第一篇:學術英語作業
Text 6
Abstract
Game theory
Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John Von Neumann.In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict.Other games were considered in a cooperative form.Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous.The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician John Nash.Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games.Some games have many such equilibrium while others have none.And this notion has some flaws.In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely useful in analyzing many strategic interactions.There are some examples of strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundamentals of game theory:the prisoners’dilemma,mixing moves and strategic moves.Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation.But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.Key words: game theory,sequential,simultaneous,equilibrium
博弈論是戰略的科學性和首創了由普林斯頓數學家約翰·馮·諾伊曼。在最初幾年的重點是純沖突的游戲。其他比賽被認為是一種合作形式。游戲不同于在一個中立的環境中做出的決定。游戲的本質是玩家策略的相互依存。有兩種不同類型的戰略相互依存的:順序和同步。邏輯循環是利用均衡的概念是由普林斯頓數學家約翰·納什開發的平方。納什均衡的概念對于同時進行的循環論證問題仍然是一個不完整的解決方案。有些游戲有很多這樣的均衡,而另一些則沒有。而且這個概念有一些缺陷。盡管它的概念已被證明在分析許多戰略互動非常有用。有戰略互動的一些例子說明了一些博弈論的基本原理:囚徒困境,混合動作和戰略舉措。在博弈論的最新進展已經成功地描述和規定適當的策略在沖突與合作的幾種情況。但理論是遠未完成的,而且在成功策略很多方面的設計仍然是一門藝術。
第二篇:碩士英語——學術翻譯第二次作業
碩士英語——學術翻譯第二次作業
1.Put the following passage into Chinese.Distance learning is a formal educational process that breaks the traditional mode of classroom teaching.There are two key differences between traditional education and distance learning.Distance learning adds flexibility and availability, regardless of time, place or pace of learning.Here an instructor teaches, and somewhere else a student learns, regardless of barriers of time or place.Distance learning reaches out to non-traditional students who must fit their studies around workplace, family responsibilities, and geographical barriers, etc.遠程學習是打破傳統課堂教育模式的正式教學過程。傳統教學和遠程教學有兩點核心不同點。遠程教學增加了靈活性和可用度,不需要再考慮學習的時間和地點。在這里一個教師教學,在其他某個地方,一個學生學習,不需再考慮時間地點的障礙。遠程教育幫助了那些非傳統學生,對這些學生而言,他們必須使他們的學習接近工作地點,要兼顧到家庭責任,和地理上的障礙等。
2.Put the following sentences into English.1)體育運動可以防止發胖,增強體質,是我們保持身體健康.Sports activity can prevent getting fat, strengthen our body, and keep us be healthy.2)盡管計算機有許多優點,但是它們不能進行創造性工作,也不能代替人。Despite having many advantages, computers can not creatively work, or substitute humankind.3)我們一直在這兒討論的區別是實際操作技術而不是理論背景。
What we are talking about is practical operation skills, not theory background.4)人們應該互相學習,取長補短。
People should learn from each other ,learning from others’ strong points to overcome their weak points.5)旅游業是全世界最大的雇主,全球10%的工作崗位都是由旅游業創造的。Tourism is the largest employer in the world ,creating 10% job of the world.
第三篇:學術英語范文
《學術英語》課程階段性作業:文獻綜述
學生姓名:學號:專業班級:完成日期:分數:
The influence of the earthquake disaster and earthquake disaster mitigation measures analysis
There are three main reasons for the earthquake hypothesis , namely “ elastic rebound ”, “the magma shock to say” ' said phase change.“These three hypotheses have some reasonable, but what causes earthquakes, pending further study
The Characteristics of earthquake disasterissudden and strong, destructive big , serious secondary disasters , far-reaching social , defense difficult.Sudden strong make it difficult to predict and the effect of prevention becomes weak.His devastating is to see, such as the Tangshan earthquake which caused 24.2 million deaths , injuries 16.4 million.The Secondary disasters such as fires , floods , tsunamis , landslides , mudslides , gas leaks, pandemics, radioactive contamination is also very scary.2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which has razed to the ground in several cities.Due to sudden strong earthquake , suffered heavy casualties, huge economic losses , tend to produce a chain reaction , causing a huge impact on a region or even a social life and the country 's economic activity , resulting in a profound impact on society.Compared with floods, droughts, typhoons and other weather disasters , earthquake prediction is much more difficult.At the same time , improve the seismic performance of buildings , requires a lot of capital investment , this is not a short period of time can do.Although it is difficult to predict the devastating earthquake , but there is a history of China successfully predicted miracle.At 19:36 on February 4, 1975 occurred in Liaoning Haicheng earthquake prediction is accurate , which makes more than 100 million people in southern Liaoning Province promptly evacuated their homes and workplaces.This success is due to the abnormal situation in a timely manner to collect a large number of earthquake precursors , and timely induction, analyze, summarize the results , thanks to good policies of prevention group prevention and measured.Haicheng earthquake prediction can be successful, professional workers contributed to the earthquake, but it was the implementation of ”mass monitoring and prevention" approach, also played a crucial role.Generally speaking, professional workers in the earthquake, earthquake forecasting long, medium, and have a good chance, but the short-term forecasting, grasp not so big.The earthquake disaster prevention, the short-term forecasting truly decisive.References:
1, The cause of the earthquake
2, The characteristics of earthquake disasters
3, NOVA: Wave That Shook The World—Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.4,changmengfei,Shockproof ,Please reference the historical experience[N].Procuratorate Daily, 2008-05-14.參考文獻:
1, 地震災害的成因
2,地震災害的特點
3,新星:波浪搖動了世界——直擊近日2004年的印度洋海嘯的現場特別報道 4, 常夢飛,防震.請借鑒歷史經驗[N].檢察日報, 2008-05-14.
第四篇:學術英語
1.詞匯替換(這題全部出自課文后的formal words練習)
2.術語(20個的范圍準備,考試考10個。學生必須自己熟悉術語的含義,考試的時候
要求考生根據描述寫出術語。)
Iceberg Theory
2.Essay
3.Collective unconscious
4.Artistic merit
5.Literary theory
6.Gender studies
7.Figure of speech
8.Literary criticism
9.Genealogy
10.historical data
11.national identity
12.the pastness of the past
13.the Mandate of Heaven
14.historical consciousness
15.historiography
16.historian/historiographer
17.Paradox
18.epistemology
19.Metaphysics
20.formal developments 1.3.釋義(給學生8句的范圍準備,考試考2句)
1).The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize.The writer need
not even pursue it to attain it.2).The test in individual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, ofcourse, truth.3).By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, but importantly, we are also
taught tolerance for other people’s beliefs.4).Although each reader’s theory and methodology for arriving at a text’sinterpretation differs, sooner or later groups of readers and critics declare allegiance
to a similar core of beliefs and band together, thereby founding schools of criticism.5).“History teaching by example” is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past — a
study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully
worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in
courage, diligence, or constructive protest.6.The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny.Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads
philosophers to put forward some very weird views.7.8.翻譯來自第六單元的A課文
第五篇:學術誠信作業
淺析學術造假的原因和對策
引言
學術造假是指剽竊、抄襲、占有他人研究成果,或者偽造、修改研究數據等的學術腐敗行為。學術造假首先是一種違背學術道德和科學精神的表現,是一種學風浮躁和急功近利的產物。學術造假既敗壞了社會風氣,又不利于科學研究的發展。長此以往,真正踏踏實實做學問的人很難競爭過依靠剽竊抄襲、篡改數據的造假者。這無疑會極大地打擊那些真正搞科研的人的積極性。而且,學術作假者還會制造出很多不真實的成果。如果有人以他們的成果作為基礎進行研究,必然難以成功。這就帶來了科研生產力的浪費。一 學術造假的原因
無論古今中外,學術造假的現象一直存在。學術造假的危害雖不像生產商品那樣對人們的身心健康和財產構成直接的損害。但從更深的層次去考慮,學術造假的危害更為嚴重。那為什么學術造假會在我國如此盛行呢?一些學者認為學術造假的原因有:功利原因(學術造假可輕易獲得功名利益)、制度原因(包括學術管理體制行政化、學術評價體制不完善、學術監督制度缺位)和處罰過輕等。從深層次去分析,學術造假主要有以下原因:
第一,社會道德淪落,誠信缺失。這是學術造假的社會環境。為了革命的需要,我們曾經對傳統道德進行了批判否定,代之以社會主義道德。社會主義道德體系尚未完善地形成就遭到了“文革”嚴重沖擊和扭曲,文革結束后,我們還未來得及徹底撥亂反正,重建社會主義道德體系,改革開放就開始了。社會進入轉型時期,各種道德價值觀念(如資本主義的、封建主義的)影響、紛擾著國人,使整個社會處于一種道德失范狀況,損人利己、惟利是圖、背信棄義的道德觀念嚴重侵襲人們的靈魂,社會道德淪落,誠信缺失。誠信被視為傻帽,造假視為能耐,于是乎,假冒偽劣產品泛濫。學術領域亦非凈土,因此,學術造假之風也隨之盛行。
第二,在職稱評定、業績考核上,過分重視“學術成果”,是導致學術造假的直接動因。現在社會上一反文革時期的輕知識輕學術的做法(這是社會進步,無可厚非),又過分強調個人的學術成果或研究成果,在絕大多數高校和研究機構,甚至一些黨政事業單位,把科研成果作為衡量、評價、考核的最重要的硬指標,而考核科研成效最看重的是在什么級別的學術期刊上發表了多少學術論文,而其它方面諸如教學業績、思想政治表現等都是軟性指標。高校如此,尚情有可原,高校畢竟擔負著學術科研的重任。中小學教師最重要的職責與任務是教書育人,卻也紛紛效仿高校做法,提升“學術科研”的地位,在教師提拔重用、職稱評定上也特別重視教師的學術科研成果,將學術科研成果提升到與教育教學業績同等重要的地位,有時甚至實行學術科研成果一票否決制。這就使得許多中小學教師,他們育人育得很好,書也教得很好,態度勤勤懇懇,工作也扎扎實實,本來就是很合格的教師,但由于沒有受過做學術的專門訓練、或沒有時間和精力從事學術研究、或沒有興趣進行學術研究,少有學術成果,他們在評職稱、晉級晉升上往往吃虧;于是,只得趕鴨子上樹,舍本逐末,也搞科研、也做學術。俗話說,隔行如隔山,他們大部分人是做不出成果來的,那么,就只有造假了。
第三,急功近利、浮躁的社會心理,這是導致學術造假的社會氛圍。做學問,搞科研是一項不僅需要才華與靈感,更需要恒心與耐力,要守得住寂寞,耐得住清貧,還需要有獻身學術、科學的精神,即要有即使一事無成也無怨無悔的心態與準備。由于當今社會,過分地將學術、科研成果與經濟利益、社會地位甚至政治權利直接掛鉤,導致人們從事學術研究的目的動機異化。在整個社會處于急功近利、浮躁的氛圍下,難免有人將自己的學術成果夸大,進行學術造假以騙取功名,獲取利益。
第四,學術管理制度不完善,給學術造假提供了機會和可能。主要表現為:一是學術管理體制行政化。目前,我國學術體制管理一直沿襲計劃經濟時代所形成的行政管理模式,對學術成就評價實行僵化的量化評估,重顯示輕內容,重數量輕質量、重獎勵輕實用,誘導人們著力追求立竿見影而不是有創新的研究;二是學術評價體制不完善。學術評價官本位化、人情化、關系化,甚至出現拉幫結派山頭化,使得學術評價失去原本意義,好壞難辯,魚目混珠,為學術造假洞開方便之門;三是學術監督制度缺位。我國目前尚未建立完善的學術監督制度及其相應的監督機構,對學術行為實行有效監督,這給學術造假活動留下廣闊的空間和寬松的環境。
第五,對學術造假處罰不嚴厲,造假成本過低,使學術造假者缺乏必要的畏懼感。到目前為止,我國尚無對學術造假進行懲罰的法律,對學術造假處罰相對于一般造假而言簡直是微不足道。對相關者的懲處也多以批評、教育或者扣發獎金為主,最嚴厲的莫過于科技部介入調查,最后也僅僅是造假者撤職收場,這無法對學術造假者形成足夠的威懾。學術造假成本低,處理輕,獲利大,導致越來越多的人樂此不疲。二 應對學術造假的對策
學術造假關系到科學的治學態度和科研精神,關系到高校和整個學術界的社會聲譽,關系到當代大學生良好品德的培養和整個社會道德的進步,關系到教育事業的興衰存亡和中華民族的復興大業,直接影響到學術研究乃至國家和民族的進步,性質及其惡劣,若不及時阻遏,必將帶來嚴重后果!因此,弘揚優良學風,端正學術道德,杜絕學術造假,維護學術尊嚴,通過各種得力措施有效打擊學術造假行為,對學術造假者嚴懲不貸,讓學術上真正有道德、有良知的人展示自己的身手,重樹研究人員的良好道德風尚,建立解決高校學風問題、杜絕學術造假的長效機制,對改善高校科研氛圍、提升高校科研實力、建設創新型國家,具有十分重要的現實意義!第一,完善法律法規,維護學術尊嚴。完善相關法律法規,確保學術打假有法可依。對于學術造假人的侵犯著作權等行為,我國《刑法》《著作權法》等相關法律有所規定,但條款中對侵犯著作權,專利權等行為,在追究侵權人的民事責任的情況下,賠償數額較低,處罰力度不夠,不利于權利人通過法律途徑來追究學術造假人的侵權問題。在追究侵權人刑事責任的情況下,法律規定必須以營利為目的,而學術造假人的有些行為并不是直接以營利為目的,而是間接的獲得一些好處,在這些情況下,法律沒有明文規定,具有一定的漏洞,無法規制約學術造假人的侵權行為。因此,應當完善我國的《著作權法》《專利法》中關于侵權損害賠償數額的規定,加大懲罰力度,最大限度的維護權利人的合法權益,使權利人樹立起對法律的信任,在權利被侵害時能夠拿起法律武器進行維權,不再縱容學術造假人的侵權行為。
第二,改革高校相關體制機制,凈化學術風氣。歸根溯源,學術造假現象的大量存在,仍然是高校現行體制及學術評價制度本身引起的問題,必須解決高校現行體制和學術評價機制存在的弊端。改革高校職稱評聘制度中不合理、不科學的因素,勢在必行。在職稱評聘中落實科學發展觀,完善科研成果學術評價機制,要改變當前職稱評聘中只看論文所發刊物級別、重視數量忽視質量、學術風氣浮躁等現象,建立符合學術研究發展規律的科學評價體系。
第三,第三,加強和完善學術評價、監督制度體系建設。一要改革學術管理機制,改變當今只重形式和數量,不重內涵和質量的管理模式。建立一套與國際學術管理體系接軌的科學的、合理的學術質量評價體系。如對一篇論文或論著的評價著重看其被引用的次數和影響因子。二要建立獨立的學術評價體系。改變當前學術評價機構行政化,權力地位重于學術的做法,實行專家評議制度。三要建立學術公示制度和異議制度,使造假的學術受到公眾的監督,可大大地減少學術造假得逞的幾率;建立學術責任制,對放任、或故意造成學術造假的責任人追究責任,這樣就可以嚴格把守學術成果發表、評價、確認關,進一步降低學術造假得逞的幾率。四要開展學術批評,堅持學術面前人人平等和實事求是的科學精神,對那些憑借社會地位或政治權力撈取學術資本的行為予以批評,確保學術領域的純凈。三 結語
學術打假不僅要靠嚴格執行相關法律法規制度,加大打擊力度,還要靠學者自身、科研院校等學術界嚴格自律,以及社會和媒體輿論的監督,使得整個社會形成崇尚創新、學術自由的學術風氣,為建設創新型國家提供精神動力和智力支持。