第一篇：“英語報刊閱讀課”教學案例一則

“英語報刊閱讀課”教學案例一則

一、課程背景簡說

校本課程是國家基礎教育課程設置實驗方案中的一個重要部分，是指學校自行規劃、設計、實施的課程。“英語報刊閱讀”是校本課程的一部分，根據學生英語學習情況而開設。閱讀往往是學生英語學習的難點，也是考試的難點，因此，培養學生的閱讀興趣，讓其快樂閱讀尤為重要。報刊閱讀區別于傳統的教材閱讀，報刊上的文章與時俱進，題材豐富多彩，難易適中，再加上精美的插圖，學生閱讀時熱情高漲，興趣和主動性也有了明顯的提高。報刊閱讀課程的選材主要來源于21世紀英文報，根據中學生的興趣特點、接受能力和表達能力，精選一些貼近他們生活的文章作為閱讀材料；同時也放手讓學生自己去尋找感興趣的英語文章，作為課堂閱讀材料與大家分享。“英語報刊閱讀”課程旨在以學生的興趣為出發點，從學生喜歡的話題入手，激發學生求知欲望，同時通過課堂上各種活動情境的創設，給學生營造積極、開放的英語學習氛圍，讓學生在參與活動中不知不覺得學習，既孵化學生學習英語的愿望，又激發了學生英語閱讀的興趣。

二、課程案例描述

英語報刊閱讀本節案例課的精讀材料選取有關電子閱讀器的文章。選擇了學生們比較感興趣的話題。教學過程如下；

第一部分：快速閱讀 Fast reading

Step1.根據圖片，找出與圖片相關的新聞標題。在學生已經提前預習報紙內容的情況下，本環節以自由搶答的方式進行，檢查他們是否對報紙的內容有整體的認知。

Step2.給出五篇時事新聞，規定了閱讀的時間，然后以4人一小組的形式抽一組題回答。選出的這五篇新聞的趣味性比較強。題目形式包括連線搭配，判斷正誤，翻譯等，題目不是很難，都是有關新聞中一些重要的信息，比如時間，地點，人物等等。以小組抽取題目的形式增加了懸念及小組競爭性。小組成員在拿到題目后，需要互相之間合作完成，此時，學生的狀態都很積極。

第二部分：細節閱讀 Detailed reading

Step1.閱讀文章，找到關于四種電子閱讀器的信息，越快越好。本環節的任務是填寫一份表格，表格中內容包括了四種電子閱讀器的重量，大小和特點，同時也清晰的展示了四種閱讀器性能的比較。這為后面的環節做好了鋪墊，讓同學們選擇自己喜歡的閱讀器并闡述理由時，學生們就會有話可說，理由也比較充分。

Step2 再讀文章，回答問題。問題關于電子閱讀器的定義，用途和家長與學生對它的不同看法。更深層次的讓學生理解電子閱讀器的作用，以及其優缺點，讓學生能更理性的看待電子閱讀器。

Step3小組合作。在前面的環節中學生們已經理解了電子閱讀器的優缺點，以及家長為什么會與學生持有不同的觀點。本環節需要組內2名學生分別扮演孩子與家長，就需不需要購買電子閱讀器的話題，自編自演一段對話，分別陳述自己的理由，并且達成共識。

本環節需要學生整合之前練習中的知識，并且表達自己觀點。小組成員之間要討論并達成解決問題的共識。在前面幾個環節的層層推進下，這個環節有了復習整合及提高的作用。

三、課程反思追敘

要選用合適的閱讀材料，激發學生閱讀興趣，正如蘇霍姆林斯基曾說過的那樣：“只有能激發學生進行自我的教育才是真正的教育。”興趣是人樂于接觸認識事物，并力求參與相應活動的一種積極的意識傾向。每周一次的報刊閱讀課，時間有限，如何在短時間里促使學生主動高效地去閱讀英語報刊文章，在閱讀材料的選擇上，教師一定要深思熟慮，盡量選擇學生熟悉的、感興趣的，難易適中的文章。讓學生們自己尋找課堂上的閱讀材料，也是提高學生學習積極性的一個好方法。和同學們及老師一起解決自己挑選的英語報刊文章上的閱讀障礙，不僅讓學生充分感受到了成功的樂趣，還更好的發揮了學生的主動性和創造性，最大限度展現學習者的學習潛能。但這樣操作的同時，教師事先應該過目學生所推薦的閱讀材料，并根據內容做好教學設計或教學拓展，在老師的引導下，會讓學生覺得英語的閱讀其實沒有想象的那么難，那么學生自然會發現英語閱讀的樂趣，英語閱讀能力必然能夠提高。

創設情境，交流互動。情景教學意在給學生創設一種真實的學習生活情景，讓學生在真實的情景中學習并使用英語。完整逼真、易操作的情景有利于吸引學生的注意力，同時也起到了活躍課堂氣氛的作用，還鍛煉了學生的語言能力，培養學生的思維能力和想象能力。其次，創設情景要注意其整體性，呈現的內容要與中心內容相關，避免創設單個情景。教師創設的情景應具備真實性，不能是不切實際的。這節課所創設的情景就是根據學生都會遇到的電子產品的使用問題，安排學生自編自演與父母間的對話，簡單易行的情景，對學生交際語言起到了輔助的作用。

組織小組活動，拓展思維。很多學生在面對新內容時，都會有點望而卻步，小組討論完后，明顯感覺可以提高他們解決問題的自信。通過小組合作，學生與學生之間就可以展開溝通與交流，過濾出精華，同時也提高了學生的分析能力。小組活動讓每個同學都參與到學習中來，養成互幫互助的習慣，營造出和諧融洽的學習氛圍。

英語報刊閱讀課程對于師生來說是一個新生事物，因為沒有現成教材，從選材到教學設計，完全是一個創造過程。這就要求每位英語教師要不斷提高自身的專業素養，挖掘教學資源，合理構思，優化教學設計。通過每周一節英語報刊閱讀課，幫助學生們養成認真閱讀報紙并做好摘抄的好習慣，在培養學生閱讀興趣的同時，提高他們英語閱讀能力。

第二篇：英語報刊閱讀課教學案例

英語報刊閱讀課教學案例

本課是全國教育科學“十一五”規劃重點課題“英語報刊教學綜合研究”教學實驗成果展示活動中的優秀實驗成果觀摩課。

《Teens Issue 339 Junior 3》

一、教學總體設計及其設計意圖 本節課是以21世紀英語報初三的總第339期為題材，教師選取了其中4篇

文章，課堂以學生為主體，體現了報刊閱讀課的特點：以獲取信息為目的，拓寬學生視野，整節課設計了多種活動，給學生提供了更多的語言實踐機會，尤其是各環節、個文章之間的銜接和過度，自然流暢。

活動設計

（一）導入：給學生展示幾張徐嬌的圖片，讓學生找到她在本期報紙的位置并回答一些相關問題，再引導學生在報紙中找到其他明星的信息，形式以自然流暢的師生對話為主。

設計意圖：引起學生興趣，引導學生實踐并總結英語報紙的閱讀方法和報紙的功能，即獲取信息，了解新鮮的事情。

英語報刊信息量大、內容豐富、貼近時代、語言鮮活、能適應不同層次和水平的學生學習和欣賞。《英語課程標準》明確提出：“英語課程要力求合理利用和積極開發課程資源，給學生提供貼近學生實際、貼近生活、貼近時代的內容健康和豐富的課程資源。” 而英語報刊以它獨特的優勢滿足了《英語課程標準》提出的這些要求。

與學生談論他們感興趣的明星話題，并給予正確的思想教育：做明星也不是很容易的，除了表明的風光，更需要努力的工作和認真的付出。同時一起總結報刊的作用：獲取信息，知道周圍的新聞，還要學會英語報刊的閱讀方法：看主、For Junior 3Issue 339 1 副標題、圖片等，并與人交流，這些都是教師引導學生去做并發現規律，教師給予總結。

這其中要注意的是，與學生進行交流的時候要給予積極的評價。在英語課堂教學中，評價起著不可低估的調節作用，是教學過程中的有機組成部分，報刊教學中更是如此。如果學生在學習中得到了正面評價，那么他的內在價值就得到了外界的承認，學習成就的需要也就得到了滿足，自尊心和自信心增強，會感到一種自我實現的快慰，隨之而來的學習外語的積極性便會漸漸提高，同時喚起更高水平的需要。

所以教師在提問時，對學習積極性不高的學生，要提些稍加思考就能回答出的問題，并及時給予表揚和鼓勵，以加強其自信心；對成績較好的學生，可以提些稍難的問題，在表揚的同時要指出其不足，以防止產生驕傲情緒。要善于利用有效的評價方法，捕捉學生學習的閃光點，多表揚、少批評，多肯定、少否定，使每個學生在既輕松愉快又熱烈緊張的狀態下學習和掌握英語基礎知識。活動設計

（二）在談論第二篇有關日本動漫的文章時，設計下面的課堂活動：

討論在本期報紙中你最喜歡的內容，大部分學生會說是動漫，然后讓學生猜老師會喜歡嗎？再說：老師也想喜歡，你能給我介紹一下嗎？然后播放一個有關日本動漫的短片，讓學生討論，然后進行題為：中學生看動漫好還是不好的辯論。引導學生總結正確處理學習與娛樂的關系，并從中吸取友誼、拼搏、正義等正能量。

設計意圖：培養閱讀興趣以及在閱讀過程中用英語獲取和處理信息的能力，使學生能夠較快把握文章脈絡和結構，理解和體會報刊文字傳達的主旨大意和深刻內涵，拓展話題，鍛煉口頭表達能力。

教師可以選取一些文章作為課上集體閱讀的篇章，畢竟一堂課的時間有限，要想讀完所有的文章也不現實，選取一些學生很感興趣的又有一些指導意義的可 2 讀性強的文章很有必要，一堂課可以有一個主線。比如第七年級336期，主題是Love愛, 390期主題是positive energy正能量等等，然后全部文章圍繞這個關鍵詞來展開，運用不同的活動，如填表格、判斷正誤、快速問答、討論、辯論新聞播報等，寫作部分讓學生在閱讀多篇文章的過程中學會總結和歸納的能力。當然，也不必牽強地每期報紙都找一個主題。

余下的文章留給學生課后自行閱讀。讀前老師會布置一些任務，閱讀完之后來討論，這樣的任務可以是概括文章大概，也可以是復述某個故事，并在此基礎上進行評論，發表自己的見解，實際上這樣做是為了讓學生邊閱讀邊動腦思考，帶著問題有針對性的閱讀，實際上也是為下一個步驟作準備。交流通常以小組為單位交流各自所讀的感興趣的文章，他們可以暢所欲言，發表自己不同的看法，短短的時間里同學不可能對每一篇文章都進行閱讀，通過這一步驟學生在短時間內除了對報紙上至少一篇文章有了深刻的理解之外，也能通過同伴的介紹了解到自己沒讀的文章，獲取了更多的信息，也鍛煉了他們的口頭表達能力。

閱讀時有必要讓學生記下或劃下認為對自己有用的或者感興趣的詞、短語、句子或段落，比如一些名言警句，寫得精彩的段落等等，留給他們讀后去交流或者課后記憶背誦，但不要很多，否則違背了閱讀課的初衷。

另外老師還可以根據布置的任務來檢測他們的閱讀能力。測試報刊閱讀能力方式很多，我常用的有概括大意，復述故事，正誤判斷，多項選擇，簡答題，寫讀后感等，其中用得最多的是概括大意、回答問題、多項選擇題，簡答題是測試閱讀能力的一種常見的方法。簡答題有時要求學生寫或回答一兩個完整的句子。這種測試方法比較自然，因此效率較高。它可以真實地反映學生對原文理解的情況，因為它能排除猜測的因素。至于報紙中的詞匯和語法，不必要求學生完全掌握，甚至考試，因為這樣會增加學生負擔，降低興趣，只要他能看懂就行。

第三篇：案例課(一)

金華職業技術學院教案

案例分析題

一、管轄案件

濟南某超市與南京某汽車運輸公司在南京簽訂運送鹽水鴨的合同。汽車運輸公司所屬二車隊在從南京向濟南運輸途中，行至泰安市附近發生車禍，車、貨俱損。超市因此向汽車運輸公司索賠。汽車公司則以車禍責任不在己方為由拒絕賠償，超市欲向法院起訴。請問：

1、假設濟南某超市與南京某汽車運輸公司未在合同中約定管轄法院，則哪些法院對本案有管轄權？說明理由。

2、假設雙方在合同中約定管轄法院，則可以約定由哪些法院管轄？說明理由。

3、假設南京某汽車運輸公司途經泰安時，由于發生車禍，撞毀了泰安某縣村民李某停在路邊的三輪車。現李某要求賠償損失，可向哪個法院提起訴訟？說明理由。

答案：

1、濟南某超市所在地基層法院，南京市某汽車運輸公司所在地的基層法院均有管轄權。本案是公路運輸合同糾紛，可由運輸始發地、目的地或者被告住所地法院管轄，見《民事訴訟法》第29條。

2、約定管轄的法院可以是被告住所地、原告住所地、合同履行地、合同簽訂地、標的物所在地的法院管轄，但不得違反民事訴訟法中關于級別管轄和專屬管轄的強制性規定。

3、以向泰安市某縣法院或者南京某汽車運輸公司所在地的基層法院起訴。根據《民事訴訟法》第29條的規定，因侵權行為提起的訴訟，由侵權行為發生地或者被告住所地法院管轄。

二、當事人與訴訟代理人

（一）王某（男）與李某（女）均系聾啞人。1996年經人介紹結婚，生有一子。1999年李某以夫妻性格不和為由，向當地法院提起訴訟，堅決要求與王某離婚，并要求撫養兒子。受訴法院認為原被告均系聾啞人，于是分別通知原被告的父母作為法定代理人參加訴訟。審理時，在一方當事人未到庭金華職業技術學院教案 的情況下，經調解代理人之間達成如下協議：雙方同意離婚，孩子由原告撫養，被告每月給付撫養費250元。

問：本案的代理是否正確？如此達成的協議是否合法？說明理由。

答：本案的代理是錯誤的。因為聾啞人并不等同于限制民事行為能力人，他們仍是完全民事行為能力人。原被告的父母可以作為訴訟代理人，但不可以作為法定代理人。所以如此達成的協議也是無效的。它違反了調解合法性原則。

（二）梁平時個體茶商，家住B市F區。1998年8月，梁平為擴大經營規模，向家住B市E區的朋友董華借款15萬元，董華要求其提供擔保，梁平找到了家住B市G區的朋友黃榮生。梁平、黃榮生與董華簽訂了一份借款合同，合同約定，梁平向董華借款人民幣15萬元，1999年7月底之前還清，黃榮生對梁平的借款提供擔保，對還款承擔一般保證責任。梁平、黃榮生及董華均在合同上簽了字，梁平因經營嚴重虧損，至1999年8月仍未償還董華的借款。現董華就該借款糾紛向法院起訴。

問：

1、在本案中，可否單獨將梁平或黃榮生作為被告？為什么？

2、對本案依法享有管轄權的法院是那個（些）？為什么？

答案：

1、本案中，可以單獨將梁平作為被告，但不能單獨將黃榮生作為被告。在該借款合同關系中，梁平與董華是直接的權利義務相對人，因此可單獨將梁平作為被告提起訴訟，保證合同作為從合同，原告僅起訴被保證人的，法院不能追加保證人作為共同被告。而由于本案中的保證合同是一般保證合同，原告若以黃榮生為被告提起訴訟的，法院應當通知被保證人梁平作為共同被告參加訴訟。因為根據《擔保法》的規定，一般保證的保證人在主合同糾紛未經審判或仲裁，并就債務人財產依法強制執行仍不能履行債務前，對債權人可以拒絕承擔保證責任。

金華職業技術學院教案

2、由于本案的借款合同簽訂中，雙方未對合同糾紛訴訟管轄達成協議，根據《民事訴訟法》的規定，應由被告住所地或者合同履行地法院管轄。根據《合同法》的規定，合同對履行地點約定不明確，給付貨幣的，在接受貨幣一方所在地履行。因此本案的履行地應在債務人梁平的住所地。本案的管轄權確定應當分為兩種情形考慮：

（1）如單獨以梁平為被告的，B市F區法院對本案有管轄權，因為B市F區為本案的被告住所地與合同履行地。

（2）如以梁平和黃榮生為被告的，B市F區法院和G區法院對本案均有管轄權，因為G區為本案的被告黃榮生的住所地。

三、證據

路人王某在路經一高層建筑時，被懸掛在五樓的廣告牌砸傷，當地居民發現后，將其送往醫院，經過搶救脫離生命危險。經查明，那廣告牌為五樓的一家美發店所有。出事那天是因為風力達到五級，且廣告牌懸掛多年，鐵繩腐朽所致。王某出院后，向法院提出訴訟，要求美發店承擔侵權責任。根據上述案情，回答下述問題：

1、路人王某應負哪些舉證責任？

2、美發店應對哪些事實負舉證責任？

答案：

1、被廣告牌砸傷的事實；因被砸傷而花費的醫療費用；有關人員的誤工費用，例如妻子的護理費等。

2、美發店沒有過錯；美發店已經對廣告牌盡了保管、修繕的義務。

四、期間與送達

案例一

甲乙因損害賠償糾紛訴至法院，法院于2002年2月10日收到原告甲的起訴狀，經審查認為符合起訴條件，立案審理并進行調解。甲乙分別于4月16日、4月19日收到縣法院的調解書，當年國家規定5月1日至5月3日為“五一節”放假。金華職業技術學院教案

問：調解書的生效時間是什么？

假如做出的是判決，則應如何計算上訴期間？

答案：調解書與4月19日生效。

上訴期間應當分別計算。在本案中，甲的上訴期間屆滿是在5月1日，乙的上訴期間屆滿是在5月4日。但因5月1日至5月3日為“五一節”放假，所以甲的上訴期間屆滿就推遲至5月4日。所以二者的上訴期間屆滿均在是5月4日。

案例二

某甲與某乙因糾紛訴至法院。法院于2002年7月1日做出判決，判決書分別于7月4日、7月6日送達至甲乙手中。甲不服一審判決欲提出上訴，但7月10日甲遇車禍昏迷住進醫院，7月20日出院。

問：此時甲的上訴期限是否已過？甲是否還可以提起上訴？

答案：此案中甲的上訴期自7月5日起算，至19日屆滿，因此甲的上訴期限已經過了。超過上訴期限的，喪失上訴權。但在民事訴訟法中規定，當事人因不可抗力的事由或其他正當理由耽誤期限的，在障礙消除后的10日內，可以申請順延期限。因此，甲可以于7月30日前向法院申請順延期限，是否準許延長，由法院決定。如果準許延長期限，那么甲仍有機會行使上訴權。

五、民事訴訟強制措施

甲曾借給乙2000元。甲幾次向乙催討未果。2002年9月8日甲找到乙家，乙不在家，鄰居丙告知甲說乙正準備遷往外地。甲看到院中停有乙的一輛小貨車（價值5萬元），擔心乙溜走賴帳，甲當日即到當地法院提出財產保全申請，要求扣押乙的貨車。區法院當日15時接受申請，次日派人了解核實情況，證實該貨車確為乙所有，于9月11日做出財產保全的裁定，扣押乙的貨車。乙9月13日從外地回來到法院大廳才得知原因。甲于9月27日向該法院提起訴訟，要求乙返還借款2000元。乙對裁定不服，于9月20日向中級法院申請復議。在復議期間，區法院暫時解除扣押，等待復議結果。金華職業技術學院教案

問：本案處理過程中，哪些做法不符合民事訴訟法的規定？

答案：有以下做法不符合民事訴訟法的規定：

1、甲申請訴前財產保全未提供擔保不對。利害關系人申請訴前保全應當提供擔保。

2、法院扣押乙價值5萬元的小貨車不對。因為財產保全中保全財產的價值相當于權利請求或訴訟請求的價額或金額，不能大于權利請求或訴訟請求的價額或金額。本案中5萬元貨車的價值遠遠高于2000元借款的金額。

3、區法院做出裁定超過期限。訴前財產保全中，法院接受申請后，應當在48小時內審查，并做出裁定。

4、甲超過了法定起訴期限。因為訴前財產保全做出后，申請人應當在15日內起訴。未在法定期限內起訴的，法院應當解除財產保全。本案中，9月11日做出裁定，起訴期間至9月26日屆滿。

5、乙向市中級法院申請復議是錯誤的。當事人對財產保全的裁定不服，可以向做出裁定的法院申請復議一次，本案中，乙只能向區法院申請復議。

6、區法院在復議期間解除扣押的做法是錯誤的。因為民事訴訟法規定，在復議期間不停止裁定的執行。

第四篇：報刊英語

藝術 · Art 1.abstract art : 抽象派藝術

A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes formal values over the representation of subject matter.強調形式至上，忽視內容的一種非寫實主義繪畫風格

Kandinsky produced abstract art characterized by imagery that had a musical quality.康定斯創作的抽象派作品有一種音樂美。

2.abstract expressionism : 抽象表現派；抽象表現主義

A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes emotion, strong color, and giving primacy to the act of painting.把繪畫本身作為目的，以表達情感和濃抹重涂為特點的非寫實主義風格。Abstract expressionism was at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s.20世紀四五十年代是抽象表現藝術發展的頂峰時期。3.action painting : 動作畫派

A term used to describe aggressive methods of applying paint.指使畫布產生強烈動作效果的繪畫風格。

Action painting often looks childish to the non-artist because of the techniques used to apply paint, such as throwing it on the canvas.在外行看來，動作派的作品通常是幼稚的，這主要是因為畫家采用的作畫方法，比如將顏料潑灑在畫布上。

4.airbrush : 噴槍；氣筆

A nozzled tube used to apply paint in a spray form.一種將顏料噴成霧狀的噴嘴管。

The famous sexy robots in Japan are produced using an airbrush.那些性感的日本機器人就是用噴槍繪制成的。5.art deco ：裝飾派藝術

A style dominant in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by repetitive, ornamental, and highly finished curvilinear and geometric designs, esp.in synthetic materials such as plastics.盛行于20世紀二、三十年代的裝飾藝術和建筑藝術風格，以重復的、裝飾精美的曲線和幾何圖案為特點國，多采用塑料等合成材料。

Mary attended high school in a building that was famous for art deco style of architecture.Mary就讀的中學以其裝飾派建筑而聞名。6.art nouveau ：新藝術

A decorative style in which fluid, biomorphic lines and swirling motifs were emphasized.以曲折有致的天然生物形態為特色的裝飾性風格。

Beardsley prints produced in the late 19th century are a good example of the style of art nouveau.19世紀末比樂茲利的作品是新藝術的典范。7.avent-garde : 先鋒派

Innovative art in advance of popular ideas and images, characterized by unorthodox and experimental method.不拘于現有的創作定式，勇于創新超前思維的藝術形式。The avant-garde home of the famous actress sold for millions.那位影星的先鋒派住宅賣出了幾百萬美元的好價錢。8.Baroque ：巴羅克風格

An emotional, dramatic style of the 16th-18th century, anticlassical in form and spirit.流行于16至18世紀，以情感強烈、鋪張浮華為特點的反古典主義的藝術風格。

Status and architecture from the Baroque have a dark, muscular, looming quality about them.巴羅克風格的雕塑和建筑雄偉、高大、格調陰暗。1 9.batik ：蠟防印花 Painting on wax-treated cloth.在蠟布上作的畫。

Susan learned about batik in college.蘇珊在讀大學時學過蠟防印花。10.Bauhaus ：包豪斯建筑風格

A design school that promoted functional and geometric elements in design.指包豪斯造型學院倡導的強調實用和幾何學要素的建筑風格。

Bauhaus school of design in Germany changed the way that the world thought about design.德國的包豪斯造型學院倡導的藝術改變了世人的既定設計思維模式。a 11.Byzantine ：拜占庭藝術風格的

（adj.）A term used to describe a style of art with strong religious content.藝術風格突出強烈宗教色彩的。

The Byzantine era extended from the 13th century and went into the 16th century and was characterized by art with religious influence.拜占庭式藝術始于13世紀，一直延續到16世紀，其主要特點是濃郁的宗教氣息。12.calligraphy 書法藝術

Handwriting or penmanship, esp.elegant or “beautiful” writing as a decorative art.書寫的藝術，特別是優雅漂亮可作裝飾的筆跡。

Calligraphy has practically become a lost art in today’s computerized society.在今天的電腦時代，書法藝術差不多要消亡了。13.cartoon 草圖，底圖

A full-size, preliminary painting or sketch for a completed work.一部完整藝術作品的雛形。

Leonardo da Vinci’s cartoon of the Virgin Mary and Saint Anne hangs in the British National Gallery.達·芬奇的圣母馬麗亞和圣安妮畫像的草圖現存于英國國家美術館。14.ceramics(1)The art of making objects such as pottery or clay.(2)The objects themselves.陶器制作藝術；陶器制品。

Savannah enjoys making ceramic pottery.薩文喜歡做陶器。15.collage ：拼貼藝術

A composition of found objects, newspaper, and cloth over other material on a single surface.把揀得的報紙、碎布等在畫面上粘貼成畫。

We used to make computer collages when I was in college by first pasting various items together and then using a video camera to transmit the image onto a computer screen.我們在大學時曾用電腦制作拼貼畫。其步驟是：首先，將各種材料粘在一起，然后用攝像機將圖像傳送到電腦上。

16.composition ：藝術作品

Aesthetically pleasing, harmonious, and effective arrangement of parts to form a whole.各部分和諧生動、符合美學規律的作品。

Matisse used color and shapes and worked back and forth until he felt he had achieved a balanced composition.馬蒂斯反復調試色彩、構思圖案，終于畫了一幅布局和諧的作品。17.computer art 計算機藝術 2 Electronically produced images displayed on video screen.在屏幕上顯示運用電子手段設計圖像的藝術。Computer art become popular in the 1980s when computers started to become more available to the public.當80年代個人電腦開始普及之后，計算機藝術也流行起來。18.cubism ：立方主義；立體派

A style of art that departs from traditional reality, and emphasizes multifaceted, simultaneous views of subject and distorted perspectives.(early 20th century)20世紀初出現的一個藝術流派。它拋棄傳統現實，強調藝術作品的形體結構，即同時性、多角度性及扭曲的視角。

Pablo Picasso played a principal role in the early movement of cubism.帕勃洛·畢加索在立體派早期發展中起首重要的推動作用。19.Dada ：達達主義

A style(1915-1925)with antirational approach and nihilistic, absurdist, and incongruous themes.流行于1915年至1925年間的藝術流派，其特點是反理性的創作手法和虛無、荒誕。矛盾的主題。Dadaism asked “what is art?” and used humor and shock value as communicative elements.達達主義設問“什么是藝術？”并用幽默和讓人震驚的色彩對比手法作答。20.drawing ：素描

A picture, design, or sketch done with lines in pen or pencil.用鋼筆或鉛筆勾勒出的圖畫、圖案或寫生圖。

The drawings of Michelangelo were recently exhibited in New York.米開朗基羅的素描最近在紐約展出。21.expressionism ：表現主義

An early 20th-century style emphasizing emotional expression, strong color and composition, and a distorted, theatrical treatment of image.20世紀的一種藝術風格，強調情緒的表現，以濃重的色彩、鮮明的構圖，扭曲、夸張的形象處理為特點。

Professor Bryer will be giving a lecture on expressionism tonight.今晚布萊恩教授有一個關于表現主義的講座。22.fresco ：溫壁畫技法；濕壁畫

A technique of painting directly on a wet, plaster surface.在潮濕的石膏表面上直接作畫。

We all marveled at the beauty of the 17th century fresco.23.funk art ：非理性藝術；惡臭藝術

A combination of painting and sculpture, deliberately messing and rough, often humorously depicting provocative subjects.(U.S., mid-20th century)20世紀中期出現在美國的一種藝術流派。故意雜亂無章、不加修飾的繪畫與雕塑的融合。多以幽默的方式描繪刺激性的場面。

Jeson has been collecting funk art since the mid 1960s.杰森從20世紀60年代中期就開始收集非理性藝術作品。24.futurism ：未來主義

A style glorifying modern technology, speed, and the machine age.(Italy, early 20th century)頌揚現代技術、速度和機器時代的創作風格。起源于20世紀初的意大利。

Art from the era of futurism can be identified by a combination of machine elements, cubism, and motion.未來主義時期藝術的突出特點是機器法則、立方主義與運動機械的組合。25.genre ：風俗畫

A realistic depiction of scenes from everyday domestic life.3 日常家居生活的寫實畫。

Who is your favorite genre painter? 你最喜歡的風俗畫家是誰？ 26.Gothic ：哥特風格

A style that emphasizes Christian imagery, brilliant color, and strong verticality in composition.(12th – 16th century)以基督教題材、亮麗的色彩、明顯的垂直線條為特點的繪畫風格。流行于12至16世紀。Jean dislikes Gothic art because it feels too religious.吉不喜歡哥特風格的作品，因為它們的宗教色彩太濃。27.gouache ：樹膠水彩顏料

An opaque watercolor bound with gum.由膠水調和的不透光水彩。

Do you like the quality of gouache in paintings? 你喜歡水彩畫嗎？

28.graphic arts ：平面造型藝術

Those visual arts that are linear in character, such as drawing and engraving, esp.those that involve printing and printmaking.平面視角藝術，特別是指與印刷業有關的素描、雕刻等。

The computer is now enabling anyone to produce and design and experiment with graphic art.計算機的出現使任何人都能制造、設計和試驗平面視角藝術。29.hard-edge ：鋒刃派繪畫的；硬邊畫的

(adj.)A style characterized by geometric abstraction, a flat picture plan, perfection of a surface, and graphic precision.（U.S., mid-20th century）

流行于20世紀中期的美國，以輪廓分明的幾何形體、精確的畫面為特點的抽象繪畫。

Patrick Nagel’s hard-edge style of 80’s women became one of the strongest images in the 20th century.派特克·納哥爾的鋒刃派風格的80年代婦女成了20世紀最具說明力的形象之一。30.history painting ：歷史題材的繪畫

An academic depiction of scenes from mythology, history, or the Bible.以神話、歷史或圣經為題材的傳統繪畫。

Temple Square in Salt Lake City has a visitor center filled with history paintings.鹽湖城的神殿廣場有一個觀光中心，里面存滿了歷史題材的繪畫作品。31.hyperrealism ：高度寫實主義

An extension of photorealism in which depiction of subject is indistinguishable from reality.(late 20th century)20世紀末興起的一種繪畫流派。照相現實主義的延伸，強調對現實的臨摹。

The interesting aspect of hyperrealism is that it challenges the viewer to try to decide what is real and what isn’t.高度寫實主義繪畫很有意思的一點是，觀者很難判斷哪些是真實的，哪些是虛構的。32.impressionism ：印象主義，印象派

A style emphasizing the depiction of light and its effects, with the act of seeing as its primary subject.(France 19th century 強調繪畫中的光感，以視覺影象作為描繪對象。

Impressionism has long been one of the most popular art movements.Van Gogh’s impressionistic painting entitled “Dr.Gachet” was purchased for a world record $ 85 million by a Japanese investor.長期以來，印象主義一直是最具有影響力的藝術運動之一。凡高的印象派作品《蓋什醫生》被一名日本投資商以8500萬美元的天價購得。33.Kakemono ：畫軸 4 A Japanese vertical scroll painting.日本的一種垂直式卷軸畫。

Debbie purchased several kakemono scrolls during her year as an exchange student in Japan.德比在日本做交換學生時買了幾卷畫軸。34.kinetic art ：活動藝術

Art characterized by the incorporation of painted and sculpted mechanical parts into an art piece that moves or creates the impression of movement.興起于20世紀中期的一種與機械學相結合的藝術，采用活動部件，造成動感效果的雕塑藝術。Kinetic art can be seen in front of many office buildings built during the 50’s and 60’s.在五、六十年代，辦公大樓前的雕塑多屬活動藝術作品。35.landscape ：風景畫，山水畫

A depiction of natural land forms, sometimes allegorical.以自然風景為主題，有時含有諷喻意義的作品。

Paula travels to New Mexico each summer to paint western landscapes.波拉每年夏天都去新墨西哥州畫西部風景畫。36.medium ：溶劑，調色劑，材料

A liquid in which pigment is mixed to form paint;a type of paint of coloring matter used in painting.繪畫用的調和顏料的液體；藝術創作所使用的材料。

It’s sometimes fun to look at a painting and try to figure out what medium the artist used.有時猜猜一部藝術作品所使用的材料很有意思。37.Ming ：具有明代藝術特色的

(adj)Characteristic of a highly academic classicism, esp.in porcelains.(China, 14th –17th centuries)高度傳統古典主義傾向的，特別是指與14至17世紀中國明代瓷器有關的藝術。Dr.Franks is an expert on porcelains from the Ming dynasty.37.minimal art ：極簡抽象藝術；最小主義藝術

An abstract, simple, reductionist style with absence of all but basic formal elements and primary colors.(U.S.mid-20th century)美國20世紀中期興起的一種藝術流派，其特點是抽象、簡單、微縮，即把作品簡略到基本抽象成分。Minimalism is characterized by space with very sparse design elements and helped launch the popular art slogan of “less is more.”

最小主義藝術的特征是稀疏的畫面，這一藝術促成了“簡即繁”的藝術口號。38.modernism ：現代主義

A style that breaks with traditional art forms and searches for new modes of expression.一種新的、脫離傳統藝術手法的表現形式。

Modernism became popular in the early part of the 20th century.現代主義在20世紀初開始流行起來。39.mosaic ：馬賽克；鑲嵌工藝，鑲嵌畫

An illustration composed of small, colored stones or tiles set into cement.用五顏六色的小石子或瓦片在水泥板上鑲嵌面成的圖案。

The new mall in town features a giant mosaic over the main entrance way.在城里新建的林蔭道的主要入口處有一個巨大的鑲嵌畫。

（我覺得這句話應譯成：城里新建的大型商場/購物中心的入口處有一巨幅鑲嵌畫。---southleaf）40.mural ：壁畫；壁飾

A large-scale painting, usually on a wall or ceiling.5 通常掛在墻上或天花板上的巨幅畫。

The McMullen’s have a giant mural painting along the hallway in their home.麥克倫家的門廳里有一幅巨型壁畫。41.neoclassicism ：新古典主義

A style modeled after proportion and restraint of Greek and Roman classical antiquity.(late 18th, early 19th century.)模仿和借鑒古希臘羅馬勻稱、莊重建筑風格的藝術形式，盛行于18世紀末，19世紀初。

We knew that Mr.Samuels was into neoclassicism by the way that he had his courtyard decorated with nude statues.42.new wave ：新浪潮

A combination of cartoon, graffiti, and performance art in a minimalist, unsophisticated style(late 20th century.)綜合漫畫、涂鴉和表演藝術的藝術形式，其風格簡單自然。

There’s a new wave art show currently on exhibit up at the local college gallery.本地大學美術館正在舉辦一個新浪潮藝術作品展。43.nude ：裸體畫，裸體像

The undraped human figure, sometimes allegorical.無遮蓋的人體畫像，有時具有諷喻意義。

The nude has always played a powerful role in art throughout the ages.在藝術領域，裸體畫一直占有重要地位。44.oil paint ：油畫顏料；油漆

Pigment mixed with drying oil, exp.linseed oil.和亞麻油等干性油混制成的顏料。

You can buy a beginner’s set of oil paints for under $ 20.花不到20元，你就可以買到初學者所用的一套油畫顏料。45.op art ：光效應藝術，視覺藝術

A style with graphic abstraction and pattern-oriented optical effects(mid-20th century)利用幾何圖形和色彩對比給人以模棱兩可的視幻覺藝術，起源于20世紀中期。

Riley and Vasarely are two noteable artists who made contributions in the illusory world of op art.瑞利和凡撒里這兩位著名的藝術家為夢幻般的光效應藝術作出了貢獻。46.performance art ：戲劇表演藝術

Use of paintings, sculpture, and video in live theatrical performance by the artist.(late 20th century)現場戲劇表演中藝術家摻入繪畫、雕塑和攝像等形式的綜合藝術。興起于20世紀末。We watched a program that featured performance art on TV last night.昨晚有一個電視節目介紹了表現派藝術。47.pastel ：彩色粉筆畫

A crayon made of color ground with chalk and compounded with gum water into paste, often of pale color.粉筆作底色，用膠水調和色彩。色調淡雅。Degas is probably my favorite pastel artist.德加大概算是我最喜歡的彩色粉筆畫家了。48.perspective ：透視畫法

A system of realistically depicting three-dimensional objects or views onto two-dimensional, flat surfaces through convergent lines and planes.以現實的手法，在兩維的平面上，利用線和面趨向會合的視錯覺原理刻畫三維物體的藝術。Perspective illustration provides a three-dimensional view of objects or views.透視畫法提供了一個對物體或景色的三維視角。49.pictograph ：象形文字；圖畫文字 6 A picture symbolizing an idea or object, used as an early form of writing.代表一個思想或物體的圖畫。屬早期的文字。

Three men were arrested for vandalizing ancient pictographs found I the canyons of southern Utah.50.pointillism ：點畫法；點彩派

Neo-impressionism characterized by the use of tiny, closely spaced dots or points of color that blend to produce a luminous quality.新印象主義畫法，用微小、密集的彩色點混合后產生一種奪目的效果。

The painting “Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” by Seurat is probably the most famous work of pointillism.修拉的《在拉·格蘭德·加特島的一個星期天下午》大概是最有名的點彩派畫了。51.pop art ：波普藝術

A style-making use of images from popular culture and commerce, often reproduced exactly.(mid-20th century)把精確復制大眾文化和商業中的形象作為一種藝術創作。起源于20世紀中期。

Roy Litchenstein, who helped start the movement in the 1950s, continues to rule the king of pop art into the 90s.早在50年代，羅耶·列克敦斯坦就參與發起波普藝術運動，直到90年代他依然是波普藝術的頂尖人物。52.primitivism ：原始風格

A style with an unsophisticated, pretechnological, simple approach to form and content.形式處理和內容表現力求簡潔，避免復雜化或工藝手段的創作風格。

The famous series of “cut-outs” by Henri Matisse are a good example of primitivism.亨利·馬蒂斯著名的《割斷》系列作品是原始主義流派的代表作之一。53.realism ：現實主義風格

Art that depicts reality as it appears.以寫實的手法描繪現實。

I am in awe when I view realism such as the landscapes painted by 17th century Dutch artist Jan Vemeeer.欣賞著17世紀荷蘭畫家楊·弗美爾的風景畫，我被其中的現實主義風格所震撼。54.Renaissance ：文藝復興時期風格的；文藝復興

(adj.)Art that is classical in form and content.(n.)revival of aesthetics of classical antiquity.(14th – 17th century)藝術作品的形式和內容具有古典主義色彩的；從14世紀延續到17世紀的經典傳統美學的復興。Renaissance art is still appreciated by artists of today.現在的藝術家仍然對文藝復興時期的藝術珍愛有加。

Much of the greatest art in the history of the world was produced during the Renaissance.世界藝術史上最偉大的作品很多是在文藝復興時期產生的。55.rococo ：洛可可藝術的；洛可可式的

A style with ornamental, poetic, curvilinear forms and lyrical themes.融裝飾性、詩化的、曲線的形式和抒情主題為一體的藝術。Mrs.Mead is looking for a chair in rococo style.米德夫人想買一個洛可可式的椅子。56.sculpture ：雕刻術；雕塑術

The art of carving wood, chiseling stone, casting or welding metal, molding clay or wax, etc.into three-dimensional representations, as statues, figures, forms, etc.通過對木頭、石頭進行雕刻，對金屬加以鑄造、焊接，或對泥、蠟加工制成的三維雕塑作品。

Mr.Rushmore which depicts images of 4 U.S.presidents in the Black Hills, South Dakota, is one of the most famous sculptures in America.在南達科他州布萊克山區的拉什莫爾山刻有四位美國總統的雕像。它們是美國最有名的雕塑之一。7 57.self-portrait ：自畫像

A depiction of an artist’s own face 藝術家創作的自己的肖像畫。

Artist’s self-portraits are usually very sought-after works of art.人們總是樂于求購藝術家的自畫像。58.still lift ：靜物畫

A realistic depiction of inanimate objects, esp.flowers, fruit, or domestic items.以寫實的手法描繪無生命的物體，比如花、水果、家什等。Cezanne is known for his unique still life paintings of apples.賽尚以獨具一格的蘋果靜物畫聞名遐邇。59.surrealism ：超現實主義

A style using subconscious mental activity as its subject matter, characterized by dreamlike, hallucinatory imagery.將下意識的精神活動作為描寫對象，多運用夢幻意象的藝術形式。The artist Salvador Dali is synonymous with surrealism.藝術家薩爾瓦多·達利是超現實主義的同義詞。60.Symbolism ：象征主義

A 19th century French movement that rejected realism and expressed subjective visions through evocative images.產生于19世紀的法國藝術運動。它摒棄現實主義手法，通過使人產生聯想的意像表達主觀感受。Great art most always incorporates symbolism.偉大的藝術幾乎總具有象征意義。61.video art ：視頻藝術

The use of filmed or videotaped material display alone or with other media.(late 20th century)通過創造性地利用視頻技術產生可以在電視屏幕上觀看的一種藝術形式，產生于20世紀末。Video art has become a popular medium in today’s art, especially in collages.今天，視頻藝術已經成為一種非常受歡迎的繪畫形式，特別是拼貼畫中。62.watercolor ：水彩顏料；水彩畫

A paint which is mixed with water and used to create pictures;A picture which has been done with this type of paint.一種與水混合用來作畫的顏料；用這種顏料作的畫。

My uncle did a beautiful watercolor of a sunset while in Mexico.我的叔叔在墨西哥時畫了一幅漂亮的日落水彩畫。商業·Business 63.account ：財務帳；帳戶

A record of financial transactions kept in a ledger.在分類帳中保存的財務來往記錄。A bank account 銀行帳戶

A customer or client 顧客或客戶

Let’s check the account again.我們再查一遍帳。

How much is left in our bank account.銀行帳上還剩多少。

This firm is our best account.這家商行是我們最好的客戶。8 64.accounting ：會計

A system and process of gathering and recording financial information that provides a continuous balance between assets and liabilities.收集和記錄財務住處的制度和過程，并據此不斷提供資產和負債之間的余額。You need to discuss that matter with the accounting department.你應當和財務部討論這個問題。65.accumulation ：資本增益

An addition to capital investments or stock from profits.資本投資的收益或股分增值。

What kink of accumulation are you getting on the ABC stock? 你有ABC公司的股份有什么資本增益？ 66.affluence ：富裕

The condition of substantial wealth and economic power.擁有雄厚財富和經濟實力的狀況。

Luxury cars are targeted towards the affluent segment of a population.豪華轎車是以人口中的富裕階層為銷售對象的。67.affiliate ：成員，分公司

A business that contracts to work with another business.簽訂合同與另一公司合作的公司。

The ABC office supply company is one of our many affiliates.ABC辦公用品公司是我們眾多分公司的其中之一。68.agenda ：日程表 A list of things to be done.要處理的事務清單

Could you please fax me a copy of tomorrow’s agenda? 能否將明天的日程表給我發個傳真？ 69.agribusiness ：農業綜合企業

The production and marketing of corps by large corporations as opposed to individual farms.由大集團公司進行的農產品的生產和銷售，與個體農場主經營方式相反。

John was forced into bankruptcy when he lost millions of dollars he had invested in a poor agribusiness venture.約翰在農業綜合企業中投資不當，損失了數百萬美元，被迫破產。70.air-pocket stock ：氣穴股票 Stock that falls sharply on bad news.一有壞消息便急劇下跌的股票。

Company stock sometimes turns into air-pocket stock upon the news of the company’s CEO’s serious illness or death.一旦公司總裁病重或去世的消息傳出，其股票有時會變成氣穴股票。71.annual report ：報告

A financial report produced by the management of a corporation for shareholders the end of fiscal year.在每個財政年末，由公司的資方向股東提供的財務報告。72.asset ：資產

A possession that can be turned into cash to cover liabilities 能被轉化為現金以抵消債務的財物

We were forced to liquidate some of our assets to pay our debts.我們被迫變賣一些資產以償還債務。9 73.automation ：自動化

The replacement of human laborers with computers and self-regulating machines 用計算機和自動化控制的機器來代替人力。

Automation in factories will continue to eliminate more and more jobs into the 21st century.到21世紀，工廠的自動化將繼續削減更多的就業機會。74.balanced budget ：平衡預算 Spending that is equal to revenue, esp.in government.一個機構的開支和收入相等，特別指在政府方面 75.bankruptcy ：破產

The inability to pay one’s debts;legal insolvency 無力償還債務，法律上的資不抵債。

Many private companies are forced to declare bankruptcy when they begin to lose business to their competitors.許多私營企業在經營上輸給其競爭對手時，不得不宣布破產。76.big business ：大公司

A term used to describe large corporations, as opposed to small individually or family-owned business.大規模的股份有限責任公司，與私有或家庭經營的小型企業相反。Darren wants to get into big business some day.77.Black Monday ：黑色星期一

October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell a record 508 points in trading on the New York Stock Exchange.1987年10月19日，紐約股票交易所道·瓊斯工業股票平均指數狂跌創紀錄的508點。78.blue chip stock ：熱門股票，績優股，藍籌股

A term used to describe high-quality stocks of financially sound corporations 指財務上可靠的公司發行的高質量股票。

Mr.Jeppson has a portfolio of nothing but blue chip stocks.杰普遜先生持有的有價證券里全部都是熱門股票。79.bond ：債券

A security issued by a corporation or public body and carrying a fixed rate of interest 由公司或政府機構發行的固有利率的有價債券。What’s the interest rate on these bonds? 這些債券的利率是多少？ 80.boom ：繁榮

A period of great economic activity and business expansion(企業等)經濟非常活躍，經營擴張的時期。

The soft drink business always booms in the summertime.飲料業在夏天總是興旺繁榮。81.boondoggle ：無效的投資 A wasteful business venture 不見回報的經營投機

Our investment in water softeners was a boondoggle.我們在水軟化器上的投資打了水漂。82.bottom line ：最終結果

The final result or ultimate objective 最終的結果或目標 10 What’s the bottom line of your proposal? 你的建議要達到的最終目標是什么？ 83.boycott ：抵制

The refusal to purchase the products of an individual, corporation, or nation as a way to bring social and political pressure for change.拒絕購買某一個人、公司或國家的產品，作為施加社會、政治壓力，促進其改變政策的一種手段。Americans boycotted tuna several years ago until tuna companies guaranteed that they weren’t catching dolphins in their tuna nets.幾年前美國人抵制金槍魚，直至金槍魚公司保證在捕撈金槍魚時放掉海豚。84.budget ：預算

A plan of expenditures based on anticipated revenues.根據估算的收入而制訂的開支計劃。How much do we have left in our budget? 我們的預算還剩多少？

85.business cycle ：景氣周期

Periodic rise and fall in economic activity 經濟活動中周期性的漲落。

U.S.retailers see the same basic business cycle every year and typically do most of their business during the Christmas season.美國零售商們每年都經歷相同的景氣周期。通常情況下，他們大部分生產都是在圣誕節期間做的。86.bust ：崩潰

An informal term referring to a financial or economic collapse 非正式用語，指金融或經濟上破產。The economy is currently in a bust.目前經濟處于崩潰之中。87.buying power ：購買力 Purchasing power 購買商品的能力。

The buying power of the dollar has steadily declined during the last twenty-five years.在過去的25年里，美元的購買力持續下降。88.capital ：資本

Money, assets, or property used as a means of production or for investment 可以用作生產或投資手段的金錢、資產或財物。

Some futurists claim that human capital is a company’s greatest asset.一些未來學家聲稱公司的人力資本是其最大的資產。89.capitalism ：資本主義

An economic system based on private ownership and profit incentive 建立在私有制和利潤刺激基礎上的一種經濟制度。

People in some countries don’t really understand the system of capitalism.一些國家的人們并不真正理解資本主義制度。90.cash cow ：搖錢樹

An informal term for a business with a dependable source of income 非正式用語。指收入來源可靠的生意。

This product has always been a cash cow for our company.11 這種產品一直是我們公司的搖錢樹。91.cash flow ：現金流通

Fluctuations in a company’s cash position 公司現金形勢的波動情況。

Our company is currently having a cash flow problem.92.CEO ：總裁，總經理

An acronym for “chief executive officer”.The highest executive officer of a company.“chief executive officer”的縮略詞。指公司的最高行政長官。

Advertisers are using CEO’s more frequently in their company’s commercials because studies show that people trust and admire leaders.廣告商們在廣告片中越來越多地利用總裁的形象，因為研究表明，人們相信、崇拜領導者。93.Chapter 11 ：破產條款

A bankruptcy code section that applies to a corporation going out of business which may require restructuring.破產法的部分章節，適用于需要重組的倒閉公司。

Rumors are spreading that one of the big movie companies is filing a chapter 11.有謠言說一家大的電影公司正申請破產。94.commercialism ：重商主義，商業行為

The practice and spirit of business in which the making of profits is emphasized.商業做法和精神，強調利潤的追求。

Many American dislike the commercialism that is associated with Christmas.95.competition ：競爭

The rivalry between similar businesses for customers or clients.經營產品相近的廠商間爭奪顧客或客戶的斗爭。

Competition in business is good because it generally results in better quality and lower prices for consumers.商業競爭中是好事，它可以為消費者帶來更好的質量和更低的價格。96.conglomerate ：集團公司，聯合大企業

A corporation made up several companies that produce large quantities of output in a variety of industries.諸多產業中，由幾家公司組成的股份公司，大量生產各種產品。Proctor & Gamble is a large personal product conglomerate.寶潔公司是一家生產個人衛生用品的大集團公司。97.consumerism ：（1）消費；（2）消費者權益運動 The consumption of goods and service.商品和服務的耗費

Inflation always hurts consumerism.通貨膨脹總是打擊消費。

The protection of consumers form poor products or misleading claims.保護消費者免受劣質產品和誤導性廣告的侵害。

The U.S.Food and Drug administration tries to regulate consumerism.美國食品和醫藥管理局想規范消費者權益運動。98.consumer price index ：消費品價格指數

A measure of the fluctuation in prices of common consumer goods and services over a fixed time period.在一定時期內衡量常用消費品和服務價格波動情況的一種尺度。

The consumer price index is a good reference tool to use in order to learn how much the price of a specific item has changed over the last several years.12 想了解某一特定商品在過去幾年內的價格變化情況，消費品價格指數是一個很好的工具。99.corporate ladder ：公司的官階

A series of steps in the organizational hierarchy of a company.公司組織等級制度中的一系列晉升階梯。

Climbing the corporate ladder is not as popular as it used to be.走公司的晉升之道不象以前那樣有吸引力了。100.corporate raider ：強行收購

A person, company, etc.that attempts to take over another company, exp.by buying up the stock of the target company.個人或公司通常以全部買下其看準的公司的股份而吞并該公司。101.cost cutting ：削減成本

A reactive measure taken by companies esp.in hard times, in order to save money by eliminating waste or unnecessary spending.公司采取的應付措施，特別是在困難時期，通過減少浪費和不必要的開支來節省資金。

Companies in the 90s have been implementing a lot of cost cutting in order to become more efficient and competitive.為了提高效率和競爭力，許多公司在90年代一直在實施削減成本的各種措施。102.cost of living ：生活費用

The average cost for the basic necessities of life 支付基本生活必需品的平均花費。

Many employees expect a yearly cost of living increase in their paychecks.很多雇員希望其工資的生活費用部分每年都有增長。103.creeping inflation ：輕度通貨膨脹

The barely noticeable but persistent increase in prices.物價不斷上漲，但因漲幅很小而不為人注意。

Creeping inflation continues to spread throughout the economy in the 1990s.90年代輕度通貨膨脹一直波及經濟生活 104.decline ：萎縮，下降

A period of reduced business activity.經營活動下降的時期。

College students are not happy about the decline of job opportunities waiting for them when they graduate.大學生們對其畢業后就業機會的減少感到憂心忡忡。105.deficit ：赤字

A budget imbalance in which expenditures exceed income.支出超過收入的預算失衡

Our company ran a deficit for the first three years before we started to make any profit.我們公司在開始贏利前的頭三年中都是虧損經營。106.deflation ：通貨緊縮

A decrease in the money supply, causing a sharp fall in prices.貨幣供應的減少，導致物價的急劇下降。Consumers are always motivated by deflation.通貨緊縮往往能刺激消費者的購買欲。107.demand ：需求

The desire and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services.消費者購買商品和服務的能力。

Marketers and advertisers are always looking for new ways to create demand for their client’s products.13 營銷商和廣告商總是在尋找新的途徑以創造其客戶對產品的需求。108.depression ：蕭條

A severe, extended period of decline in business activity.商業活動嚴重減少并且長時間沒有好轉。

Many older Americans remember the great depression of the 1930s.許多上了年紀的美國人對三十年代的大蕭條仍記憶猶新。109.deregulation ：撤消管制

A gradual removal of government control over business.政府逐步撤消對經營活動的控制。

Most business and industries approve of deregulation from government control.大多數公司和產業贊成政府撤消管制。110.distribution ：商品流通 The marketing of merchandising.商品的營銷。

If a product doesn’t have good distribution, it won’t sell.商品流通如果不暢就賣不出去。111.diversification ：經營多樣化

The act of expanding business by increasing the number of goods produced or the number of services offered.通過增加產品品種和服務項目來擴展經營業務。

Many fast food businesses are diversifying in an attempt to capture more customers form their competitors.許多快餐企業正實行經營多樣化，力圖從其競爭對手手中奪取更多的顧客。112.dumping ：傾銷

The act of selling goods below cost to other nations to eliminate surpluses or offset competition.以低于成本的價格向其他國家銷售產品以減少過剩產品，引發競爭。The U.S.has accused Japan of dumping mini-vans here in American.美國控告日本在美國傾銷小型貨車。113.economics ：經濟學

The study of wealth and its creation, distribution, and consumption.形容財富及其創造、分配和消費的科學。Susan is majoring in economics at Harvard.蘇珊在哈佛攻讀經濟學專業。114.economy ：經濟

The organization of social and political institutions and business for production.社會及政治機構的組織以及以生產經營為目的的企業組織。National leaders must always worry about the state of the economy.國家領導人必須一直為經濟狀況操心。115.Fortune 500 ：《財富》500家公司

A list of the 500 largest American corporations published annually by “Fortune” magazine.由《財富》雜志每年公布的全美國最大的500家公司。Who are the top 10 companies on the Fortune 500 list? 在《財富》500家公司中，前10名是哪些？ 116.franchise ：經銷權，連鎖店

A contract or license permitting a regional distributor to use the name and sell products of another company.地區分銷商得到其他公司的合同或許可證，有權使用其名稱并銷售其產品。14 Clancy is opening a new McDonald’s franchise in London.克蘭西在倫敦開了一家麥當勞連鎖店。117.freeze ：凍結

The fixing of some economic factor, such as prices, employment, spending, etc.停止一些經濟因素的變動，如價格、就業、開支等。The government caused a price freeze at the gas pumps.政府凍結了汽油泵的價格。118.full employment ：充分就業

An economic condition in which unemployment is deemed minimal and acceptable, usually under six percent.失業率處于可接受的最小值，常常是６％以下的經濟形勢。

The condition of full employment is something that most countries rarely achieve.充分就業是大多數國家很少取得的經濟局面。119.glamour stock ：熱門股票

A stock in a new or rapidly developing industry that tends to rise quickly in price.新興且發展迅速的產業所發行的股票，有迅速升值的趨勢。

John specializes in buying glamour stock, particular in media, and entertainment companies.約翰專門購買由傳媒、娛樂公司發行的熱門股票。120.glas ceiling ：性別障礙，玻璃天花板

A term used to describe an invisible barrier that prevents women from entering the ranks of senior-level management.指阻止女性進入高級管理階層的一種無形障礙。

Many women in the 90s are protesting the glass ceiling that bars them form upper management in large corporation.90年代，許多婦女抗議阻止她們進入大公司高級管理階層的性別障礙。121.global economy ：全球經濟

Worldwide trade, travel, competition, etc.世界范圍內的貿易、旅游、競爭等。

Companies in the 1990s are thinking globally in order to stay competitive in the new global economy.為在新的全球經濟中保持競爭力，90年代的公司都從全球的角度考慮問題。122.GNP ：國民生產總值

An abbr.For “gross national product.” The total annual monetary value of all goods, services, and products sold on markets of national economy.“gross national product” 的縮寫詞，指在國民經濟市場上銷售的所有商品、服務和產品的貨幣總值。What was Japan’s GNP in 1987?

1987年日本的國民生產總值是多少？ 123.golden parachute ：高額離職補貼

A substantial compensation given to top executives as a severance bonus when they are terminated from the positions in the event of a corporate merger or takeover.在發生合并或兼并的情況下，公司高層行政領導離開其職位時所獲得的豐厚補償，作為高額離職補助金。

CEOs typically receive a golden parachute when their companies are seized in a hostile takeover.公司被他方惡意接管時，通常情況下總裁們都會得到高額的離職補貼。124.gray market ：灰色市場

A market in which scare goods such as computer chips are traded at above-market prices through irregular channels or by methods not illegal but usually not considered ethical.以高于正常市場價格來銷售稀缺商品如電腦芯片的市場。這種交易通常以非正常渠道進行，手段雖不犯法但也不被認為是合乎道德的。15 Our company is losing a lot of money to similar products being sold on the gray market.由于類似產品在灰色市場上銷售，我們公司損失很大。125.greenmail ：綠票欺詐

The purchase, usually in secret, of a large block of a company’s stock, thereby signaling a possible takeover attempt, and ultimately forcing the company to try to thwart the attempt by buying back its stock at a much higher price.秘密購買一公司的大部分股票，以此暗示可能進行接管，最終迫使該公司為挫敗對方的企圖，不得不以高出很多的價格買回股份。

The ABC company found themselves a victim of greenmail when they realized they had bought back their stock at a much higher price.當ABC公司以高得多的價格買回自己的股份時，發現本公司成了綠票欺詐的受害者。126.hardball ：商場上的殺手锏，動真格

Slang for highly competitive or ruthless business practices.俚語，指生意上極具競爭力或冷酷無情的做法。Our competitors are using tactics that indicate that they want to play hardball.我們的競爭對手所用的戰術表明他們要動真格了。127.hostile takeover ：敵意接管

The act of taking control of a company by buying up enough of its stock t gain a controlling interest.通過購買足夠股份從而獲得控股權的辦法來接管一家公司。

Last year the small airline company was bought up in a hostile takeover.去年這家小航空公司在一次敵意接管中被收購。128.hyperinflation ：高通脹

Rapid inflation and major shortages caused by panic buying.迅猛的通貨膨脹和搶購造成嚴重的商品短缺。

The fear of sudden natural disaster caused hyperinflation to occur in certain food markets because of panic buying by the public.由于擔心自然災害會突然降臨，公眾瘋狂搶購，導致了一些食品市場的高通脹。129.inflation ：通貨膨脹

A sustained rise in the price of goods and services.商品和服務的價格持續上漲。

Has the rate of inflation dropped in the last six months? 在過去的６個月里通貨膨脹率下降了嗎？ 130.junk bond ：風險債券，垃圾債券

A slang term for a high-risk bond that offers a high return but is considered to have a dubious backing.俚語。指高風險高回報的債券，但被認為有可疑的背景支持。

Michael Milken will always be synonymous with the term ”junk bond king.” 邁克爾·米爾肯總是“風險債券之王”的同義詞。131.labor-intensive ：勞動密集型的

(adj.)A term used to describe production that uses more labor than capital.運用人力多于資本的生產。

The parts are very labor-intensive which makes them very expensive.零件是用密集勞動生產出來的，這樣價格就很貴。132.leveraged buyout(LBO)：舉債收購

A procedure by which an investor borrows money to purchase enough of a company’s assets to gain a controlling interest, using the assets of the targeted firm as collateral.16 投資者以收購對象的資產作擔保，借錢來收購該公司的足夠資產以獲得控股權的過程。

Sometimes a smaller company will use the technique of a leveraged buyout to takeover another company.有時候小公司可以用舉債收購的手段來接管另一家公司。133.macroeconomics ：宏觀經濟學

An economic branch dealing with broad aspects of the economy, esp.factors on a national level.經濟學的分支，研究經濟的宏觀方面，尤其是國家層次上的因素。Mr.Samuels is an expert in macroeconomics.塞謬爾斯先生是位宏觀經濟學專家。134.market share ：市場份額

A percentage of total sales within a specific market by one company.一公司產品的銷售總額在某一特定商品市場上所占的百分比。

The kelloggs company has over 50 percent of the market share for breakfast cereals 克洛格公司在早餐粥市場上占有超過50％以上的份額。135.mass production ：大規模生產

The manufacturing of goods in large quantities using standardized parts and assembly lines.利用標準零件和生產線大批量生產商品

Mass production allows a lot of people to enjoy a particular product at a more reasonable price.大規模生產使得很多人能以更為便宜的價格享用某種產品。136.microeconomics ：微觀經濟學

The branch of economics that deals with single units of production and consumption.經濟學的分支，研究生產和消費的單個單位。

Microeconomics in the future will lead to more customization and specialization of products for consumers.在未來微觀經濟會導致產品的專業化和客戶化以方便顧客。137.mogul ：商業巨頭

Informal.A rich and powerful person in business or industry.非正式用語。商業或產業界的富有且勢力大的人物。

We watched a television interview of an entertainment mogul who had amassed a fortune of over $ 100 million.我們收看了一段電視訪談，采訪對象是一位擁有一億多美元資產的娛樂業巨頭。138.mommy track ：母親路線

A career path in which a woman declines rapid advancement in order to spend time with her family.女性的職業模式。指女性不愿晉升過快，以便有更多時間和家人相處。

Millions of women in the 1990s are choosing the mommy track over climbing the corporate ladder.90年代，數以百萬計的婦女寧愿走母親路線也不愿攀登公司的官階。139.monopoly ：壟斷

A domination of the market by a single company.由單一公司統治市場的局面。

The breakup of monopolies creates competition, which leads to better quality and lower prices for the public.打破壟斷可以產生競爭，這會給公眾帶來更好的質量和更低的價格。140.oligopoly ：寡頭壟斷

A market condition in which there are few sellers, enabling them to influence price and other factors.少數商家占有市場，因此他們可以操縱價格和其他因素。

The U.S.auto industry is an oligopoly, because there are only three main producers.美國汽車工業是寡頭壟斷的行業，因為只有3家主安生產商。141.Pac Man defense ：帕克曼防衛 17 An attempt to prevent a hostile takeover in which a targeted company bids to take over the hostile firm.被定為兼并對象的公司通過出價收購敵對公司，從而阻止其惡意收購。

The out-throat 1980s made strategies like Pac Man defense essential to companies who wanted to survive a hostile takeover.在競爭殘酷無情的80年代，對于那些希望躲過惡意兼并的公司來說，帕克曼防衛之類的戰略手段太重要了。

142.Paper profit ：紙上盈利

An unrealized profit due to appreciation in value of something owned but not yet sold.對擁有的某種商品進行估價而計算出來的利潤，因為商品沒有出手，利潤尚未實現。Jack’s business showed a paper profit last year simply due to the appreciation.因為評估了公司的所有的資產，去年杰克的生意才有紙上盈利。143.paradigm shift ：改組

A term by a CEO to inform his company that there will be major changes made.公司總裁通知公司上下將有重大變化時所用的詞。

The CEO of a major computer software manufacture announced a paradigm shift to his executives today.一家大型軟件生產商的總裁今天宣布要對其管理人員進行改組。144.Peter Principle ：彼得原則 A statement that every employee in a hierarchy tends to rise to the level of his or her incompetence.一種認為在等級森嚴的公司里，每個職員都想升到其無法勝任的位置的說法。The term “Peter Principle” has become quite popular among the American work force.在美國的勞動力大軍里，常可聽到”彼得原則”這個術語。145.poison pill ：反兼并手段，毒丸

Any of various methods devised by a company to thwart a hostile takeover attempt, such as by issuing new stock or instituting a generous package of employee benefits, which would prove costly to a potential acquirer.公司為挫敗敵意兼并所采取的各式各樣的方法，如發行新股票，為雇員制定慷慨的福利計劃。這會使潛在的兼并者感到代價昂貴而放棄兼并。146.power lunch ：事務餐

A business lunch where food is an afterthought to intense dealmaking and negotiation.在工作午餐上，忙于緊張的交易和談判而顧不上吃飯。

We’re discussing the possibilities of a company merger over a power lunch this afternoon.今天下午我們在事務餐上討論了公司合并的可能性。147.productivity ：生產力

A measure of ability to produce output from given input 一定投入得到產出的能力的衡量尺度。

Productivity at the XYZ company was up slightly this month over last.XYZ公司本月的生產比上月略有提高。148.quality control ：質量管理

Techniques used to eliminate defective products or to improve performance standards and practices.采用技術以消除次品，或提高經營水平。

No company can afford to neglect quality control if they wish to remain competitive in the new global economy.任何一家公司要想在新的全球經濟中保持競爭力，就不得不重視質量管理。149.raw goods ：原材料商品

Materials gathered in original state from nature for use in production.源于自然，收購來用于生產的原始材料。

Knowledge and information are becoming the most valuable assets to a company while raw goods are becoming less and 18 less valuable.知識和信息正成為公司最有價值的資產，而原材料商品的價值越來越低。150.recession ：衰退

A period of no growth in the national economy for at least six months.國民經濟在至少6個月的時間里沒有任何增長。

A recession is characterized by a decreased demand for goods, increased unemployment, and decline in the gross national product.衰退的特點是需求下降，失業增加，國民生產總值減少。151.recovery ：復蘇

An increase in business activity following a recession or depression.在經歷衰退或蕭條之后出現的經營活動的增加。

Economists often disagree on whether the U.S.is in a recovery or not.經濟學家們對美國經濟是否已經復蘇看法不一。152.sanction ：制載

Coercive economic restrictions placed on one nation by another.一國施加給另一國的強制性經濟限制。The two superpowers are currently negotiating trade sanctions.兩個超級大國目前正就貿易制載進行談判。153.service economy ：服務經濟

An economy that emphasizes services over industrial production.強調服務甚于工業生產的經濟。

You can enjoy almost anything you want in today’s service economy.在今天的服務經濟中，你可以享受到幾乎任何形式的服務。154.slump ：疲軟

A decline in business activity.經濟活動的減少。

The car industry has been in a slump since the beginning of the year.汽車工業從年初起就一直疲軟。155.smokestack industry ：濃煙工業

A term that refers to heavy manufacturing, such as steel or automobile manufacturing.指重工業，如鋼鐵和汽車制造業。

Information and entertainment is replacing the smokestack industry as the new major methods of creating wealth in the economy.信息和娛樂業正代替濃煙工業，在經濟中充當創造財富的新型手段。156.socioeconomic ：社會經濟的

A term used to describe the connection of social and economic factors.用以描述社會和經濟因素的聯系。

The study of socioeconomic factors is important in order to understand various groups within society.要了解社會的各個群體，必須研究社會經濟的種種因素。157.stagflation ：滯脹

A term that combines inflation and stagnation.A condition when inflation and high unemployment occurring together.“通脹”和”停滯”結合而成的術語，指通貨膨脹與高失業率并存的局面。Stagflation is a very unpopular buzz word in the business world.滯脹是商界不受歡迎的時髦詞語。19 158.stock exchange ：股票交易所

A market where securities are traded, such as the New York Stock Exchange.進行證券交易的市場，如紐約股票交易所。My friends works at the New York Stock Exchange.我的朋友在紐約股票交易所工作。159.stock market ：（1）股市；（2）股市行情 A market in which stocks are bought and sold.股票買賣的地方。

The general condition of the sale of securities in a corporation.一家公司的證券銷售情況。

The Wall Street Journal gives a daily report of the stock market.《華爾街日報》每天報告股市行情。160.supply and demand ：供需

A basic economic law stating that as the price of a good increase, suppliers will be willing to produce more but consumers will demand less, so that price and quantity are both interrelated.一條經濟基本法則，即商品價格上漲時，生產商愿意擴大生產，但消費者的需求下降，這樣價格和數量相互制約。

All products must follow the laws of supply and demand.所有的產品都必須遵守供求法則。161.surplus ：過剩

A situation in which the supply of goods exceeds the demand, esp.at a given price.特別是以一定價格銷售的商品的供應超過需求的狀況。

Smart consumers try to purchase items that are in surplus in order to get more for the same money.精明的消費者在商品過剩時購買，以便用同樣的錢購買更多的商品。162.tax shelter ： 減免所得稅

An investment in certain business, activities, etc.that legally entitles the investor to avoid, reduce, or defer income taxes.在某些行業、活動等方面的投資，投資者合法地享受減、免或緩交所得稅。Some business use tax shelters in an effort to reduce or defer their income tax.一些公司采取合法減免所得稅的手段來減少或遲交所得稅。163.tech angst ： 技術顧慮

(A combination of “technological” and “anxiety”.)The fear of automation among consumers.“technological”（技術的）和 “anxiety”（擔心）的合成詞。顧客對自動化產生的擔心。

The tech angst of many people makes them reluctant to put their trust in automated teller machines.許多人有技術顧慮，因而不愿使用自動提款機。164.technological monopoly ： 技術壟斷

A condition in which a company has exclusive rights to a patented product or process.一公司對專利產品或制作方法享有專屬權的狀況。

AT & T has a technological monopoly over a number of products and processes in the communications world.在通訊領域中，美國電話電報公司在一些產品和方法 享有技術壟斷。165.trade barriers ： 貿易壁壘

Tariffs, quotas, and other regulations used by one country to discourage the importation of certain goods.一個國家為阻礙某些產品的進口所采用的關稅、配額和其他規定。

The U.S.is poised to eliminate trade barriers with Mexico and other neighboring countries.美國準備減少同墨西哥及其他鄰近國家的貿易壁壘。166.trade deficit ： 貿易赤字 20 An imbalance in which a nation’s imports exceed its exports.一國進口超過其出口的不平衡狀況。

No nation wants to run a continuous trade deficit with other countries.沒有一個國家愿意自己同他國的貿易處于持續的赤字狀態。167.trade imbalance ： 貿易不平衡

A condition in which a nation’s exports and imports and imports are not equal.一國的出口和進口不持平的狀況。

The subject of trade imbalance is an ongoing debate between the U.S.and Japan.貿易不平衡是美日兩國間長期爭論的話題。168.trickle-down economics ： 滴入式經濟學

A theory that government financial incentives to big business will eventually benefit smaller businesses and general public.一種經濟理論，認為政府對大企業的財政補貼最終使小企業和大眾受益。

President Bill Clinton dose not believe that trickle-down economics works for the benefit of the nation.克林頓總統不相信滴入式經濟學有益于國家。169.trust ： 托拉斯

Several companies acting together to control production, pricing, and distribution of a product.幾家公司聯合行動以控制一種新產品的生產、定價和銷售。The government has anti=trust laws that regulate against companies forming trusts in order to control product prices and distribution.政府有反托拉斯法，反對公司組成意在控制產品價格和銷售的托拉斯。170.upward mobility ： 往上晉升

The movement of an individual to ever higher levels of responsibility in a company.一個人在公司里上升到承擔相應責任的較高職位。

It was no surprise to the other workers that the boss’s nephew enjoined such a great degree of upward mobility.老板的侄子往上晉升如此之快，其他工人并不感意外。171.white knight ： 公司的救星

A business that prevents a hostile takeover of another company by offering better terms.一公司通過提出更優厚的條件來阻止另一公司被他人敵意兼并。

One of our affiliates acted as a white knight on our behalf and saved us from being the victims of a hostile takeover.我們的一家分公司充當了我們公司的救星，使我們免遭敵意兼并。計算機·Computer 172.abort ：異常中止

To cancel or end a program or procedure while it is in progress.取消或終止正在運行的程序或過程 We decided to abort the program.我們決定中止這項程序。173.access ：訪問，存取

The locating and/or obtaining of desired data.查找和/或獲取所需數據

Only authorized personnel can access these computer files.只有經過授權的人才可以訪問這些計算機文件。174.artificial intelligence(AI)：人工智能 21 The branch of computer science that deals with using computers to simulate human thinking and to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence.計算機科學的一個分支，研究如何使用電腦模仿人的思維，并執行一些通常與人類智能有關的功能。Artificial intelligence has been the focus of much hype since the early 1980s and is widely expected to be achieved in the 21st century.自從80年代初以來，人工智能一直被大量宣傳。人們普遍認為在21世紀人工智能將獲得成功。175.backup copy ：備份

A copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss or damage.為防止當前文件的丟失或損壞而另存儲的一份。Did you make a backup copy of that file? 那份文件你有備份吧？ 176.batch ：批（處理）

A group of records or transactions that can be processed together.可以一塊處理的一組記錄或事務。I've gotta finish this batch by tomorrow.明天之前我必須做完這批處理。177.boot(up)：啟動

To start up a computer, making it ready to operate.打開電腦使之可以運行。

Just a minute, I'm waiting for my computer to boot up.等會兒，我正等我的電腦啟動起來。178.bug ：錯誤，故障

A mistake or malfunction that can occur in a computer program.電腦程序可能出現的錯誤或故障。

For some reason, we've been experiencing some bugs in this particular program.不知什么原因，這個特定程序總有錯誤。179.canned software ：軟件包

Programs prepared by computer manufacturers that are in ready to use form and can used by many business and individuals.由電腦生產商準備好的可供公司或個人即買即用的程序。

WordPefect 6.0 is one of the newest items of canned software on the market.WordPefect6.0是市場上銷售的軟件包中最新的一款軟件。180.character ：字符

Any symbol, digit, letter, etc.that is stored or processed by a computer.由電腦存儲、處理的任何符號、數字、字母等。

An optical scanner can actually read characters and transfer them to the monitor screen of a computer.光學掃描儀能讀出字符，并將其轉換到電腦顯示屏上。181.clones ：克隆，仿制品

A term used to describe a product that is a copy of another one, such as a computer clone.指以其他產品為范本復制出來的產品。

In the new global economy, there are dozens of computer clones on the market.在經濟全球化的今天，市場上有幾十種電腦仿制品。182.coding ：編碼

The writing of a list of computer instructions causing it to perform specific functions and operations.22 編寫一系列計算機的指令，使之執行特定功能和操作。We are currently recoding all the computers in our office.我們現在正為辦公室的所有計算機重新編碼。183.computerese ：計算機行話 Slang for computer jargon.計算機專業術語的俚稱。Are you fluent in computerese? 你對計算機行話熟悉嗎？

184.computernik ：計算機專家，計算機迷

Slang for a person who spends a lot of time using computers.俚語，指長時間使用電腦的人。

John hangs around with all the computernik.約翰同許多計算機機專家有來往。185.crash ：（系統）崩潰

A system shutdown caused by a hardware or software malfunction.由硬件、軟件故障導致系統的關閉。Our system just crashed.我們的系統剛才崩潰了。186.data leakage ： 數據丟失

The illegal removal of data from a computer.非法移動電腦中的數據。

We’ve had no data leakage problems since we’ve installed our new security program.自從安裝新的保密程序后，我們的電腦沒有出現數據丟失的問題。187.dot matrix ： 點陣（打印）

Forming letters or characters from dots, as opposed to type.通過輸出點來形成字母或字符，這和（傳統的）打字相反。

Dot matrix printers are being phased out and replaced by printers that can produce clean type.點陣式打印機正被淘汰，并為高清晰度打印機所取代。188.downtime ： 故障停機時間

The length of time a computer is “down” because of a malfunction.由于故障而使電腦停機的時間。

Sorry, you’ll have to come back later – the computers are down.抱歉，你待等會兒再來，我們的電腦出故障了。How much downtime did we log last month? 我們上個月的故障停機時間有多長？ 189.info highway ： 信息高速公路

The flow of TV and cable channels that will allow individuals to access a revolutionary variety of entertainment, news, communications, home-shopping, etc.電視和電訊通道的信息傳輸，這些信息通道讓個人獲得大量的娛樂、新聞、通訊服務和在家購物等，其種類令人目不暇接。

Time Magazine featured a cover devoted to the new info highway in early 1993.1993年初，《時代周刊》刊載了一篇封面文章，專門介紹信息高速公路。190.infomaion overload ： 信息充塞

A condition characterized by an excess of messages demanding attention, which leads to confusion and a loss of 23 efficiency.需要關注的信息內容過多的狀況，這種狀況導致混亂和效率的降低。Most of us are suffering from information overload in the 1990s.在90年代我們大多數人都受害于信息充塞。191.information revolution ：信息革命

A condition characterized by an excess of message demanding attention, which leads to confusion and a loss of efficiency.需要關注的信息內容過多的狀況，這種狀況導致混亂和效率的降低。192.ink-jet printer ：噴墨打印機

An output device that prints by spraying a thin stream of ink onto the paper.一種通過噴射細墨水流到紙上的打印裝置。What brand of ink-jet printer do you use? 你用的是什么牌子的噴墨打印機？

193.knowledge engineering ：知識工程學

The scientific study of integrating knowledge into computer systems to solve complex problems that would usually require human expertise.一科學領域，主要研究如何將知識合成到電腦系統中以解決通常需要專門知識才能解決的復雜問題。The next generation of computers will integrate knowledge engineering into their programming in order to solve complex problems in a way that more closely resembles human reasoning.下一代計算機將會把知識工程學融合到其程序中，以便用一種近似人類思維的方法來解決復雜問題。194.pixel ：象素

The smallest display picture element on a video display screen.在顯示屏上所顯示圖像的最小顯示元素。The display screen of a computer contains thousands of tiny pixels that convey the images on the computer screen.電腦顯示屏上有千千萬萬個象素，這些元構成了屏幕上的圖像。195.software piracy ：軟件盜版

The duplication of commercial software without permission from the developer.未經開發商許可復制商業軟件的侵權行為。

The XYZ company used international lawyers to prosecute a crime ring involving software piracy in Taiwan.某某公司聘請國際律師起訴臺灣的一個涉嫌軟件盜版的犯罪團伙。196.superconductor ：超導體

Material that has almost no resistance to the flow of electricity.對電流幾乎沒有阻力的材料。

The new technology of superconductors has advanced the world of communications by allowing more information to be sent in a much faster manner.超導體技術可以使更多的信息以快得多的速度傳輸，從而促進了通信業的發展。197.telecommuting ：居家辦公，遠程上班

Working at home and using a computer to communicate and interact with the office.使用電腦同辦公室保持通訊聯絡，從而實現在家辦公。

More and more people are now telecommuting one or more days a week as opposed to going to the office everyday.與以前每天去辦公室上班不同，現在越來越多的人每周一天或幾天在家辦公。198.touch screen ：觸摸屏

A computer that can be given commands by touching its display screen in the appropriate locations.一種電腦的屏幕，使用者可以觸摸其適當的位置而對電腦發出指令。

Some restaurants have provided touch screen computers to enable their customers to order food via the computer without to tell someone.24 199.user-friendly ：方便用戶的

Hardware or software that is designed to help people become familiar with their computer by simple, easy-to-follow instructions.電腦生產廠商所設計的一些硬件和軟件，可讓用戶通過一些簡單易學的指令來熟悉其電腦。Computers must be user-friendly in order to be accepted by the public.要讓公眾接受，電腦必須讓用戶感到方便。200.Virus ：病毒

Coded directions in software that can erase or replace files and operating software in a computer.A computer virus can sit undetected in a computer until it's automatically activated, as when computer's clock strikes a certain date.軟件中的密碼指令，它可刪除、轉換電腦中的文件以及操作軟件。電腦病毒會隱藏在電腦中不被發現，當電腦時鐘指向某一日期它會被自動激活。犯罪 · Crime 201.accomplice ： 同案犯

Any person who takes part in a crime.參與犯罪的每個人。

Tony was found to be an accomplice in the crime.人們發現托尼是該案的同案犯。202.adult business district ： 紅燈區

A neighborhood zoned for pornographic bookstores and movie theaters, striptease bars, etc.劃定的街區，作為開設色情書店、影院、脫衣舞場等的場所。Police are constantly arresting people over in the adult business district.警察常在紅燈區拘捕人犯。203.agricrime ： 農業犯罪

Sort for agricultural crime.The theft of crops and /or farm equipment.“agricultural crime”的縮寫詞，偷盜莊稼和/或農場設備的犯罪。Farmers are losing thousands of dollars each year due to agricrime.每年農業犯罪給農場主造成了成千上萬美元的損失。204.armed robbery ：武裝搶劫

The act of using a deadly weapon when raking or attempting to take property form another person or party.奪取或試圖奪取他人或他方財物時使用致命武器的犯罪行為。Did you read about the armed robbery in this morning’s paper? 今早的報紙上報道了這次武裝搶劫，你讀了嗎？ 205.arrest warrant ： 逮捕證

A document that orders the arrest of an individual who has been accused with a crime.對被指控犯罪的某人實施搜捕的文件。

The court issued an arrest warrant on the suspect.法庭對這個嫌疑人發出了逮捕證。206.arson ： 縱火

The crime of intentionally destroying property by the use of fire.故意放火毀壞財產的犯罪。

Police think the fire that burned down the old warehouse was an act of arson.警察懷疑這座倉庫的大火是縱火行為所致。207.assassin ： 暗殺 25 A murderer.A person who sets out to kill someone, esp.a prominent person.謀殺者。密謀殺害他人，特別是一位杰出人物的兇手。

Police are still looking for the assassin of the president candidate.警方仍在追查暗殺總統候選人的兇手。208.assault ： 襲擊

The act of attempting or threatening to harm another person.試圖傷害或威脅要傷害他人的行為。

Mr.Green was assaulted while he was walking on 25th street.格林先生在第25大街行走的時候受到襲擊。209.attack dog ： 攻擊犬

A canine dog that has been trained to attack burglars, etc.一種經過訓練的狼犬，用來攻擊竊賊等。

The officer’s attack dog has saved his life many times.這位警察的攻擊犬多次救了主人的命。210.back-alley butcher ： 卑鄙的屠夫 Slang for abortionist.俚語，給人施行流產手術的人。

Demonstrators picked an abortion clinic with signs that said “back-alley” butcher.示威者將一家流產診所用標語牌圍起來，牌子上寫著”卑鄙的屠夫”。211.bail ： 保釋金

Money that is deposited with a court in order to secure the release of a defendant while awaiting trial.存放在法庭的一定數量的保證金，以使被告在候審期間獲得釋放。Frank’s wife came down to the police station to bail him out.弗蘭克的妻子到警察局將他保釋出來。212.ballistics ： 彈道學

The science of firearms and the study of the motion of bullets.研究火器及子彈運動的科學。

A ballistics expert was taking evidence at the scene of the crime.一位彈道學家正在犯罪現場提取證據。213.blackmail ： 敲詐，勒索

The act of threatening to reveal personal information, esp.sexual scandals, in order to extract money.以揭露隱私特別是性丑聞為威脅手段以謀取錢財的行為。Linda was involved in a blackmail scandal of the mayor.林達涉嫌敲詐市長的丑聞。214.black market ： 黑市

A market place where illegal or hard-to-get items are sold or where money is illegal exchanged.非法或緊俏物資的銷售點，或者非法換匯的地方。Gangs are buying assault weapons on the black market.黑幫總在黑市購買攻擊性武器。215.blood money ： 血腥錢

Money that is paid as retribution for injury, loss of life, vandalism, etc.為他人受傷、喪命、損壞財產而付出的酬金。The mafia paid blood money to have that man killed.黑手黨拿出血腥錢將那人殺了。26 216.body bag ： 裝尸袋

A heavy-duty bag that is used to contain a corpse.一種結實的用來裝運尸體的袋子。

The officer warmed the man to drop his gun or “end up in a body bag.” 警察警告那人放下武器，否則必死無疑。217.bomb squad ： 爆破小組

A team of police who are specially-trained to remove and deactivate bombs.經專門訓練，從事排除和拆卸炸彈的一支警察隊伍。The bomb squad was called in to deactivate the car bomb.有關部門請來爆破小組拆除這枚汽車炸彈。218.bootlegging ： 販賣違禁品

The illegal distribution of items such as alcohol, drugs, firearms, etc.非法銷售物品如酒類、毒品、槍支等。

Three Mexicans were arrested for bootlegging firearms across the border.三名墨西哥人因越境販賣槍支而被捕。219.break-in ： 非法闖入 A burglar 入室盜竊

It looks like you are the victim of a break-in.看起來，你是入室盜竊的受害者。220.bribery ： 行賄受賄

The act of offering, giving, or taking bribes.贈送，提供，或接受賄金的行為。

The congressman resigned after having been found guilty of bribery.這位議員被證實犯有行賄受賄罪后辭職了。221.bucket shop ： 投機商號

(Also called “telephone boiler room.”)An office that is used to promote worthless land or securities by mail or through telemarketing.(也被稱為”電話交易所”)通過郵件或電話營銷來推銷荒地或垃圾證券的地點。Crooks across the country are using bucket shops to scam older people.全國各地的騙子都利用投機商號來欺騙老年人。222.bug ： 竊聽

To use electronic listening devices to listen in on the conversations of others.使用電子收聽裝置來偷聽他人的談話。This office has been bugged.這間辦公室已被竊聽。223.bum rap ： 錯捕 An unmerited arrest 不應實施的逮捕。

Steve served six months jail time on a bum rap.史迪夫因錯捕而受了6個月的監禁。224.burglary ： 入室盜竊

The act of breaking into a home, building, etc.with the intent to steal from it.闖入民宅、建筑物等，企圖偷盜的行為。27 Burglaries in our town have been on the upswing.我們小城里的入室盜竊案一直在上升。225.car bangers ： 汽車竊賊

Thieves who steal form automobiles.從汽車里偷東西的賊。

Police caught the car bangers in the act.警方將這些汽車竊賊當場抓獲。226.career criminal ： 職業罪犯

A person who makes a living from crime.以犯罪為生的人。

John was a career criminal until the day he got caught in the home of a policeman.約翰是位職業罪犯，直到一天他在一個警察家里被抓獲。227.child abuse ： 虐待兒童

The physical and verbal mistreatment of children.對兒童進行身體上和言語上的虐待。

The most unnerving thing about child abuse is the number of cases that go unreported.有關虐待兒童方面最讓人不安的事情是大量的此類行為沒有報道。228.chop shop ： 地下拆車廠

A shop where criminals take apart stolen cars and sell the parts.犯罪分子將所盜汽車拆成零件并銷售出去的窩點。

I watched a news program that tracked chop shops across the country.我收看了一個追蹤全國地下拆車點的電視節目。229.cocaine ： 可卡因 A powerful stimulant drug.一種有強力興奮作用的毒品。

What is the street value of a pound of cocaine? 一磅可卡因市值多少？

230.computer cleaner ： 消除財務信息的電腦黑客

A person who, for a price, clean computer files of unfavorable financial credit information of others.將反映他人財物信用赤字的計算機文件抹去以獲取報酬的人員。Computer cleaners cost companies and financial institutions million of dollars every year.消除財務信息的電腦黑客每年給公司和金融機構造成百萬元計的損失。231.con artist ： 行騙高手

A person who is skilled at convincing others of believing in fraudulent schemes.擅于蒙騙并使人進入騙局的人。Bob makes his living as a con artist.鮑勃是位行騙高手，并以行騙為生。232.con game ： 騸局 Any fraudulent scheme 任何騙人的把戲。

My grandparents got burned in a con game.我的祖父母曾上過騙子的當。233.convict ： 囚犯

A person found guilty of a felony and confined in a prison.28 被判有重罪并羈于獄中的人。Mr.Welch is an ex-convict.韋爾奇先生從前是囚犯。234.counterfeit ： 偽造

To illegally reproduce a copy of money, postage stamps, bonds, etc.非法印造錢幣、郵票、證券等。

Police busted up a counterfeiting racket in Miami last week.上周警方搗毀了邁阿密的一個偽造團伙。235.credit-card fraud ： 信用卡欺詐

The attempted use of a credit to obtain goods or services with the intention of avoiding payment.企圖使用信用卡獲取貨物或服務，并故意逃避付款。That woman is wanted in 5 states for credit-card fraud.那位婦女因信用卡欺詐而被5個州通緝。236.crime of passion ： 激情犯罪；沖動犯罪

Murder that resulted form the infidelity of a lover;Murder committed in the heat of rage.由于情人的不忠而導致的謀殺；暴怒驅使的殺人行為。

Crimes of passion seem to be popular material for TV infotainment programs.沖動殺人似乎是娛樂性新聞節目受歡迎的題材。237.Crime rate ： 犯罪率

The number of reported crimes per specified number of the population.每一定人數中發生的犯罪數量。

Which state has the highest crime rate in the U.S.? 在美國，哪個州的犯罪率最高？ 238.criminal ： 犯罪

A person who has violated a criminal law.觸犯刑法的人。

We are placing your son in criminal detention.我們對你兒子實行刑事拘留。239.date rape ： 約會強奸

A rape that is committed by a woman’s date.由女性的約會對象實施的強奸。

Date rape is the last thing that a young girl should have to worry about.約會強奸是年輕女子最不用害怕的事。240.deadly weapon ： 致命武器

Any object, or instrument that is capable of being used to kill.任何可以用以殺人致命的物體、器具。

It is against the law to carry a concealed deadly weapon.秘密攜帶致命武器是違法的。241.death penalty ：死刑

Punishment by death, that is imposed in a legal manner.以合法的形式剝奪罪犯生命的一種懲罰。

Three men have received the death penalty so far this year.今年已有三個被判死刑。

242.death row ： 死囚牢房 29 A cell block reserved for convicts awaiting execution.特別為等待處決的死刑犯設置的牢房。

This convicted killer has been on death row for 15 years.這位被判決死刑的殺人犯住在死囚牢房已15年了。243.defendant ： 被告

A person who has been charged with a crime 被指控犯有罪行的人。

The court found the defendant guilty of murder.法庭判定被告犯有謀殺罪。

244.domestic violence ： 家庭暴力

Violence toward a family member, including child abuse or wife beating.對家庭成員施加的暴力，包括虐待兒童和毆打妻子。

Domestic violence is one of the most dangerous calls that a law enforcement officer has to make.家庭暴力是執法官最難應付的案件之一。245.drug abuse ： 吸毒

The excessive and compulsive use of drugs to the point of damaging one’s health.強迫性過量使用毒品，以致損害身體。

It was obvious to see by looking at the needle marks on her arms that the young girl was a victim of drug abuse.從她臂上針扎的痕跡來看，很明顯，這位年輕女子是吸毒的受害者。246.drug king(czar)： 毒梟

The person who controls the production, transportation and selling of drug in an area.控制某一地區的毒品地區生產、運輸和銷售的頭號人物。

After two years of using an undercover operation, the FBI finally arrested the Cuban drug king.經過兩年的秘密行動，聯邦調查局終于逮捕了這位古巴毒梟。247.drunk driving ： 酒后駕駛

Driving while under the influence of alcohol.在受酒精影響的狀態下開車。

This is your second drunk driving offense this month.這是你本月第二觸犯次酒后駕駛的禁令。248.edp crimes ： 電腦犯罪

Electronic data-processing crime;criminal offenses committed using computer technology.在電子數據處理方面的犯罪；利用電腦技術進行的犯罪。The IRS investigated hundreds of edp crimes every year.美國國內收入局每年都要調查數以百計的電腦犯罪。249.embezzlement ： 貪污

The illegal misappropriation of funds entrusted to one’s care.將由自己保管的資金非法據為已有。

We have never had a problem with embezzlement at this bank.我們這家銀行從沒發生過貪污案件。250.first-degree murder ： 一級謀殺案 Premeditated murder.事先策劃好的謀殺。

The man was changed with first-degree murder in the death of his lover’s husband.這位男子其情人的丈夫死亡案中被指控犯有一級謀殺罪。30 251.forensic medicine ： 法醫學

The use of medicine in solving legal problems.利用醫學解決法律問題。

Many crimes could not be solved without using forensic medicine.沒有法醫學，很多犯罪案件無法結案。252.forgery ：偽造

The act of creating a document, either written or printed, with the intent to defraud.Forgery also covers counterfeiting, or producing fake signatures, works of art, etc.以欺騙為目的而仿制手寫或印刷文件的行為。偽造還包括制假錢幣、仿冒簽名和藝術品等。253.gamble ： 賭博

To bet or wager money on games of chance, races, etc.在概率類游戲或比賽中打賭或下注。

Burt lost $ 3000 gambling in Las Vegas over the weekend.伯特周末在拉斯維加斯賭博輸了3000美元。254.gang ： 黑幫

A group of people organized to achieve some common goal.Gangs are often involved in drugs, violence, money lending, prostitution, etc.為達到某種共同目的而組織起來的一群人。黑幫常常涉嫌毒品、暴力、高利貸和賣淫等。Gangs often have automatic weapons more powerful than the police in many large U.S.cities.在美國的許多城市里，黑幫常配備有自動武器，其火力強于警方。255.hijack ： 劫持

To seize control of an airplane, boat, automobile, etc.強行控制飛機、船只、車輛等。Terrorist just hijacked a plane to Cuba.恐怖分子剛剛動持了一架飛往古巴的飛機。256.hit-and-run ：肇事逃逸

An automobile accident in which the driver fails to stop and identify himself or herself.The term “hit-and-run” may also be applied to such a driver.指一起汽車事故中，肇事司機不停車，且不亮明自己身份。該詞也可以指肇事逃逸司機。I was a victim of a hit-and-run accident on Monday.周一發生了一起肇事逃逸案，我是其中的受害者。257.hold-up ： 持槍搶劫

The act of robbing someone at gunpoint.持槍相威脅，搶奪他人財物的行為。

There was a hold-up at the bank over on 2nd street.在第二大街的銀行里發生了一起搶劫案。258.homcide ： 殺人，他殺 The act of killing someone.殺死他人的行為。

Police are investigating the homicide of a prostitute.警方正在調查一起妓女被殺案件。259.hot wire ：（汽車）電啟動

To electrically start a vehicle without using an ignition key.不用點火鑰匙而用電來發動汽車。31 Seasoned crooks can hot wire a car in seconds.手段高明的竊賊可在幾秒鐘內用電啟動來發動汽車。260.impulse crime ： 沖動犯罪

Crimes such as shoplifting, raping, vandalizing, etc.that are done on an impulse.在沖動之下所犯的罪行，如商店扒竊、強奸、損壞公物等。261.juvenile delinquency ： 青少年犯罪 Criminal behavior by adolescents and children.少年和兒童的犯罪行為。

Some parents aren’t concerned about juvenile delinquency.一些家長對青少年犯罪漠不關心。262.labor racketeering ： 工會詐騙

Corrupt practices and organized crime that involve organized labor.涉及工會的腐敗行為和團伙犯罪。

The New York union leader was convicted of labor racketeering.紐約的工會領袖被判有工會詐騙罪。263.larceny ： 偷盜

The stealing of another person’s property.偷取別人財產的行為。

Have you over been arrested for larceny? 你有偷盜被捕的經歷嗎？ 264.libel ： 文字誹謗 Written defamation.以文字材料來詆毀他人名聲的行為。

The famous actress is suing the tabloids for libel.這位知名的女演員正以誹謗罪起訴數家通俗小報。265.Mafia ： 黑手黨

A secret society that originated in Italy in the 1860’s.The Mafia now widespread, and is focused on power and profit.19世紀60年代起源于意大利的秘密團體。現在黑手黨勢力廣為分布，專門從事擴張勢力、牟取錢財。The “Godfather” is a story about the powerful mafia families in New York.電影《教父》就是有關紐約黑手黨的豪門大戶的故事。266.mail fraud ： 郵政詐騙

The using of the mail system to defraud the public.利用郵政系統詐騙公眾的行為。

That mail-order company has been convicted of mail fraud.那家郵購公司被判有郵政詐騙罪。267.manhunt ： 追捕

An organized search to catch a criminal or an escapee.有組織的追蹤、捉拿囚犯、逃犯。

Police have organized a manhunt to capture the escaped convict.警方組織了一次追捕以抓獲那名逃犯。268.mass murderer ： 謀殺多人的兇手 A murderer who kills many people.多條命案的謀殺者；連環殺手。

More and more mass murderers are popping up in the news these days.32 這些天來，新聞里不斷報道謀殺多人的兇手。269.money laundering ： 洗錢

The act of concealing the source of funds for the purpose of tax evasion and fraud.為達到逃稅和欺騙的目的而隱瞞資金來源的行為。This restaurant is just a front for money laundering.這家餐館僅僅是洗錢的掩護所。

270.mule ： 挾帶毒品者，販運私貨的人

A person used to transport drugs or contraband from one place to another.被用來從一地到另一地運送毒品或違禁品的人。

Security officials in airports are finding an astounding number of people who are being used as mules.機場的安檢人員發現數目十分龐大的旅客充當販運私貨的人。271.organized crime ： 集團犯罪

A term used to describe underworld societies such as the Mafia who deal in crimes such as gambling, narcotics, and prostitution.黑手黨之類的黑社會組織所進行的犯罪，如賭博、販毒、賣淫等活動。This company is associated with an east-coast organized syndicate.這家公司同東海岸的一個犯罪集團有聯系。272.parole ： 假釋

A conditional release of an offender from confinement before the expiration of his or her sentence.The offender is usually placed under the guidance of a parole officer.囚犯在服刑期滿前有條件地釋放出來，但必須置 于假釋官的督導之下。The victim’s family is nervous that the offender is up for parole.受害者家屬很緊張，因為罪犯即將獲得假釋。273.penitentiary ： 監獄，勞改所

A maximum-security facility designed to detain prisoners serving long sentences.Lee is serving his sentence down at the penitentiary.李正在監獄服刑。274.perjury ： 偽證

The crime of willingly giving false information while under oath.在法庭上立誓之后故意提供虛假證詞的犯罪行為。

If you lie while you are under oath, you can be found guilty of perjury.如果立誓之后還撒謊，你可能被判偽證罪。275.pickpocket ： 扒手

A thief who is skilled in stealing items from other people’s pockets.擅于從別人口袋里偷取物品的竊賊。

I had my wallet stolen by a pickpocket while I was on the subway.今天乘地鐵時我的錢包讓扒手偷了。276.pilice brutality ： 警察暴力

The act of using excessive physical force by police or other law enforcement officers.警察或其他執法人員過多使用體罰的行為。

The infamous Rodney King beating in L.A.showed the public at how rampant police brutality is.發生在洛杉磯的不光彩的羅德尼·金毒打案向公眾展示了警察暴行是多少猖狂。277.police corruption ： 警察腐敗

The misuse of police power in return for favors of gain.33 警察濫用權力以換取好處和利益。

The mayor is working to put an end to police corruption in this city.市長正致力于肅清本市的警察腐敗。278.pornoshop ： 色情商店

A shop or bookstore that sells pornographic materials.出售色情物品的商店。

The local pornshop has been shut down form selling materials to minors.當地的色情商店因向未成年人出售色情物品而被關閉。279.prison break ： 越獄

An escape from prison involving violence by one or more prisoners.一個或多個囚犯使用暴力從監獄逃跑。

Two guards and two inmates were killed in a prison break in Texas, yesterday.昨天在得克薩斯州發生一起越獄案，兩名衛兵和兩名囚犯被殺死。280.property crime ： 財產犯罪 Auto theft, burglary, larceny, etc.偷汽車、入室盜竊、偷盜等。

This section of town has been plagued with property crimes.這個城區的財產犯罪很猖獗。

291.serial killer ：系列命案的殺手，連環殺手

A murder who commits a series of killings, usually with distinct similarities in the murders.制造多起命案的兇手，其作案手段通常有明顯相似之處。

Doesn't it seems a little inappropriate to put serial killers on trading cards.將系列命案的兇手印在商業卡片上是不是有些不合適？ 292.sin tax ：罪孽稅

Tax that is imposed on cigarettes, liquor, gambling, etc.對香煙、精、賭博等開征的稅收。

Many people complain about the sin tax in Utah.許多人抱怨猶他州過高的罪孽稅。293.skid row ：貧民街，貧民窟

A rundown section of a city characterized by drunkards living on the street.城市的破舊區域，常見到許多酒鬼露宿街頭。

After his divorce, Mike became a drunk down on skid row.離婚之后，邁克爾淪落為貧民街的酒鬼。294.slush fund ：賄金

Money that is used to bribe public politicians and other influential officials 用來賄賂知名政客或其他有影響力的官員的資金。Lobbyists use slush fund to bribe public officials.院外集團的說客用賄金拉攏政府官員。295.statutory rape ：法定強奸罪

Sexual intercourse with a female who has consented, but who is legally incapable of consent because she is underage.與未成年女子發生的性行為，雖經其本人同意，但法律規定其尚未成年，不具備表達同意意愿的能力。What is the penalty for statutory rape? 對法定強奸罪的懲罰是什么？ 296.suicide pact ：自殺合約 34 An agreement between two or more persons to commit suicide together.一起自殺的兩者或多者之間的協定。

The whole high school was shocked at the news of the two classmates who killed themselves in a suicide pact.兩個同班同學訂立自殺合約并自殺身亡的消息使整個學校感到震驚。297.suicide season ：自殺季節

The Christmas season when many lonely people feel isolated and take their own lives.指圣誕節期間，許多人孤獨不堪而自殺。December is without question, the suicide season.十二月無疑是自殺季節。298.tax evasion ：逃稅

The illegal attempt by a taxpayer to avoid paying his or her taxes.納稅人企圖逃避納稅的非法行為。

Bill was found guilty of tax evasion and owes the IRS over $60,000 in back taxes.比爾被判逃稅罪，他現在仍欠國內收入局六萬多美元的滯納稅金。299.vandalism ：故意毀壞

The defacement or destruction of public or private property.損壞或破壞公私財產的行為。

Vandalism is a major problem in inner city schools.故意毀壞財物的的行為是市內學校的一個嚴重問題。300.vice squad ：警察緝捕隊

Plain clothes policeman who work undercover to detect crime.隱蔽調查犯罪的便衣警察。

Sean has been a member of the vice squad for nine years.西恩在緝捕隊工作已經9年了。301.vigilante ：治安維持會

A person or group who takes the responsibility of a law enforcement officer into their won hands.承擔執法人員維持治安責任的個人和群體。

The subway vigilante in New York was in the media for weeks.紐約地鐵治安維持會幾周來受到了媒體的關注。302.war crime ：戰爭犯罪

Crimes that violate the customs and laws of war.違犯戰爭法律和戰爭習慣的犯罪。

The retired officer was found guilty of war crimes when evidence was uncovered during a recent investigation.在最近的一次調查中發現的證據證明這位退休軍官曾有戰爭犯罪。303.white-collar crime ：白領犯罪

Crimes committed by persons in businesses including expense-account padding, stealing office supplies, price-fixing, product fraud, etc.公司職員的犯罪，包括虛報開支、偷盜辦公用品、私定價格、產品欺詐等。

Businesses are losing millions of dollars, and products are more expensive due to white-collar crime.由于白領犯罪，企業界每年損失數百萬美元，產品也因之更貴。35

第五篇：報刊問卷調查案例

1.報刊問卷案例

例1 現有一份“上海市民牛奶需求狀況”調查問卷，準備采用報刊問卷法進行調查。請從下列選項中選擇一種最適合傳遞這份問卷的報刊，并詳細說明理由。（共16分）

① 中國家庭報② 中國廣播電視報③ 申江導報④ 新民晚報最適合傳遞這份問卷的報刊是：＿＿④ 新民晚報＿＿＿＿（4分）

理由：（12分）

因為這是針對上海市民的調查問卷，主要調查上海人對牛奶的需求，以家庭為主購買，而新民晚報是以上海家庭為主要讀者的報紙，所以是最適合傳遞這份問卷的報刊。