第一篇：英語學術演講與寫作4篇Summary

Summary of ‘scientists shouldn’t be surprised by the popularity of intelligent design’

In his article ’’ which addresses many scientists , grumps over the persistence of ID(intelligent design), scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans, approval of ID cannot be blamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them awayfrom the theory of natural selection.According to Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense has made ID rather tempting to them.As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world.Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed to teach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people,s common sense.Finally , Lilienfeld concludes that a radical shift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face a fiasco when confronting erroneous claims refuged by people,s common sense.Summary of ‘Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communication’ In his article “”, Philip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists” increased ability to obtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions.Scientific communication, according to Campbell, has seen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists” acquisition of information and reduce the trouble they may otherwise have to take in order to publicize their research.However, the resulting plethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be used to build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to peoples attention with synthetic biologys recent development.Campbell points out that it is relatively easy to abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results.People using biological information for malicious purpose may be whoever have learnt to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necessarily committed to terrorist agendas.Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agencies and scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucial in reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measure should be taken has to be considered by all related parties.Summary of ‘ethical, legal and social implications of autonomous systems’ In his article“”Austin Modine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.For Modines assume that human interaction is necessary,but human will make mistakes because of their wrong decision.Autonomous systems also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they dont make mistakes any more.The reaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should be chosen if it make less mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved in order to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially.Summary of ‘why do things become more complex’

In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights a phenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity.In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.

第二篇：summary學術英語

A summary of Text 12

Title:How Radiation Threatens Health

Author:Nina Bai

Source:Scientific American, 15 March, 2010

Summary:

The radiation leaks at Fukushima makes people feel worried, and it’s necessary to know that the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.Every person is exposed some background radiation from natural but only beyond this level people can get radiation sickness.At the same time, the radiation which takes different forms is produced by different heavy isotopes.On the other hand, the exposure time is so important that high single dose of radiation can do much more harm to human than the same dosage accumulate overtime.Last but not least, the government should remember the Chernobyl’s lessons but we’d better not do too many extra measures to make people feel scared.(124 words)

第三篇：summary學術英語6

SUMMARY

Nanotechnology is a new world which may have the ability to reproduce many things.And nanotechnology is more interesting than the atomic scale, because on the nanoscale we can put the atoms

together to make anything.Scientists can develop nanoscopic machines which can replicate themselves enough to produce objects.At the same time, nanotechnology which is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field may not only have its biggest impact on the medical industry delicate surgeries and cosmetic surgery, but also have the potential to have a positive effect on the environment.But some people worry that nanotechnology will end up like the virtual reality.So the most

immediate challenge in nanotechnology is that we need to learn more about materials and their properties at the nanoscale so that nanotechnology will definitely continue to impact us.

第四篇：summary學術英語literature review

Content-based the risk of nuclear power and the

damage of its radioactivity

An earthquake struck Japan in 2011 which severely damaged nuclear reactor at the Fukushima plant, sparking the release of radioactive materials.People are worried about its awful effects to us.So we should learn more about the nuclear power and the damage of its radioactivity.The risk of nuclear power is main from its radiation, reactor accidents, radioactive waste and other radiation problems.At the same time, the risk that estimated by PRA from reactor accidents is very low(Bernard L.Cohen).Next, it is necessary to know that radiation is spread in the form of waves or particles and the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration(Nina Bai,2010 & Susan Blumenthal).But on the one hand, some others think that there is no doubt that the radiation is a potential threat to our health and the radiation exposing to the milk and food of the U.S after Fukushima disaster is the powerful evidence(Amber Cornelio).On the other hand, some scholar has the opinion that the advantages are more much than the disadvantages the nuclear power has(Bernard L.Cohen).In conclusion, the unclear power has his advantage but the radioactivity releasing from it has damage to the health of people more or less.(207words)

第五篇：summary學術英語lecture12-13summary

Lecture 12

This paper is going to discuss sea level rise, ocean warming and ocean acidification.People made a 10-year project, then they find that sediments carried out by ice have an ice shelf overhead while those do not need sunlight and the ice in the Ross Sea region is dynamic, which leads to the rise and fall of sea level.Climate change is caused by both natural and human-induced causes, so it is complicated to address the problem of climate crisis.It also tells us that the dissolution of carbon dioxide into the sea leads to Ocean acidification and the Ocean acidification leads to a major loss of marine biodiversity especially carbonates organisms and the stress on some physiological processes.In addition, we should cap or limit CO2 emissions as soon as possible to protect oceans.Lecture 13

This paper tells us energy and climate are extremely important to the poorest people.It also explains four letters stand for in the equation on CO2.They are P: populationS: services/ personE: energy/ serviceC: CO2/unite.We should lower world population, evenly distribute services, improve efficiency and develop a new energy system in order to bring down CO2 to zero.Such as the fossil fuel, the nuclear, the renewable sources.The lecturer appeals the audience to do more research funding, team up to work on innovative ways and do some market incentives.