第一篇：黑龍江大學跨文化交際英語復習總結(超全)

跨文化考試總結

考試構成：

一、單選 1*10=10分。（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是書中的概念。

二、判斷 1*10=10分。（A—>true,B—>false)課后習題

所有概念關鍵詞+考試范圍內的CASE： Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（從知性角度定義文化：作為整體的人類智力成就的藝術和其他表現。）

(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（從人類學.角度定義文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行為模式構成，這些模式通過符號獲得并傳播，這些符號由人類群體的特別成就構成，包括具體的人工制品。文化的基本核心由傳統思想和與其相關的價值觀構成。）

(3)Culture(from psychological perspective): culture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another。（從心理學角度定義文化：文化是使一個人類群體成員區別于其他人類群體的思維的總體規劃。）(4)Culture(from socialogical perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior.(從社會學角度定義文化：文化是一種可習得的、基于群體的認知模式——包括言語與非言語符號、態度、價值觀、信仰和非信仰系統以及行為。)(5)Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.（從跨文化交際學角度定義文化：文化是個人和群體在種族發展過程中所獲得的知識、經驗、信仰、價值觀、行為、態度、階級、宗教、時間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術品的集合。）

(6)Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。）

(7)Subculture：refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.（亞文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其劃分通常基于經濟地位、社會階層、民族、種族或地理區域。）

Subcultures exist within dominant culture ,and are often based on economic or social class,ethnicity,race,or geographic region.

(8)Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.（共文化：指具有獨特的交際特征、感知特點、價值觀、信仰和行為，區別于其他群體、社團以及主流文化的群體或社團。）

(9)Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.（亞群體：相對于亞文化和共文化群體，亞群體通常規模不大，也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價值觀念和行為模式。）

Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown.The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.?(6)Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。）

Case 4: Coconut-skating（用椰油保養地板的方法）

Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture.We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned.People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping.The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Keywords(1)Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息發出者/信息源：信息發出者/信息源指傳遞信息的人。）

(2)Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反應的任何信號。）

(3)Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（編碼：編碼指信息發出者選擇言語或用非言語的方式發出有目的的信息的行為。）

(4)Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指發送信息的方法。）

(5)Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.(信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。)

(6)Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語或符號信息意義的行為。）

(7)Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反饋：反饋指信息接收者對信息源信息所做出的反應。）

(8)Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干擾：干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語義干擾。）

(9)Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（語境：語境指交際發生的環境，包括自然語境，社會語境和人際語境。）(10)Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(跨文化交際：跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認知和符號系統上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個交際事件。)(11)International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized.(國際交流：國際交流是指發生在國家和政府之間而非發生在個人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。)(12)Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.(跨種族交際：跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來自不同的種族的交際。)(13)Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來自一個國家或文化內部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。）

(14)Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化內交際：文化內交際是指同一文化內部的成員之間的交際。）

(15)Communication :is derived from the Latin word communicare,meaning to share with or to make common,as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.Case 12: Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication.In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food.Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception Keywords

(1)Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感覺：感覺是人們意識到周圍環境的神經過程。)(2)Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information.(知覺：知覺是一種人們通過各種感覺來覺察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過程。它是解釋感覺信息更為高階的認知過程。)(3)Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（選擇：選擇是從周圍選擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過程。)(4)Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way.（組織： 組織是把從周圍選擇的刺激信息，以一種有意義的方式整理，組合的過程。）

(5)Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（釋義：釋義是賦予感覺信息意義的過程，類似于解碼過程。）

Case 16: Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation.No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures.Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world.So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition.In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers Keywords(1)Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦慮：當人們不知道如何迎合他人對自己的期待，過多的關注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時，就會產生焦慮。）

(2)Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.(不確定：不確定是指人們無法從認知的角度去解釋交際活動中自己或他人的感覺及行為，這種認知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導致的。)(3)Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is.（假定一致性：假定一致性是指認為來自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實上卻并非如此。）

(4)Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.（種族或民主中心主義：是指從本國文化的標準出發，消極地審視另一文化。）

(5)Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定勢：文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認可的群體身份，對目標群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。）

(6)Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏見：偏見是指對于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無端地憎惡和懷疑。）

(7)Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（種族主義：種族主義是指基于種族把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任一政策、做法、信仰或態度。）Case 21: A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York.Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture.That is why the small conflict happens.Case 23: Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages.Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person.Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States.In China, “girl” means someone who is young and single.In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman.For most people, “woman” means someone who is married and who probably is not young.In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called “women”.While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract.This terminology became widespread during the “women's liberation movement in the 1960s”.The term “'girl” is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.Case 24:An Unfair Decision This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.In this case, Mr.Bias decided to select someone else, instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position.That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel.

Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Keywords(1)Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.來自不同文化背景的人用言語進行的交際即言語跨文化交際

(2)Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.方言是某一群體特有的語言，與整個群體的言語不同。

(3)Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style.（社會方言指由于社會階級或言語風格不同而產生的方言。）

(4)Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語言變體，指為貿易等目的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。

(5)When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole.當有人以洋涇浜為母語，并成為某一地區永久的語言是，它就成為克里奧耳語或混合語

(6)Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication.通用語指作為國際間交流手段的一種特殊語言。

(7)Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為。

(8)Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.委婉語是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語詞語。

（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law.行話指演變而來的專門的或科技詞匯，用以滿足特殊職業的特殊需要，例如醫藥和法律。Case 25:Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant.In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question.Ms.Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question.If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms.Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Keywords(1)Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.（非言語交際：不運用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。)(2)Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（時空行為：時空行為對空間關系的研究。）

(3)Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身勢語行為：身勢語（也稱體態語），指手勢、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢、肢體運動和問候方式以及和他們與交際的關系。）

(4)Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（時間行為：對于人們如何理解和利用時間的研究。）

(5)Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.（輔助語行為：為增強其含義，伴隨言語語言產生的可聽到的聲音符號系統。）

(6)Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（觸覺行為：指通過身體接觸來交流。）

(7)Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩學：色彩學指對于影響人們認知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。）

(8)Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（氣味行為：研究氣味對于交流的影響的學科。）

(9)Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光語：對于由眼睛所傳達的信息的研究。不同的文化對于交際時眼神的接觸有不同的要求。）

(10)Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy response,or inaugurate another line of thought.(11)Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance.it also serves as nonverbal symbols.Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures.Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune.In this case, b

ecause of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body.Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot.Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly,so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Keywords(1)Cultural pattern: Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.(文化模式是指在相對穩定的共有的信仰、價值觀、標準和社會實踐，這些文化模式在相似的情形下會使人產生相似的行為。)(2)Context：It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.（語境是指事件發生時周圍的信息，對事件的意義解讀具有重要參考價值。）

(3)High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message.（高語境交際是指在交際過程中大部分的信息靠交際人本身傳遞，只有少量信息被明確地用語言的形式傳遞。）

(4)Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.（低語境交際是指大量的信息通過明確的語言編碼被傳遞的交際。）

(5)Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.（不確定性規避指某一文化的成員對于不確定性因素的規避程度。）

(6)Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.（權力距離是指機構或組織中

權利較小的成員對權利被不平等分配的接受程度。）3.Brief Explanations to the Cases of this Chapter(7)Belief:a belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.(8)Values:involve what a culture regards as good or bad,right or wrong,fair or unfair,just or unjust,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,valuable or worthless,appropriate or inappropriate,and kind or cruel.(9)Norms:are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.(10)Social practices:are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.(11)Human-nature orientation:我真的不知道該怎么總結這個概念！大家自己看看吧，在書上P239(12)Person-nature orientation:consists of three categaries:mastery over nature;harmony with nature;subjugation to nature.(13)Time orientation:as far as time orientation is concerned,cultures may belong to 1,the past orientation;2,the present orientation;3,the future orientation.(14)Activity orientation:the activity orientation involves three groups:1,the doing orientation;2,the being orientation;3,the being-in-becoming orientation.(15)Relational orientation:consists of three categaries1,individualism;2,lineality;3,collaterality(16)Individualistic cultures:give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.(17)Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.(18)Masculine and feminine cultures:沒看懂啊沒看懂！！郁悶！Case 41: Getting Frustrated Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman(and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners.The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it.The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well.Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community.In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating.However, they are also concerned with hygiene.They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating.Saudis have a number of norm

s related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.Case 43: The Improvement Does Not Work Following their individualistic orientations, Mr.Patterson and Mr.Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups.However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance.In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement.In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures.But cultures are not pure.Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals.For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies.In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs.Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian.At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group.In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner? Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case.In the dialogue presented below,Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation.Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans.Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening.Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses.Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?

Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts Keywords Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs.This is known as the communication context.（交際無法脫離外部環境的影響：所有的人類交際都或多或少受到社會、物理和文化場景的影響。這些場景被稱為交際語境。）Case 48:Gift from a Chinese Chinese people love giving gifts.Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes.Most people giving gifts are concerned about

whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough.An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide.Such gifts are treasured;however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.Case 50:Refuse to Be Treated? In the case just described, the U.S.American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness.Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first.However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first.Their position, age, and wisdom demanded respect.For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful.The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible.Because the U.S.Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so.Sadly, this is not always the case.Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation Keywords（1）Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture.（文化適應：文化適應指人們學習和適應新文化的社會規范和價值觀念的過程。）

（2）Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.(同化：同化指一個民族群體的人們逐漸失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的過程。)（3）Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.This kind of acculturation is called integration.(文化融合：文化融合指人們在文化適應過程中高度接受新的主流文化，同時又保留了自己文化的完整性)。

（4）Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native

culture, the mode of acculturation is called separation.（分離：分離指人們在文化適應過程中對自己原有文化進行重新肯定認同、保留了原有文化，對新的主流文化及與其相關的微觀文化不接受不認可）。

（5）Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔離：隔離當經濟和政治上更強大的新主流文化不接受人們與它進行文化接觸，人們就會被這種文化隔離在外。）

（6）Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.(邊緣化：邊緣化指人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且無法融入新的主流文化。)（7）Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.（文化沖擊/文化休克：文化沖擊/文化休克指人們在進入一種新文化環境中遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經歷。）

（8）Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment.(跨文化適應：跨文化適應指人們不斷提高自己的適應能力，以期達到新文化環境的需要。)Case 54: A Fish out of Water This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms.Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems.Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed.In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock.Case 55: Missing China!This case can reflect reverse culture shock.When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again.In this case, John, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture.Therefore, when he returns to Canada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.

第二篇：跨文化交際全書總結

全書共分為九個單元，第一單元為緒論，第二三單元介紹日常言語交際，第四單元介紹語言交際，第五單元介紹非語言交際，第六單元介紹跨性別文化交際，第七單元介紹談判風格的文化差異，第八單元介紹跨文化交往中的幽默認知，最后一單元介紹了中西方世界觀在對宇宙、自然、知識、社會、時間及交際等人事方面上的差異性和互補性。第一單元：緒論

緒論部分總體介紹了文化與交際、跨文化交際和跨文化交際學的基本知識。

1文化成員分享著行為模式以及世界運行模式，然而，盡管在不同文化的沖擊影響下，人的行為和習俗會發生快速的轉變，但是人的價值觀卻很難因文化環境的不同而發生改變。

2． 交際在我們的生活中無處不在，存在三個因素影響著人們的交際。一是人的個性，二是所處的文化，三是所處的物理環境。交際是一種互動的行為。

3． 跨文化交際是具有不同文化背景的人之間的交際。跨文化交際作為研究領域是始于20世紀50年代的美國。跨文化交際的鼻祖，EdwardHall于1959年發表了《無聲的語言》一書。也有研究發現是四種趨勢----便捷的交通系統、創新的交流系統、經濟全球化以及大范圍的移民（Samovar & Porter，2003），促進了地球村全球化的發展。

第二、三單元：日常言語交際二、三單元介紹日常言語交際，主要介紹跨文化日常交際中經常出現的問題，如稱呼、話題選擇、拜訪禮儀、贊語與贊語應答等。

1． 稱呼。中西稱謂語分為兩種，一是親屬稱謂，一是社交稱謂。由于中西方文化背景不同，無論親屬稱謂還是社交稱謂都存在很大的差異。漢語親屬稱謂系統繁雜多樣，而英語親屬稱謂則相對貧乏，指稱寬泛，語義模糊，比如一個Cousin就相當于漢語的“堂兄弟姐妹，表兄弟姐妹”等八個詞。中英語在社交類稱謂方面差異也較顯著，漢語的身份類稱謂種類多，范圍廣，尤其表現在頭銜性稱謂的偏好，英語身份類稱謂種類少。中文中身份類稱謂可細分為三種：（1）姓+職務；（2）姓+職稱；（3）姓+職業。類似王院長、李教授、肖律師等稱謂在生活中屢見不鮮。在英語中，頭銜性稱謂一般只局限于皇族、政府上層、宗教界、軍界或法律界人士，可以是銜稱+姓氏，也可以是銜稱+教名，如Queen Elizabeth，Father White 等。

2． 問候語。問候的目的是為了建立或者保持社會聯系而不是交換信息。英語中的問候語一般有“Good morning/afternoon/evening”、“How are you ？”之類的。而中國人見面打招呼時一般會問“上哪去？”“吃飯了嗎？”這對外國人來說會覺得是侵犯人隱私的問題，在中國確是司空見慣。

3． 話題的選擇。中國人大多喜歡以詢問人家籍貫年齡等較隱私的話題開始一段談話，然而外國人對此卻較為反感。一般以興趣、節日、工作、天氣或者書籍等話題作為陌生人之間的交流話題是比較容易讓人接受的。應當盡量避免涉及隱私跟政治宗教的話題。

4． 年齡。一般來說，在西方文化中，詢問陌生人的年齡是一種很不禮貌的行為，特別是詢問30歲以上女性的年齡。

5． 拜訪禮儀。中國親朋好友以及同事之間的串門是很隨便的，邀請別人來訪也無需對方確定具體時間，自己去探訪別人也無需鄭重其事征得同意。而美國人則沒有串門的習慣，美國人則沒有串門的習慣。一年內遇到大節日，親朋好友才到家里聚一聚。平時如果有事上門，要有時間確切的預約。沒有得到對方的應允，隨時隨地隨便上門是不禮貌的行為。

6． 贊語與贊語應答。贊美某一個人身上的具體一件東西或者一種品質等，接著，用一些理由去支撐你的贊美，最后再問一個跟贊美對象有關的問題。這樣可以讓你的贊美令人易于接受。對于贊語的反應，中國人一般是比較謙虛的回應，而西方人則是大方的感謝人家的贊美。贊語具有一系列的社會功能，例如作為問候語，或表達感謝之情或者慶賀等等。

第四單元：語言交際

第四單元介紹語言交際，著重講解詞語的文化內涵與文化思維模式。1． 文化負載詞。在語言系統中，最能體現語言承載的文化信息、反映人類的社會生活的詞匯就是文化負載詞。由于文化的差異性，一種語言中的一個詞或者短語的意思或文化內涵在另一種語言里有著不同的意思或者文化涵義。例如，中國人把龍當做是一種權利的圖騰，也是吉祥如意的象征，然而龍在西方人眼里中卻是一種恐怖惡心的怪物，代表著邪惡。又如，同樣表達“副”，英語中根據不同的職位有不同的表達，例如vice-chairman , associate professor , deputy director , lieutenant governor, undersecretary。中英文主要的語義差異可以總結為以下幾點：1>、一種語言的詞語可能在另一種語言里找不到對等的相似的詞語（例如“三伏”“三九”）。2>、在中英文中都存在一些短語中在表面上指同一事物或概念但實際上指代不同的事情（例如“social science”不等于“社會科學”）。3>、某件事情或者概念在一種語言里只有一兩種表達方式但在另一種語言卻又許多不同的表達。（例如“wife”和“灣”）4>、有些對等表達的詞組只是部分對等（例如family不一定等于“家庭”）。

2． 諺語的文化反映。諺語展示了中西方文化人類經歷和觀察的相似性和差異性。一種語言的有些諺語可以在另一種語言中找到明顯的對應諺語，也有些找不到對應的，也有些是不精確的對應表達，還有一些表面上看起來是對應的，但是實際上有種不同的使用語境。

3． 禁忌。不同的文化有著不同的禁忌。有語言上的禁忌，有動作上的禁忌也有顏色跟數字上的禁忌等等。中西方文化都對討論性交際和特指身體某一部分的言語非常禁忌。另外罵人也是一種禁忌。

4、文化思維模式。西方人思維模式呈直線型，而東方人則呈圓圈性，猶太人是切線和半直接結合的方式，羅馬人是比較迂回的思維模式，而俄國人是直接跟迂回相結合的方式。每一種文化都有特有的解決問題的方式。美國人趨向于歸納事實，俄國人主要是推論演繹，阿拉伯人主要是依靠直接。

第五單元：非語言交際

第五單元介紹非語言交際，主要概述非語言交際的三大內容：身體語言、副語言和環境語言。非言語交際包括在交際中認為的和環境產生的對于傳播者或受傳者含有潛在信息的所有的刺激，簡單地說就是“不用語言的交際”，被稱作”無聲的語言“。非語言交際在人類交際中非常重要。因為它最能反映一個人的情感或情緒狀態。

身體語言。身體語言包括各種表情、動作、姿態。口頭表達是伴隨著眼神、面部表情、姿態等身體語言的，通過理解身體語言所要表達的意思有助于人與人之間的交往。

副語言。包括語速、音量、停頓、沉默與非語義聲音。

環境語言。包括時間，空間、顏色、城市規劃以及人對自然的影響等，即影響生理與心理的環境因素。

其中環境語言主要包含著時間語言和空間語言。1>、時間語言。不同的文化有不同的時間觀。有三種時間指向：過去時指向、現在時指向和將來時指向。不同的文化也有不同的安排時間方式。Hall提出兩個時間系統：單向計時制和多向計時制。北美、西歐和北歐文化是典型的單向計時制文化，這些地區的人一般都比較重視日程安排、階段時間和準時。而拉丁美洲、非洲、阿拉伯和大多數亞洲地區的文化屬于多向計時制文化范疇，他們可以同時進行好幾件事情,強調人們參與并做完事情,不僵守預先安排的日程表，安排比較靈活。這些地區的人們的時間比較靈活和人性化。

2>、空間語言。根據Hall的研究，美國社交和商務圈子主要有四種主要的身體距離：親密距離

（0-45cm）、個人距離(45-80cm)、社交距離(1.30-3m)和公共距離(>2or3m)。不同國家的人交往過程中身體距離也不一樣。日本人會站得離交流對象較遠，其次是美國，而拉丁美洲和阿拉伯人則喜歡靠近交流對象。空間距離又分為兩種廣義的文化目錄:接觸文化和非接觸文化。接觸文化指在與人交往過程中較于頻繁地進行身體接觸，例如握手、拍肩或者擁抱等。非接觸文化指在與人交往過程中不習慣甚至不喜歡與交流對象有較多的身體接觸。阿拉伯人、南歐和西歐人、猶太人和拉丁人都屬于前者，而美國人、北歐人和東方人屬于后者。

第六單元：跨性別文化交際

第六單元介紹跨性別文化交際，介紹中外男女性別意識的差異所導致的文化差異，如談話風格、行為習慣、思維方式的不同以及如何跨越這些障礙而達到彼此的溝通與理解。

性別可以分為社會性別和自然性別兩種。

社會性別(gender)是指社會造成的基于性別(Sex)之上的思想、觀念和行為模式，是后天習得的社會性角色，是由社會建構的差別即性構(gendered)，是基于可見的性別差異之上的社會關系的構成要素，是表示權力關系的一種方式。社會性別(Gender)有別于自然性別(Sex)，自然性別（sex）是男女的自然屬性，即兩性的先天的生物差異。對社會性別的兩個最初影響分別是家庭溝通，特別是母親與孩子的溝通，還有孩子之間平時的娛樂互動，研究表明女孩和男孩喜歡玩的游戲有很大的不同，女孩通常喜歡玩扮家家，捉迷藏或者跳繩，而男孩一般比較喜歡競爭性體育活動像踢足球打籃球之類的。六大有效的跨性別溝通原則：

（1）、不要過早對跨文化交際差異性作出判斷。（2）、認識不同溝通類型的多樣性。（3）、提供讓對方理解你說話意圖的線索。（4）、尋找對方說話意圖的線索。（5）、擴大自己的交際類型。（6）、不要評價別人和防范自己。

第七單元：談判風格的文化差異

第七單元介紹談判風格的文化差異，著重分析因文化差異而產生的不同談判風格，介紹了中西方談判氛圍、談判人員的組成、決定方式等方面的異同。1． 各國談判氛圍的對比。

A．美國人。注重獲取的利益，熱衷展示“美國人的專業性”，不在乎與對手建立長期的合作關系，希望通過展示自己的能力獲取威望，也愿意在談判過程信任對手。

B．法國人。在談判之初是不會信任對手的，并自視是經驗豐富的談判者。C．日本人。注重社交關系，關注長期合作關系和個人關系。D．中國人。與日本相似，注重相互利益和社會關系。

E．中東、巴西和墨西哥人。注重個人關系，熱情是其首要考慮，信任和尊重是談判成功的關鍵。

2.各國談判者對于談判細節的態度對比。

A．美國人。注重結果和書面協議以及合同。注重數量而不是質量。B．法國人。跟美國人一樣注重書面協議以及合同。

C．日本人。較少注重細節，依賴較簡單的書面協議，注重談判雙方原則性的東西而不是協議書上具體的要求。

D．中國人。跟日本人相似，注重書面協議，在信任和常識之間留有余地。E．中東、巴西和墨西哥人。他們認為書面協議不是最重要的，但是比口頭理解更具有約束力。3． 交流類型。

A．美國。美國人擅于表達出溫暖、真誠、自信和積極性。做好討價還價和妥協的準備。表達趨于直率，喜歡威脅警告對手和一意孤行，常導致談判不歡而散。B．英國。英國談判者一般都比較友善，擅于交際，易于協商，處事靈活并且責任心強。C．日本。日本人易于說服。喜歡較為含蓄的表達意愿，在談判過程經常處于沉默狀態。注重談判的平和順暢。交流富有積極性，較少說“不”和提出要求。D．中國。不希望發現正面沖突，盡量避免反對建議的談判。中國人很愛面子，不會一下子就做出大妥協。

E．法國。在談判過程經常說“不”并經常堅持使用本國語言。據說是歐洲談判者中最難搞的，比較注重原則性的東西。

F．德國。德國人喜歡鉆牛角尖。重點關注談判的投標環節。不喜歡妥協。跟日本人相反的，德國人習慣于清楚堅定果斷的表達自己的觀點。在談判中不會問很多問題，但是會透露很多事情并頻繁的打斷談話。

G．墨西哥。墨西哥談判者喜歡用夸張的言語表達空泛的思想，很少坦誠的交談。他們傾向于推論的方式，注重思考和直覺。另外，墨西哥人喜歡跟人有身體接觸以此顯示其自信。

H.巴西人。巴西談判者具有挑釁性的。在談判桌上經常提出許多要求并頻繁使用“沒有的”和“你的”等詞。4． 談判人員的組成。

A.美國。美國更趨向于選擇技術型精英作為談判隊伍的代表。在美國人看來，社會地位、教育和年齡都不是主要的選擇依據，他們更看重的是候選人的實際能力。因此美國談判團隊中生力軍主要是二三十歲的年輕人。

B．法國。法國談判團隊通常會選擇德高望重的人作為談判代表。社會地位、職業、學業和家庭背景都是主要的選擇依據。在法國人看來，談判雙方能力和背景的對等有助于談判的進行。

C．日本。日本的談判者平均年齡在30多歲，談判領隊最少要40歲。日本女人很少參與談判。大多數是根據社會地位跟學識來挑選談判者。年長是挑選隊長的最重要的標準。

D．中國。中國談判者希望跟有權威有地位的人進行談判，如果不是這樣的話，他們會覺得是受到侮辱。

E．中東。中東選擇談判隊員跟日本相似，也很注重年齡。年長的經常受到器重而年輕人常常受到忽略。沙特阿拉伯人主要依據社會地位跟忠誠度進行挑選。F．墨西哥。個人能力和熟人關系通常是選擇談判隊員的標準。5． 決定方式

A．美國。美國人視談判為解決問題的過程，依賴理智的思維和具體的數據。B．法國。法國人較為保守頑固，決定一般有高權威人士做出。

C．日本。日本人根據具體的信息下決定而不是有說服力的爭論。他們做出決定的過程很緩慢，但是一旦做了決定就會很快實施。

D．中東。中東人一般根據直覺作出決定，在詢問下屬相關事情后由領導做出決定。

E．墨西哥。墨西哥是一種集中化的做決定方式。

第八單元 跨文化交往中的幽默認知

第八單元介紹跨文化交往中的幽默認知，介紹在跨文化交往中如何理解幽默、欣賞幽默和使用幽默。

幽默語言的魅力既基于表達者獨特的語言技巧，同時也有賴于交際雙方在共知語境的前提下領悟幽默語言的潛信息，也就是語言所反映的文化。要使跨文化交際順利進行，準確理解欣賞英語中的幽默并非易事。除了豐富的語言知識外，要熟悉英語文化背景知識，還要有一定的跨文化交際能力。說本族語的人跟說非本族語的人分享幽默需要兩個步驟。第一步是需要制作一個新的談話規則，即說非本族語的人要敢于詢問有關幽默的問題。第二步是利用亞里士多德的三段省略式推理法解釋幽默，通過解釋非本族語的人無法理解的大前提，再加上顯而易見的小前提從而幫助他們得出結論。大前提是指推論演繹的一般性知識的前提。

第九單元

跨文化人格：中西方文化觀的融合

第九單元以跨文化人格形成為內容，討論中西方文化觀的融合，介紹了中西方世界觀在對宇宙、自然、知識、社會、時間及交際等人事方面上的差異性和互補性，提出隨著中西方文化不斷交流與融合，培養跨文化人格成為一種必然需要。

世界觀。西方出現多元并立的各色世界觀，其中尤以天人相分觀念形成的二元對立的世界觀最為突出。而中國則多為天人合一學說，形成一元論的整體傳統世界觀。中西方人們的世界觀在早期就已出現了相當不同的認識定勢和框架基礎，它反過來又進一步影響人們的思維模式，成為人們思維活動的基礎、核心和深層特征。

知識。東方趨向于通過直觀的概念和思考強調同一性的直接經驗，西方認為才智非凡之人的天賦是取得世俗優勢的原始工具。東方在思維上，趨向于用比較靈活的模糊的不精確的論據得出結果，而西方思維是通過分門別類和演繹推理的線性邏輯分析得出清晰明確的觀點。當東方還在天人合一的尋找突破時西方人追求的是物質的進步和社會的發展。時間。傳統上東方認為時間是一個動態的循環移動的車輪，而西方認為時間是來自過去遙遠的地方，像箭頭或者流動的河流向著將來同樣遙遠的地方前進。可見，東方的時間觀是循環的圓形，較為靈活，而西方的時間觀呈直線型的，因此，在西方人看來，事情總是朝著某一個方向發展的。

交際。東方的人與人之間的交際總是習慣于用微妙的，暗示的，非言語的，語境范疇的表達方式，人們可以通過直覺感知對方所表達的暗含意思。而西方卻相反，西方的交際模式是按照邏輯和理智的感知和想法直接地用語言表達自己的所思所想。

第三篇：大學跨文化交際期末總結word打印版

Chapter 1 Culture Definitions: Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.文化是個人和群體在種族發展過程中所獲得的知識、經驗、信仰、價值觀、行為、態度、階級、宗教、時間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術品的集合。(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。(P19/29)Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其劃分通常基于經濟地位、社會階層、民族、種族或地理區域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相對于亞文化和共文化群體，亞群體通常規模不大，也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價值觀念和行為模式。(P25/30)? Case 2(P8)

The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Definitions:

? Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息發出者/信息源：信息發出者/信息源指傳遞信息的人。）(P37/P60)

? Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反應的任何信號。）

? Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（編碼：編碼指信息發出者選擇言語或用非言語的方式發出有目的的信息的行為。）

? Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指發送信息的方法。）

? Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人.? Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語或符號信息意義的行為。）

? Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反饋：反饋指信息接收者對信息源信息所做出的反應。）

? Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.1

（干擾：干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語義干擾。）(P54/61)

? Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（語境：語境指交際發生的環境，包括自然語境，社會語境和人際語境。）

?

Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(跨文化交際：跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認知和符號系統上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個交際事件。)(P54/61)

? International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized.(國際交流：國際交流是指發生在國家和政府之間而非發生在個人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。)(P55)? Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.(跨種族交際：跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來自不同的種族的交際。)

? Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來自一個國家或文化內部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。）(P56)

? Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化內交際：文化內交際是指同一文化內部的成員之間的交際。）? Case 12(P57)

This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception

Definitions

? Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感覺：感覺是人們意識到周圍環境的神經過程。)(P68/97)

?(2)Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information.(知覺：知覺是一種人們通過各種感覺來覺察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過程。它是解釋感覺信息更為高階的認知過程。)(P70/97)

? Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（選擇：選擇是從周圍選擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過程。)(P70/97)

? Need: Needs affect what people are more likely to attend to.(需求：需求會影響人們選擇更愿意參與哪些事物）

? Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way.（組織： 組織是把從周圍選擇的刺激信息，以一種有意義的方式整理，組合的過程。）

? Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（釋義：釋義是賦予感覺信息意義的過程，類似于解碼過程。）

? Case 16(P81)

This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation.No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures.Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers Definitions:

? Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦慮：當人們不知道如何迎合他人對自己的期待，過多的關注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時，就會產生焦慮。）(P104/125)

? Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.(不確定：不確定是指人們無法從認知的角度去解釋交際活動中自己或他人的感覺及行為，這種認知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導致的。)

? Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is.假定一致性：假定一致性是指認為來自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實上卻并非如此。(P106/126)

? Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.（民族優越感：民族優越感指從本國文化的標準出發，消極地審視另一文化。）(P109/126)

? Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定勢：文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認可的群體身份，對目標群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。）(P110/126)

? Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏見：偏見是指對于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無端地憎惡和懷疑。）(P113/126)

? Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（種族主義：種族主義是指基于種族把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任一政策、做法、信仰或態度。）(P114/126)? Case 21(P107)

This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.? Case 23(P123)

This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different language

Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Definitions

? Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural

backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.來自不同文化背景的人用言語進行的交際即言語跨文化交際(P132/131)

? Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.方言是某一群體特有的語言，與整個群體的言語不同。(P148/161)

? Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style.（社會方言指由于社會階級或言語風格不同而產生的方言。）

(P149/162)

? Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語言變體，指為貿易等目的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。(P150/162)

? Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為。(P1152/162)? Case 25(P131)

?

One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant，which reflects different verbal communication styles—direct and indirect styles, self-enhancement and self-effacement styles

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Definitions

? Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.（非言語交際：不運用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。)(P170/196)

? Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.(副語言/輔助語行為：為增強其含義，伴隨言語性語言產生的可聽到的聲音符號系統）(P175/196)

Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（時間行為：對于人們如何理解和利用時間的研究。）（P178/197)

Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（時空行為：時空行為對空間關系的研究。）(P180/197)

Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光語：對于由眼睛所傳達的信息的研究。不同的文化對于交際時眼神的接觸有不同的要求。）(P184/197)Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（氣味行為：研究氣味對于交流的影響的學科。）(P180/197)

Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（觸覺行為：指通過身體接觸來交流。）(P186/197)

Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身勢語行為：身勢語（也稱體態語），指手勢、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢、肢體運動和問候方式以及和他們與交際的關系。）(P186/197)

Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩學：色彩學指對于影響人們認知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。）(P190/197)? ? ? ? ? ?

?

? Attire： Clothing and physical appearance are usually called attire.(著裝：服飾和外表通常被稱作著裝學）(P191/197)? Case 33（P169）

This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures, which implies the Kinesics.? Case 36(P182)

This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body, which implies Proxemics

Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Definitions

? Context：It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.（語境是指事件發生時周圍的信息，對事件的意義解讀具有重要參考價值。）(P215/239)

? High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message.（高語境交際是指在交際過程中大部分的信息靠交際人本身傳遞，只有少量信息被明確地用語言的形式傳遞。）(P215/239)

? Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.（低語境交際是指大量的信息通過明確的語言編碼被傳遞的交際。）

? Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.（不確定性規避指某一文化的成員對于不確定性因素的規避程度。）(P230/239)? Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.（權力距離是指機構或組織中權利較小的成員對權利被不平等分配的接受程度。）(P232/239)? Case 41(P213)

Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.Cultural patterns’ components--norms ? Case 43(P226)

Following their individualistic orientations, Mr.Patterson and Mr.Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups, which is typical in the United States.In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.This case reflects the conflict between individualism and collectivism.? Case 44(P236)

Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case.In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation.Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts Definitions

? Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs.This is known as the communication context.（交際無法脫離外部環境的影響：所有的人類交際都或多或少受到社會、物理和文化場景的影響。這些場景被稱為交際語境。）(P245/271)

? Ramadan（齋戒月）: Ramadan is an Islamic religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar;the month in which the Qur’an, according to tradition, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset.（穆斯林的圣月齋戒月是伊斯蘭歷法的第九個月。根據傳說，在這個月份中，古蘭經被透露給先知穆罕默德。這是伊斯蘭教的齋月，全世界穆斯林在這一個月中白天禁食。）(P254)

? Obon（盂蘭盆節）: Obon is one of the most important traditions for Japanese people.It is a Buddhist event and is the period of praying for the repose of the souls of one’s ancestors.People believe that their ancestors’ spirits come back to their homes to be reunited with their family during obon.Obon was originally celebrated around the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar.（盂蘭盆節，梵文Ullam-bana的音譯，亦稱 “盂蘭盆齋”、“盂蘭盆供”，是佛教重要節日之一，人們在此期間祈禱先人的靈魂安息。人們相信，他們祖先的靈魂在盂蘭盆節會回到自己的家園與家人重新團聚。每逢農歷七月十五日，佛教徒為追薦祖先均舉行重要法事活動。）(P254)? Sabbath（安息日）: Sabbath is the day of the week when members of some religious groups do not work.The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday and the Christian Sabbath is on Sunday.（安息日，一些宗教組織成員在一星期里不用工作的日子。猶太人的安息日是周六，而基督教徒的安息日是周日。）

? Namaste（（印度）合十禮）: Namaste is a common spoken greeting or salutation in the Indian subcontinent.It is derived from Hinduism.（合十禮源自印度教，是在印度次大陸一種常見的口語問候語或招呼語。）

? Case 48(P257)

Chinese people love giving gifts.Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes.Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough.An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide.Such gifts are treasured;however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.? Case 50(P269)

In the case just described, the U.S.American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness.However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first.So the case reflect the different roles of family and gender in the health care context in different cultures.Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation Definitions

? Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture.（文化適應：文化適應指人們學習和適應新文化的社會規范和價值觀念的過程。）(P278/305)? Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.(同化：同化指一個民族群體的人們逐漸失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的過程。)(P278/306)

? Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.This kind of acculturation is called integration.(文化融合：文化融合指人們在文化適應過程中高度接受新的主流文化，同時又保留了自己文化的完整性)。(P279/306)

? Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture, the mode of acculturation is called separation.（分離：分離指人們在文化適應過程中對自己原有文化進行重新肯定認同、保留了原有文化，對新的主流文化及與其相關的微觀文化不接受不認可）。(P280/306)? Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔離：隔離當經濟和政治上更強大的新主流文化不接受人們與它進行文化接觸，人們就會被這種文化隔離在外。）(P281/306)

? Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.(邊緣化：邊緣化指人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且無法融入新的主流文化。)(P281/306)

? Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.（文化沖擊/文化休克：文化沖擊/文化休克指人們在進入一種新文化環境中遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經歷。）(P286/306)

? Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment.(跨文化適應：跨文化適應指人們不斷提高自己的適應能力，以期達到新文化環境的需要。)(P293/306)? Case 54(P291)

This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms.? Case 55(P299)

This case can reflect reverse culture shock.When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again, which is known as W-curve pattern.

第四篇：大學英語跨文化交際教程案例分析雙語答案

Case 2:

White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown.The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.白色的裙子

案例分析:印度女人可能認為婚禮是一個葬禮,如果他們看到西方新娘白色禮服。案例反映了明喻和隱喻的文本。文化就像一座冰山:我們可以識別婦女所穿的衣服的顏色在不同的文化,但是我們不知道下面的值。文化就像水中的魚游:人們穿著不同顏色的不同的背景,但他們通常是理所當然,從不問為什么。

Case 4:

Coconut-skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture.We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned.People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping.The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Coconut-skating 案例分析:這一事件反映出文化的特點。我們可以告訴從文化無處不在的情況下學習。人們甚至可以創造不同的東西一樣簡單的問題地板悶悶不樂。菲律賓女人必須學會了這樣的擦自己的文化。

Case 12:

Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza?

This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication.In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food.Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.你為什么不吃比薩嗎? 這種情況下可以反映出跨文化交流中出現的問題,忽略文化差異如何影響溝通。在馬來西亞,大多數人都是穆斯林,人們認為左手是僅用于清洗身體,因此它是臟的,不能用來傳遞食物。任何了解文化差異,美國學生把自己在一個尷尬的局面。

Case 21:

A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York.Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture.That is why the small conflict happens.一個丹麥的女人在紐約

這種情況下可以反映假設相似而不同。當與人交流從另一種文化,一個是可能認為和對待他人是“他的人”,認為必須有做事的方法只有一個:這是“他的方式”。在這種情況下,丹麥女人假定她獨自離開孩子的行為,這是常見的在丹麥,在紐約也合適。這里,她認為什么是適合自己的文化在另一種文化也是毋庸置疑的。這就是為什么會發生小沖突。

Case 23:

Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages.Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person.Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States.In China, “girl” means someone who is young and single.In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman.For most people, “woman” means someone who is married and who probably is not young.In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called “women”.While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract.This terminology became widespread during the “women's liberation movement in the 1960s”.The term “'girl” is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.girl-ness 這種情況下可以反映出一個翻譯問題:缺乏概念的等價性,指的是抽象的概念,在不同的語言中不存在的以相同的方式。不同的文化含義是不同的同一件事或人。關于這種情況,我們應該知道什么是年輕女性自稱從美國在中國非常不同。在中國,“女孩”意味著年輕和單身的人。在某種程度上,它讓女性聲音更可取的被稱為一個女孩而不是女人。對大多數人來說,“女人”是指結婚的人誰可能不年輕。事實上,大多數中國單身女性,如大學生、會侮辱了被稱為“女人”。而在西方,在正式、公共設置,按照慣例打電話給任何女人過去的青春期女性,盡管她可能不是合法投票年齡,結婚,購買酒精飲料,開車,或簽訂合同。這個術語普及在“1960年代的婦女解放運動”。“女孩”一詞有時被解釋為是貶低或無禮。

Case 25:

Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant.In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question.Ms.Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question.If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms.Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.成功的故事

挫折和誤解的來源之一,在這種情況下發生不同的口頭的觀念有關。在這種情況下,瑪麗在等更直接回應她的問題。Goshima女士是不舒服的問題,覺得她的反應應該非常間接,建立適當的謙遜的品質在暴露的問題的答案。如果瑪麗更有耐心,最終她會聽見她的問題的答案,但她沒有注意的時候終于到了,因為她覺得Goshima女士對她的評論并不真正相關查詢。

Case 33:

Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures.Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune.In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.是美國人漠不關心? 這種情況下可以反映不同的非語言溝通模式存在于實際的跨文化交際,特別是面部表情不同根據不同的文化。與大多數中國相比,美國人喜歡微笑和因果和豐富的面部表情在日常生活中,即使他們有一些不幸。在這種情況下,由于不同意見的面部表情在跨文化交流,美國女士談到她父親的疾病和死亡以微笑的方式來顯示她還有樂觀的< >應用:ds:樂觀對待未來的生活方式,這是誤解,被中國人冷漠和自私。

Case 36:

Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm

This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body.Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot.Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.不要把你的手放在我的胳膊

這種情況下可以反映不同的文化有不同的看法的空間關系。不同的文化有不同的意見關于個人的無意識地構建microspace立即身體周圍。一些文化中可以有相對較近的距離,當其他文化雖然不能交流。一些西方文化認為人們之間的身體接觸相同的性別文化禁忌,被同性戀的象征。在這種情況下,薩姆是西方文化和身體接觸的社會禁忌知道得很清楚,所以他不會讓別人誤解了馬克和他的親密的身體距離和聯系,盡管馬克從智利不知道的文化禁忌。

Case 41:

Getting Frustrated Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman(and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners.The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it.The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the

person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well.Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community.In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating.However, they are also concerned with hygiene.They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating.Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.變得沮喪

周杰倫很沮喪在很大程度上是因為許多規范他被用于不適用于沙特阿拉伯,和許多沙特規范對他沒有意義。大部分的工作在沙特阿拉伯取決于小費,一個類型的回扣中間人(這是一個人),促進潛在業務合作伙伴之間的聯系。中間人做的服務,希望得到報酬。小費給的人越多,越有可能是,人會成功,因為中間商一定會對他很好。給小費是沙特商界的規范。此外,沙特人相信上帝給了我們多功能手,吃手是我們最好的工具。

然而,他們也關心衛生。他們儲備清洗自己的左手,用右手吃飯。沙特有許多規范與限制男女互動,他們的宗教信仰的上下文中,完美的意義但大多數西方人會很不恰當。

Case 43:

The Improvement Does Not Work Following their individualistic orientations, Mr.Patterson and Mr.Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups.However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance.In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement.In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures.But cultures are not pure.Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals.For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies.In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs.Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian.At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group.In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.改善不工作

個人主義取向后,帕特森先生和Wyman先生是完全滿意的想法創造團隊領導在各個銷售組。然而,作為公園年輕的山姆提到,這樣打亂了團體的和諧,進而導致低劣的性能。在美國,工人往往出于晉升和發展的機會,這是個人主義的個人成就。在集體主義的文化中,然而,工人可能出于一個凝聚力和生產力的團隊的一部分。個人主義和集體主義術語描述整個文化。但文化不純。集體主義文化的成員可能實踐個人主義傾向而成員個人主義文化的集體主義價值理想。例如,丹麥是一個國家與集體主義和個人主義的傾向。在丹麥,個人自由是通過對培養建立的傳統和習俗。關于收入和社會地位,丹麥人是堅定的平等。然而,與此同時,丹麥人認為自己是自由是不信奉國教的,并從人群中脫穎而出。這樣,丹麥人可能理論中點的個人主義和集體主義文化的統一體。

Case 44:

When Shall We Meet For Dinner? Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case.In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation.Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans.Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening.Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses.Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?

當我們吃晚飯見面好嗎? 在這種情況下可以看到不確定性規避取向。下面的對話,凱利和Keiko交互對晚餐的邀請。凱利,來自美國,擁有相對較低不確定性規避指數,惠子,來自日本、來自一個文化相對較高的不確定性規避指數。在上面的對話中,Keiko混淆了凱利的隨和態度晚上的計劃。來自高uncertainty-avoidant文化,Keiko寧愿提前計劃,以避免不確定性和準備晚上她的腳本。凱利,另一方面,是完全舒適的晚上制定計劃基于如何進

展。沒有計劃,Keiko怎么知道如何行動呢? Case 48:

Gift from a Chinese Chinese people love giving gifts.Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes.Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough.An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide.Such gifts are treasured;however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.來自中國的禮物

中國人喜歡送禮物。通常,禮物的價值是多么重要的信號接收器發送者的眼睛。大多數人擔心是否贈送禮物禮物將被視為有價值的足夠了。一個便宜的禮物意味著面臨的損失。Dongxie可能有一個實際的理由在人參給他的經理,但大多數中國人會把它當作一般的下屬這樣做經理的尊重的標志。

北美公司偶爾收到禮物的感謝的友誼和幫助經理可以提供。這樣的禮物是珍貴的;然而,價值通常相當小,一瓶酒,一個音樂CD,一本小書,或其他標記。

Case 54:

A Fish out of Water

This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms.Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems.Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed.In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock.離水之魚

這個案例反映了男孩正在經歷文化沖擊,這可能會給他一些心理上的癥狀。文化沖擊實際上是一個溝通的問題涉及附帶的抑郁情緒缺乏理解的語言和非語言溝通的文化,風俗,以及其價值系統。文化沖擊發生當人們需要處理大量的新的知覺刺激,難以理解和解釋,因為文化背景已經發生了改變。在這種情況下,當美國學生覺得他熟悉的線索從本土文化被移除,他就拒絕新的環境,他顯示了一些心理癥狀由于文化沖擊。

第五篇：英語沙龍雜志 跨文化交際一個人之旅

跨文化交際——個人之旅

Intercultural Communications

--A Personal Journey

跨文化交際——個人之旅

An Intercultural Profession

跨文化職業

To be better equipped to do that, we returned to the US in 1990.I worked on my MA in Chinese and Intercultural Communications, Anne adjusted to American culture and we started a family.When we came back in 1993, we brought 2-year-old and 3-month-old daughters with us to Shanghai.We thought it would be simpler for young children to adapt to a new culture.Bu t the adjustments weren’t easy for any of us, partly because Shanghai was just beginning its rapid modernization phase.為更具備從事那份工作的條件，我們于1990年返回美國。我攻取漢語和跨文化交際碩士學位，安妮適應美國文化并且我們有了第一個孩子。當我們1993年回來時，我們 帶了我們的兩個女兒一同到了上海，當時她們分別是2歲和3個月。我們原以為小孩子適應一 種新的文化會更容易些，但適應對我們每個人都殊非易事，部分原因是緣于上海當時剛步入 高速的現代化階段。

For the last few years we have heard almost constant construction noise around us.Our housing hadn’t yet been renovated, we didn’t have much heating or air conditioning, the workload was heavy at the university, the pay was low and inflation was rapid in those days.Both children were often sick with colds or more serious ailments.Yet, we somehow persevered, kept adjusting to Shanghai, tried to keep up with the fast changes, and now we have a nice apartment, our neighborhood is cleaner and more attractive and we feel more at “home”.在過去的幾年里，周圍施工的噪音幾乎總是不絕于耳。我們的住房還沒有修繕好，也沒有多少供暖和空調，在大學的工作量也很繁重，那些日子報酬低而通貨膨脹又很快。兩個孩子經常患感冒或更重的病。然而，我們設法堅持著，一直不斷地適應上海，盡力去趕上飛快的變化。現在，我們住進了一套相當不錯的公寓，小區更干凈更漂亮，我們更有了在“家” 的感覺。

It was my good fortune to teach in the Overseas Training Department of Shanghai International Studies University(SISU).In 1993, we started to train self-paying students for international business.I was able to develop a new course on Intercultural Communications to orient our students.我有幸在上海外國語大學海外培訓部任教。1993年，我們開始培訓國際商務自費生。我得以開設了關于跨文化交際的一門新的課程來引導我們的學生。

Over the years, that course has grown into a curriculum that is also being offered to the1

Communications Department and all post-graduate students at SISU.This has been a rich opportunity to gather fresh data on Chinese culture as well as to develop this budding field.Relating to the China Association For Intercultural Communications(CAFIC), formed in 1995, has also been a stimulating professional experience.多年來，這門課程已經發展為一門學科，既在交際系開設，同時又面向所有在校的研究 生。這是收集有關中國文化新資料并開發這一新興領域的良好契機。成立于1995年的中國跨 文化交際協會，也是一次激動人心的職業經歷。

An Intercultural Family

一個跨文化的家庭

As our two girls became school age, we enrolled them in a local kinder garden.We wanted them to feel comfortable both in the language and with Chinese friends.As a result, both daughters have become trilingual, though it hasn’t always been easy.Our oldest

daughter, Christy, did fine the first two years, but found it quite tough in Chinese third grade.She was almost keeping up with her Chinese classmates, but her English and German were falling behind, so she changed to the International German School in

Shanghai.Our youngest daughter, Amy, is still in Chinese school.When she finishes third grade this year, she’ll probably also change, though she is happy and fairly comfortable in all three contexts.當我們的兩個女兒到了入學年齡，我們送她們到當地的幼兒園。我們想要她們在語言和與中國朋友交往這兩個方面都感到順當稱心。結果，兩個女兒都能操三種語言，盡管并非總是那么容易。我們的大女兒克里斯蒂，在最初兩年學得不錯，但在讀漢語三年級時卻感到相當吃力。她幾乎跟得上她那些中國的同班同學，但英語和德語卻落后了，所以她轉學到在上海的國際德語學校。我們的小女兒艾米，仍然在中文學校。她今年讀完三年級后，大概也會變換一下，雖然她在這三個語境里都感到舒心快樂。

Recently Amy was working on some intercultural adjustment materials for kids.She was asked to draw a picture of her family.In the space provided, she drew a picture of me and labeled it “Dad--American” and next to Anne, “Mom--German”.Then she drew a picture of our “Chinese Grandma” and labeled her “Ayi—Chinese”.When she drew herself and her sister in the middle, she paused.最近艾米在進行一些兒童跨文化適應材料的學習。她被要求畫一幅她的家庭的圖畫。在給她的一張白紙上，她畫了我的畫像并且標上了“爸爸－－美國人”，接著是安妮，標上“ 媽媽－－德國人”。然后她畫上了我們的“中國阿婆”的畫像，標上“阿姨－－中國人”。當她在中間畫她自己和她姐姐時，她停住了。

She then wrote “Christy and Amy--AmGerChi.” When I asked about this unusual word, she said because all three cultural backgrounds were mixed in her, she used the first syllable from each nationality.In Chinese, she called herself a “MeiDeZhong.” It might be difficult for her to maintain that identity, but that is how she sees herself now.然后她寫上了“克里斯蒂和艾米－－美德中”。當我問這一怪詞時，她說，因為所有這 三個文化背景都融合在她身上，她用了每個國家的第一個音節。她用漢語稱她自己“美德中”。讓她保持這一身份可能有難度，但現在她是這樣看自己的。

An Intercultural Future

跨文化的未來

Because this is my field of study, my wife, daughters and I hope to keep learning about cultural variety and adjustments together.We don’t just want to be a cross-cultural experiment;we want to relate our experiences to our Chinese friends and students.Anne works as the Consulting Doctor for the German Consulate in Shanghai and has

opportunities nearly every week to cross cultural barriers with expatriates and local hospitals.Each of us hopes to become an effective “cultural bridge” to bring

understanding and cooperation to the different sides we represent.因為這是我的研究領域，我妻子、女兒和我都希望一起不斷地學習文化的多 樣性和適應力。我們不只想成為跨文化的實驗；我們想把我們的經歷同我們的中國朋友和學 生結合起來。安妮在德國駐上海領事館工作，擔任顧問醫生，在跟旅居海外者以及當地醫院 打交道時，幾乎每周都有機會跨越文化障礙。我們每個人都希望成為卓有成效的“文化橋梁”，為我們所代表的不同方面帶來理解和合作。Living overseas for long periods of times is never easy.There are times when we are overcome with homesickness.Sometimes we feel lost or confused in our identity.Sometimes we face new levels of culture shock or stress.But we trust that each of these experiences is enriching us, giving us a reservoir of feelings and insights that we can share with others.長期生活在海外從來都不容易。有時候我們思鄉情切，有時對我們的身份感到失落和困惑，有時我們面臨新的層次的文化沖擊和壓力。但我們相信所有這些經歷都在豐富著我們，讓我們蓄積起能與他人共享的心緒和感悟。

With changes due to WTO, the coming World Cup and Olympics and developments in many other arenas, China is entering an exciting and challenging phase of

internationalizing.Perhaps our intercultural journey can be of help to others.由于加入WTO，進入世界杯和舉辦奧運會，以及其他許多領域的發展帶來的變化，中國正步入一個令人激動、富有挑戰的“國際化”階段。也許我們的跨文化之旅能夠對他人有所裨益。