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英語翻譯中的增詞法

時間:2019-05-15 02:38:39下載本文作者:會員上傳
簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關的《英語翻譯中的增詞法》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《英語翻譯中的增詞法》。

第一篇:英語翻譯中的增詞法

法(上)試譯下列句子

Success is often just an idea away.原譯:成功往往只是一個念頭的距離。改譯:成功與否往往只是一念之差。

分析:“原譯”似乎與原文一一對應、絲絲入扣。但卻含糊不清,讓人難解其意。“改譯”增加了“與否”二字起到了畫龍點睛的作用,讓人茅塞頓開。

The dust, the uproar(喧囂)and the growing darkness threw everything into chaos.原譯:煙塵、喧鬧聲和漸濃的夜色使一切都陷入混亂之中。

改譯:煙塵滾滾,人聲嘈雜,夜色愈濃,一切都陷入混亂之中。

分析:“改譯”增加“滾滾”、“人聲”幾個字,不僅將原文意思表達得淋漓盡致,而且“四字格”的運用也使譯文音韻和諧、瑯瑯上口。

英漢兩種語言由于表達方式不盡相同,翻譯時常常有必要在譯文的詞量上作適當的增加,使譯文既能忠實地傳達原文的內容和風格,又能符合譯入語的表達習慣。

增詞法(amplification):亦稱增詞或增益法,指的是在英漢翻譯中適當增加原文中無其形而有其義的詞語,以使譯文自然通順,完整、貼切地表達原文的思想內容。

翻譯時倘若過于拘泥于原文的表達形式,采用一對一的逐詞死譯,往往就會使譯文生硬晦澀,令人費解,有時甚至背離原文的意思。

但是,增詞法并不意味著譯者可以隨心所欲、任意地添枝加葉,而必須遵守一條基本原則: ——增加原文字面雖未出現,但卻為其實際內容所包含的詞語。增詞一般用于以下三種情況: 一是為了意義上的需要; 二是為了修辭上的需要;

三是為了語法(句法)上的需要。根據意義上或修辭上的需要

一、增加量詞

1)由于英語中沒有量詞,數詞(包括不定冠詞a)與可數名詞往往直接聯用,而漢語卻往往要借助量詞。因此翻譯時應根據漢語表達習慣恰當地增加表示其形狀、特征或材料的量詞。

a bike 一輛自行車

a mouth 一張嘴

a full moon 一輪滿月

Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler,a metal spoon,a coin,a tin lid,a pencil and a rubber eraser.用一把木尺、一把金屬匙、一枚硬幣、一個鐵盒蓋、一枝鉛筆和一塊橡皮,重做這個試驗。

Aluminum is said to be the thirteenth element in the periodic table.鋁是周期表上的第13號元素。

A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一輪紅日從風平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。

Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.一鉤新月漸漸隱沒在淡淡的云彩里。

To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.東南方呈現一抹淺紅,正在向遠處擴展。

A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷,匯到江里去了。

This too was a complete lie.這純粹是一派胡言。

2)英語中有些動詞或動名詞,譯成漢語動詞時經常需要增加一些表示行為、動作量的量詞。如: Once, they had a quarrel.有一次,他們爭吵了一番。

He gave her a sly look.他狡猾地看了她一眼。

I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替他萬分擔憂,但此時此地既不宜教訓她一番,也不宜與她爭論一通。

He squeezed his sister too and gave her a gentle push.他也捏了一下他的妹妹,并且把輕輕推了她一下。

You might just take a look at my coat before this afternoon.See if it wants pressing.你最好在下午之前瞧一下我的上衣,看是否要熨一下。

二、增加表示名詞復數的詞

英語的可數名詞有單復數之別,漢語名詞的復數沒有詞形變化,很多情況下不必表達出來。但要表達指多數人的名詞時,可在該名詞后面加“們”字,如the teachers(教師們),或在該名詞前面加上“諸位”、“各(位)”,如ladies and gentlemen(諸位/各位女士和先生)。此外,英語名詞復數,漢譯時還可以根據情況,增加重疊詞、數詞或其他一些詞來表達,提高修辭效果。

可增加數詞或重迭詞表示復數。例如:

The lion is the king of animals.獅子是百獸之王。

I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看見一個個水泡從水下升起。

The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.連大地都震動了,仿佛萬馬奔騰,千夫怒吼。

The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里開始投下蔚藍色的長影。

An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.一個人的一生可以比作一條河流:開始身軀很小,兩岸之間非常狹窄,水流湍急,沖過礫石,飛下懸瀑。

As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases.大家知道,空氣是許多種氣體的混合物。

From the experiments, scientists learned that ocean currents there are erratic than they had thought.科學家們從這些實驗得知,那里的洋流遠比他們以前想像得更不穩定。

You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite ―honest criticism‖ from their aides.你幾乎可以把這一點看成首都的一種慣例:歷屆總統經常請他們的助手們提出 “直率的批評 ”。

Very acute problems exist among them.他們之間存在著種種非常尖銳的問題。

They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.他們乘坐一輛黑色轎車,經過一叢叢的白樺樹和看不到盡頭的一排排千篇一律的新住宅。

Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院。

Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.記者紛紛飛到墨西哥去了。

Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。眼見為實。

三、增加表示時態的詞

英語動詞的時態靠動詞詞形變化或加助動詞來表示時態的變化,漢語動詞沒有詞形變化,表達時態要靠增加漢語特有的時態助詞或一般表示時間的詞。因此,漢語往往用“曾經”、“已經”、“過”、“了”等表示過去時;用“在”、“正在”、“著”等表示進行時;用“將”、“就”、“要”、“會”等表示將來時。除此之外,為了強調時間概念或強調時間上的對比,往往需要加一些其他的詞過去完成時的翻譯

I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant.But this time I was.以往我從未想過,當我發覺人們認為我是無足輕重時,我會感到高興。但這次情況確是如此。

I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原來我以為這不過是一種親熱的表示,但是現在看來,這是為了聞一聞羊羔的味道,來斷定是不是自己生的。

The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.原來老頭兒已教會了孩子捕魚,所以孩子很愛他。

Stephen looked older than his age,for he had had a hard life.斯梯芬看起來比他實際的年齡要老些,因為他曾經歷過艱苦的生活。

They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他們從前一向是能夠控制局面的,現在他們大家正在喪失控制了。時間上的對比

The old man said, “ They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老人說:“聽人說,從前他父親是個打魚的。他過去也許跟我們現在一樣窮。”

English prose is elaborate rather than simple.It was not always so.現今英國散文華巧而欠簡樸,過去卻并非總是如此。

I knew it quite well as I know it now.我在當時就知道得同現在一樣清楚。

Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking.直到今天母親還堅持說,她當時以為我只是開開玩笑而已。

The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.該高空飛機過去是現在仍然是一種了不起的飛機。

四、增加動詞

根據意義上的需要,可以在名詞前后增加動詞,使句子意義明確,通順自然,符合漢語習慣。

After the football match, he still has an important meeting.在觀看足球比賽之后,他要參加一個重要會議。

In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演之后,他還得起草最后公報。

My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我干工作,我做家務,我與朋友來往,這些占用了我的全部時間。

Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.誰也不能指望他會采取克制或講道理的態度。

He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他沒有致閉幕詞就宣布結束會議。

五、增加名詞

1)英語中有些動詞有時用作及物動詞,有時用作不及物動詞,當它作不及物動詞用時,賓語實際上是隱含在動詞后面的,譯成漢語時往往需要把它表達出來。例如: To wash before meal.飯前洗手。

To wash after getting up 起床后洗臉

To wash before going to bed 睡前洗腳

First you borrow, then you beg.頭一遭借錢,下一遭就討飯。

Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天都來干活—掃地,擦地板,收拾房間。2)有時,根據漢語的習慣搭配,需要在形容詞前增加名詞。

This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.這臺打字機真是物美價廉。

He is a complicated man – moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是一個性格復雜的人—喜怒無常,反復多變,有些郁郁寡歡。

He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他滿臉皺紋,皮膚很黑,頭發灰白稀疏。

They, weary but game, decided to take a break.他們人已疲倦而興致甚高,決定先休息一下。

3)某些由動詞或形容詞派生來的抽象名詞,翻譯時可根據上下文在其后面增添適當的名詞,使譯文更合乎規范。如:

persuasion 說服工作preparation 準備工作tension 緊張局勢arrogance自滿情緒等Indifference冷漠態漠madness 瘋狂行為

complacency 自滿情緒backwardness 落后狀態Precaution 預防措施Jealousy嫉妒心理Tension緊張局面Remedy補救方法

After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S.to San Francisco.一切準備工作就緒以后,飛機就飛越美國去舊金山。

Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.國與國之間的爭端訴諸武力,并不是最好的解決方法。

The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese government.發展經濟仍然是中國政府的首要課題之一。

4)當具體名詞表達一種抽象概念時,使文中也常根據上下文增加一些適當的名詞。

He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩。

He allowed the husband to be overruled by the judge, and declared his wife guilty.法官的職責最終戰勝了丈夫的角色,他判決他的妻子有罪。

六、增加形容詞、副詞

根據原文的上下文,有些英語句子中的名詞譯成漢語時,需要增加一些適當的形容詞。有些動詞在一定的場合可以增加適當的副詞,才能確切表達原意。

O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!啊,湯姆·康地,生在破爛、骯臟和苦難中,現在這番景象卻是多么地煊赫呀!With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadn’t time to worry about such trifles.不出兩三個小時會議就要開始了,我沒有閑功夫為這些瑣事操心了。

“Army will make a man of him‖, said his father.他的父親說:“軍隊會把他造就成為一個堂堂的男子漢。”

He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.毫無疑問,他以為會有熱烈的擁抱,滿桌的食物,激動的淚水,歡樂的笑聲,一段接一段的談話,一次又一次的擁抱,沒完沒了。

分析:譯文中增加了三個相應的形容詞,形象地描繪出他想象中的歡樂場景,使意思更加明確,表達更加生動。

In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver;they fall in love and drive tractors together.在那時候的電影里,總是老一套:男拖拉機手和女拖拉機手始而相遇,繼而相愛,終而并肩開拖拉機了。

Now and then his boots shone.他的靴子時常閃閃發光。

The crowd melted away.人群漸漸散開了。

She lingered long over his letter.她反反復復地回味著他的來信。

1)I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.(注意時態)我的獲釋是他成全的,對此我過去很感激,現在仍然很感激。

2)Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.(注意時態)人類過去、現在和將來始終都在努力改善生活條件。

3)In no case will the neighbors look on with folded arms.(譯出復數)鄰居們(左鄰右舍)決不會袖手旁觀。

4)Another two weeks saw up-to-the standard machine parts being turned out.(譯出復數)又過了半個月,合乎標準的各種機器部件就生產出來了。

5)The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again.(譯出復數)法官對他再三提出警告,不得重新作案,然后就將他放了。

6)The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.(增加量詞)第一批電子計算機于1945年投入使用.1)This helps to save coal and reduce the cost of electricity.(談及電廠)(增加動詞)這有助于節約用煤并降低發電成本。

2)I remembered the fear and anger in the gunmen’s voices because John was being slow.(增加動詞)我記得因為約翰當時慢慢騰騰,歹徒的聲音中流露出了恐懼與憤懣。

3)Some modifications(修改)of the original project were suggested at the meeting yesterday.(增加名詞)在昨天的會上對原來的規劃提出了一些修改方案。

4)The arrogance of the aristocracy helped to lead to the French Revolution.(增加名詞)貴族的傲慢態度促發了法國革命。

5)Jefferson’s courage and idealism were based on knowledge.(增加形容詞)杰斐遜的勇氣和理想主義是以廣博的知識 為基礎的。

6)At the meeting he made a speech—eloquent and energetic.(增加副詞)他在會上發表了講話—非常動聽有力。

7)The fan, with its modern, elegant, bright, and harmoniously colored design, is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purpose on hot summer days.(增加必要的名詞)

本電扇款式新穎,造型雅致,色彩鮮艷,色澤調和,是炎炎夏日消暑納涼之家電精品。

根據意義上或修辭上的需要的增詞:

一、增加量詞

二、增加表示名詞復數的詞

三、增加表示時態的詞

四、增加名詞

五、增加動詞

六、增加形容詞和副詞

七、增加概括詞

英語和漢語都有概括詞。英語中的in short, and so on, etc.等等,翻譯時可分別譯為“總之”、“等等”。但有時英語句子中并沒有概括詞,而翻譯時卻往往了增加“兩人”、“雙方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此種種”等概括詞,同時省略英語中的連接詞。You and I 你我兩人

Militarily, politically and economically 軍事、政治、經濟等各方面

China, U.S.and Britain held this conference.中、美、英三國舉辦了這次會議.

The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.論文總結了計算機、人造衛星和火箭等三方面所取得的新成就.

Then a little over a decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme.然而十多年前,劍橋大學的霍伊爾、邦迪和哥爾德三位教授卻提出了完全不同的學說。

The bond between mathematics and the life sciences has been strengthened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialties, such as biometrics, psychometrics, and econometrics.生物統計學、心理測驗學、計量經濟學等一大批應用數學專業學科的出現,大大加強了數學和生命科學之間的聯系。(注釋:原句中的連接詞and被省略掉。)

八、增加語氣助詞

語氣助詞是漢語中特有的一種修辭手段,用在句中停頓處或句尾以表示各種語氣,如“呢、吧、呀、嗎、罷了、而已”等等。不同的語氣助詞可以起不同的作用,如肯定、疑問、祈使、中間的停頓等等,但英語中沒有相應的語氣助詞。英譯漢時應細心體會原文,增加一些語氣詞,更好地表達原作的意義和修辭色彩。

Don’t take it seriously.I’m just making fun of you.不要認真嘛!我不過開開玩笑罷了。

As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢,從一開始就不贊成。

He described it(Latvia)—its forests, its little villages, its people, its fierce nationalism—with an eloquence that could only arise out of deep love for one’s motherland.他描繪它(拉脫維亞)的風土人情—森林啦、小村莊啦、人民啦、人民的強烈民族主義啦等等,只有深深熱愛祖國的人才能說得如此娓娓動聽,滔滔不絕。

It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.完全有可能眼下正在想辦法使我獲釋,只不過需要時間而已。

“Some six or eight thousand men,” returned Montcalm, with much apparent indifference?.(J.F.Cooper,The last of the Mohicans)“那也只不過六千到八千人罷了,”蒙卡姆顯然滿不在乎地說,??

分析:譯者細心體會原文,在譯文增加了“那也只不過”和“罷了”這一語氣助詞,把蒙卡姆滿不在乎的語氣生動地再現了出來,增強了該譯入語的感染力,向讀者忠實地傳遞了原作的含義和修辭色彩。

九、增加承上啟下的詞

Yes, I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不錯,我喜歡中國菜。現在很多人喜歡中國菜,這種情況算是有點趕時髦吧!

For mistakes had made, bad ones.因為已經犯下了許多錯誤,而且還是很糟的錯誤。

Two, we heard later, were sent to college, at the government expense, while one, it was rumored, had attempted to blackmail the Agency.Unsuccessfully.我們后來聽說,兩人已由政府資助送進大學學習,并據傳說,一個曾試圖對中央情報局進行訛詐,結果并未得逞。

十、增加反映背景情況的詞

In April, there was the ―ping‖ heard around the world.In July, the ping ―ponged‖.四月里,全世界聽到中國“乒”的一聲把球打了出去;到了七月,美國“乓”的一聲把球打了回來。

Le Monde, the B.B.C, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.法國的《世界報》、英國廣播公司、美國《紐約時報》及整個阿拉伯報界,都經常大量引用海卡爾的話。

Both Efe and Reuters published their views on the course of events in Kosovo.西班牙的埃新社和英國的路透社都對科索沃事態的發展發表了自己的看法。

根 據 句 法 需 要

一、增補原文回答句中的省略部分

Is this your book? Yes, it is.(yes, it is = yes, it is mine.)這是你的書嗎?是的,是我的。

Don’t you want Mr.Smith to be your tutor? Yes, of course I do.你不想讓史密斯先生當你導師嗎?我當然想。

二、增加原文中省略的動詞

Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.譯文:讀書使人充實,討論使人敏捷,寫作使人準確。

英語的并列句中 通常省略重復的動詞,該句省略了makes。而漢語則通過重復動詞,構成排比句式,增強表達效果,因此譯文中添加了“使人”。

We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our students to the full, not just their academic ability.譯文:我們關心的是全面發展學生的各種能力,而不僅僅是發展智力。

We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.我們不后退,我們從沒后退過,將來也決不后退。

The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的導體電阻最小,最差的導體電阻最大

三、增加原文比較句中的省略部分

Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.從別人的失敗中吸取教訓比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓要更好。

The system of job responsibility can be adopted where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise.工作責任制度,條件成熟了就可以實行,條件不成熟的不要實行。

I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of cooperation is more inventive and fruitful than others.(others= the way of cooperation of other countries)我可以對你說—我這樣說沒有任何奉承之意—中國的合作方式比別國的合作方式更有特色,更有成果。

四、增加表示邏輯關系的詞語

But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.(對過去 事實的虛擬)然而如果沒有阿道夫·希特勒,那就幾乎可以肯定不會有第三帝國。

At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.(a second term = a second term of presidency for Kennedy)

肯尼迪遇刺時,基辛格認為,如果肯尼迪再任一屆總統的話,大概不是立大功,就是闖大禍。

More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.如果測試更為徹底,也許一開始就能找出故障。

I am in charge of the depot, only I.people will hold me responsible but not you.只有我一人負責管理這個倉庫,出了事情別人找我,不找你。

中國還有一句成語,三個臭皮匠,合成一個諸葛亮。

譯文:Still another Chinese proverb says: three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.

第二篇:筆譯技巧3 英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法

筆譯技巧3 英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法

英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法

(一)語法增減詞 A. 英漢在語法上存在某些明顯的差異; B. 英語有冠詞,漢語沒有; C. 英語多用代詞,相較漢語; D. 英語介詞豐富,漢語介詞很少;

E. 英語多用關聯詞語,漢語主要靠邏輯關系來鋪排句子,強調意念的連貫性; F. 漢語多用助詞表示各種語氣。

例如:

a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor — and I tell you , rich is better.富裕也罷,貧窮也罷,我都經歷過。說實話,富裕當然勝過貧窮。(省略關聯詞和已出現過的作主語的人稱代詞)

b.活到老,學到老。

One is never too old to learn.(增加人稱代詞)

c.該地區已沒什么城鄉差別。

There is little difference between town and country in this region.(增加介詞)

d.Is more growth really better ? 經濟發展得越快越好嗎?(增加語氣詞)

(二)詞義增減詞

A.很多情況下,英漢詞匯的語義范圍往往有寬窄之分,并非一一對應;

B.如果英語詞匯的語義范圍比漢語寬,英譯漢時要采取增詞法,使原文隱含的意思得以充分表達;

C.如果英語詞匯的語義范圍比漢語窄,英譯漢時要則要采用減詞法。

例如:

a.It is pointed out that the sheer(純粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society

in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating(使虛弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects.一味地追求產品數量的增長 已經讓社會付出了巨大的代價。

比如環境污染,交通擁擠,需特殊處理廢物的激增,以及由此造成的負面的心理及社會影響。(增詞法)

b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.對于普通人而言,治療嫉妒的唯一方法是快樂,然而困難在于,嫉妒本身就是快

筆譯技巧3 英漢互譯中的增詞法和減詞法

樂的巨大障礙。(減詞法)

例如:

a.其經營活動多限于市場調查、信息溝通和采購銷售等。

Such an office’s activities might be limited to market research , communications , sales and purchasing.(減詞法)

b.看糧食,要看中國的農業;看農業,首先要看市場。

To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture ,and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market.(增詞法)

A.英語中大量使用抽象名詞,概括力強,詞義范圍寬; B.漢語相對比較具體,以實表虛,以具體表抽象;

C.英譯漢時,通常需要把抽象概念具體化,或添加表示某種范疇的名詞,如:狀況、情形、場面、性質、結果、方式、做法等;

D.漢譯英時,把整個名詞詞組譯成英語中的抽象名詞即可。

例如:

a.After all preparations were made , the plane took off.一切準備工作就緒以后,飛機就起飛了。

b.Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and researching.與此同時,各學校正采取行動改變教學與科研之間不平衡的現狀。

例如:

a.她的朋友們聽到她家中的困難情況后,主動伸出援助之手。

After her friends heard about her family difficulties , they offered her a helping hand.b.前怕狼后怕虎的態度不能造就干部。

“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind”will not produce cadres.

第三篇:詞法分析小結

詞法分析是編譯器工作的第一階段,它的工作就是從輸入(源代碼)中取得token,以作為parser(語法分析)的輸入,一般在詞法分析階段都會把一些無用的空白字符(white space,即空格、tab和換行)以及注釋剔除,以降低下一步分析的復雜度,詞法分析器一般會提供一個gettoken()這樣的方法,parser可以在做語法分析時調用詞法分析器的這個方法來得到下一個token,所以詞法分析器并不是一次性遍歷所有源代碼,而是采取這種on-demand的方式:只在parser需要時才工作,并且每次只取一個token。

token和lexeme

首先,token不等于lexeme。token和lexeme的關系就類似于面向對象語言中“類”和“實例”(或“對象”)之間的關系,這個用中文不知該如何解釋才好,比如語言中的變量a和b,它們都屬于同一種token:identifier,而a的lexeme是”a”,b則是”b”,而每個關鍵字都是一種token。token可以附帶有一個值屬性,例如變量a,當調用詞法分析器的gettoken()時,會返回一個identifier類型的token,這個token帶有一個屬性“a”,屬性可以是多樣的,例如表示數字的token可以帶有一個表示數字值的屬性,它是整型的。

如下代碼:

int age = 23;

int count = 50;

可以依次提取出8個token:int(值為”int”),id(值為”age”),assign(值為”=”),number(值為整型數值23),int(值為”int”),id(值為”count”),assign(值為”=”),number(值為50)

正則表達式

正則表達式可以用來描述字符串模式,例如我們可以用digit+來表示number的token,其中digit表示單個數字(這里說正則表達式并不完全和實現的正則引擎所識別的正則表達式等價,這里只是為了描述問題而已)。

然而像c語言的的多行注釋,用正則表達式來描述就比較麻煩,此時更傾向于直接用有窮自動機(finite automaton)來描述,因為用它來描述非常直觀且很容易。

有窮自動機(finite automata)

有窮自動機也稱為有限狀態機,狀態在輸入字符的作用下發生遷移,因此,它可以用來識別token,也因此,我們只要畫得出fa,之后再用代碼實現這個fa,那詞法分析器也就差不多弄好了。

有窮自動機分確定性(dfa)和非確定性(nfa)兩種,如果對于同一個輸入,只會有一個確定的狀態遷移路線,也就是只有一個確定的“下一狀態”,那就是dfa,否則就是nfa。

因為dfa對于同一個輸入只有一個確定的下一狀態,所以詞法分析器當然優先采用它,那nfa拿來干嘛用呢?nfa用來做描述用時更方便,我們可以非常迅速地畫出一個識別token的nfa圖,但要想直接畫出個dfa那要動不少腦筋。

根據正則表達式構建nfa

如上所述,nfa更容易畫出,那我們就先研究nfa,在定義token時,我們可以用正則表達式來描述它,因為正則表達式干這行很合適,例如一個digit+就可以描述數字,多方便。因此,我們需要根據正則表達式畫出與之等價的nfa。而這個算法非常簡單,就是tompson’s construction,這個書上寫得很清楚了。

將nfa轉化成dfa(nfa的確定化)

對于計算機來說,面對同一個輸入,如果有多個下一狀態,那計算機就不清楚要轉到哪個狀態,所以我們期望能從正則表達式得到dfa,而不是nfa,因為這樣將來編程實現時比較自然(同一輸入有確定的一個下一狀態),而幸運的是,每個nfa都可以轉化成dfa。為什么nfa可以轉化成dfa?因為fa(finite automata)中的狀態都是我們自己畫的,只要fa能正確的識別token,那就ok了,也就是,如果nfa和dfa都可以達到一樣的效果:識別token,那其它的我們就不管了。

實現詞法分析器

對于一個token,比如用來表示數字的token:num,我們可以用正則表達式描述它,然后畫出nfa,再將nfa轉化成dfa,再最小化dfa的狀態,但是我們的詞法分析器是不是分析一個token,所以我們要把所有類型的token的dfa合并成一個dfa,這樣,這個dfa也就可以識別語言的所有token了,如果在某一連串的輸入下,dfa達不到終結狀態,那就說明源代碼有錯誤了。

我用c#實現了一個用于《compiler construction: principles and practice》中tiny語言的詞法分析器,tiny語言有關鍵字:if, then, else, end, repeat, until, read, write,有操作符+,-,*,/,=,<,(,),;,:=(全角逗號不算,是文章的分隔符)這10個,然后其余的token有number(一或多個數字)和identifier(一或多個字母),其dfa如下圖:

上面這張圖和《編譯原理及實踐》中的一樣,其中的帶中括號的輸入說明這個輸入是lookahead的,在匹配成功后是要重新放回輸入流中的,比如識別num時,如果發現個非digit的,那就說明識別到了一個number,但是最后識別的那個非digit字符是要放回輸入流的,因為它要留著下一次識別。

其中從start到done的那個other,指所有非white space,非{,非letter,非digit,也非:的字符,它有可能是合法的+, *, /這些,也可能是不合法的其它輸入,如#號。因此,done這個狀態只是說本次gettoken已經結束,狀態機是有可能因為不合法的輸入而進入done狀態的。究竟從start到done是因為合法的,如+號導致的,還是由不合法的如#號導致的,將在代碼中實現判斷,但可以肯定的是,不管是+號還是#號作用于start狀態,都會進入done狀態。

第四篇:汽車網絡營銷 中英語翻譯

Automotive Marketing First, the auto parts network management concept American auto parts of automobile fittings dealer Raymond is located in a suburban Atlanta, American and other accessories, this shop to shop and its characteristics, but is online transactions, and car accessories sales related services are available on the Internet.This distributior store of salespeople have extensive network of knowledge, they patiently helped no online trading experience of customer finish on the Internet.If the customer need, they also can be free of imparting knowledge of online transactions.In order to reflect the rapid and convenient online sales, they provide 24-hour services, if the customer questions, they always strive to reply in 15 minutes.The customer need, sitting at home before entering the store sells computer, then the website can complete all want to do, watch shop fittings, download the pictures, auto prices, orders, etc.Then, you can sit at home or in his own maintenance shop of door-to-door salesman received by car accessories.Online transaction does have many advantages.To save time, this is obvious.In this way, said dealers trade become a way to attract customers, people gradually accept it and approved.At the same time, the online trading reduced many expenses, including the staff, management, marketing, etc, and save the cost of expenses on auto parts price on the customer benefit.This is the foreign auto accessories sales of a networked management.This through the Internet and e-commerce fulfillment of our country, and online business, the auto parts marketing MVP has important significance.From the current situation of auto parts, auto sales network throughout the circulation of construction is not perfect, or in an internal network condition.The network Settings are mostly for enterprise internal coordination and daily management, instead of e-commerce.China's online accessories sales prospects from abroad, also can be the development of auto parts online sales of enlightenment.In the foreign auto accessories sales, how to do? zero kilometers sales How to provide the most

satisfactory service to customers? With the Internet, these two problems can greatly alleviate.Now, especially developed countries around the world through the Internet to buy auto accessories are expanding quickly.Second, the auto parts network management advantages

Online purchase of auto parts for car dealers and customers, whether for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, it is a good thing.First, for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, the Internet can more easily collect customers to buy auto parts in the process of the various issues, and timely information feedback to the auto parts manufacturing enterprises.According to the above analysis, the enterprise can produce customer purchase intention, thus producing according with market demand as the auto parts.This saves time and cost, and snatch market opportunities.Secondly, the use of Internet information and convenient services, manufacturing enterprises can promptly informed accessories vendors inventory and sales, thereby adjusting their production and auto parts allocation plan.Auto accessories vendors reduce inventory, accelerate the cash flow, obtained satisfactory returns.For users, they can through the Internet, like “menu” optional choose oneself need auto parts.The market information for auto parts manufacturing enterprise and the seller is important, and can be easily obtained through the Internet.Internet auto parts vendors can provide customers to production enterprise of real-time field information.The demand of information can help to reduce automobile accessories sales production enterprise charges, which usually cost will account for auto parts price of around 15% final sales.If the promotion costs, the cost is higher proportion.In fact, the Internet can also play a role of advertising.Before that, the sellers of auto parts distribution has always sold in part, and another part of the poor.Money is part of the occupied fee is caused to sell the car accessories.Through the Internet, the production enterprises and vendors can be avoided in production and sales market sales bad auto parts.With the advent of the Internet and convenient service, not only saves time and cost, and more importantly, the Internet can cause a concept of change,auto parts manufacturing enterprise, distributors and customers to be stuck nearlier more.Third, China's automobile fittings network management development trend China's auto accessories network management and e-commerce, has started to present development trend.Many of the current domestic large and medium-sized car repair enterprises established computer management system, realized the internal network.This covers the entire network maintenance services.To receive from business, dispatching material inspection.Computerized control can be made to understand the undertakings in real-time monitoring, which can form, and greatly improve the efficiency of the staff, more important is to replace manual accounting and management, strengthen accessories.Meanwhile, some large scale, the current operating performance good car accessories dealers also introduced a computerized management.Because of automotive products, so use variety of such management software, the personnel must be higher requirements after a period of training to mount guard.Such auto parts management network covers the whole process of operation.From the incoming, retail and wholesale price is determined according to the models, and such Numbers classified management, finally to do account settlement and delivery, and XiaoZhang.Chain-like management make better dealer has put the network management of the whole FenXiaoDian to it, formed a certain scale of network connection.Many automobile fittings all dealers from network management gained good returns.The most prominent feature is reflected in the commodity, through the network management allocations, can reach twice the result with half the effort.In addition, in recent years the old car accessories circulation system gradually broken, auto parts market, constantly mature vigorous development.Some far-sighted insight, the operator has felt the network era, and start a

near the market network.Like changchun automobile fittings, west of Beijing automobile fittings, Shanghai auto parts market such as the city of virtual network construction and the development of the market for 2000.But the reality is that the network is quite childish, but certainly not realize online trading and service.With the quickening pace of “two”, the personage inside course of study to commend “trinity” sales mode in the earth gradually.For example, in the choice of Shanghai general dealers, whether to have “trinity” sales ability to determine the object, such as a “trinity” whole car accessories sales mode is a microcosm of network flow field.Because it includes from truckload sale, spare parts supply and maintenance.Mention auto parts network management and e-commerce, somebody thinks, car accessories telephone shopping is actually c-commerce, because only communication platform between different, the operation is basically the same.Actually this kind of understanding is not accurate, phone business and e-commerce is more like Cousins, in many ways, phone business congenital deficiency.First, consumers from the phone in understanding the information is limited, can fully satisfy customer's requirements.Secondly, if advertisers, or printing accessories for customers, due to the directory of accessories sales, cost of printing more and more high, but slow renewal speed.In addition, on the telephone exchanges, due to the environment, voice, speaking, the influence of factors, make telephone service personnel difficulty and error rates increased.Just as phone business, management content in depth and breadth aspect further development will be limited.Fourth,Auto parts distribution system and network management of construction

Auto parts distribution system and network management of construction iis now a successful online trading tangible products such as books, audio and video products, clothing, etc., and auto parts as a certain scientific and technological content, some products are statemandatory standard industrial products, to achieve on-line transactions, compared with other industrial products, have their advantages, sellers

and buyers as long as posted on the Internet and input information about auto parts, such as vehicles, cars, parts name, part number, manufacture, price, quantity, etc., you can sell online or purchase.To truly realize the concept of e-commerce online sales, buyers and sellers in addition to solving the “integrity” issues, but also must establish a complete set of efficient logistics distribution system.Speaking before the factors that limit development of electronic commerce, nothing more than a means of payment, security authentication, the real make up, will find car parts logistics and distribution system is the most difficult, the most facile, the most expensive one.Many auto parts e-commerce companies are trying to find the existing physical network, such as postal services, courier and even newspaper delivery company as a delivery system.However, a suitable auto parts distribution and e-commerce system should look like?The conditions of physical network can be transformed into an auto parts distribution system of e-commerce will be the lowest cost? Five, Auto parts network management is the only way for the development and reform of the road network The Chinese auto parts sales development should be appropriate for the situation in China, with Chinese characteristics, the way the Internet business.Indeed, the United States, network operators have achieved great success, but we can not ignore this brilliant behind the social basis of the United States strong material foundation.As early as 100 years ago, the U.S.has established a comprehensive road, rail, postal services, courier delivery system combining;today's society, Americans have been accustomed to “free currency trading.” It can be said that today's Internet economy development in the United States should be a very natural result and is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product.Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally.As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and delivery has become a fatal problem “bottleneck.” How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, be able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators

today is the development of priority.China's auto parts e-commerce and enterprise network operators must follow the joint and it should be a very natural result is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product.Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally.As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and distribution has become a fatal problem “bottleneck.” How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, Being able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators today is the development of priority.汽車配件網絡營銷

第一,汽車配件網絡管理概念美國汽車零部件的汽車配件經銷商鍾泰是這家商店購物和其特點,但位于郊區的亞特蘭大、美國及其他配件,是在線交易,和汽車配件銷售相關服務可在互聯網上。此 distributior 存儲的銷售人員有廣泛的知識網絡,他們耐心地幫助沒有在線的交易經驗,其客戶在互聯網上完成。如果客戶需要,它們也可以免費傳授知識的在線交易。為了反映快速、便捷的在線銷售,他們提供24小時的服務,如果客戶提出的問題,他們總是努力在15分鐘內答復。客戶需要,坐在家里之前進入商店銷售的計算機,然后在網站可以完成所有想做、鐘表店配件、下載圖片、汽車價格、訂單等。然后,您可以坐在家里或他自己維修車間的門到門的收到的汽車配件的推銷員。

在線交易確實有很多優勢。為節省時間,這是明顯的。這種方式,說的經銷商貿易成為吸引客戶的一種方式,人們逐漸接受它和批準。同時,網上的交易減少了很多的開支,包括工作人員、管理、市場營銷等,和節省的開支成本上汽車配件價格對客戶的利益。

這是外國汽車配件銷售的網絡化管理。通過互聯網和電子商務實現我們國家,然后在線業務營銷MVP的汽車配件這具有重要的意義。從汽車零部件的現狀,汽車銷售網絡遍布流通不是建設的完美的或在內部網絡中的一個條件。網絡設置是主要為企業內部協調和日常管理,而不是電子商務。

從國外,中國的在線配件銷售前景也可以是啟示的汽車零件在線銷售的發展。在外國汽車配件的銷售,怎么辦?零公里銷售如何為客戶提供最滿意的服務嗎?互聯網,這兩個問題可以大大減輕。現在,尤其是發達國家通過互聯網購買汽車用品世界各地正在迅速擴大。

第二,汽車配件網絡管理優勢在線購買的汽車部件的汽車經銷商和客戶,是否為汽車零部件制造企業,這是一件好事。第一,對汽車零部件制造企業,互聯網可以更輕松地收集顧客購買汽車零件的過程中的各種問題和及時的信息反饋給汽車零部件生產企業。根據以上分析,企業可以出示客戶購買意向,因而產生符合市場需求作為汽車零部件。這節省了時間和成本,且搶奪市場機會。第二,使用互聯網的信息和便捷的服務,制造企業可以迅速告知的配件供應商庫存和銷售,從而調整他們的生產和汽車部件分配計劃。汽車配件供應商降低庫存,加速

現金流,取得令人滿意的回報。對于用戶來說,他們可以通過互聯網,像可選的“菜單”選擇自己需要汽車零部件。

汽車零件制造企業和賣方市場信息很重要,而且可以通過互聯網方便地獲得。互聯網汽配銷售商可以提供實時的字段信息的生產企業的客戶。信息需求可以幫助減少汽車配件銷售生產企業收費通常成本將占大約 15%的最終銷售汽車配件價格。如果推廣成本,成本是更高的比例。事實上,互聯網也可以發揮廣告的作用。

在此之前,汽車零部件分布的賣家一向只賣的一部分和窮人的另一部分。錢是被占領的一部分費用導致銷售汽車配件。透過互聯網,可在生產和銷售市場銷售的壞汽車零部件避免生產企業和供應商。隨著互聯網和便捷的服務,不僅節省時間和成本,且更重要的是,互聯網會導致一個概念的變化,汽車零部件制造企業、分銷商和顧客被卡住的nearlier更多。

第三,中國的汽車配件網絡管理的發展趨勢

中國的汽車配件網絡管理和電子商務已開始發展趨勢。許多當前國內大型和中型汽車維修企業建立了計算機管理系統,實現了內部網絡。這涵蓋整個網絡維修服務。接收來自調度材料檢查的業務。可以讓計算機的控制了解經營的實時監控,可以形成,并極大地提高員工的工作效率,更重要的是,取代手工會計核算和管理,加強配件。

與此同時,一些大的規模,當前的操作性能良好的汽車配件經銷商還介紹了計算機化的管理。由于汽車產品,此類管理軟件,那么使用各種人員必須裝載警衛隊訓練一段時間后會更高的要求。這種汽車零件管理網絡覆蓋全過程的操作。從進貨、零售和批發價格根據確定模型,和這種數字分類管理,最后做帳戶結算及交付,以及消脹。連鎖經營更好地經銷商已放它在整個 FenXiaoDian 的網絡管理,形成一定規模的網絡連接。很多汽車配件從網絡管理的所有經銷商都獲得好的回報。最突出的特點反映在商品,通過網絡管理分配,可以達到事半功倍的效果。

此外,近年來舊汽車配件流通制度逐漸被打破,汽車零部件市場不斷成熟的蓬勃發展。一些有遠見的洞察力,營辦商感到有網絡時代,開始和附近的市場網絡。長春市西部的北京汽車配件、汽車配件等上海汽車零配件市場如虛擬網絡

建設的城市和2000年市場的發展。但現實是網絡是很幼稚,但肯定不實現網上交易和服務。

與節奏的加快“兩”,逐漸贊揚“三位一體”的銷售模式,在地球研究的業內人士。例如,在選擇上海通用經銷商時,是否有“三位一體”的銷售能力,以確定對象,如“三位一體”整車配件銷售模式是網絡流場的縮影。因為它包含從卡車銷售、零配件供應、維修。

提到汽車部件網絡管理和電子商務,有人認為,汽車配件電話購物是實際上c商務因為只有溝通平臺之間不同,操作基本上是相同。其實這種認識是不準確,電話業務和電子商務是更像表兄弟,在許多方面,電話業務先天性缺陷。第一,消費者從電話中了解的信息是有限的完全可以滿足客戶的需求。第二,如果廣告商或因配件的銷售,目錄,客戶的印刷配件成本的打印速度更高,但緩慢的重建。此外,電話交流,由于對環境、對聲音,說到,影響的因素,使電話服務人員的困難和錯誤率增加。正如電話業務、管理內容的深度和廣度方面進一步發展中將受到限制。

四、汽車零件分發系統和網絡管理的建設

汽車零件分發系統和網絡管理的建設,現在成功在線交易有形產品如書籍、音像制品、服裝等,和汽車零部件作為某些科學和技術內容,一些產品是 statemandatory 標準的工業產品,要實現在線交易,與其他工業的產品相比有其優勢、賣家和買家,只要貼上信息輸入與互聯網有關汽車零部件如車輛、汽車、零件名稱、部件號、制造、價格、數量等,您可以在線銷售或購買。要真正實現概念的電子商務網上銷售、買家和賣家,除了要解決“誠信”的問題,而且還必須建立一套完整的高效率的物流配送系統。發展電子商務,無非支付手段的限制因素安全身份驗證,真正的組成,會發現汽車零部件物流與之前分配制度是最難、最簡便、最貴的一。很多汽車配件電子商務公司正試圖查找現有的物理網絡、郵政服務、快遞和連報紙遞送公司作為傳遞系統等。不過,適用于汽車零部件配送和電子商務系統應該看起來像?物理網絡的條件可以轉換成汽車零件配電系統的電子商務將會以最低的成本嗎?

五、汽車部件網絡管理是道路網絡的改革和發展的必由之路

中國汽車零部件銷售發展互聯網業務的方式應該是適合在中國,具有中國特

色的情況。事實上,美國,網絡營辦商取得了巨大的成功,但我們不能忽視這輝煌背后的美國強大的物質基礎的社會基礎。早在100年前,美國已建立完善的道路、鐵路、郵政服務、快遞配送系統相結合;今天的社會中,美國人已習慣了“免費貨幣交易”。可以說在美國今天的互聯網經濟的發展應該是很自然的結果超過200年作為自由市場經濟的美國基于天然產品。像個孩子從赤手,開始爬,然后學走路,隨時間運行自然地學會了。作為中國的發展,只有兩個方面的付款和交付已成為致命的問題“瓶頸”。如何結合中國國情的發展和互聯網的特性,能夠切實做些實用的汽車零件的網絡營辦商今天是優先發展。中國的汽車零部件電子商務和企業網絡營辦商必須遵循聯合,它應該是一個很自然的結果是 200 年以上天然產品基于美國作為一個自由的市場經濟。像個孩子從赤手,開始爬,然后學走路,隨時間運行自然地學會了。中國的發展,作為付款和分布的只有兩個方面已成為致命的問題“瓶頸”。

如何結合中國國情的發展和互聯網,能夠切實做些實用的汽車零部件今天網絡營辦商的特點是優先發展。

第五篇:4.英漢詞法對比

第四講

英漢詞法對比

1、詞類劃分

2、詞義區分

3、搭配習慣

4、詞序先后 詞類

?詞類的概念:詞類是根據詞在句子中的語法功能進行的一個劃分,諸如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等。

?誰能夠說出英漢兩種語言中各有多少種詞類?

詞類劃分

?漢語把詞分為12類(名詞、動詞、形容詞、數詞、量詞和代詞是實詞,副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、擬聲詞和嘆詞是虛詞),英語則10類(實詞:名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞。虛詞:代詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、數量詞和感嘆詞):漢語沒有冠詞,而英語則少了量詞(名量詞和動量詞)和助詞(時態助詞和語氣助詞)

?(名量詞)一個人:一張嘴,一雙眼睛,兩只耳朵,兩條腿 ?(動量詞)等一下,念一遍,哭一場,走一趟 ?(助詞)

著,了,過(時態助詞);的,呢,罷了,而已,啦,嗎,吧,啊,么(語氣助詞);

詞類的句法功能

?漢語一個詞類能充當較多的句法功能

?英語一個詞能充當的句法成分較少,充當不同成分需要詞類轉換。

英漢比較

?謂語:我們討論了這個問題。?We have discussed it.?主語:討論剛剛開始。? The discussion just began.?賓語:很多同學參加了這次討論。?Many students took part in the discussion.?定語:我們得確定一下討論的內容。? We have to decide on what to discuss.主要詞類比較

?名詞 ?動詞 ?代詞 ?介詞

名詞 1 漢語的特征

?1)無單復數之分(eg:我是老師;我們都是老師)?2)后可加上們,群(牛群)?±表復數,但此時其前就不能加數詞(錯誤eg:三個同學們); ?3)量詞放在名詞后面表示統稱(一輛車:車輛,一張紙:紙張)

名詞 2 英語的特征

1)可數名詞前可以直接加上數詞:two students;

2)不可數名詞前要加表示量的名詞: two pieces of news, three sacks of flour, four meters of cloth, six cakes of soap;

3)有特殊含義的復數:colors彩旗,ashes骨灰,the last words 遺囑(have a word with Jack和杰克說句話;have words with Jack 和杰克吵架),securities證券,at the feet of屈服于

名詞 3 翻譯(注意三個方面):

?1)英語名詞復數翻成漢語通常不必表示出來(foreign invaders 外國侵略者,the students學生)?2 補出相應的漢語量詞:20 banks 20家銀行, 15 fish 15尾(條)魚

名詞 4 ?3)如何體現復數概念 ?the eastern provinces ?rows of new buildings ?the Bakers ?the first electronic computers

?Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones.參考譯文

?東部各省

?一排排新建大樓 ?貝克一家

?第一批(代)電子計算機

?親人們相繼去世,使他一生充滿了人生悲劇。

動詞 1 時態

?1)漢語動詞一般沒有時態變化,但有時間助詞:著,了,過;

?2)英語有豐富的時態變化(16種:3種時[現在、過去、將來],3種態[一般、進行、完成]),而且有些時態還可以表示特定的感情色彩。

動詞 2 ?(1)You?ˉre always asking me such questions!?你老是問我這樣的問題!(用現在進行時表示厭煩)

?(2)I am now living in a very pleasant flat. ?我現在住在一間非常舒適的公寓里。(用現在進行時表示滿意)

動詞 3 ?傳遞同樣的意思,英語只要選用合適的時態就可以了,漢語則必須使用詞匯手段。?It has been noted that those who live,or have lived,in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.?(5)His father, who was a good locksmith in the village, is in prison.動詞 4

?人們已經注意到大凡受到死亡威脅的人或是死里逃生的人對于他們所干的任何事總是興趣盎然。

?他的父親過去是村上有名的鎖匠,現在卻成了階下囚。

動詞 5 語態

1)漢語重人稱,所以句子主語一般都是有生命的,故主動態較多。2)英語重物稱,被動語態使用較多。

?It is generally considered that he is a bad egg.大家說他是壞蛋。

(2)Everything he advertised was guaranteed to last ?°forever?±.他保證他廣告中所登的東西都能永久使用。

代詞

?使用頻率上的差異:由于英語每個句子、分句都要一個主語,另外所屬關系也要明確指出來,所以代詞和物主代詞的使用頻率就很高。

?代詞與所指代的實詞的先后:英語里代詞可前可后,漢語里先實詞后代詞

代詞差異舉例

?As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise in our principles.But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.?在討論分歧時,哪一方都不會在原則上妥協。但是,雖然不能彌合我們之間的鴻溝,我們卻能搭一座橋,以便越過鴻溝進行會談。(省略;轉換;還原)參考譯文

?In its long history of development, China has formed its own tradition.?在中國的歷史長河中,她已經形成了自身的傳統。

介詞

?英語對介詞的使用遠遠超過漢語

?介詞的特殊用法(relations of space and time?a>factual or logical?a>idiomatic)

介詞用法舉例

?The street runs westward, across a great black bridge, up a hill and down it again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.?The bill is on me.?Don?ˉt go to bed on a full or an empty stomach.參考譯文

?大街往西延伸,穿過一座黑色的大橋,翻過山崗,經過許多小鋪和肉市,又經過一些平房,然后突然沖著一大片綠色的草地中止了。?我來買單。

?吃的太飽或者空腹都不宜上床睡覺。

詞義區分

?詞義構成 ?詞義對應 ?詞義差異

英漢詞義構成的來源

?(1)聯想:自行車/腳踏車/單車/洋車(時代背景)bicycle(雙輪車)?(2)比喻:畫蛇添足/put a fifth wheel to the cart ?(3)典故:掩耳盜鈴;the Trojan horse ?(4)簡化:打假(打擊假冒偽劣商品);radar(radio detecting and ranging);WTO(過多簡化會鬧笑話);老板,總裁 英漢詞義對應

?詞語的形成并沒有一個固定統一的規律,因此有些詞語看起來會顯得不太合理:醬油soy(并非油),ladybird(瓢蟲);?由于這種隨意性,英漢兩種語言一致的情況極少(金魚 gold fish), 但絕大多數情況下不同(自由體操 floor exercise;)

詞義對應關系

?(1)完全對應(少數)(eg:goldfish ?(2)部分對應(eg:parent/uncle)?(3)無對應(eg:英語中的教授:professor/assistant prof./associate prof.)?(4)一對多/多對一

詞義差異 1 ?俯臥

lie on one?ˉs stomach ?倒立

stand on one?ˉs head ?蛙泳

breast stroke ?蝶泳

butterfly(stroke)?雙杠

parallel bars ?高低杠

high-and-low bars/uneven bars ?單杠

horizontal bar ?

?活字典

walking dictionary

詞義差異 2 ?Outpatient

門診病人 ?走讀生

daily student ?Tableware

餐具 ?Vacuum flask(原理上講)

保溫杯(功能上講)?Stopwatch

秒表 ?Family tree

家譜

?看手相

read palm tree ?Contact lens

隱形眼鏡

詞義差異 3 ?九五折percent discount(five percent off)?座鐘

standing clock ?三角債

debt chain ?三角戀

love triangle 詞義差異 4 ?傳銷

pyramid selling ?雞皮疙瘩

gooseflesh ?腳踏兩條船

fence-sitter ?魚尾紋

crow?ˉs feet ?內八字

pigeon-toed ?外八字

goose-toed ?露馬腳

let the cat out of the bag

搭配習慣 1 英漢在詞的搭配能力方面往往有差異。

?(1)?°吃?±

?吃魚(eat)、吃藥(take);吃閑飯(idle)、吃軟飯(live on one?ˉs wife);吃醋(jealous)、吃老本(draw on your past);吃苦、吃驚、吃香(popular)、吃官司;吃飯館、吃食堂

?傍大款/富婆(find a sugar daddy/mummy)

搭配習慣 2 ?翻譯時應當注意:

?--During emergency, people should use the stairs instead of the elevator.?緊急狀況下,人們應該走樓道,不要乘電梯。

詞序對比 例子:

He was daring and resourceful besides being a fine shot.屢戰屢敗 屢敗屢戰

有什么吃什么

吃什么有什么

John did not marry Mary because he loved her.狀語及定語的位置;大小 前后;因果順序;否定轉移;語序的靈活與相對固定

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