第一篇：學術英語寫作總結分析解析

專業英語寫作考點總結

Part ?

Academic English Writing

（專業英語寫作）

Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing

1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation.（學術寫作六要素：寫作對象，目的，組織結構，文體特征，表達連貫和宣講

或宣讀）。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 問題-解決方法包括四個部分

(1)description of a situation

（描述情況）(2)Identification of a problem

（甄別問題）(3)Description of a solution

（描述解決方法）(4)Evaluation of the solution

（評估解決方法）

3、Formal Grammar Style：（正規的語法風格）

(1)Generally avoid contractions

（一般來講避免使用略縮詞）

例：won’t改為will not(2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms（使用更為適宜的正規的否定

形式）

例：not...any改為no

not...much改為little

not...many改為few(3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc.（限制使用

多個詞連用的表達法）

例：句子內不能出現and so forth和etc.出現時應將省略的部分擴展出來。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a

textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向讀者說“你”）

例：You can see the results in Table 1.改為：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5)Be careful about using direct questions.In some fields they are common, while in

others they are not.（使用直接引語時需謹慎）

例：What can be done to lower costs?

改為： It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者

We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6)Place adverb within the verb.（將副詞放于動詞詞組內）

例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.改為：This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7)Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考慮是否該使用割裂不定式）

例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8)Aim for an efficient use of words.（目的是為了有效地使用詞匯）

例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the

process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.改為：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great

promise.習題：

（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.錯誤：使用了you。

改為：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of

possibilities.錯誤：使用了口語OK；直接引語的使用；使用了縮略詞There’re。改為：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing

underground subway stations clearly.錯誤：使用了you；將副詞clearly放在了句尾。

改為：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground

subway station can clearly be seen.（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection

during a fall to the ground.錯誤：將副詞commonly放在了動詞之后。

改為：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection

during a fall to the ground.（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of

smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.錯誤：使用了So far；使用了there be 結構；使用了not...any結構；使用了非正式的looking into。

改為：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining

the initial trust of individual.（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by

builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.錯誤：使用了there be 結構；副詞widely 位置放錯。

改為：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used

than it is now as a construction material.（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.錯誤：使用了etc。

改為：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois，Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate

in the production of concrete.錯誤：使用了there be 結構；使用了not...very much。

改為：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in

the production of concrete.3

Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing

（專業寫作的兩個基本結構）

1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（專業寫作的兩個基本結構）

(1)general-specific structure

（泛論-特指(GS)結構）(2)problem-process-solution structure

（問題-過程-解決方法）

2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:（GS文本通常以下列一種形式開始）

(1)A short or extended definition

（簡短或拓展定義）(2)A contrastive or comparative definition（對比或比較定義）(3)A generalization or purpose statement

（一般化或目標性陳述）(4)A statement of fact.（事實陳述）

3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system.（超級坐標詞）

4、Deletions（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關系代詞

A.定語從句僅有關系代詞、be動詞、一個或多個介詞短語

B.定語從句由被動態動詞加上一些額外的信息

C.定語從句含有關系代詞、以-ble結尾的形容詞和額外的信息 例題：p23(1).metal that is often used —> metal often used(2).device that is capable of —> device capable of(3).roof which is on top of —> roof on top of

(4).precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from(5).This sentence cannot be reduced.(6).flute that is pitched an octave higher---> flute pitched an octave

higher

(7).a process that involves the selective transport—> a process

involving the selective transport(8).a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a

celestial body with approximately the same mass

5、考題類型：句子排序

例題：P27

6、Comparative Definitions（對比性定義）（1）比較定義基本上有兩類：

1)呈現一個概念是如何隨著時間的流逝而變化 的這樣一種史實陳述。

2)呈現對當代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概 念所做的一個全面性的評述。

7、Participle（分詞）例題：P39（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any

imperfections.It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.8、詞和詞型的變換

P23-P25

Chapter 3 Data Commentary（數據信息解讀）

1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other

kind of non-verbal illustration.（在許多學科中，數據信息都是以圖表、圖形、數據統計圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來。）

2、Structure of Data Commentary（數據信息解讀的基本結構）

A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或總結陳述）B、Highlighting statements.（強調陳述內容）

C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（對

內涵含義,問題,例外情況,推薦等的討論）

3、Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和總結）

A、Starting a Data Commentary.（開始數據解讀）

B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在開始數據解讀中的被動式）C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陳述性和信息性總結

中的動詞）

D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（語言聚焦：連接詞As引出的從句）

Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（總結與摘要寫作）

1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任務總結具備四個主

要需求）

(1)It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present

a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（它應聚焦于來源文

本的相關方面并能呈現對全部原始要點的綜合性觀點）

(2)It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它應以

精確、客觀的形式呈現來源材料）

(3)It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s

own words and avoid terminology.（它應凝縮來源材料并以總結寫作者自己的文字呈現出來,而且要避免用專業術語）

(4)Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提

供完全獨立的參閱性總結，并能控制其文章長度）

2、寫作總結的基本步驟

(1)快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標題。若無小標題，試將文本分成幾部分。

(2)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個文本。確定你在處理哪種類型的文本,即:來

源文本類型

(3)讀文本，標示重要的信息或者作筆記

(4)用你自己的詞匯寫下每一部分的要點。每一部分盡量寫出一個一句話的總結。

(5)對每一個主要題目，寫下關鍵的佐證點，但必要時也要包括小的細節。

(6)再次仔細檢查這個過程，做些適當的變動。

3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要寫作的基本結構）

（1）Topic sentence（主題句）（2）Supporting Sentences（佐證句）（3）Concluding Sentence（結論句）

4、P70-P72的例句，寫作時會用得上。

5、Summary and Abstract 兩個詞要會寫，以及知道兩者的區別，其中summary

要分三段來寫，abstract不分段。

Part II Basal English Writing

（基礎英語寫作）

Chapter 1 Punctuation（標點符號）

1、The comma（逗號）

2、The period（句號）

3、The semicolon（分號）

4、The colon（冒號）

5、The question mark（問號）

6、The quotation mark（引號）

7、The exclamation mark（感嘆號）

8、The dash（破折號）

9、Italics and underlining（斜體字和下劃線）

10、練習題：P96-97

11、本節所有的例句都要仔細看 ※ 8

Chapter 2 Vocabulary（詞匯）

1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象）and concrete（具體）, and

general（籠統）and specific（特指）.It also includes how to appreciate the

connotative（引申含義）as well as denotative（字面含義，本義）meanings of

words.2、English words can be categorized as（分為）formal, informal and colloquial（口

語的）.3、練習題：1/P102

4、練習題：P109-P113 9

Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英語句子寫作）

1、Types of sentences（句子的類型）

P114（1）According to structure（根據結構）

① simple sentences（簡單句）

② compound sentences（并列句：a、逗號加并列連詞

b、分號，沒有并列

連詞 c、分號，連接副詞及其后加逗號）③ complex sentences（復合句：一個主句，一個或多個從句）④ compound-complex sentences（并列復合句）（2）According to use（根據功能）

① declarative sentences（陳述句）② interrogative sentences（疑問句）③ imperative sentences（祈使句）④ exclamatory sentences（感嘆句）（3）According to rhetoric（根據修辭）

① loose sentences（松散句，主體部分放在前面）

② periodic sentences（掉尾句，主體部分放在最后）※

③ balanced sentences（平行句）④ long and short sentences（長、短句）

2、練習題

（P121）

（1）He thought the painting was of little value.He let me have it for only ten

pounds.(Compound)

改為：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only

ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let

me have it for only ten pounds.）

（2）I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic)

改為：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.（3）They were on holiday.Their house was broken into.Some valuable paintings

were stolen.(Compound-complex)

改為：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some

valuable paintings were stolen.（4）The firemen fought for three hours.They finally managed to put out the

fire.(Complex)

改為：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out

the fire.（5）Nobody in this world is quite perfect.We all have some faults.(Compound)

改為：Nobody in this world is quite perfect;we all have some faults.（或者

Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.）（6）The train is going to Dalian.The train leaves at 20:15.(Simple)

改為：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.（7）In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the

class was over.(Loose)

改為：He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spite

of the interruption.（8）Many people choose travel by air.It is fast.It offers convenience.It is not very

expensive.(Parallel Structure)

改為：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not

very expensive.3、練習題 P121（1）履歷通常包括個人信息、教育背景、工作經歷和過去的成就。

譯：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational

background, employment history and past achievements.（2）戴安娜在南京醫科大學主修中醫學。

譯：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical

University.（3）請代我向你父母致以問候。

譯：Please send my best regards to your parents.（4）現代高等教育應該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會需求。

譯：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the

immediate needs of the society.（5）這種細菌是引起現在流行病的原因嗎？

譯：Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?（6）經?；仡欁蛱欤憔蜁湎Ы裉?，向往明天。

譯：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value

your today and look forward to your tomorrow.（7）中國傳統知識分子認為：窮則獨善其身，達則兼濟天下。

譯：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal

virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.（8）就算我追求愛情，我也肯定不會只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學業。

譯：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love

all the time, neglecting my studies.11

（9）學校倡導大學生改變就業觀念，并鼓勵他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西

部大開發中去。

譯：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the

graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western

Exploration.4、Sentence Expansion（句子拓展）

（各個位置的例句都要看）※

句子拓展的三種方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），subordination（從屬法）。

重點題型，要會判斷句子正誤

（1）增添法：常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、代詞等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修

飾詞通常在句中作定語或狀語。

① 添加形容詞

（addiong adjectives）

單個形容詞做定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由any ,every, no

somebody, one 或thing構成的不定代詞時，放在其后。② 添加副詞（adding adverbs）

如果句子里同時帶有幾個副詞做修飾語時，其位置應按一下順序排列： 程度副詞-----方式副詞------地點副詞--------時間副詞。③ 添加短語（Adding phrases）

短語有8種：名詞短語、動詞短語、介詞短語、非限定性短語（分詞短 語、動名詞短語、不定式短語）、同位短語、限定性短語。（noun, verb, prepositional;

three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute）

（2）并列法：包含三種方法

① Coordinating pronouns（并列連詞）② Conjunctive adverbs（使用連接副詞）③ Semicolon

（運用分號連接）

（3）從屬法：

從句主要包括名詞性從句（noun clause），狀語從句（adverbial clause）和定語從句（attributive clause）。

名詞性從句又分為主語從句（subject clause）、表語從句（predicative clause）、賓語從句（object clause）和同位語從句（appositive clause）。

① 常見的狀語從句有時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、比較、讓步等。

5、幾種短語拓展法：

（1）介詞短語進行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）

介詞短語在句中可做表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。作定語時置于所修

飾詞之后，做狀語時位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有時用逗號將其與句子的主體部分隔開。

（2）不定式短語進行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）

不定式短語做名詞時，可做主語、表語、賓語；做形容詞時，在句中作定語； 做副詞時，可以表示目的、原因、結果、狀語等。（3）動名詞短語進行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）

動名詞為動詞-ing形式，名詞性可做主語、表語、賓語、定語和補足語。動 詞性可以帶賓語和狀語。

（4）分詞短語進行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）

分詞短語有現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語兩種形式。

6、effective sentences（有效句）

（1）Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities :

unity（一致性），coherence（連貫性），conciseness（簡潔性）, emphasis（強調性），variety（多樣性）.（2）此節中的每個例子都要認真看。※

7、練習題： P142（1）This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but

its content is poor.改為：This composition is good in language but poor in content.（The language of

this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.）（2）The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker.改為：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young

worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）//平行意思多種表達形式不連貫

（3）Dufu was one of the best-known poets.改為：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.（4）A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.改為：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is

judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）//同類意思同種表達方式

（5）We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.改為：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.（6）To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.改為：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.// 連貫性 主語不一致

懸垂修飾語導致

dangling modifiers（7）Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet

of paper.改為：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this

sheet of paper.//避免造成人和數目的不一致或改變（8）When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything.改為：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.//同上

（9）For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it.改為：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.（10）When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because

I studied very hard.改為：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because

I had studied very hard.（11）If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her.改為：If I were rich and she were single, I would marry her.（12）They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return.此句正確。

8、練習題

P142（1）Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October.改為：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.//wordy（2）In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.改為：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.（3）The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.改為：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.（4）There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the

expedition.改為：A number of students are planning to join the expedition.（5）What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.改為：In my opinion he is a very honest man.（6）I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I

want to be an interpreter.改為：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.（7）These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.改為： These watermelons are large and sweet.（8）At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a

course in Geography too.改為：At present I am taking World History and Geography.（9）We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.改為：We planned to meet before sunrise.（10）His attitude was of a puzzling nature.改為：His attitude was puzzling.9、練習題：

P143（1）He was selfless, hardworking and modest;that’s why he became a great

Scientist.改為：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and

Hardworking.（2）As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dressed.改為：John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.（3）Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.改為：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.（4）China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 14 years.改為：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 1`4 years，China has changed a great deal.（5）Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.改為：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.（6）Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer

interesting to him after he went bankrupt.改為： After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life

itself were no longer interesting to him.10、常見的語法錯誤：

P143

書中每個正確的句子都要看 ※（1）Misused parts of speech（用錯詞性）；（2）Sentence fragments（殘缺句）；（3）Run-on sentences（流水句）；

（4）Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（誤置修飾與懸虛結構）；

（5）Problem in agreement and reference（一致與指代問題）。

11、練習題

P146

修改殘缺句

（1）After returning from the beach.The children were exhausted.改為：After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.（2）John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.改為：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.（3）Karen dropped calculus.Which she had dropped severall times before.改為：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.（4）Working together to save our environment.We can leave the world a better

place than wo found it.改為：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a

better place than wo found it.（5）Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man.Proving that she is an honest person.改為：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an

honest person.（6）Some errors in writing are serious.For example, sentence fragments, and

Run-on sentences.改為：Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and

Run-on sentences.12、練習題

P147

修改流水句

（1）Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts

or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.改為：Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette

buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.（2）Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received

a full scholarship.改為：Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has

just received a full scholarship.（3）We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.改為：We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went

home.（4）At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take

my usual nap.改為：At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door;I could not

take my usual nap.16

13、練習題

P147

改正句子

（1）The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.改為：The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache.（2）He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.改為：He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.（3）Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.改為：Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.（4）Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was

saved by a passer-by.改為：Unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowning

in the icy river.（5）The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.改為：The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his

owner.（6）I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.改為：I was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.（7）She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier

hearts completely to her.改為：She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open

his heart completely to her.（8）One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet access.改為：One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet

access.（9）The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are

enthusiastic about my proposal.改為：The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is

enthusiastic about my proposal.（10）The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.改為：The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.17

Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing（英語段落寫作）

1、Paragraph Structure（段落結構）

（1）主題句（the topic sentence）具有三個重要功能：

P149 ① 通過明確陳述討論中的一個要點進一步證明全文中心思想。② 顯示段落內容。

③ 控制該段落內容。某一段中全部討論——舉例、細節列舉以及解釋都必

須與主題句直接相關并能進一步證明主題句。

（2）練習題：

/ P151

2、Composing Effective Paragraphs（寫作精彩段落）

精彩的正文段落應該圍繞一個主題句展開：段落應該展開充分、前后統一而且銜接自然。具體地講，一個很有說服力的正文段落必須滿足四個要求。首先，該段落必須只討論一個主體，即段中陳述和說明只能表現一個主題或內容的統一，主題思想通常用一個主題句表達；第二，它必須詳細完整地寫出有關一個論題讀者需要了解的所有內容，即該段落語義必須完整；第三，段中句子排列必須表現出一定條理；第四，段中句子必須表現出連貫性：前后銜接自然，使讀者能夠輕易了解作者寫作思路，而不是感到文中所闡述的觀點相去甚遠互不相關。

3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（寫作連貫的段落有下列五種重要方法：）

P160（1）A natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息）（2）Parallelism.（使用排比結構）

（3）Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重復重述關鍵

詞和詞組以及詞的同義及詞型轉換）

（4）Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代詞替換主要名詞）（5）Transition words and phrases.（使用過渡詞和詞組）

4、合理排序

P161

（P161-P167例子全看）

（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order

（從一般到具體——演繹法）（2）Specific-to-general order---inductive order

（從具體到一般——歸納法）（3）Emphatic order---order of importance

（按照重要性排序）（4）Spatial order---order of space

（空間順序）（5）Chronological order---order of time

（時間順序）

考點：五種排序法的英文要會；要會進行排序

5、練習題：1/P180

3/P182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5）18

Chapter 5 English Essay Writing（文章寫作）

1、Structure of english essays（文章結構）

一篇文章是具有完美連貫性、聯系緊密的有機整體。文章中的所有內容都是為中心思想服務的。主題句出現在引言或開頭段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主體段（body paragraph）；最后是結尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主題和中心，首尾呼應，總結全文。

2、列提綱（outline）

※ 考點

P199

（1）There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.提綱分為兩種形式：主題式提綱和句子式提綱。

（2）主題式提綱簡潔明了，通常由名詞及其修飾語組成，或由動名詞短語、動

詞不定式短語組成；句子式提綱提供的是對文章較為詳細的提要。（3）下面以文章標題“騎自行車的樂趣”為例，列舉兩種不同的提綱：

① Topic outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: The commonness of tiding a bicycle I.Relatively inexpensive A.To buy B.To operate

II.Healthy A.A lot of exercise B.No pollution III.Personally satisfying A.To enjoy the scenery B.To become part of nature

IV.Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful ② Sentence outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle.I.Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive

A.It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.B.It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.II.Riding a bicycle is healthy.A.Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise B.Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.III.Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.A.Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.B.Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.IV.Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.3、There are four types of English essays:

narration（記敘文），description（描寫文），expositon（說明文）and argumentation（議論文）。

第二篇：簡愛essay(英語學術寫作)

Alien0926210817

Jane Eyre

This book was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.It describes a story of an orphan's whose name is Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is living under the pressure of traditional society.But she still pursues her independence and fair treatment.She is ordinary, but she has a sincere and brave heart.The unfair treatments of her aunt’s family made her resists and wanted to get away from that home.But after she came to school, she found the school was quiet different as she thought.Jane Eyre was treated unfair in her aunt’s home.She had been taken by her uncle when she was a parentless infant.But since her uncle died, Jane Eyre has been treated quiet unfairly.Her aunt never treated her as her own child.She suffered from lots of insults and humiliates.No one understood and helped her.It made her lived a difficult childhood.“And you ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed, because Missis kindly allows you to be brought up with them.”(6)The people of that home were looking down of Jane Eyre.They gave her a hard time because she was poor and humble.They thought that Mrs.Reed was kind enough to bring Jane Eyre up and she must be obedient.“No.you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep”.(6)They never treated Jane Eyre as their family member.Even thought she was less than a servant and must do all the things as others’ wishes.And she has no rights and status in this family.“Why I was

always suffering, always criticized, always accused, forever condemned.” Facing those unfair treatments, she felt helpless and sorrowful.All the people in this family were indifferent and partial.Those things also made her revolt and rebel.The unfair and cruel life in her aunt’s family made Jane Eyre revolt and escape.The lonely and unhappy childhood made Jane Eyre built up a resistant and rebellious character.She began to accuse those unfair treatments.She didn’t want to stay in Mrs.Reed’s family anymore.She wanted to go to school and change her life completely.“Wicked and cruel boy!I said.You are like a murderer”.(3)Facing to her cruel and unreasonably cousin, Jane Eyre didn’t afraid anymore and rebuked him bravely.“People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(19)When Jane said out those words to Mrs.Reed, she showed her anger and determination.“School would be a complete change: it implied a long journey, an entire separation from Gateshead life.”(13)Jane Eyre’s independent character made her didn’t want to depend on her aunt for a living.She thought that if she go to school, she would meet a new life.When Jane Eyre came to Lowood-a charity school, she found the life in this school was quiet different as she hope.The dharma of Lowood were tough, the life in school were hard, Mr.Brocklehurst, the president of Lowood, is a ruthless hypocrite.In this school, Jane continued suffered spiritual and physical destructions.No matter the food and clothing of school were very bad.Because of poor living and medical conditions, many children died of the disease.“None of this girls around me seemed happy with the food in front of them.Soon, I too found the taste

disgusting.”(23)Many students are not satisfied in this school.The food even can not take away their hunger, let alone the quality.“You must avoid this girl’s company, exclude her from your sports ,and shut her out from your converse…for this girl is liar!”(32)Mr.Brocklehurst defamed Jane Eyre in every possible way in front of all the teachers and students.Many student didn’t believe her and afraid of be with her.But fortunately, her friend Helen and her kind teacher – Miss Temple, still trusted and liked her.But happy days did not last long.A disease break rules of the school.“Many students, already ill, went home only to die.Some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the disease forbidding delay.”(40)Helen also died of this disease.Jane Eyre lost her only good friend in this school.She felt great sorrowful and regretful,Jane Eyre is a poor and homely girl, but she is independent and has a strong self-esteem.Because of the unfair treatment in her aunt’s home, she required to go to school to find a new life.Even thought her school was not like what she wanted.She desires to get equal and happy life through her efforts.

第三篇：英語辯論 學術寫作 - 常用詞

一黨制國家

One—party States 人權 Human rights 人權宣言

Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工會 Trade unions

下議院 House of Commons 上議院 House of Lords 個人主義 Individualism 女權主義 Feminism 馬列主Marxism—Leninism 馬克思主義 Marxism 馬基雅維里主Machiavelli 王權 Crown

無產階級 Proletariat

無產階專政 Dictatorship of the proletariat 無政府主義 Anarchism 專制 Despotism

專制政府/絕對專制主義 Absolute government/absolutism

中央與地方的關系 Central/Local relations 分權 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration 公民權利 Civil rights 公民自由 Civil liberties 正義Justice

可審判性Justiciability平等Equality 奴隸制Slavery 占統治地位的黨 Dominant party 代表Delegate

代議員Representative 代議制政府

Representative government 代表制Representation 主權Sovereignty 市民社會Civil society 市（鎮）長Major

立憲主義Constitutionalism立憲政體 Constitutional government 立法機關Legislatures 立法否決Legislative veto 立法委員會

Legislative committees 立法起草

Legislative drafting 半總統制

Semi-presidential systems 議長Speaker 議會制度

Parliamentary system 司法機構Judiciary 司法行政官Magistrate 司法審查Judicial review 民主Democracy 民主黨Democratic Party

民主集中制Democratic centralism 民意測驗Opinion polls

共產黨Communist Parties共和國Republic 機構/制度Institution 權力Power 權利Rights

權利法案Bill of rights 權威Authority 婦女選舉權

Women’s suffrage 地方長官Prefect

地方政府Local government 地方政府財政

Local government finance 地方政治Local politics 同意Consent

同意投票Approval voting 團體理論Group theory 邦聯Confederation

邦聯條例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom

自由黨Liberal parties 自由裁量權Discretion 自決Self-determination 自治Self-government 自治領Dominion 行為主義Behaviouralism 行政Administration 行政機關Executives

政委員Administrative board 行政法庭

Administrative tribunal 行政法院

Administrative court 州長Governor 多元主義Pluralism 多元社會Plural society 多頭制Polyarchy 多數派政府

Majority government 多數統治Majority rule 決策Decision making 決策理論Decision theory 農奴制Serfdom 階層/階級Class

麥迪遜，詹姆斯Madison,James 蘇格拉底Socrates 極權主義Totalitarianism 否決權Veto 投票Voting 投票率Turnout 護憲Entrenchment 財產權Property 利益Interests 利益表達與聚合 Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集團Interest group

言論，表達和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社區/共同體Community 社團主義Corporatism 社會主義Socialism 社會民主主義 Social democracy

社會契約論Social contract君主制Monarchy 責任Responsibility 責任政府

Responsible government

直接民主Direct democracy直接行動Direct action 杰斐遜，托馬斯Jefferson,Thomas 歐洲議會

European Parliament 歐洲共同體

European Community 歧視Discrimination 國際法International Law 國家State

國家元首Head of state 國家消亡

Withering away of the state 國家財政危機

Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗

Civil disobedience 非暴力行為

Non-violent action 制定法Statute Law 制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage 委員會Commission 質詢Interpellation 法Law 法令Act 法官Judge 法治Rule of law 法律的正當程序 Due process of law 法案，議案Bill 宗教自由

Freedom of religion 審判Adjudication 審查制度Censorship 官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy 實證主義Positivism 封建主義Feudalism

革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政體Polity 政綱platform 政變Coup D’etat 政府Government 政府組成過程 Government formation process 政府首腦

Head of government 政府調查Public inquiry 政治Politics

政治義務Political obligation 政治文化Political culture 政治中的種族問題 Race in politics 政治心理學

Political psychology 政治發展

Political development

政治行動委員會（美國）Political action committee 政治行為研究 Political behaviour 政治地理學

Political geography

政治權力Political power 政治局（及常務委員會）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治溝通

Political communication 政治體系/政治系統 Political system 政治參與

Political participation 政治財政Political finance 政治科學Political science 政治社會化

Political socialization 政治社會學

Political sociology 政治學的定量方法

Quantitative methods in politics 政治態度Political attitudes 政治腐敗

Political corruption 政治繼承

Political succession 政治理論Political theory 政治暴力Political violence 政治影響Political influence

政治整合/政治一體化Political integratio 政黨分贓制Spoils system 政黨認同Party identification 政黨代表大會 Party convention

政黨功能Parties,political:functions of 政黨組織Party organization 政黨核心集團Machine 政黨秘密會議Caucus 政策分析Policy analysis 政策實施Implementation

政策輸出研究Policy output studies 城市政府City government 城邦國家City state 貴族/貴族制Aristocracy 思想庫Think tank 看守政府 Caretaker government 選區Constituency 選民登記

Registration of electors 選擇投票Ticket-splitting 選擇領導Leadership selection 選舉Elections

選舉團Electoral college 選舉綱領Election program 選舉制度Electoral system 選票Ballot

重農主義Physiocracy 重劃選區Redistribution 重商主義Mercantilism 種族滅絕Genocide 種族主義Racism 種族隔離Apartheid 順從Deference

保守主義Conservatism 保守黨Conservative parties保護主義Clientelism 修正主義Revisionism 獨立機構

Independent agency

獨立宣言Declaration of Independence 獨裁主義，權威主義Authoritarianism 獨裁制Autocracy 帝國Empire

帝國主義Imperialism 美國革命

American Revolution 美國國會Congress 美國輝格黨Whig:U.S.首相（總理）/首相（總理）制政府

Prime minister/Prime ministerial government

總統，總統制President/Presidential system總罷工General strike 總督Governor-General 派別Faction 咨詢和同意

Advice and consent 宣傳Propaganda 憲法Constitutional law 憲法規約

Conventionofthe constitution

憲法/憲政Constitution/constitutionalism 神權政治Theocracy 神授王權

Divine right of kings 費邊主義Fabianism 絕對專制主義Absolutism 統治階級Ruling class 統治能力Governability 恐怖Terror 恐怖主義Terrorism 格勞修斯Grotius 監護Tutelage 監察專員Ombudsman 黨派首領Boss 罷免Recall 恩格斯Engels

缺席投票Absence voting 特權Prerogative 特許狀Charter 秘密警察Secret police 倒臺與政權更迭

Breakdown and regime change 候選人選擇

candidate selection 愛國主義Patriotism 被保護國Protectorate

競爭性政黨制度Competitive party system 競選運動Election campaign 部門Department

部長，部Minister/Ministry 部長會議Council of Ministers 準司法Quasi-judicial 準--非政府組織Quango 資歷制Seniority 資產階級Bourgeoisie 資本主義Capitalism 浮動投票人Floating vote 浪漫主義Romanticism 寬容Toleration 家長型控制Paternalism 調查委員會Selectcommittee 預算，預算編制Budget/Budgeting 陪審團Jury 理性Rationality

理性選擇方法Rational choice 教權主義Clericalism 教會與國家

Church and State 基本權利Fundamental right 基層黨組織

Primary party organization 職能代表

Functional representation 授權立法

Delegated legislation 授權學說Mandate theory 常設委員會

Standing committee 累計投票Cumulative vote 唯心主義Idealism 領導Leadership 第二院，上議院 Second chambers 康德Kant

混合政府Mixed government 彈劾Impeachment 隱私Privacy

殖民統治Colonial government 聯合，聯合政府 Coalition/Coalition government 聯合民主

Consociational democracy 協商民主

聯合國United Nations 聯邦制Federalism 聯邦黨人文集 Federalist Papers 聯盟，聯合League 超載Overload 超國家政府

Supranational government 博愛Fraternity 斯大林Stalin 斯賓諾莎Spinoza 斯密，亞當Smith,Adam 最低下限Droop quota 最高行政法院 Conseil d’Aetat

最高法院Supreme court 黑格爾Hegal 輝格黨與托利黨 Whigs and Tories 等級Estates

集體主義Collectivism

集體行動Collective action集體領導 Collective leadership 集合理論Coalition theory 街區選舉，集團投票 Block vote

普通法Common law 游說Lobbying

雇主組織Employer’s organization 強制性投票

Compulsory voting 鼓勵性行動

Affirmative action 路德，馬丁Luther,Martin 解散議會

Dissolution of parliament 意識形態Ideology 新左派New Left 新右派New Right 新政New deal

新教政黨Protestant parties 福利國家Welfare state

群眾性政黨Mass membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny 寡頭制Oligarchy 寡頭政治鐵律

Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主義Elites,Elitism 精英理論Doctrine of elites 腐敗選區Rotten borough 弊政Maladministration 熊彼特Schumpeter 影子內閣Shadow cabinet 暴力Violence 潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes 穆勒Mill

激進主義Radicalism 激進政黨Radical parties 整體主義Holism 辯證法Dialectic

辯證唯物主義Dialectical materialism 警察Police

警察國家Police state 時事政治詞匯

國內時事Domestic Affairs

中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會 17th National Congress of Communist Party of China(17th NCCPC)中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央紀律檢查委員會 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中共中央委員會 CPC Central Committee 全國人民代表大會(簡稱 全國人大)National People’s Congress(NPC)

九屆全國人大四次會議 the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress 全國人大代表 deputy to the National People’s Congress 全國人民代表大會主席團 the NPC Presidium 全國人民代表大會常務委員會 the NPC Standing Committee 全國人民代表大會常務委員會辦公廳 the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee 中國人民政治協商會議全國委員會(簡稱全國政協)National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)

中國政協委員 member of the National Committee of CPPCC 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court

最高人民法院院長President of the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民檢察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate

最高人民檢察院檢察長Procurator-General

國務院State Council

外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs

國防部Ministry of National Defense

國家發展計劃委員會State Development Planning Commission

國家經濟貿易委員會State Economic and Trade Commission

教育部Ministry of Education

科學技術部Ministry of Science and Technology

國防科學技術工業委員會Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

國家民族事務委員會State Ethnic Affairs Commission

公安部Ministry of Public Security

安全部Ministry of State Security

監察部Ministry of Supervision

民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs

司法部Ministry of Justice

財政部Ministry of Finance

人事部Ministry of Personnel

勞動和社會保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security

國土資源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

建設部Ministry of Construction

鐵道部Ministry of Railways

交通部Ministry of Communications

信息產業部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications

水利部Ministry of Water Resources

農業部Ministry of Agriculture

對外貿易經濟合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation

文化部Ministry of Culture

衛生部Ministry of Health

國家計劃生育委員會State Family Planning Commission

中國人民銀行People’s Bank of China

審計署Auditing Administration

fgA中國英語學習網

中共中央總書記 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee

政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee

政治局委員 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

書記處書記 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

中央委員 Member, Central Committee

候補委員 Alternate Member

省委/市委書記 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC

黨組書記 secretary, Party Leadership Group 中華人民共和國主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China

全國人大委員長/副委員長 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress

秘書長 Secretary-General

主任委員 Chairman

委員 Member

（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress

人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress

國務院總理 Premier, State Council

副總理Vice Premier

國務委員 State Councilor

秘書長 Secretary-General

（國務院各委員會）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for

（國務院各部）部長 Minister

部長助理 Assistant Minister

司長 Director

局長 Director

省長 Governor

常務副省長 Executive Vice Governor

自治區人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government

地區專員 Commissioner, prefecture

香港特別行政區行政長官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

市長/副市長 Mayor/Vice Mayor

區長 Chief Executive, District Government

縣長 Chief Executive, County Government

鄉鎮長 Chief Executive, Township Government

秘書長 Secretary-General

辦公廳主任 Director, General Office

（部委辦）主任 Director

處長/副處長 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief

科長/股長 Section Chief

科員 Clerk/Officer

有中國特色的社會主義民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics 鄧小平理論 Deng Xiaoping Theory 三個代表 three represents theory(the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗幟，全面貫徹“三個代表”重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of “Three Represents” 堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線，弘揚與時俱進的精神 adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.兩大歷史性課題（提高黨的執政能力和領導水平、提高拒腐防變和抵御風險能力）the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推進黨的建設的新的偉大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building 三講教育：講學習，講政治，講正氣three emphases education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)新聞發布會news conference 政府工作報告government’s work report 國有企業state-owned enterprises(SOE)人均國內生產總值per-capita gross domestic product(GDP)國民生產總值gross national product(GNP)經濟房low-cost housing 西部大開發 the strategy of developing the western region 西部大開發戰略develop-the-west strategy 擴大住房貸款，助學貸款和大件消費品貸款expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans 弱勢群體 disadvantaged groups(對弱勢群體給予特殊的就業援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.)西電東送 transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region 加快經濟結構調整 accelerate economic restructuring 購買力 purchasing power 消費者物價指數Consumer Price Index(CPI)城鎮社會保障體系 urban social security system 下崗職工基本生活費 subsistence allowances for laid-off workers 離退休人員基本養老金 basic pensions for retirees 特困行業和企業 industries and enterprises in dire straits 試點項目 pilot project 抵抗全球經濟衰退 to combat the global economic slump 醫療改革 health care reform 農村剩余勞動力 surplus rural workers 擴大內需，刺激消費 expand domestic demand and consumption 鄉鎮企業 township enterprises 地方保護主義local protectionism fgA中國英語學習網 不正當競爭unfair competition fgA中國英語學習網 與時俱進 advance with the times 綜合國力 overall national strength 可持續發展 sustainable development 三峽工程 Three-Gorges Project 三峽移民 Migrants from Three Gorges area 電視會議 televised meeting 常務委員 Standing Committee member 下崗職工 laid-off workers 再就業 re-employment 再就業下崗人員 re-employment of laid-off workers 隱形就業 hidden employment 國有企業改革 Reform of state-owned enterprises 醫保制度改革 Reform of medical insurance system 政府機構改革 Reform of government institutions 現代遠程教育 modern distance education 青藏鐵路 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 農村電網改造 projects to upgrade rural power grids 退耕還林、還草工程 Grain for Green Project 增收節支 increase revenue and cut government expenditure 全面小康社會 all-round well-off society 構建和諧社會to build a harmonious society 對某事予以嚴重關注express grave concern over sth.fgA中國英語學習網 對某事表示深切關注be deeply concerned about sth.fgA中國英語學習網 旨在做某事in a bid to do sth.海峽兩岸關系cross-Strait relations 國務院臺灣事務辦公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council 三通(指臺灣海峽兩岸實現通商，通航和通郵)three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits fgA中國英語學習網 一國兩制one country, two systemsfgA中國英語學習網 反對“臺獨” oppose the “Independence of Taiwan 一個中國的原則是和平統一的基礎

The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification 國際時事International Affairs 大使，使節ambassador大使館embassy 武裝部隊armed forces 逮捕arrest 當局 authorities 禁止ban 炸彈；轟炸bomb 人體炸彈body bomb 預算budget 內閣cabinet 運動，選舉campaign 候選人，選手candidate 傷亡casualty ?；餭ease-fire 首領，長官chief 倒塌collapse 譴責condemn 腐敗corruption 撞擊，墜毀crash 匯市 currency market 僵局deadlock 死亡數death toll 赤字deficit / 盈余 surplus 外交關系diplomatic tie 經濟復蘇economic recovery 選舉election

少數民族ethnic groups 證據evidence 驅逐，放逐expel 世界經濟global economy 有罪的guilty 劫機hijack 人質hostage 獨立independence 通貨膨脹inflation 投資invest 共同的joint 伊拉克戰爭Iraq War 多數majority 行動，步驟move 相互的mutual 核武器nuclear weapon 開槍，開火open fire 推翻，顛覆overthrow 國會parliament(Britain);congress(US)維和部隊peace-keeping force(美)五角大樓(美國國防部辦公樓)Pentagon 方針，政策policy 投票，民意測驗 poll 總統，主席 president 提議，提案proposal 抗議protest 經濟蕭條recession 區域的regional 收入revenue

暴動和搶劫rioting and looting 安全 security 間諜spy 戰略strategy 自殺suicide

高峰會議summit meeting 生還者survivor 恐怖主義terrorism 恐怖分子terrorist 被困的 trapped 臺風 typhoon 協議 treaty 動蕩 unrest 受害者victim 暴力violence

安全理事會Security Council

聯合國大會UN General Assembly

聯合國教育科學文化組織United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO

世界衛生組織World Health Organization(WHO)世界貿易組織World Trade Organization(WTO)自由貿易協定Free Trade Agreement(FTA)fgA中國英語學習網

發展和平友好、平等互利、長期穩定的關系to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability

發展民族經濟to develop the national economy

販賣軍火to peddle munitions

國家不分大小，應該一律平等All countries, big or small, should be equal

建立正常的國家關系to establish normal state relations

求得公平合理的解決to seek a fair and reasonable solution

取長補短to make up for each other’s deficiencies

通過外交途徑進行談判to negotiate through diplomatic channels

維護國家獨立和主權完整to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty

用和平手段解決爭端to solve disputes by peaceful means

維護世界和平to safeguard world peace

第四篇：英語四級寫作及解析

2009 年 12 月英語四級寫作范文及解析

1、建設綠色校園很重要

2、綠色校園不僅指綠色的環境……

3、為了建設綠色校園，我們應該…… Creating a Green Campus Recently the topic of a green campus has been widely debated which has aroused public attention.Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college students, has a profound impact on both individulas and society,for its significance cannot be denied。A green campus environment, rather than anything else, plays a decisive role in the growth of college students.Needless to say, a green campus includes not only the places where the students live, but also the mental environment.If there were no green surrounding among the college students, their soul would be not as pure as we wish.In that case, in no place other than campus should we attempt to make a green atmosphere。In view of the seriousness of the situation, it is imperative for us to take effective measures to creat a green campus.In the first place, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government and authorities.Furthermore, it is ripe time that we enhanced the awareness of the students themselves.Only in this way, can we get a satisfactory results.With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that a green campus will be achieved in the near future。

歷 年四級作文題及范文(2009-06)[2009/06/26] 越來越多的博物館免費開放的目的是什么? 也會帶來一些問題 你的看法 Free Admission to Museums(滿分版)Nowadays, an increasing number of museums are admission-free to visitors home and abroad.The hidden reason behind this is not hard to analyze as there’s a growing awareness for the authorities regarding the urgency of popularization of culture, knowledge and history with every average person in our society.Only with free access to this live ‘database’, can most people fully enjoy what museums could offer to them.However, free admission to museums might lead to some social problems as well.The most obvious problem is that it might give museums a very heavy economic burden which directly impedes the sustainable development of these organizations.As a result, our government has to work out other ways to collect funds from different channels, which might be difficult to operate or control.On the other hand, free admission attracts too many visitors, some of which might not be well-purposed and do some conscious or unconscious damage to the valuable treasures which used to be well-preserved in the museums.As a university student, I am in favor of the free-admission conduct.Yet it is proposed that some measures should be taken to solve the potential problems caused by it.For example, museums can make some regulations to guide the behavior of visitors or set some ‘closed’ days for museums for regular maintenance.Only in this way can free-admission to museums become a long-lasting phenomenon and have sustainable development.歷 年四級作文題及范文(2008-12)[2008/07/26] 1.一次性塑料袋曾被廣泛的使用 2.造成的問題 3.限制使用塑的意義 Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags ? These days disposal products often hit the headlines of newspapers and have been brought into focus of the public.Indeed, it is widely accepted that they have gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life.Taking a look around you, you can find examples too numerous to list: When you walk on the street, you can see plastic bags flying over your head;When you ramble along the river, you can find plastic bottles floating on the water;When you stroll in the park with your lover, you can notice waste paper thrown everywhere.? Among the most important reasons often cited by people is the quickening pace of modern life.They are often too busy to wash dirty dishes or glasses, as a

result they can do nothing but use disposal products.Also playing a part is the improvement of people's life.As a result of the policy of opening and reform, an increasing number of people are much richer than before and can afford disposal products.(原因)? Admittedly, they might benefit us in a short term.Unfortunately, they will do us harm in more than one way.The major harm is(that)they are sure to pollute the environment.To make matters worse, they are likely to have potential harm to public health.To illustrate this point, I can think of no better example than HP, the river through S.As a result of disposal products in it, the water has caused some diseases in the local people.(影響)? To sum up, for the factors mentioned before, we can safely reach the conclusion that the prevalence of disposale products is bound to cause a chain of undesirable effects.In view of the present situation, it is high time that the government tried every means to protect the environment.Only in this way, can we have a bright future.歷年四級作文題及范文(2008-06)[2008/06/25] 1.有人認為網絡可以讓學習、工作更有效率 2.還有人認為網絡讓青少年沉迷，進而影響學習3.你對于網絡的看法 Recreational Activities In the era of information and technology, there are all kinds of recreational activities.Some people think those recreational activities are great and necessary, because they can help people relax from the hard work and study.Some of the activities, such as hiking, jogging, can help people relax physically;while some of them, such as surfing the Internet, can help people relax mentally.However, some people think that so many kinds of recreational activities may have a bad effect on our lives.Some people may not resist some temptations from those activities, and indulge themselves in those activities.At last they are lured away from their study or their work.In my opinion, we should pay more attention to the advantages of various recreational activities and make the most of them.Meanwhile, we should learn how to use those activities positively, and make them a helpful tool for our development.來源：江濤英語第一時間解析 2008 年 6 月 21 日四級寫作 分析： 此次寫作題目與昨天我們預測的寫作題目之一 The Internet 重合度非常高，都屬于正反論證類，需要考生論述正反兩方的觀點，并最終表明自己的觀點。寫 作中可用的句型和表達也與 The Internet 的范文達到高達 70%的重合度。具體參 加下面的預測范文。Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Internet.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1.有人認為網絡可以讓學習、工作更有效率 2.還有人認為網絡讓青少年沉迷，進而影響學習

歷年四級作文題及范文(2007-12)[2007/12/25]

1、各學校開了各種各樣的選修課

2、學生選課有不同的原因

3、就我而言 范文一 Nowadays, there usually exists a wide selection of electives for college students to choose from.However, students have quite different plans for their future so they always end up learning courses based on their own ideas.Some students may choose to learn a certain course in order to obtain an extra certificate for their job hunting after graduation.Because they assume that some more knowledge could ensure more chances of winning in finding a good job.Others may have their choice made just for fun.They tend to hold the idea that college life could be more colorful if they could widen their knowledge through elective courses.As far as I’m concerned, I’m inclined to choose electives based on both the value of the courses and the interest of my own.范文二 Nowadays many college students prefer to

have electives in their spare time because the courses can offer a variety of skills and abundant knowledge apart from what they learn in the daily courses.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.To start with, many students want to get another degree besides their own, so that they can have more competence when they seek a job.Furthermore, as for me, I don’t care about degree or job, I just want to obtain some necessary skills to make my college life worthwhile.What I’m concerned most is how to own more skills that may be necessary for my future.Finally, some students want to learn anything that is different from what they are learning now.The science students, for example, want to know about Shakespeare while the art students want to tell how a vehicle works and how to deal with it when it breaks down.So, they can all get what they think is useful to their college life.On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of multi-demand of the employment market.There is still a long way for us to improve the elective itself, but as a student myself, I find it rewarding and interesting.作文評析： 今年四級的作文，從題目看是明顯的議論文。按照我們曾經介紹過的議論文模式，可以用模版來寫一 些，開頭可以用議 論文典型的開頭，比方說，Many students nowadays prefer to have electives because ….., 或者，With the development of the employment market, many students would like to have another course……這樣在文章的開篇就提出了明確的主題現 象。第二段可以按照題目要求，根據自己的經歷和現在學校的狀況，舉例說明 這種選修課給自己所帶來的利弊，如果自己傾向于上選修課，那么可以多舉些優 例如： a ______ majored student myself, I prefer to choose ______ as As 勢的例 子，my elective, and I find that _________.比如可以豐富自己的學科范圍，擴大知識 面，增強競爭力等。第三段可以說這種現象的劣勢，比如： Good as______ is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages also.The apparent example is _______.就你自己的經歷來看，可 能有比方說，耽誤了正課的時間，學習太多無法消化，精力分散等。最后可以總結，On the whole, above all, 等等，陳述你的觀點。

歷年四級作文題及范文(2007-06)[2007/06/26] 歡迎辭，歡迎加入俱樂部 歡迎辭，歡迎加入俱樂部。標題：Welcome to our club 本文要求考生寫一篇歡迎辭，屬于一篇應用文寫作，與 04 年 6 月的導游詞 類似，筆者認為難度不大，可按照以下提綱書寫： 1.表達你的歡迎； 2.對你們的俱樂部作一個簡要介紹。范文： Ladies and Gentlemen, First of all, please allow me to express the most heartfelt welcome to all of you on behalf of our English Club.We have been looking forward to seeing you for long.It is a wonderful day today.Now I would like to brief my club to you since I want to leave the most wonderful for you to discover.Our club, organizing various activities regularly catering for the needs of participants, is well-known among many English learners.If you want to meet native English speakers, please join us.If you want to speak English not only accurately but also fluently, please join us.If you want to discover the most attractive aspects in English, please join us.I do hope that you will enjoy your journey of English study with us.Thank you!Sincerely Yours Li Ming

歷年四級作文題及范文(2006-12)[2006/12/26]

1、許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節晚會

2、但有些人提出取消春節晚會．

3、我 的看法． The approach of the Chinese Lunar New Year poses a national issue concerning the necessity of holding the CCTV Spring Festival Gala.Its established status is being challenged by a growing number of people, especially by younger

generations.It is increasingly difficult to cater for all tastes.Some individuals deem that it should be canceled or replaced by other programs.These young people focus their attention on other forms of celebration instead of immersing themselves in TV.Despite that, the majority of mid-aged people and senior citizens uphold the importance of the traditional performance.The most striking feature of this gala is its traditionally close link with ordinary people's lives.Most of people view this gala as an annual staple on the traditional Chinese Spring Festival Eve.They all have a restless night and glue their eyes on the television.I am not supportive of the view that the grand gala should be abandoned.Undoubtedly, it plays a vital role in the celebration of Chinese New Year.To increase its appeal and meet young adults' need, the upcoming performance should invite some big names including super stars from Hongkong and Taiwan.We are all eagerly anticipating this unforgettable evening show.【點評】 本次四級考試作文總體上來說并不是很難。但表現出兩個出人意料：一是體 裁，二是題材。對于體裁來說，本次四級作文屬于正反對比論證類的文體。比較出人意料，又回到了老的考查模式。很多學生把考前死背的作文模板派上了用場。但是這 只 能得到最基本的分數。雖然模板對于考查學生的語言表達并不益處，但還能測試 出考生的語言基本功。從四級考試寫作的測試目的來看，還是注重考查學生對基 本 語法、基本詞匯運用能力的掌握情況。所以除了模板之外，考生還要在基本 表達上狠下功夫，只有在平時多操練，在考場上才游刃有余。除此之外，學生還 要在作文 中多采用閃光點，這樣就會使作文在基本分數上有所提升，有所突破。

2006 年 6 月英語四級作文 題目：An announcement for a voluntary program

1、校學生 會組織依次暑假志愿活動現招聘志愿者

2、本次志愿者活動的目的、內容及安排

3、報名條件和聯系方式 Volunteers Needed 范文 A： Ladies and gentlemen, our Students’Union is calling for your due attention for a voluntary program to be launched in this imminent summer vacation and we are looking forward to your keen concern andd active participation in earnest.This Program is designed to offer the young kids from a certain poverty-stricken area of Yun Nan Province an opportunity of tree education, which means a two-month stay there.We are convinced it si bound to help us university students to put our learning to full play, to foster a meaningful conception of life of being more caring and tolerant and to assume new tasks and responsibilites after graducation.Dear fellow students, we are beneficiaries of a rare privilege of formal education, meanwhile, there are many people, as innately lalented as us, have been deprived of this equal chance, therefore, we hope sophomores and juniors, if interested and willing to help, in this university to contact us ator by 021-12345678.歷年四級作文題及范文(2005-12)[2006/07/26] 1． 名校校園正成為旅游新熱點 2． 校園是否應對游客開放，人們看法不同 3． 我 認為…… 2005 年 12 月 24 日英語四級作文及范文 Part V.Writing(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at Least 120 words following the outline given below : 1．名校校園正成為旅游新熱點 2．校園是否應對游客開放，人們看法不同 3．我認為…… 〔參考作文〕Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 〔參看范文一〕 One can always find visitors taking pictures and enjoying the scenery in university compus.During the May Day Holiday, National Day Holiday, summer and winter vacations, many University campuses become popular tourist sites.In my opinion,university campus should be open to tourists.In fact, there are many royal gardens and parks, all of them obviously better than the scenery in the Universities.Why do you think people prefer visiting here with their children? That is because it is a dream goal for many Chinese parents and young ambitious students.Besides this, as more tourists come to visit universities, these universities can widen their influence as well and they can also make some profit from the tourism.In a word, I think the university compus should be open to the tourists 〔參看范文二〕 In university compus, especially in some famous ones, such as Peking University and Qinghua University, tourists are always seen looking around everywhere.Although most of them visit with hope and repect, I think university compus should not be open to tourists.First, tourists' visit will disturb the normal teaching.They always get into teaching buildings, libraries and so on.They will make noise and throw rubbish everywhere.Second, some tourists trample grass to take photos, and sculpture on trees to leave words.These will affect the environment of the compus badly.The university is a holy place for study, not for tourism.So It should not be open.2

005 年 6 月 18 日英語四級作文及范文 Teacher’s Day ： 1.向老師致以節日的問候。2.回憶件老師的教誨中難忘的事情。3.我如何報答老師。〔參考范文之一〕 This is Teachers’ Day and a time to be grateful to all teachers.This profession deserves the special recognition and respect.There is no more appropriate time than this to honour you and others in your chosen field.You have my eternal gratefulness.Have a happy Teachers’ Day.The whole secret of the teacher’s force lies in the conviction that men are convertible.Teacher, who educate children, deserve more honor than parents, who merely gave them birth;for the latter provided more life, while the former ensure a good life.What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soule.My heartfelt thanks to you, dear teacher.On the voyage of life, you have kindled the light of hope for me.What you have done enriches my mind and broadens my view.On this day I honour you sincerely.No one deserves a bigger thank you than you.One day is hardly enough to show our gratitude.〔參考范文之二〕 National Teacher Day is always the Tuesday of the first full week of May.And it is always for our students to give our special thanks to our lovely teacher.I still remember last year when I was feeling lost,down and out,I had no idea about about my life,my love,my study even doubt why I was here in the world.So then came so much wine ang smoke,I was tired,physical and mental.I even wanted to end my life just jumping from the top of our buliding.Then my teacher came to me, she said she knew what I was afraid of, she aslo told me that’s very common like many yong people of my age.She told me to call her anytime I need her help.I did so ,we often chat ems and made some phone call.I just can’t remember when come the mirical.I have found myself now!Another teacher’s day,to all the teachers,to our parents.〔參考范文之三〕 The Once per year ’s Teacher’s Day will come soon.At first, I will extend the greeting of festival to my teacher.Last week, I suddenly had a stomachache terribly in the school.My teacher was very worried, sent me to the hospital in a hurry.After checking , doctor verified that I have got the acute enteritis.My teacher came with me all the night in the hospital, so kind as to look after me.My teacher fed me food and medicine on time.After struggling with the serious illness in one days and one nights, I left hospital.Then my teacher helps me to make up a missed lesson of English in a few days in succession.I express gratitude to my teacher, I can’t recover so fast without my teacher.Because of my teacher I can participate today’s CETD.I want to repay my teacher.No present can express my grateful feeling to my teacher.And the best repayment is that I can pass

the CETD this time.

第五篇：英語寫作的困擾解析

英語寫作的困擾解析

美加電話英語認為英語寫作和母語寫作都有一個共同的特點就是自身的語言表達能力強不強，如果一個人不善于表達，那么寫作能力和語言組織能力也不行，所以我們在英語寫作的時候就應該多掌握英語詞匯，懂得運用英語語法多多了解外國人的思維方式和表達方式。發揮，寫作能力，不論母語外語，不是單純語言技能的反映，至少是抽象思維能力、信息處理能力、科學研究能力、專業創新能力、篇章組織能力、語言表述能力六種能力的集大成。改革開放以來，通過“注重閱讀”與“強調交流”兩次教學改革的實踐，我國大學生、研究生的英語能力普遍得到了提高。但是，一個值得注意的現象是，英語教學中，所謂交流，目前還僅限于聽說方面的口頭交流，更深層面上的筆頭交流、文本交流，也就是英語寫作能力，整體上仍然停留在一個較低的水準。

一個人如果文化水平很低或者說語言詞匯掌握的很少的時候那么這個英語寫作可能就會成為一個很高很難邁過去的門檻，我們要多讀英語書，多掌握英語的對話和語句，再把學過來的英語對話和語句多多的運用在慢慢的由淺變深的寫作了。