出（光、熱、氣體）give in(to sb.)屈服 give up放棄，讓（座位）

1)His accent at last gave him __________.2)The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.3)The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.4)The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.5)Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6)Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.7)After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.12.hand in交上，提交 hand out分發 hand down流傳，遺傳 13.hang about閑逛 hang up掛電話 14.hold back阻止，隱瞞 hold up舉起，使停頓 hold on別掛電話，等，堅持 hold out持續，堅持，伸出 hold down控制，鎮壓

1)I'm sure he is holding something _________.2)She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left.Then she cried.3)Tell him to hold ________ a moment.I'll come soon.4)Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.5)The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.6)These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.7)Hold ___________ your left arm, please.15.keep up(courage, English, spirits)保持，keep up with跟上

keep off(grass)不接近，離開

keep away from避開，不接近，離?遠遠的 keep out of keep to(rules, promise)堅持，遵守 keep on繼續，堅持下來

keep back阻止，留下，隱瞞，扣下 keep from克制，阻止

1)The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.2)I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.3)Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.4)I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.5)“Don't touch me,” screamed the woman, “Keep __________!” 6)Keep _________ until you succeed.7)Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.8)The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.9)Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.10)I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.16.knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把?敲出 knock over撞倒 knock off停止工作，休息

1)The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________.2)The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.3)Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.4)He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.(down, off, on, into)17.leave for離開前往 leave out刪去，遺漏 leave behind遺留,忘記拿走 leave to留給，遺囑贈于 leave over遺留，剩下，延期

1)“Whose name has been left __________?” demanded the teacher.2)When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.3)He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.4)Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.5)Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.6)Those are questions left _________ by history.18.look up查找，向上看 look through翻閱，瀏覽 look on旁觀 look on?as看作 look into調查

look after/ at / for 照顧/看/尋找 look out(for)當心

look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回憶，回顧

look ab.up and down仔細打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直視某人

1)I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.2)Look _______!There is a big hole in front.3)He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him.4)The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.5)She was so snobbish（勢利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.6)The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.7)He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.19.make up編造，配制，打扮，組成 make up for彌補

make into / of / from 制成

make out弄懂，發現，看出,填寫，開列（清單）make for走向，駛往，促使

1)Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit? 2)I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3)My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.4)We must make the loss _______ next week./ He tried hard to make _______ for the damage he had done.5)He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.6)Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.20.pass away去世 pass by經過

pass down(on)?to傳給 pass through經歷 pass over漠視，忽視

1)The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.2)The man passed ___________ last week in peace.3)We are passing ____________ difficult times.4)The secretary passed _________the details in the first part of his report.21.pay back還錢，報復

pay for付錢，為?受到懲罰，因?得到報應 pay off還清

1)How much did you pay __________ the dictionary? 2)You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.3)I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行)against me.4)Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.5)Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?

22.pick up拾起，獲得(information)，接人，站起，收聽，自然習得(language /knowledge)，恢復重獲(pick up health)pick out挑選，辨認，看出

1)I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.2)My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.3)The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.4)She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.5)I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.6)Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio?

7)He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.pick cotton/flower/leaves/words選詞

23.put up搭起，張貼，舉起，安裝，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出，撲滅 put off推遲 put into放進，翻譯 put away放好，存錢 put down記下，平息

put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通電話 put aside放到一邊 put back放回

1)He put _________ half his wage every week.2)The government soon put __________ the revolt（**）.3)Put your watch __________.It's slow.4)He put __________ his hand for me to shake.5).Please put me __________ to Extension（分機）2.6)We put ___________ for night at the village inn.7)He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（擺架子）

8)We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.9)I can't put __________ with your laziness.24.pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脫 pull in進站 pull out取出,(火車)離站 pull down往下拉,拆毀 pull over駛到一邊

pull through恢復健康,渡過難關,脫離險境 pull up（使）停住 1)The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.2)All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.3)The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.4)The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.5)The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.25.push over推倒，刮倒

push ahead(on, forward)繼續前進，堅持下去 push through排除困難辦好謀事，努力設法通過，擠過

1)We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2)Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.3)They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..4)Take care not to push the baby _________.5)They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.26.run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for競選 run into偶然碰到（困難）遇見（人），相撞 run out of用完

1)If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.2)I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.3)Our water has run __________.Can you fill up some more bottles? 4)Why do you always run __________ adventure? 5)He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.6)In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.27.see off送行

see through看透，識破 see to照料，照管 28.send for派人去請 send off送行

send out發出（光亮）等 send up發射 29.set up建立

set off出發，觸發，引起 set out動身，著手(to do)，陳述 set about開始著手(doing)

set to work(n.)開始做 set back撥回，使推遲

1)I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.2)We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.3)We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.4)I set __________ to advise him not to drink.5)What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report? 6)The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.7)The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（抗議）

30.take off脫掉，起飛 take on呈現 雇傭 take away拿走 take in吸收，領會 take up從事，占用（時間空間）

take down記錄，取下 take back收回 take for誤認為 take along隨身帶 take over接管 take out 1)I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.2)He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems.3)At first I took him _________ a doctor.4)I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.5)Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.6)My job takes __________ most of my time.7)The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.(back, down, for, in, over, up, on)take charge of負責, take sth.for granted想當然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以? ??為自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do輪流做, take office就職

31.think of想起 think of?as把?看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考慮 think over仔細考慮 think well of sb.對某人看法好 32.turn off / on打開

turn over翻身，反復考慮，翻（書頁），翻轉 turn out證明為，結果，制造成品 turn to轉向，求助 turn down調低，拒絕 turn against變得敵視，反對 turn away打發走，驅逐，轉過臉去 turn back返回，轉回去 turn round轉過身來

turn up向上翻，露面，出現，音量調大 turn in上繳

turn upside down把倒置，弄得亂七八糟

1)The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.2)Turn ___________ and let me see your face.3)However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.4)The English evening party turned _________ a great success.5)The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.6)The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.7)The army turned him ___________ on account of(因為)his poor health.8)She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.9)Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.10)The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.11)The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.詞組、短語

[全真試題]

1.I’m planning to hold a party in the open air, but I can make no guarantees because it _____ the weather.A.links with B.depends on C.connects to D.decides on 2.Can you make a sentence to _____ the meaning of the phrase? A.show off

B.turn out C.bring out D.take in

3.The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather _____ the helplessness of the crew at sea.A.added to made up

B.resulted from

C.turned out D.4.To keep healthy, Professor Smith _____ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.A.took up

[鞏固與提高]

1.On the way to Suzhou, the bus we traveled in that day suddenly _____.A.broke out B.broke off C.broke away D.broke down 2.Why not _____ tennis? It will help you keep fit.A.take up

B.take in

C.take on

D.take after

B.caught on C.carried out D.made for 3.I say!Have you _____ a single word I have been saying to you? A.taken in

B.taken over C.taken up D.taken off 4.The car engines _____ so much smoke and fume that air is badly polluted.A.give up

B.give away C.give in

D.give off 5.Although Jane agreed with me on most points, here was one on which she was unwilling to _____.A.give up

B.give in

C.give back D.give away 6.Can you give me another hint without _____ the answer? A.giving off B.giving up C.giving away D.giving in 7.It was a minor illness, and she soon _____ it.A.got round B.got over C.got on with D.got up to 8.The story was so touching that I could hardly _____ my tears.A.hold on

B.hold back C.hold up

D.hold out 9.They _____ to climb the mountain yesterday afternoon.A.set about B.set off

C.set out

D.set down 10.In what year did Magellan _____ on his voyage around the world? A.set up

B.set back

C.set for

D.set off 11.I want to buy a new tie to _____ the brown suit.A.go into

B.go with

C.go after D.go by 12.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _____.A.stand up to put up with

B.make up for C.come up with D.13.The manager needs an assistant that he can _____ to take care of problems in his absence.A.count on B.count in C.count up D.count out 14.The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _____ because of the bad weather.A.set off

B.broken off C.worn off D.called off 15.The new appointment of our president _____ from the very beginning of next semester.A.takes effect D.takes turns

B.takes part C.takes place

16.Some of the suggestions have been adopted but others have been _____ as they are quite impractical.A.turned out B.turned against turned down

C.turned away D.17.A well-written composition _____ good choice of words and clear organization.A.calls on

B.calls up

C.calls for D.calls off 18.Without my glasses I can hardly _____ what has been written in the letter.A.make for

B.make up

C.make out D.make up for 19.Last week I _____ an old friend of mine in the shopping mall.A.ran off

B.ran across C.ran down D.ran over 20.Mr White was told again and again to _____ smoking but he just wouldn’t listen.A.cut through B.cut down C.cut off

D.cut away 21.When the whole area was _____ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter(直升飛機).A.cut away

B.cut up

C.cut down D.cut off 22.The police are _____ the records of all these involved in the crime.A.looking into B.looking out C.looking after D.looking on 23.She’s bought a pair of glasses, which she can never _____ when reading books.A.do with

B.do away with

C.do up D.do without 24.He _____ some Japanese during his trip to Tokyo.A.picked off B.picked on C.picked up D.picked out 25.The author was _____ in a small village, as is described in some of his stories.A.brought out B.brought in C.brought up D.brought about 26.The Greyhound _____ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m.and started for Washington D.C.at 6:20 p.m.A.pulled up

B.pulled on C.pulled down D.pulled on 27.As we all know, X _____ something unknown in math.A.stands for B.stands out C.stands up D.stands up to 28.She is such a nagging(嘮叨的)woman.I wonder how you can _____ her.A.put up with B.get along C.live up to D.keep up with 29.It was _____ for him to wear T-shirt at the formal party.A.out of place B.out of question of practice

C.out of order D.out 30.You’ll have to buy some new shoes as these are _____.A.used up

B.wasted away C.broken down D.worn out 31.It is commonly believed that hard work _____ success.A.results in B.comes to

32.The student was just about to _____ the question, when suddenly he found the answer.A.arrive at B.submit to C.work out D.give up 33.Mr.Morgan can be very sad _____, though in public he is extremely cheerful.A.by himself D.as individual

B.in person C.in private C.gets to

D.arrives at

34.Some will run the risk of killing themselves and their families ______ admit they don't know how to mend the lamp that has gone wrong.A.instead of D.other than

B.rather than

C.in place of

35.Jack is good, hard-working and intelligent._____, I can’t speak too highly of him.A.As a result B.In a word C.In other words D.Above all

高考真題練習

（09浙江）1．The good thing about children is that they _______ very easily to new environments.A.adapt B.appeal

C.attach

D.apply

（09安徽2.Just as Professor Scotti often it, success is ninety-nine percent mental attitude.A.gets B.makes C.puts D.means（09安徽）3.We tried to find a table for seven，hut they were all.A.given away B.kept away C.taken up D.used up

（09福建）4.We are at your service.Don’t to turn to us if you have any further problems.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek

（09湖北）5.Would you please ______ the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?

A.look around B.look into C.look up D.look through

（09湖北）6.During the war there was a serious lack of food.It was not unusual that even the wealthy families had to ______ bread for days.A.eat up B.give away C.do without D.deal with（09湖北）7.The loss has not yet been ______ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.A.calculated B.considered C.completed D.controlled（09湖北）8.Some parents are just too protective.They want to ______ their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.A.spot B.dismiss C.shelter D.distinguish（09江西）9.It is reported that the police will soon ____ the case of two missing children.A.look upon B.look after C.look into D.look out（09海南）10.I tried phoning her office, but I couldn’t__________.A.get along B.get on C.get to through

D.get（09山東）11.-------Do you have enough to ________all your daily expenses?

--------Oh yes, enough and to spare.A.cover B.spend C.fill D.offer

（09海南）12.Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A.draw C.rush B.strike D.push

（09山東）13 Amy joined a painting group but didn’t seem to _______, so she left.A.show B.go up C.fit in D.come over

（09陜西）14.A.notice was in order to remind the students of the changed lecture time.A.sent up B.given up C.set up D.put up

（09上海）15.The Great Wall is ____ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.A.so a well-known B.a so well-known C.such well-known D.such a well-known（09四川）16.—Have you __________?

—No.I had the wrong number.A.got in B.got away C.got off D.got through（09四川）17.—How about your journey to Mount Emei?

—Everything was wonderful except that our car _________ twice on the way.A.slowed down B.broke down C.got down D.put down（09天津）18.----Sorry, I have to ______ now.It’s time for class.----OK, I’ll call back later.A.hang up B.break up C.give up D.hold up（09天津）19.Don’t worry if you don’t understand everything, the teacher will ______ the main points at the end.A.recover B.review C.require D.remember（09浙江）20．Practisig Chinese kung fu can not only ________ one’s strength, but also develop one’s character.A.bring up B.take up

C.build up

D.pull up

（09全國2）21 If you leave the club, you will not be back in.A.received B.admitted C.turned D.moved

（09江蘇）22.----I' m surprised to hear that Sue and Paul have __.----So am I.They seemed very happy together when I last saw them.A.broken up B.finished up C.divided up D.closed up

（08全國I卷）23.The performance ______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.A.covered B.reached

C.played

D.lasted

（08安徽卷）24.-----Are you happy with your new computer?-----No, it is _______ me a lot of trouble.A.showing B.leaving C.giving D.sparing

（08江蘇卷25.—I’m still working on my project.—Oh, you’ll miss the deadline.Time is ______.A.running out B.going out C.giving out

D.losing out

（08山東卷）26.The fact that she never apologized ______ a lot about what kind of person she is.A.says

B.talks

C.appears

D.declares

（08山東卷）27.Einstein liked Bose’s paper so much that he ______ his own work and translated it into German.A.gave off

B.turned down

C.took over

D.set aside

（08江西卷）28.I _____ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products.A.make B.look

C.take D.think

（08遼寧卷）29.You have to be a fairly good speaker to ______ listeners’ interest for over an hour.A.hold B.make

C.improve

D.receive

(08全國II)30.– What are you reading, Tom?--I’m not really reading, just ___ the pages.A.turning off B.turning around C.turning over D.turning up

(08全國II)31.Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it ____.A.collected B.contained C.loaded D.saved（08陜西卷）32.It’s going to rain.Xiao Feng, Will you please help me _________ the clothes on the line?

A.get off B.get back C.get in D.get on(08四川卷)33.Although this ______ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.A.look out B.stay up C.carry on D.get along（08浙江卷）34.American Indian ______ about five percent of the U.S.population.A.fill up B.bring up C.make up D.set up（08湖北卷）35.Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ______ the traditional customs.A.perform

B.possess

C.observe

D.support

（08湖北卷）36.As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ______ the problem.A.handle

B.raise

C.face

D.present

（08湖北卷）37.The teacher stressed again that the students should not ______ any important details while retelling the story.A.bring out

B.let out

C.leave out

D.make out

（08湖北卷）38.In modern times, people have to learn to ______ all kinds of pressure although they are leading a comfortable life.A.keep with with

B.stay with

C.meet with

D.live（08湖北卷）39.The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to ______ its reality.A.make up

B.figure out

C.look through D.put off

（08天津卷）40.The meal over, the managers went back to the meeting room to ______ their discussion.A.put away B.take down C.look over D.carry on（08天津卷）41.Her shoes ______ her dress;they look very well together.A.suit B.fit C.compare D.match 42.Why don’t you just ____ your own business and leave me alone? [2007 全國卷II] A.make B.open C.consider D.mind

43.At minus 130℃, a living cell can be ______ for a thousand years.[2007 上海卷] A.spared developed B.protected C.preserved D.44.In this seaside resort, you can ________ all the comfort and convenience of modern tourism.[2007 山東卷]

A．enjoy B．apply C．receive D．achieve 45.Emergency line operators must always calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help.[2007 湖北卷]

A.grow B.appear

C.become

D.stay

46.Surely it doesn’t matter where the student associations get their money from;what is what they do with it.[2007 湖北卷] A.counts B.applies

C.stresses

D.functions

47.Don’t take too much of the medicine;it does you more harm than good if you.[2007 江西卷]

A.do B.take C.like D.have 48.Mum ________ to us，“Be quiet!Your little sister’s sleeping．”[2007 四川卷]

A．whispered B．shouted

C．explained

D．replied

49.If your race car isn’t insured, you may losing everything when it hits something solid．[2007 上海春] A．delay B．deny

C．avoid D．risk

50.—Look!He’s running so fast!

—Hard to _______ his legs were once broken.[2007 浙江卷] A.know B.imagine C.realize D.find 51.Lucy has ______all of the goals she set for herself in high school and is ready for new challenges at university.[2007 天津卷] A.acquired achieved

B.finished C.concluded D.

第二篇：初二英語易混詞語辯析

悅考網www.tmdps.cn

初二英語易混詞語辯析

He works eight hours a day.（他一天工作 8 個小時。）

They stayed in Beijing for three days.（他們在北京呆了 3 天。）

day 還可以表示“天氣”。例如：

What a fine day！（多好的天氣啊！）

而 date 通常用來指“日期，時日，年代”等，它不僅包括一般的年、月中的“日期”，而且還可以指歷史上的某一“年代”或“日期”。例如：

I don't know the date of the football match.（我不知道那場足球賽的具體日期。）

Please put a date on the letter.（請在信上寫明日期。）

The date of her birth is November 18，1989.（他出生于 1989 年 11 月 18 日。）

2.real，true

real 和 true 均表示“真的”的意思，都用作形容詞，但 real 指客觀存在的、并非想像或仿照的“真的，真正的”，其副詞形式為 really.例如：

Is this real gold？（這是真金嗎？）

This is a story of real life.（這是現實生活中的一個故事。）

I really don't know what to do next.（我真地不知道下一步該怎么辦。）

true 意為“真的，真實的”，它表示的“真實的，確實的”是和客觀事實相一致的，并非杜撰、捏造的；其副詞形式為 truly.例如：

What he said is true.（他說的是真的。）

It is a true story.（這是一個真實的故事。）

“ I'm truly sorry for you，Tom，” said Mary.（“湯姆，我真地向你道歉，”瑪麗說。）

3.later，later on 悅考網www.tmdps.cn 2 悅考網www.tmdps.cn

later 是副詞，表示“一段時間之后”的意思。例如：

Two days later，he came back.（兩天后，他回來了。）

“ later on ”作狀語用時，意為“以后，后來”，表示不確定、不具體的時間。例如：

I'll tell you about him later on.（有關他的情況以后我會告訴你的。）

4.short，low

short 和 low 均為形容詞，都可以表示“低矮的”意思。short 表示人體的“低矮”；而 low 表示建筑物、山等的“低矮”，也可以表示聲音、價格、溫度、位置的“低”。例如：

Tom is a little shorter than Bill.（湯姆比比爾矮一點。）

The temperature is too low today.（今天的氣溫很低。）

另外，low 可以表示人的地位“低下，卑微”的意思。例如：

Their social position was very low before liberation.（解放前他們的社會地位很低下。）

5.smile，laugh

smile 和 laugh 即可用作動詞，又可用作名詞，都表示“笑”的意思，但在含義上有區別。smile 通常指不出聲的“微笑”，laugh 通常指笑出聲的“大笑”。“ smile at ”意為“朝??微笑”，而“ laugh at ”則表示“嘲笑”的意思。例如：

She smiles every time she sees me.（她每次見到我時都面帶微笑。）

When we heard the good news，we all laughed.（當我們聽到這個好消息時，大家都笑了起來。）

Don't laugh at him.（別嘲笑他。）

初中英語閱讀技巧

根據教育部制定的英語課程標準，初中畢業生應達到五級綜合語言運用能力。閱讀理解是綜合語言運用能力的一個重要方面，在中考中所占比重越來越大，這是拉開檔次的題目。

悅考網www.tmdps.cn 3 悅考網www.tmdps.cn

閱讀理解五級的目標部分描述如下：

1、能根據上下文和構詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義；

2、能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關系；

3、能找出文章中的主題，理解故事的情節，預測故事情節的發展和可能的結局；

4、能讀懂常見體裁的閱讀材料；

5、能根據不同的閱讀目的運用簡單的閱讀策略獲取信息；

6、除教材外，課外閱讀量應累計達到15萬詞以上（上海的要求更高一些，30萬詞以上）所謂閱讀能力是

指視讀能力、理解能力和對所讀材料的評價能力。

閱讀理解考查的項目大多是根據這三種能力的要求設計的。為了提高閱讀理解能力，同學們在做閱讀理解時，就要在以下幾個方面下功夫：

（一）要注意養成良好的閱讀心理閱讀時要去掉雜念，心緒要安定，精神要專一，要形成一種愜意的順向心理。造成大腦皮層的優勢興奮中心。切不可一遇到幾個生詞難句，就心煩意亂，失去自控能力。心理學家告訴我們，任何恐慌，過分緊張的情緒都會形成一種消極因素妨礙大腦的正常思維功能。因此，遇到困難一定要從容不迫，心無旁騖。這樣才能對所讀的文章印象清晰，理解深刻。

（二）要提高視讀的速度考閱讀理解，從另一個方面來說，考的是考試速度。2002年上海英語中考閱讀理解文章每篇均達到400詞左右。慢讀是不行的。因此做閱讀理解時，要注意培養自己快速閱讀的習慣。閱讀時眼球總是不斷地移動——停頓——移動著。理解是在“眼停”的瞬間進行的。我們要使眼停的時間相對增加，就要擴大視讀的廣度，把逐詞逐句的點式閱讀變成一次掃描一句的線式閱讀，并且把看到的東西迅速報告給大腦，形成眼腦較快的直映能力。切不可在個別難懂的詞句上磨蹭，只要全篇理解了，個別難懂的詞句可以根據上下文和構詞法去猜測，去推斷。

（三）閱讀時要注意培養語感所謂語感是指人們對語言中詞語搭配及句型結構的熟練程度。語感好的人，理解力就強，視讀的速度就快。閱讀時要留心詞語的搭配，即慣用法。必要時可用筆劃一劃或記下來。讀完每一篇文章，都應總結歸納一下，積累了多少單詞，慣用法和句型，這樣語感自然就會好起來。

（四）讀完一篇文章后，要回味一番對文章的段落結構，中心思想，人物事件，論點論據要做到心中有數。對不清楚的地方可以再看幾次。要留心關鍵詞句，注意弦外之音。對文章的評價分析，一定要堅持“詞不離句，句不離篇”，要理解文章作者的原意，而不能按你自己的意愿去想當然。切記：一想當然，就會出錯。

如果文章太長，你可以先把文章后面的問題看一遍，帶著問題去看文章。這樣可以幫助你去掉雜念，提高閱讀速度和解題的正確性。要善于找關鍵句，特別要注意文章的第一段和最后一段的頭一句話，往往就是關鍵句，可以幫助你掌握文章的全貌，理解文章的主題。此悅考網www.tmdps.cn 4 悅考網www.tmdps.cn

外，還應該細讀文章，因為有時的試題是考細節。可以邊讀邊用鉛筆做點標記，把有關的人物，事件，時間，地點，原因（即五個W，who，what，when，where，why）劃出來。凡逢人物就圈起來，看完一數，有幾個圈就是幾個人，一目了然。

我覺得英語就是要鉆進去，一個語法點你就要把它弄得清清楚楚，不能有一點疑問。平時碰到問題就記下來（如果記憶力不太好的話），回家一定要搞懂。而且碰到問題千萬不能放過，要學會鉆研。另外也要多記~~反復記憶。還可以找一些英文書來看看，培養語感。

下面是我找的一些資料：首先，要抓住課堂這一學習的主要陣地。英語課上，老師是用英語組織課堂的，認真聽老師講課，本身就是學習英語，聽老師講課時，還要記好重點內容，以便將來查用。英語課上，老師會設置一些情景和活動，給同學們練習使用英語的機會。要抓緊時間，大膽積極地練習說英語，通過實踐掌握英語的表達方式。

其次，自主開發更多的學習資源。現在社會發達了，有關英語學習的音像資料應有盡有，如英文電臺、英文電影、英語電視節目等等。同學們應該積極使用這些資源，做學習的有心人。

同學們都知道學習語言要多聽、多說、多讀、多寫。聽說讀寫的目的都是為了有效記憶。的確，記憶是學習英語最好的方法。如何提高記憶效果呢？形象思維能力能有效幫助你。形象思維能力是指在接觸某種事物或某個情景時，頭腦中出現與此有關的生動形象的畫面來幫助你理解和掌握。例如在學習有關購物的英語時，你能夠聯想到商場里顧客和售貨員的情景嗎？你的頭腦中能出現生動的畫面嗎？我們教材里的內容是和我們的生活緊密相連的，每次學習新的知識時，試著與具體的畫面相聯系，久而久之每次接觸或使用這個知識時，就會很自然地依靠頭腦中出現的畫面來確定和鞏固你的英語知識。

除了積累有效的記憶方法，還要有效培養英語語感。培養語感的方法很多，聽、讀、背是最好的方法。我們只要想想流行歌曲就會明白聽的重要性了。古人云：“讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神。”學習英語也一樣。只有通過讀和背，我們才能獲得最多的實踐量，積累語感。希望大家能夠輕松、快樂地學好英語。

資料來自：悅考網www.tmdps.cn 悅考網www.tmdps.cn

第三篇：企業文化與制度辯析

“企業文化”管理理論自20世紀七十年代產生以來，作為一種不同于以往的管理理論和管理方法，正越來越受到國內外企業界、學術界的重視。經過20多年來在實踐中的蓬勃發展，企業文化建設已成為我們促進企業經營業績和經濟增長的有效手段和精神動力之一。進入21世紀，面對知識經濟初見端倪的新態勢，企業文化建設對企業發展、經營業績所起的作用越來越顯著

；企業文化對形成企業內部凝聚力和外部競爭力所起的作用，越來越受到人們的重視。而企業文化所面臨的種種沖擊與變革，又迫使人們去思考————該如何進行企業文化的創新。國外有學者預言：“企業文化在未來10年內很可能成為決定企業興衰的關鍵因素”。由此可見，面對加入WTO后中國網通的發展形勢，我們要保持企業的持續發展，就不能忽視企業文化的建設。

一、要有與這相適應的制度文化：在企業文化研究中，人們對文化與制度的認識經常陷入一種誤區：或把二者對立起來，或把二者混為一談，分不清二者在企業管理中的地位與作用。有人把企業文化概括成三個層次：物質文化、制度文化和精神文化。這種從廣義角度界定的企業文化，無疑把制度包含在內，即制度也是一種文化。但如果我們從狹義角度研究企業文化，制度只是文化的載體；進一步說，把企業文化作為一種新的管理方式研究，制度與文化屬于兩個不同的管理層次和兩種不同的管理方式。文化管理高于制度管理，制度更多地強調外在監督與控制，是企業倡導的文化底限，即要求員工必須作到的；文化更多地強調價值觀、理想信念和道德的力量，強調內在的自覺與自律，是文化高境界。文化與制度的關聯及區別，主要體現在以下幾個方面：一是演進方式不同。文化的演進是采取漸進式的，制度的演進是跳躍式的，但二者同處于一個過程之中。從制度到文化，再建新制度，在倡導新文化，而者交互上升。企業管理正是在這種交互上升的過程中不斷優化，臻于完美。二是表現形態不同。前者是有形的，往往以責任制、規章、條例、標準、紀律、指標等形式表現出來；后者是無形的，存在于人的頭腦中，是一種精神狀態，往往通過有形的事物、活動反映和折射出來。三是對人調節方式有差異。制度管理主要是外在的、硬性的調節；文化管理主要是內在的文化自律與軟性的文化引導。文化管理強調心理認同，強調人的自主意識和主動性，也就是通過啟發人的自覺意識達到自控和自律。對多數人來講，由于認同了主流文化，因此，文化管理成為非強制性的管理；對于少數未認同主流文化的人來講，一種主流文化一旦形成，也同樣受這種主流文化氛圍、風俗、習慣等非正式規則的約束，違背這種主流文化的言行是要受到輿論譴責或制度懲罰的。因此文化管理又具有一定強制性。腦力勞動者與體力勞動者對制度與文化的感受度不同。體力勞動者因為其作業方式要求標準化的程度高，對制度管理的強制性敏感度較低，也就是說，遵守制度是順理成章的事，制度管理對他們更適合；腦力勞動者因為創造性強，要求自由度較高，對較低層次的條條框框則反感，需要較多的文化管理。這是超Y理論的研究結果，值得我們注意。在具有這此差異的同時，我們也應當看到，制度與文化是互動的。當管理者認為某種文化需要倡導時，他可能通過培養典型的形式，也可能通過開展活動的形式來推展和傳播。但要把倡導的新文化滲透到管理過程，變成人們的自覺行動，制度則是最好的載體之一。人們普遍認同一種新文化可能需要經過較長時間，而把文化裝進制度，則會加速這種認同過程。當企業中的先進文化或管理者倡導的新文化已經超越制度文化的水準，這種文化又在催生著新的制度。盡管制度與制度文化不是同一概念。當制度內涵未被員工心理認同時，制度只是管理者的文化，至多只反映管理規律和管理規范，對員工只是外在的約束；當制度內涵已被員工心理接受、并自覺遵守時，制度就變成了一種文化。比如，企業要鼓勵員工提合理化建議，先定一項制度，時間長了，員工心理接受了這一制度內涵，制度變成空殼，留下的是參與文化。從這一點上來說，文化和制度最終達到了統一。

8、文化優劣或主流文化的認同度決定著制度的成本。當企業倡導的文化優秀且主流文化認同度較高時，企業制度成本就低；當企業倡導的文化適應性差且主流文化認同度較低時，企業的制度成本則高。由于制度是外在約束，當制度文化未形成時，沒有監督，工人就可能越軌或不能按要求去做，其成本自然就高；而當制度文化形成以后，人們自覺從事工作，制度成本大為降低，尤其當超越制度的文化形成，制度成本會更低。摩托羅拉公司取消打卡制度，是因為員工能夠認識到工作的意義是什么。大慶人三老四嚴四個一樣的工作作風是大慶人自覺的文化表現。所以威廉·大內說，文化可以部分地代替發布命令和對工人進行嚴密監督的專門方法，從而既能提高勞動生產率，又能發展工作中的支持關系。交通是一面鏡子，有警察監督時司機能夠按照交通規則辦事，如果沒有警察監督時不能按照交通規則辦事，說明制度對司機來講沒有變成一種文化，其制度成本就高

第四篇：企業文化與制度辯析

“企業文化”管理理論自20世紀七十年代產生以來，作為一種不同于以往的管理理論和管理方法，正越來越受到國內外企業界、學術界的重視。經過20多年來在實踐中的蓬勃發展，企業文化建設已成為我們促進企業經營業績和經濟增長的有效手段和精神動力之一。進入21世紀，面對知識經濟初見端倪的新態勢，企業文化建設對企業發展、經營業績所起的作用越來越顯著；企業文化對形成企業內部凝聚力和外部競爭力所起的作用，越來越受到人們的重視。而企業文化所面臨的種種沖擊與變革，又迫使人們去思考————該如何進行企業文化的創新。國外有學者預言：“企業文化在未來10年內很可能成為決定企業興衰的關鍵因素”。由此可見，面對加入WTO后中國網通的發展形勢，我們要保持企業的持續發展，就不能忽視企業文化的建設。

一、要有與這相適應的制度文化：

在企業文化研究中，人們對”文化與制度”的認識經常陷入一種誤區：或把二者對立起來，或把二者混為一談，分不清二者在企業管理中的地位與作用。有人把企業文化概括成三個層次：物質文化、制度文化和精神文化。這種從廣義角度界定的企業文化，無疑把制度包含在內，即制度也是一種文化。但如果我們從狹義角度研究企業文化，制度只是文化的載體；進一步說，把企業文化作為一種新的管理方式研究，制度與文化屬于兩個不同的管理層次和兩種不同的管理方式。文化管理高于制度管理，制度更多地強調外在監督與控制，是企業倡導的”文化底限”，即要求員工必須作到的；文化更多地強調價值觀、理想信念和道德的力量，強調內在的自覺與自律，是”文化高境界”。

文化與制度的關聯及區別，主要體現在以下幾個方面：

一是演進方式不同。文化的演進是采取”漸進式”的，制度的演進是”跳躍式”的，但二者同處于一個過程之中。從制度到文化，再建新制度，在倡導新文化，而者交互上升。企業管理正是在這種交互上升的過程中不斷優化，臻于完美。

二是表現形態不同。前者是有形的，往往以責任制、規章、條例、標準、紀律、指標等形式表現出來；后者是無形的，存在于人的頭腦中，是一種精神狀態，往往通過有形的事物、活動反映和折射出來。

三是對人調節方式有差異。制度管理主要是外在的、硬性的調節；文化管理主要是內在的文化自律與軟性的文化引導。文化管理強調心理”認同”，強調人的自主意識和主動性，也就是通過啟發人的自覺意識達到自控和自律。對多數人來講，由于認同了主流文化，因此，文化管理成為非強制性的管理；對于少數未認同主流文化的人來講，一種主流文化一旦形成，也同樣受這種主流文化氛圍、風俗、習慣等非正式規則的約束，違背這種主流文化的言行是要受到～譴責或制度懲罰的。因此文化管理又具有一定”強制性”。腦力勞動者與體力勞動者對制度與文化的感受度不同。體力勞動者因為其作業方式要求標準化的程度高，對制度管理的強制性敏感度較低，也就是說，遵守制度是順理成章的事，制度管理對他們更適合；腦力勞動者因為創造性強，要求自由度較高，對較低層次的條條框框則反感，需要較多的文化管理。這是超Y理論的研究結果，值得我們注意。

在具有這此差異的同時，我們也應當看到，制度與文化是互動的。當管理者認為某種文化需要倡導時，他可能通過培養典型的形式，也可能通過開展活動的形式來推展和傳播。但要把倡導的新文化滲透到管理過程，變成人們的自覺行動，制度則是最好的載體之一。人們普遍認同一種新文化可能需要經過較長時間，而把文化”裝進”制度，則會加速這種認同過程。當企業中的先進文化或管理者倡導的新文化已經超越制度文化的水準，這種文化又在催生著新的制度。

盡管制度與制度文化不是同一概念。當制度內涵未被員工心理認同時，制度只是管理者的”文化”，至多只反映管理規律和管理規范，對員工只是外在的約束；當制度內涵已被員工心理接受、并自覺遵守時，制度就變成了一種文化。比如，企業要鼓勵員工提合理化建議，先定一項制度，時間長了，員工心理接受了這一制度內涵，制度變成空殼，留下的是參與文化。

從這一點上來說，文化和制度最終達到了統一。

8、文化優劣或主流文化的認同度決定著制度的成本。當企業倡導的文化優秀且主流文化認同度較高時，企業制度成本就低；當企業倡導的文化適應性差且主流文化認同度較低時，企業的制度成本則高。由于制度是外在約束，當制度文化未形成時，沒有監督，工人就可能”越軌”或不能按要求去做，其成本自然就高；而當制度文化形成以后，人們自覺從事工作，制度成本大為降低，尤其當超越制度的文化形成，制度成本會更低。摩托羅拉公司取消”打卡”制度，是因為員工能夠認識到工作的意義是什么。大慶人”三老四嚴四個一樣”的工作作風是大慶人自覺的文化表現。所以威廉·大內說，文化可以部分地代替發布命令和對工人進行嚴密監督的專門方法，從而既能提高勞動生產率，又能發展工作中的支持關系。交通是一面鏡子，有警察監督時司機能夠按照交通規則辦事，如果沒有警察監督時不能按照交通規則辦事，說明制度對司機來講沒有變成一種文化，其制度成本就高；反之，如果沒有警察監督時司機也能按照交通規則辦事，制度已經內化在司機心目中，變成一種文化，制度成本會大幅度下降。

9、制度與文化永遠是并存的。制度再周延也不可能凡事都規定到，但文化時時處處都能對人們的行為起約束作用。制度永遠不可能代替文化的作用。也不能認為文化管理可以替代制度管理。由于人的價值取向的差異性、對組織目標認同的差異性，要想使個體與群體之間達成協調一致，光靠文化管理是不行的；實際上，在大生產條件下，沒有制度，即使人的價值取向和對組織的目標有高度的認同，也不可能達成行動的協調一致。

第五篇：企業文化與制度辯析

“企業文化”管理理論自20世紀七十年代產生以來，作為一種不同于以往的管理理論和管理方法，正越來越受到國內外企業界、學術界的重視。經過20多年來在實踐中的蓬勃發展，企業文化建設已成為我們促進企業經營業績和經濟增長的有效手段和精神動力之一。進入21世紀，面對知識經濟初見端倪的新態勢，企業文化建設對企業發展、經營業績所起的作用越來越顯著；企業文化對形成企業內部凝聚力和外部競爭力所起的作用，越來越受到人們的重視。而企業文化所面臨的種種沖擊與變革，又迫使人們去思考————該如何進行企業文化的創新。國外有學者預言：“企業文化在未來10年內很可能成為決定企業興衰的關鍵因素”。由此可見，面對加入WTO后中國網通的發展形勢，我們要保持企業的持續發展，就不能忽視企業文化的建設。

一、要有與這相適應的制度文化：在企業文化研究中，人們對文化與制度的認識經常陷入一種誤區：或把二者對立起來，或把二者混為一談，分不清二者在企業管理中的地位與作用。有人把企業文化概括成三個層次：物質文化、制度文化和精神文化。這種從廣義角度界定的企業文化，無疑把制度包含在內，即制度也是一種文化。但如果我們從狹義角度研究企業文化，制度只是文化的載體；進一步說，把企業文化作為一種新的管理方式研究，制度與文化屬于兩個不同的管理層次和兩種不同的管理方式。文化管理高于制度管理，制度更多地強調外在監督與控制，是企業倡導的文化底限，即要求員工必須作到的；文化更多地強調價值觀、理想信念和道德的力量，強調內在的自覺與自律，是文化高境界。文化與制度的關聯及區別，主要體現在以下幾個方面：一是演進方式不同。文化的演進是采取漸進式的，制度的演進是跳躍式的，但二者同處于一個過程之中。從制度到文化，再建新制度，在倡導新文化，而者交互上升。企業管理正是在這種交互上升的過程中不斷優化，臻于完美。二是表現形態不同。前者是有形的，往往以責任制、規章、條例、標準、紀律、指標等形式表現出來；后者是無形的，存在于人的頭腦中，是一種精神狀態，往往通過有形的事物、活動反映和折射出來。三是對人調節方式有差異。制度管理主要是外在的、硬性的調節；文化管理主要是內在的文化自律與軟性的文化引導。文化管理強調心理認同，強調人的自主意識和主動性，也就是通過啟發人的自覺意識達到自控和自律。對多數人來講，由于認同了主流文化，因此，文化管理成為非強制性的管理；對于少數未認同主流文化的人來講，一種主流文化一旦形成，也同樣受這種主流文化氛圍、風俗、習慣等非正式規則的約束，違背這種主流文化的言行是要受到輿論譴責或制度懲罰的。因此文化管理又具有一定強制性。腦力勞動者與體力勞動者對制度與文化的感受度不同。體力勞動者因為其作業方式要求標準化的程度高，對制度管理的強制性敏感度較低，也就是說，遵守制度是順理成章的事，制度管理對他們更適合；腦力勞動者因為創造性強，要求自由度較高，對較低層次的條條框框則反感，需要較多的文化管理。這是超Y理論的研究結果，值得我們注意。在具有這此差異的同時，我們也應當看到，制度與文化是互動的。當管理者認為某種文化需要倡導時，他可能通過培養典型的形式，也可能通過開展活動的形式來推展和傳播。但要把倡導的新文化滲透到管理過程，變成人們的自覺行動，制度則是最好的載體之一。人們普遍認同一種新文化可能需要經過較長時間，而把文化裝進制度，則會加速這種認同過程。當企業中的先進文化或管理者倡導的新文化已經超越制度文化的水準，這種文化又在催生著新的制度。盡管制度與制度文化不是同一概念。當制度內涵未被員工心理認同時，制度只是管理者的文化，至多只反映管理規律和管理規范，對員工只是外在的約束；當制度內涵已被員工心理接受、并自覺遵守時，制度就變成了一種文化。比如，企業要鼓勵員工提合理化建議，先定一項制度，時間長了，員工心理接受了這一制度內涵，制度變成空殼，留下的是參與文化。從這一點上來說，文化和制度最終達到了統一。

二、文化優劣或主流文化的認同度決定著制度的成本。當企業倡導的文化優秀且主流文化認同度較高時，企業制度成本就低；當企業倡導的文化適應性差且主流文化認同度較低時，企業的制度成本則高。由于制度是外在約束，當制度文化未形成時，沒有監督，工人就可能越軌或不能按要求去做，其成本自然就高；而當制度文化形成以后，人們自