第一篇:四種時(shí)態(tài)順口溜
英語(yǔ)四種時(shí)態(tài)順口溜
1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常做的事,記住主語(yǔ)、結(jié)構(gòu)和特征。“是”有三變要記請(qǐng),它們就是“am, is ,are, 一般動(dòng)詞見she, he ,it, 不忘后面加s/es, 其它一律用原形,還有have和has, 看著“人”來(lái)用。表示“某地有”,別忘there be , be要隨著主語(yǔ)變。2)一般將來(lái)時(shí) 不久將要發(fā)生事,記住要用將來(lái)時(shí)。be加going to , 后面跟著動(dòng)原形,be的形式要記住,隨著主語(yǔ)及時(shí)變。還有一種表達(dá)法,will后要加動(dòng)原形。3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 正在做的事,be加動(dòng)詞ing, 變疑問(wèn),be提前,be的形式有三變,就是am , is , are, 要用哪一個(gè),看誰(shuí)作主語(yǔ)。4)一般過(guò)去時(shí)
事情已發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去,動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式,變化有規(guī)律,一般動(dòng)詞后面加ed;be用 was或者were , have , has變 had , 見到不發(fā)音字母 e 結(jié)尾,直接加 d 就可以; 輔音字母加 y 來(lái)結(jié)尾,變 y 為 i 別忘加 ed;重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫尾字母,后面還要加ed.其它特殊變化要牢記。四種時(shí)態(tài)要分清,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)各不同,動(dòng)詞變化不一樣,具體情況弄明白,多用多練易掌握。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常做的事。有點(diǎn)特殊要記住,第三人稱單數(shù)作主語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞后面要加s / es, 其它人稱作主語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞只需用原形。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),正在做的事。be 后跟著動(dòng)詞ing,還有be要跟著主語(yǔ)變。一般將來(lái)時(shí),不久將要發(fā)生事。be 加going to,后面跟著動(dòng)原形,be的變化別忘記。還有will 加動(dòng)原形,也是表將來(lái)。一般過(guò)去時(shí),事情已發(fā)生。變化在動(dòng)詞,多數(shù)后面加ed,還有特殊要牢記。
及物動(dòng)詞,也稱他動(dòng)詞,外動(dòng)詞,必須帶賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和能夠帶受事賓語(yǔ)或關(guān)系賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞,也稱自動(dòng)詞,內(nèi)動(dòng)詞,不能直接帶賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和能帶施事賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的根本區(qū)別是:及物動(dòng)詞能帶賓語(yǔ),如“他買菜”、“寫書”、“挖洞”等;
不及物動(dòng)詞不能直接帶賓語(yǔ)。如“游行”、“出發(fā)”、“休息”等,就不能直接帶賓語(yǔ),不能說(shuō)“游行學(xué)生”。
所謂及物動(dòng)詞,就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicative verb),不必通過(guò)介詞引薦賓語(yǔ)。相反的,不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)是不帶
賓語(yǔ)的。有許多動(dòng)詞,雖然性質(zhì)是及物的,但不一定要有賓語(yǔ),如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形:①a.We study every day.b.Do you study English every day.②a.Please write clearly next time.b.Can you write your composition now? 如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動(dòng)詞,就不會(huì)有賓語(yǔ);若要賓語(yǔ),就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行,如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯(cuò)的; *③a.The children are listening the music.b.The children are listening to the music.④a.She is laughing the crippled man.b.She is laughing at the crippled man.反之,及物動(dòng)詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語(yǔ),如上述的①b和②b,又如⑤和⑥: ⑤ John is giving a book to me.⑥Who will answer this question? 如果無(wú)意中把介詞加上,就錯(cuò)了,如:
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯(cuò): “We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.” “Awaiting”是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞“for”是多余的,要去 掉;不然把“awaiting”改為“waiting for”也行許。多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動(dòng)詞后面,然后才帶出賓語(yǔ)。最常見的是
“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如: ⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
___________________________________________________ 情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞
__________________________________________________ 一般情況 加-s 1.清輔音后讀/s/;map-maps 2.濁輔音和元音后 bag-bags 讀 /z/;car-cars
___________________________________________________
以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞 加-es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
___________________________________________________ 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾 的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses
___________________________________________________ 以輔音字母+y 變y 為i
結(jié)尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies
___________________________________________________
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2)單復(fù)同形 如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters
3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù),不能說(shuō) a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說(shuō) a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用。
如: The Chinese are industries and brave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:
a.maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。
b.news 是不可數(shù)名詞。
c.the United States,the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945.聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。
d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。
“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。
5)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如:glasses(眼鏡)trousers, clothes
若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對(duì),雙);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers
6)另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚
名詞的格
在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加“'s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下:
1)單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“'s”,復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加“'s”,如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。
2)若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s,只加“'”,如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3)凡不能加“'s”的名詞,都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4)在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5)如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示“分別有”;只有一個(gè)'s,則表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's room(兩間)John and Mary's room(一間)
6)復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ),'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。
如:a month or two's absence
動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)
一、動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)的變化規(guī)則及發(fā)音規(guī)律
動(dòng)詞原形變第三人稱單數(shù)的規(guī)則與發(fā)音規(guī)律同名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)大致相同,請(qǐng)認(rèn)真觀察。
1、大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在詞尾加“S”在清輔音后發(fā)音為[s],在濁輔音及元音后發(fā)音為 [z]。如:
①stop-stops [s];make-makes [s] ②read-reads [z];play-plays [z]
2、以輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的,要先將“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,然后在加“es”讀[iz] 如:
fly-flies [z]; carry-carries [z] study-studies [z];worry-worries
3、以“s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的,在詞尾加“es”,發(fā)音為[iz] 如:
teach-teaches [iz];watch-watches [iz]
4、以“o”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,加“es”,讀[z] 如:
go-goes [z] do-does [z]
下面幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閱螖?shù)時(shí),原詞的元音部分的發(fā)音發(fā)生了較大的變化,請(qǐng)注意記憶。如:
1、do [du:]-does [dz]
2、say [sei]-says [sez]
以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾的開音節(jié)詞,如果尾音是[s],[z]時(shí),加“s”后字母“e”發(fā)音,與所加“s” 一起讀做[iz]。如:
close-closes [iz]
二、對(duì)比詞形變化中原詞詞尾變化之異同: 變“y”為“”現(xiàn)象 雙寫最后輔音字母現(xiàn)象
例詞:
①baby-babies ②carry-carries ③study-studying
動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
1)規(guī)則變化
一般在動(dòng)詞原形后加-ed look call open need looked called opened needed called opened needed
③但fix的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去
分詞x不雙寫,為fixed.以-e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-d move phone hope agree moved phoned hoped agreed hoped
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,變y為i,再加-ed study carry try studied studied
carried studied [5stQdid] carried [5kArid] tried [traid]
以原音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞,直接加-ed play enjoy stay played enjoyed
stayed played [pleid] enjoyed [in5dVCid] stayed [steid]
末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,雙寫該輔音字母,再加-ed stop plan fit stopped planned fitted
以-r音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,雙寫r字母,再加-ed prefer refer preferred referred preferred
2)不規(guī)則變化 英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞形式變化不規(guī)則,可分為五種情況。
1.動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞完全同形。
例:
原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
cut(切)
hit(打)
cast(扔)
hurt(傷害)
put(放)
let(讓)
shut(關(guān))
cost(花費(fèi))
set(放)
rid(清除)cut hit cast hurt put let shut cost set rid cut hit cast hurt put let shut cost set rid
2.過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞完全同形。
例:
原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
find(找到)pay(支付)leave(離開)lend(借出)meet(遇見)keep(保持)lose(丟失)teach(教)
sit(坐)
lead(引導(dǎo))win(贏)除)paid left lent met kept lost taught sat led won found paid left lent found
met kept lost taught sat led won
3.動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去分詞同形
例:
原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
come(來(lái))
run(跑)
become(成為)came ran
became come run become
4.動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞形式完全不同。
例:
原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
give(給)
fly(飛)
drink(喝)
see(看見)
go(去)
know(知道)
wear(穿)
speak(說(shuō))gave flew drank saw went knew wore spoke given flown drunk seen gone known worn spoken
5.過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞有兩種形式
例:
原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
burn(燃燒)burned burnt burned burnt
learn(學(xué)習(xí))learned learnt learned learnt
smell(聞)smelled smelt smelled smelt
spell(拼寫)spelled spelt spelled spelt shine(照射)shined shone shined shone
leap(跳)leaped leapt leaped leapt 提示
a.beat的過(guò)去式與原形同形:
比:beat(打擊)beat(過(guò)去式)beaten(過(guò)去分詞)
b.lie有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,含義不同
比:lie lied, lied(說(shuō)謊)
lay, lain(躺,位于)
c.hang 有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,含義不同
比:hang hanged, hanged(處絞刑)
hung, hung(掛,吊)
d.welcome(歡迎)一詞是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,不可誤用為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)
welcome, welcome(誤)
e.不要將不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞誤用為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
比:hit(打)hit, hit(正)
hitted, hitted(誤)
及物動(dòng)詞
英語(yǔ)中按動(dòng)詞后可否直接跟賓語(yǔ),可把動(dòng)詞分成及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞。
及物動(dòng)詞: 又稱“他動(dòng)詞”。又稱“外動(dòng)詞”。動(dòng)詞的一種。它所表示的動(dòng)作常涉及動(dòng)作者以外的事物,如“吃”、“穿”、“讀”、“寫”等。字典里詞后標(biāo)有vt.的就是及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象(即賓語(yǔ)),并且可直接跟賓語(yǔ)。
如see 看見(vt.)+賓語(yǔ) I can see a boy.其實(shí)所謂“及物”,就是后面可直接加賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,有被動(dòng)形式,而不及物動(dòng)詞是沒有被動(dòng)式的,也不可直接加賓語(yǔ),需加上介詞。
及物動(dòng)詞后面可直接接賓語(yǔ),不及物動(dòng)詞后面不可直接接賓語(yǔ),一般要加介詞后再接賓語(yǔ)。實(shí)際上很多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞,又是不及物動(dòng)詞。我舉一個(gè)例子,就說(shuō)write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一個(gè)句子write是不及物動(dòng)詞,在后一個(gè)句子write是及物動(dòng)詞。又如,see是及物動(dòng)詞,但在特殊情況下如seeing is believing。
不及物動(dòng)詞就是一個(gè)動(dòng)作不能施加到另一個(gè)物體上,也就是后面不能加賓語(yǔ)。
例如:He is running.run這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面不能加sth。(不能說(shuō)跑什么東西)
分清及物不及物動(dòng)詞:
分清動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問(wèn)題。動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況:
a.主要用作及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)。可以用于:“主+謂+賓”;“主+謂+雙賓”;“主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.Please hand me the book over there.They asked me to go fishing with them.類似的還有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....b.主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。只能用于:“主+謂”結(jié)構(gòu)。
This is the room where I once lived.類似的還有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義不變。如begin 都是作“開始”講。everybody , our game begins.let us begin our game.類似的還有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義完全不同。
這類動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義;而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義。如lift作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙霧的“消散”。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是“升高;舉起”。
He lifted his glass and drank.類似的還有:beat vi.跳動(dòng) vt.敲、打;grow vi.生長(zhǎng) vt.種植
play vi.玩耍 vt.打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味)vt.嗅
ring vi.(電話、鈴)響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt.說(shuō)(語(yǔ)言)
hang vi.懸掛 vt.絞死 operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù) vt.操作
在英語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤中,“及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)”(transitive verb+preposition+object),是常見的一種。所謂及物動(dòng)詞,就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicative verb),不必通過(guò)介詞引薦賓語(yǔ)。相反的,不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)是不帶賓語(yǔ)的。有許多動(dòng)詞,雖然性質(zhì)是及物的,但不一定要有賓語(yǔ),如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形:
①a.We study every day.b.Do you study English every day.②a.Please write clearly next time.b.Can you write your composition now?
如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動(dòng)詞,就不會(huì)有賓語(yǔ);若要賓語(yǔ),就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行(不及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞),如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯(cuò)的;
*③a.The children are listening the music.b.The children are listening to the music.*④a.She is laughing the crippled man.b.She is laughing at the crippled man.反之,及物動(dòng)詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語(yǔ),如上述的①b和②b,又如⑤和 ⑥:
⑤ John is giving a book to me.⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果無(wú)意中把介詞加上,就錯(cuò)了,如:
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯(cuò):
“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”
“Awaiting”是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞“for”是多余的,要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改為“waiting for”也行。
許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動(dòng)詞后面,然后才帶出賓語(yǔ)。最常見的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如:
⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.顯然的,這三句里的介詞“on/upon”和“about”是多余的,不必要的。
下面是些類似的錯(cuò)誤:
● The young must obey to their elders.● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介詞“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才對(duì)。
為什么會(huì)有這些錯(cuò)誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)。其次,就是對(duì)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一,要把“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”和“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)”劃分清楚,如:
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him. He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.第二,把及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和賓語(yǔ),如:
Don't approach such a person. Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?
一 定義:
A 有些動(dòng)詞只是及物動(dòng)詞;它們不可以單獨(dú)用,后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)。{Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch.False: They always want after lunch.{Right: He is sending a letter now.False: He is sending now.B 有些動(dòng)詞只是不及物動(dòng)詞;它們可以單獨(dú)用,如果后面想接賓語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞后面必須加上介詞。
Right: He is looking around.{{{{False: He is looking me.Right: He is looking at me.Right: He is listening carefully.False: He is listening the teacher carefully.Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully.C 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞,又是不及物動(dòng)詞;但是有時(shí)候詞義會(huì)改變。
The customer is asking loudly.The customer is asking for you now.The customer is asking a question now.If you work hard, you will succeed.If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam(same meaning).If you work hard, you will succeed John as the manager of this company(different meaning).二 動(dòng)詞使用的建議:
當(dāng)使用動(dòng)詞時(shí),一定要分清楚這個(gè)動(dòng)詞屬于哪一類 [動(dòng)詞分類],然后再根據(jù)不同的使用規(guī)則使用不同動(dòng)詞。
使役動(dòng)詞,比如 let make have就是3個(gè)比較重要的have sb to do 沒有這個(gè)用法的 只有have sb doing.聽?wèi){某人做某事
have sb do 讓某人做某事
have sth done 讓某事被完成(就是讓別人做)
另外: 使役動(dòng)詞
1.使役動(dòng)詞是表示使、令、讓、幫、叫等意義的不完全及物動(dòng)詞,主要有make(使,令), let(讓), help(幫助), have(叫)等。
2.使役動(dòng)詞后接受詞,再接原形不定詞作受詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
He made me laugh.他使我發(fā)笑。
I let him go.我讓他走開。
I helped him repair the car.我?guī)退蘩砥嚒?/p>
Please have him come here.請(qǐng)叫他到這里來(lái)。
3.使役動(dòng)詞還可以接過(guò)去分詞作受詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
I have my hair cut every month.我每個(gè)月理發(fā)。
4.使役動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的受詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用不定詞,不用原形不定詞。
(主)He made me laugh.他使我笑了。
(被)I was made to laugh by him.我被他逗笑了。
使役動(dòng)詞有以下用法:
a.have somebody do sth讓某人去做某事
??i had him arrange for a car.b.have somebody doing sth.讓某人持續(xù)做某事。
??he had us laughing all through lunch.注意:用于否定名時(shí),表示“允許”
i won't have you running around in the house.我不允許你在家里到處亂跑。
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小議“使役動(dòng)詞”的用法
1.have sb do 讓某人干某事
e.g:What would you have me do?
have sb/sth doing 讓某人或某事處于某種狀態(tài),聽任
e.g: I won't have women working in our company.The two cheats had the light burning all night long.have sth done 讓別人干某事,遭受到
e.g:you 'd better have your teeth pulled out.He had his pocket picked.notes: “done”這個(gè)動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出來(lái)的。
2.make sb do sth 讓某人干某事
e.g:They made me repeat the story.What makes the grass grow?
notes: I was made to repeat the story.make sb/sth done/adj./n
e.g.The news made him happy.He couldn't make himself heard above the noise of the traffic.His actions made him universally respected.He made her his wife.3.get sb to do 使某人干某事
e.g: I can't get anyone to do the work properly.get sth done 讓別人干某事
e.g: I must get my hair cut.Can you get the work finished in time?
4.leave sb to do sth 讓某人干某事
e.g: We left him to paint the gate.I'll leave you to settle all the business.leave sb doing 讓繼續(xù)處于某種狀態(tài)
e.g: Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.We left him painting the gate.leave sth done/adj./prep.phrase
e.g:Please excuse me if I have left any of your questions unanswered.His illness has left him weak.I was left with a ray of hope.常見動(dòng)詞不定式詞組、句型用法總結(jié)
.固定用法(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞):以下是帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式常見搭配
★希望做某事hope to do sth.★決定做某事decide to do sth ★同意做某事agree to do sth.★需要某人做某事need to do sth.★使用某物做某事use sth to do sth ★迫不及待做某事can’t wait to do ★準(zhǔn)備做某事get/be ready to do ★盡力/努力做某事try to do sth ★ 計(jì)劃做某事plan to do sth.★希望某人做某事wish sb.to do sth.★輪流做某事take one’s turns to do sth.★拒絕做某事refuse to do sth.★告訴某人做某事tell sb.to do sth.★請(qǐng)某人做某事ask sb.to do sth.★想要某人做某事want /would like sb.to do sth.★不得不have to do ★同意某人做某事agree sb.to do sth.★教某人做某事teach sb.to do sth.★喜歡/想要某人做某事 like sb.to do sth.★encourage sb to do鼓勵(lì)某人做
★幫助某人做某事help sb.to do sth/help sb.do
★It’s one’s turn to do sth.輪到某人做某事 例:It your turn to clean the blackboard.★It’s time(for sb.)to do sth.是某人做某事時(shí)候了 例:It’s time for me to go home.★It’s +adj.for/of sb.to do sth.對(duì)于某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事是……
例: It is easy for me to learn it well.It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do so.★It takes sb.sometime to do sth.某人做某事花了某時(shí)間
例句: 1.It takes me an hour to get to school by bike.2.It took me an hour to watch TV last night.3.It will take her two weeks to finish the work.★too+adj./adv.to do sth.太…..而不能 例: He was to angry to say a word.★find/think/feel it +adj.to do sth.發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為/感到做某事是… I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well.★序數(shù)詞+to do 第…..個(gè)做某事 例句:Who is the first to get there? ★我不知/忘記了怎么辦。I didn't know/forgot what to do.★離開房間時(shí)不要忘記/記住關(guān)燈
例句:Don’t forget/Remember to turn off the lights when you left the room
★be+adj+to do sth 例句:I am very sorry to hear that.I am ready to help others.I am happy / pleased / glad to meet you.順口溜:本領(lǐng)最多不定式,主表定補(bǔ)賓和狀;樣樣成分都能干,只有謂語(yǔ)它不敢;大家千萬(wàn)要小心,有時(shí)它把句型改;作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用it,自己在后把身藏;七個(gè)感官三使役,賓補(bǔ)要把to甩開;疑問(wèn)詞后接上它,賓語(yǔ)從句可充當(dāng);邏輯主語(yǔ)不定式,不定式前加for sb.;to前not是否定,各種用法區(qū)別開。
以下是不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(即動(dòng)詞原形)的常見用法
★ let sb.do sth讓某人做某事 ★ make do sth使得某人做某事
★ hear do sth do sth聽見某人做某事 ★see do sth do sth看見某人做某事
★why not/why don’t you +動(dòng)原?為什么不.?Why not/Why don’t you take a walk? ★ 某人+had better(not)do 某人最好(不)做某事
★情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/may /must /should+ 動(dòng)詞原(包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定形式+動(dòng)詞原形)
★ 助動(dòng)詞do/does/did/will/would在構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句或者構(gòu)成否定句即don’t /doesn’t /didn’t /will not /would not+ 動(dòng)詞原形
★ be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形(表示“即將”“打算” 做某事)
使用-ing分詞的幾種情況
1.在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。He is watching TV.They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.2.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:There is a boy swimming in the river.3.在have fun/problems結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:We have fun learning English this term.They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4.在介詞后面。如:Thanks for helping me.Are you good at playing basketball?
What /How about doing sth? 做某事怎么樣? I am interested in playing football.5.在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中 1.enjoy doing sth 喜歡做某事;
2.finish doing sth; 完成做某事; 3.feel like doing sth 想要做某事; 4.stop doing sth 停止做某事(原來(lái)的事)5.forget doing sth 忘記做過(guò)某事
6.go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做某事(原來(lái)的事);7.remember doing sth 記得做過(guò)某事
8.like doing sth 喜歡做某事; 9.find /see/hear/watch sb doing發(fā)現(xiàn)/看到/聽到/觀看某人做
10.try doing sth 試圖做某事; 11.need doing sth 需要做某事;
12.prefer doing sth 寧愿做某事; 13.mind doing sth 介意做某事;
14.miss doing sth 錯(cuò)過(guò)做某事; 15.practice doing sth 練習(xí)做某事;
16.be busy doing sth 忙于做某事;17.can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事;
18.waste time/money doing 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間/錢做;19.keep sb.doing 讓…始終/一直做… 20.stop sb.(from)doing 阻止某人做某事
21.prefer doing A to doing B=like A better than B喜歡做B更喜歡做A
22.“do some +doing”短語(yǔ) 如:do some shopping/do some washing/do some reading/do some practicing/do some cleaning/do some speaking
23.“go doing”短語(yǔ)去做某事(主要指文娛活動(dòng)等)如:go shopping/go fishing/go swimming/go hiking/go skating/go camping/go skiing(滑雪/go boating /go hunting(打獵).注意動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的常見搭配: I feel(am/was)excited/ surprised/ amazed /interested /tired/pleased/worried/lost
Keep?closed/ a boy called/named Tom
英語(yǔ)中的一趕二聽三讓四看半幫助是什么意思?
一句暗指幾個(gè)感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后的不定式省去to的口訣,數(shù)字指動(dòng)詞的個(gè)數(shù),漢字是動(dòng)詞包含的意思,具體如下: 一感 指feel 共一個(gè) 二聽 指listen to, hear 二個(gè) 三讓 指let, make, have 三個(gè)
四看 指see, watch, notice, observe四個(gè)詞,其實(shí)還有l(wèi)ook at, 所以應(yīng)該是五看;
半幫助 指help,所謂半個(gè),就是說(shuō)可以說(shuō) help sb.do sth., 也可以說(shuō) help sb.to do sth.即:后面的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to。
海馬記憶獨(dú)創(chuàng)音標(biāo)記憶法
音標(biāo)是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)環(huán)節(jié),很多人口語(yǔ)不好,跟音標(biāo)沒有學(xué)好有很大的關(guān)系。武漢海馬記憶,為了幫助廣大英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者更快更好地掌握音標(biāo),并且?guī)椭鷱V大英語(yǔ)教師更好地講授音標(biāo),經(jīng)過(guò)深入研究,獨(dú)創(chuàng)了音標(biāo)記憶法,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助,同時(shí)也希望各位記憶愛好者進(jìn)一步完善它。
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,本方法不是用諧音來(lái)記音標(biāo),而是用諧音來(lái)提醒回憶出音標(biāo)的正確發(fā)音。這對(duì)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感很好的同學(xué)可能是多此一舉,但對(duì)于那些看著音標(biāo)楞是根本不記得怎樣讀的同學(xué)應(yīng)該就會(huì)有很大幫助。希望大家在實(shí)踐中慢慢體會(huì)。
圖像記憶的運(yùn)用有三大原則:聯(lián)結(jié)、提示、邏輯。在這里,我們主要運(yùn)用的是提示原則,通過(guò)一些技巧,讓我們聯(lián)想起這些音標(biāo)的正確發(fā)音。所以,前提是一定要掌握好音標(biāo)的正確發(fā)音,然后,在想不起來(lái)應(yīng)該怎樣讀的時(shí)候,這些技巧就能幫助我們正確地回憶起來(lái)。
――張海洋
國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)48個(gè)音標(biāo):
元音部分:
1)、單元音: [i:]、i、[?:]、[?]、[u:]、u、[?:]、[?]、[ɑ:]、[?]、[e]、[?]
2)、雙元音: [ei]、[ai]、[?i]、[i?]、[??]、[u?]、[au]、[?u]
輔音部分:
[p]、b、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]、[f]、[v]、[s]、[z]、[θ]、[e]、[?]、[?]、[t?]、[d?]
[tr]、[dr]、[ts]、[dz]、[m]、[n]、[?]、[h]、[l]、[r]、[j]、[w]
記憶方法(只需記長(zhǎng)音就可以):
一,單元音: [i:]、i、[u:]、u、[?:]、[?]、[ɑ:]、[?]、[e]、[?]
[i:]――諧音為: 1(yi);像數(shù)字 1,記憶真容易。[?:]――諧音為:噢(0);噢,這個(gè)音標(biāo)就像個(gè)o。[u:]――諧音為:霧(wu);杯子上有很多霧。[?:]――諧音為:餓(e);一只鵝餓得暈倒了。[ɑ:]――諧音為:啊(a);音標(biāo)的讀音跟拼音一樣。[e]――諧音為:夜(ye);這只鵝喜歡走夜路。
二,雙元音:[ei]、[ai]、[?i]、[i?]、[??]、[u?]、[au]、[?u]
[ei]――諧音為:妹(mei);鵝有一個(gè)妹妹。[ai]――諧音為:愛(ai);音標(biāo)的讀音跟拼音一樣。
[?i]――這個(gè)音標(biāo)找不到拼音的諧音,可以按照字母o、i的發(fā)音連讀來(lái)進(jìn)行諧音記憶。[i?]――諧音和外形都像:12 [??]――諧音為:挨餓;外形像3只鵝;三只鵝都在挨餓。[u?]――諧音為:屋鵝;一屋子的鵝都裝在杯子里。
[au]――諧音為:傲(ao);一個(gè)杯子很驕傲,不讓人拿它喝水。[?u]――諧音為:鷗(ou);一只鵝在杯子里找海鷗。
三,輔音:[θ]、[e]、[?]、[?]
(注:多數(shù)輔音的讀音與拼音差別不大,可以通過(guò)拼音來(lái)進(jìn)行諧音;還有一部分輔音沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的拼音字體,我們的記憶方法主要是針對(duì)這四個(gè)輔音。)
其中,[θ]和[e]這兩個(gè)音標(biāo),它們沒有近似的拼音來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng),主要靠嘴形來(lái)記憶。
[θ]――外形像上下牙齒咬著舌頭;[e]――外形則像舌頭頂在上下牙齒之間。
而[?]和[?]這兩個(gè)音標(biāo),則可以找到近似的拼音來(lái)作為諧音。
[?]――諧音為:噓(xu);噓,這里有條很長(zhǎng)的蛇,趕快保持安靜![?]――諧音為:雨(yu);外形像3。今天下了3場(chǎng)大雨。
第二篇:初中英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)順口溜
初中英語(yǔ)八種時(shí)態(tài) 順口溜
時(shí)態(tài)中學(xué)學(xué)8種,時(shí)間、方面兩相乘;
一般時(shí)態(tài)有4個(gè),還有進(jìn)行和完成;時(shí)間現(xiàn)在與過(guò)去,將來(lái)動(dòng)作要發(fā)生。(一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)
動(dòng)詞原形直接用;一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中;陳述事實(shí)和真理,習(xí)慣動(dòng)作常發(fā)生; 第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞變成單三形;疑問(wèn)、否定不易變,具體情況看句型。系表there be、be關(guān)鍵,have是“有”立大功;遇到行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),額外加do(does)要記清。
(二)一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去形式?jīng)]人稱,一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)用;規(guī)則動(dòng)詞加“-ed'’,表示過(guò)去剛發(fā)生; 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式,形式特殊記心中;否定疑問(wèn)容易變,具體情況看句型; 系表there be、動(dòng)詞have,be、have提前疑問(wèn)成;謂語(yǔ)行動(dòng)外加did、not, didn`t句當(dāng)中。
(三)一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
will、shall加原形,表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生;be going to加動(dòng)詞,打算、計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行; 疑問(wèn)be、will提句首,其后跟not是否定;各種人稱都will,shall只用第一人稱。(四)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
would、should加原形,多用賓語(yǔ)從句中;表示過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),再看將來(lái)要發(fā)生; 否定疑問(wèn)看主句,簡(jiǎn)單句子看助動(dòng)。(五)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
表示現(xiàn)在正進(jìn)行,助動(dòng)現(xiàn)分來(lái)構(gòu)成;助劫詞be隨人變,am、is、are要記清; 現(xiàn)在分詞也好變,動(dòng)詞原形加個(gè)-ing;一般疑問(wèn)be提前,否定not加句中。(六)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行之構(gòu)成,助動(dòng)、現(xiàn)分放句中;助動(dòng)詞be過(guò)去式,was和were看人稱; 一般疑問(wèn)be提前,否定not加句中。(七)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
have過(guò)分并列行,表示動(dòng)作己完成;事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去,后果影響最為重; 規(guī)則過(guò)分為“ed”,不規(guī)則動(dòng)記心中;一般疑問(wèn)容易變,have提前作首領(lǐng); 否定變來(lái)也不難,haven`t、hasn`t要記清。(八)過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)
had過(guò)分用句中,過(guò)去之前早完成;記住“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,復(fù)合句里很常用。
第三篇:小學(xué)英語(yǔ)四種時(shí)態(tài)小結(jié)
小學(xué)英語(yǔ)四種時(shí)態(tài)小結(jié)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。如:The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。
2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六點(diǎn)起床。
3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成1.be動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。
2.行為動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如:We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she,it)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加“-s”或“-es”。
如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的變化
1.be動(dòng)詞的變化。
否定句:主語(yǔ)+ be + not +其它。
如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。
一般疑問(wèn)句:Be +主語(yǔ)+其它。如:Are you a student?-Yes.I am./ No, I'm not.特殊疑問(wèn)句:疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如:Where is my bike?
2.行為動(dòng)詞的變化。
否定句:主語(yǔ)+ don't(doesn't)+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如:I don't like apples.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),要用doesn't構(gòu)成否定句。如:He doesn't often play.一般疑問(wèn)句:Do(Does)+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如:
-Do you often play football?-Yes, I do./ No, I don't.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),要用does構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句。如:
-Does she go to work by bike?-Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.特殊疑問(wèn)句:疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如:How does your father go to work? 動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則
1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s.x.sh.ch.o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies;
二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句(否定句)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為 主語(yǔ)+be+(not)+動(dòng)詞ing.3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句把be動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。Be+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞ing+其他?
4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問(wèn)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:
疑問(wèn)詞+ be + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞ing+其他?即疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句?1
動(dòng)詞加ing的變化規(guī)則
1.一般情況下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking
2.以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting
3.如果末尾是一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1、概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。
句中一般有以下時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…).2、基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be going to + do;②will+ do.3、否定句:在be動(dòng)詞(am, is, are)l后加not或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will后加not成won’t。例如:I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.4、一般疑問(wèn)句: be或will提到句首,some改為any, and改為or,第一二人稱互換。
如:We are going to the zoo tomorrow.→ Are you going to the zootomorrow?
5、對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)。一般情況,一般將來(lái)時(shí)的對(duì)劃線部分有三種情況。
1.問(wèn)人。Who 例如:I’m going to New York soon.→Who’s going to New York soon.2.問(wèn)干什么。What … do.例如: My father is going to watch a race with me this
afternoon.→What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.3.問(wèn)什么時(shí)候。When.如:She’s going to go to bed at nine.→When is she goingto bed?
六、同義句:be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).= I will go swimming tomorrow.四、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如yesterday,last Monday(week,weekend,year…)
2.Be動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化:
⑴am 和is在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣as。(was not=wasn’t)
⑵are在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。(were not=weren’t)
⑶帶有was或were的句子,其否定、疑問(wèn)的變化和is, am, are一樣,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑問(wèn)句把was或were調(diào)到句首。
3.句中沒有be動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子
否定句:主語(yǔ)+didn’t +動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.一般疑問(wèn)句:Did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它?如:Did Jim go home yesterday?特殊疑問(wèn)句:⑴疑問(wèn)詞+did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形?如:What did Jim do yesterday? ⑵疑問(wèn)詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí):疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式?
如:Who went to home yesterday?
動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式變化規(guī)則:
1.一般在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2.結(jié)尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3.末尾只有一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié),應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的,變y為i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
5.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式:
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat,read-read
第四篇:小學(xué)英語(yǔ)四種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)
小學(xué)英語(yǔ)四種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。主要描述經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或不變的真理。句末常出現(xiàn)every day/week/year/Monday , in the morning, 句中常有always, usually, often, sometimes 組成:主語(yǔ)+be+名詞(形容詞)
I am a student.He is tall.否定句:在be 后加not
I am not a student.He is not tall.疑問(wèn)句:be 動(dòng)詞提前到第一位。
Are you a student?
Is he tall?
Yes, I am./ No, I am not.Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t.主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+地點(diǎn)+時(shí)間
We go to school on Monday.He goes to the park on Sunday.否定句:主語(yǔ)+don’t/doesn’t’t+動(dòng)詞原形+地點(diǎn)+時(shí)間
We don’t go to school on Monday.He doesn’t’t go to the park on Sunday.疑問(wèn)句:在句首加do或does
Do you go to school on Monday? Yes, we do./ No, we don’t.Does he go to the park on Sunday? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t’t.動(dòng)詞單三變化:1.在原單詞末尾加s , 如:like – likes
2.單詞以o, sh, ch, s, x 結(jié)尾加es, 如:go – goes
3.單詞末尾為輔音+y結(jié)尾去y加ies 如:study-studies 2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):主要敘述正在發(fā)生的事情。句末常出現(xiàn)now, 句首常出現(xiàn)look, listen 組成:主語(yǔ)+be +動(dòng)詞ing形式
I am reading English.They are swimming.He is playing football.否定句:在be后加not I am not reading English.They are not swimming.He is not playing football.疑問(wèn)句:將be 放到第一位。
Are you reading English? Yes, I am./ No, I am not.Are they swimming?
Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t.Is he playing football?
Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t.動(dòng)詞變ing形式:1.在動(dòng)詞末尾加ing.如:play-playing
2.末尾有e 要去e加ing.如:ride – riding 3.末尾以輔音元音輔音結(jié)尾 雙寫末尾一個(gè)輔音如:swim-swimming 3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)。主要描述將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事情。句末常出現(xiàn)next Monday/week/ year, tomorrow
組成:主語(yǔ)+be going to +動(dòng)詞原形
I am going to visit Ann.They are going to draw a dog.She is going to ride a horse.否定句:在be后加not
I am not going to visit Ann.They are not going to draw a dog.She is going to ride a horse.疑問(wèn)句:將be提前
Are you going to visit Ann?
Yes, I am./ No, I am not.Are they going to draw a dog?
Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t.Is she going to ride a horse?
Yes, she is./ No, she isn’t.組成:主語(yǔ)+will+動(dòng)詞原形
I will go to the library.They will clean the house.She will eat breakfast at home.否定句:在will 后加not 或?qū)ill not 寫為won’t
I will not go to the library.They will not clean the house.She will mot eat breakfast at home.疑問(wèn)句:將will 提前
Will you go to the library? Yes, I will./ No, I won’t.Will they clean the house?
Yes, they will./ No, they won’t.Will she eat breakfast at home?
Yes, she will./No, she won’t.4.一般過(guò)去時(shí):主要描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情.句末常出現(xiàn)last night/week/Monday/year, yesterday, ago 組成:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式
I was a pilot.They were busy.He went to the market.否定句:在be后加not 在普通動(dòng)詞前加didn’t 動(dòng)詞恢復(fù)原形。I was not a pilot.They were not busy.He didn’t go to the market.疑問(wèn)句:提前be 動(dòng)詞或在句前加did
Were you a pilot? Yes, I was./ No, I wasn’t.Were they busy?
Yes, they were./ No, they weren’t.Did they go to the market? Yes, they did./ No, they didn’t.動(dòng)詞變過(guò)去式:1.在原次末尾加ed 或d 如:play-played like-liked
2.輔音加y 結(jié)尾去y加ied 如:study-studied
3.輔音元音輔音結(jié)尾雙寫最后一個(gè)字母加ed 如:stop-stopped
特殊變化:can-could do-did eat-ate go-went hit-hit pit-put sit-sat come-came
get-got
have-had see-saw begin-began
give-gave win-won read-read am/is-was are-were run-ran hear-heard hide-hid
lay-laid cut-cut
wake-woke fall-fell 連系動(dòng)詞be是am, is, are三者的原形,一般不直接出現(xiàn)在句子中,而是以am, is, are的形式出現(xiàn)。它們各有分工,而且隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化。am最專一,始終跟著I轉(zhuǎn);are 跟you, we及表復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞連用;is的交際最廣泛,is與“他、她、它”形影不離,至于名詞單數(shù),指示代詞(this/that)都與is結(jié)下不解之緣。
第五篇:西班牙語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)十四種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)
西班牙語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)十四種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)
Indicativo-陳述式 Subjuntivo-虛擬式 Imperativo-命令式 Condicion-條件式
一:陳述式現(xiàn)在時(shí)-presente 動(dòng)詞規(guī)則變化:
1:以-ar結(jié)尾的,變位時(shí)去掉詞尾ar,然后加下列詞尾
-ar
-er
-ir yo
-o
-o
-o tu
-as
-es
-es el/usted-a
-e
-e nosotros-amos
-emos
-imos vosotros-áis
-éis
-ís ellos/ustedes-an
-en
-en 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:
haber:he has ha hemos habeis han ser: soy eres es somos sois son estar:estoy estas esta estamos estan dar:doy das da damos dais dan(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))dormir:duermo duermes duerme dormimos duermen salir:salgo sales sale salimos salis salen poner:pongo pones pone ponemos poneis ponen oirigo oyes oye oimos ois oyen venir:vengo vienes viene venimos venis vienen servir:sirvo sirves sirve servimos seris sirven hacer:hago haces hace hacemos haceis hacen saber:sé sabes sabe sabemos sabeis saben despedir:despido despides despide despedimos despedis despiden decir:digo dices dice decimos decis dicen caer:caigo caes cae caemos caeis caen atender:atiendo atiendes atiende atendemos atendeis atienden morir:muero mueres muere morimos moris mueren reir:rio ries rie reimos reis rien 二:命令式-Imperativo 1: 表示請(qǐng)求/命令,單數(shù)第二人稱的構(gòu)成 第一變位動(dòng)詞的詞根上加-a 第二,三變位動(dòng)詞的詞根上加-e
-ar
-er/-ir tu
-a
-e usted
-e
-a ustedes
-en
-an nos.-emos
-amos vos.-ad
-ed/-id 2:自復(fù)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成命令式時(shí),自復(fù)代詞放在動(dòng)詞后并連寫,但nosotros的命令式要省去s,vosotros的命令式要省去d 比如:
levantarse-levantemonos-levantaos 3:命令式否定形式用虛擬式現(xiàn)在時(shí)(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))4:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
haber:he haya hayamos hayais hayan poner:pon ponga pongamos poned pongan salir:sal salga salgamos salid salgan empezar:empieza empiece empezamos empezad empiecen hacer:haz haga hagamos haced hagan saber:sé sepa sepamos sabed sepan oirye oiga oigamos oid oigan decir:di diga digamos decid digan ir: ve vaya id vayan oirye oiga oid oigan ser:sé sea sed sean venir:ven venga venid vengan tener:ten tenga tened tengan conocer:conoce conozca conoced conozcan construir:construye construya construid construyan 其他不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化跟現(xiàn)在時(shí)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化相同,如: pedir-pide pida pensar-piensa piense volver-vuelve vuelva(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))三:簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)-Preterito indefinido(preterito)a: Accion cerrada terminada en el pasado b: Accion unica en el pasado如anoche,ayer,anteayer,la semana pasada c: Otras veces lo acompa?an marcadors que delimitnan la accion如muchos a?os,bastante tiempo ,hasta 1969 d: Puede usarse para acciones que se repiten Despues de la muerte de Ernesto, fui a visitar a su madre varias veces E: el preterito Imperfecto expresa acciones repetidas y en desarrollo./El preterito Indefinido expresa acciones que han pasado una sola vez:-Antes generalmente veiamos una pelicula y nos acostabamos a la una.-Anoche vimos una pelicula y nos acostamos a la una.F:Si aparecen juntos,el preterito Indefinido expresa la accion principal.EL preterito Imperfecto describe la causa o las circustancias de la accion principal.-Dormia profundamente cuando sono el telefono.規(guī)則變化在詞根上加下列詞尾:(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))詞
-ar
-er/-ir yo
-é
-í tu
-aste
-iste el
-ó
-ió nos.-amos
-imos vos.-asteis
-isteis ellos/ustdes-aron
-ieron
c: 有些動(dòng)詞的簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)只有第二人稱單,復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則 repetir, vestir, impedir, medir, elegir,divertirse pedir:pedi pediste pidio pedimos pedisteis pidieron 屬于這一類的還有:servir, corregir,sentir,seguir sentir:senti sentiste sintio sentimos sentisteis sintieron dormir:dormi dormiste duermio dormimos dormisteis duermieron morir如同dormir變化
construir和destruir,huir,oir,caerse如同leer變化
conducir,producir.deducir,traer,distraer,traducir如同decir變化 d:有些動(dòng)詞,第一人稱單數(shù)時(shí)在書寫上有變化
explicar:explique 類飾的如 practicar,equivocarse ,embacar llegar:llegue
類似的如 pagar,jugar cruzar:cruce
類似的如cazae e:leer-lei,leiste leyó leimos leísteis leyeron 類似的如caer,creer,construir,contribuir,destruir,incluir,oir f:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))
haber-hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron
ir-fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron saber-supe supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron tener-tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron estar-estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron poder-pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron poner-puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron venir-vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron hacer-hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron querer-quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron decir-dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron dar-di diste dio dimos disteis dieron ver-vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron ser/ir-fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron morir-mori moriste murio morimos moristeis murieron andar-anduve andubiste anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron reir-rei reiste rio reimos reisteis rieron conducir:conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron 四:陳述式現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-Preterito perfecto(antepresente)a: 構(gòu)成由 haber的陳述式現(xiàn)在時(shí)加動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞
haber: he has ha hemos habeis han b: 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成
-ar結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,在詞根上加-ado(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))-er/-ir結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,在詞根上加-ido c:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
morir-muerto ver-visto
abrir-abierto decir-dicho hacer-hecho
poner-puesto volver-vuelto escribir-escrito romper-roto
Indicativo-陳述式 Subjuntivo-虛擬式 Imperativo-命令式 Condicion-條件式
一:陳述式現(xiàn)在時(shí)-presente 動(dòng)詞規(guī)則變化:
1:以-ar結(jié)尾的,變位時(shí)去掉詞尾ar,然后加下列詞尾
-ar
-er
-ir yo
-o
-o
-o tu
-as
-es
-es el/usted-a
-e
-e nosotros-amos
-emos
-imos vosotros-áis
-éis
-ís ellos/ustedes-an
-en
-en 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:
haber:he has ha hemos habeis han ser: soy eres es somos sois son estar:estoy estas esta estamos estan(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))dar:doy das da damos dais dan dormir:duermo duermes duerme dormimos duermen salir:salgo sales sale salimos salis salen poner:pongo pones pone ponemos poneis ponen oirigo oyes oye oimos ois oyen venir:vengo vienes viene venimos venis vienen servir:sirvo sirves sirve servimos seris sirven hacer:hago haces hace hacemos haceis hacen saber:sé sabes sabe sabemos sabeis saben despedir:despido despides despide despedimos despedis despiden decir:digo dices dice decimos decis dicen caer:caigo caes cae caemos caeis caen atender:atiendo atiendes atiende atendemos atendeis atienden morir:muero mueres muere morimos moris mueren reir:rio ries rie reimos reis rien 二:命令式-Imperativo 1: 表示請(qǐng)求/命令,單數(shù)第二人稱的構(gòu)成 第一變位動(dòng)詞的詞根上加-a 第二,三變位動(dòng)詞的詞根上加-e(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))
-ar
-er/-ir tu
-a
-e usted
-e
-a ustedes
-en
-an nos.-emos
-amos vos.-ad
-ed/-id 2:自復(fù)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成命令式時(shí),自復(fù)代詞放在動(dòng)詞后并連寫,但nosotros的命令式要省去s,vosotros的命令式要省去d 比如:
levantarse-levantemonos-levantaos 3:命令式否定形式用虛擬式現(xiàn)在時(shí) 4:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
haber:he haya hayamos hayais hayan poner:pon ponga pongamos poned pongan salir:sal salga salgamos salid salgan empezar:empieza empiece empezamos empezad empiecen hacer:haz haga hagamos haced hagan saber:sé sepa sepamos sabed sepan oirye oiga oigamos oid oigan decir:di diga digamos decid digan ir: ve vaya id vayan oirye oiga oid oigan ser:sé sea sed sean venir:ven venga venid vengan tener:ten tenga tened tengan(OLE西班牙語(yǔ)培訓(xùn))conocer:conoce conozca conoced conozcan construir:construye construya construid construyan 其他不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化跟現(xiàn)在時(shí)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化相同,如: pedir-pide pida pensar-piensa piense volver-vuelve vuelva 三:簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)-Preterito indefinido(preterito)a: Accion cerrada terminada en el pasado b: Accion unica en el pasado如anoche,ayer,anteayer,la semana pasada c: Otras veces lo acompa?an marcadors que delimitnan la accion如muchos a?os,bastante tiempo ,hasta 1969 d: Puede usarse para acciones que se repiten Despues de la muerte de Ernesto, fui a visitar a su madre varias veces E: el preterito Imperfecto expresa acciones repetidas y en desarrollo./El preterito Indefinido expresa acciones que han pasado una sola vez:-Antes generalmente veiamos una pelicula y nos acostabamos a la una.-Anoche vimos una pelicula y nos acostamos a la una.F:Si aparecen juntos,el preterito Indefinido expresa la accion principal.EL preterito Imperfecto describe la causa o las circustancias de la accion principal.-Dormia profundamente cuando sono el telefono.規(guī)則變化在詞根上加下列詞尾:
詞
-ar
-er/-ir yo
-é
-í tu
-aste
-iste el
-ó
-ió nos.-amos
-imos vos.-asteis
-isteis ellos/ustdes-aron
-ieron
c: 有些動(dòng)詞的簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)只有第二人稱單,復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則 repetir, vestir, impedir, medir, elegir,divertirse pedir:pedi pediste pidio pedimos pedisteis pidieron 屬于這一類的還有:servir, corregir,sentir,seguir sentir:senti sentiste sintio sentimos sentisteis sintieron dormir:dormi dormiste duermio dormimos dormisteis duermieron morir如同dormir變化
construir和destruir,huir,oir,caerse如同leer變化
conducir,producir.deducir,traer,distraer,traducir如同decir變化 d:有些動(dòng)詞,第一人稱單數(shù)時(shí)在書寫上有變化
explicar:explique 類飾的如 practicar,equivocarse ,embacar llegar:llegue
類似的如 pagar,jugar cruzar:cruce
類似的如cazae e:leer-lei,leiste leyó leimos leísteis leyeron 類似的如caer,creer,construir,contribuir,destruir,incluir,oir f:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
haber-hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron
ir-fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron saber-supe supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron tener-tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron estar-estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron poder-pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron poner-puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron venir-vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron hacer-hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron querer-quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron decir-dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron dar-di diste dio dimos disteis dieron ver-vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron ser/ir-fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron morir-mori moriste murio morimos moristeis murieron andar-anduve andubiste anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron reir-rei reiste rio reimos reisteis rieron conducir:conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron 四:陳述式現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-Preterito perfecto(antepresente)a: 構(gòu)成由 haber的陳述式現(xiàn)在時(shí)加動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞
haber: he has ha hemos habeis han b: 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成
-ar結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,在詞根上加-ado-er/-ir結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,在詞根上加-ido c:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
morir-muerto ver-visto
abrir-abierto decir-dicho hacer-hecho
poner-puesto volver-vuelto escribir-escrito romper-roto
Indicativo-陳述式 Subjuntivo-虛擬式 Imperativo-命令式 Condicion-條件式
一:陳述式現(xiàn)在時(shí)-presente 動(dòng)詞規(guī)則變化:
1:以-ar結(jié)尾的,變位時(shí)去掉詞尾ar,然后加下列詞尾-ar-er-ir yo-o-o-o tu-as-es-es el/usted-a-e-e nosotros-amos-emos-imos vosotros-áis-éis-ís ellos/ustedes-an-en-en 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:
haber:he has ha hemos habeis han ser: soy eres es somos sois son estar:estoy estas esta estamos estan dar:doy das da damos dais dan dormir:duermo duermes duerme dormimos duermen salir:salgo sales sale salimos salis salen poner:pongo pones pone ponemos poneis ponen oirigo oyes oye oimos ois oyen venir:vengo vienes viene venimos venis vienen servir:sirvo sirves sirve servimos seris sirven hacer:hago haces hace hacemos haceis hacen saber:sé sabes sabe sabemos sabeis saben despedir:despido despides despide despedimos despedis despiden decir:digo dices dice decimos decis dicen caer:caigo caes cae caemos caeis caen atender:atiendo atiendes atiende atendemos atendeis atienden morir:muero mueres muere morimos moris mueren reir:rio ries rie reimos reis rien
二:命令式-Imperativo 1: 表示請(qǐng)求/命令,單數(shù)第二人稱的構(gòu)成 第一變位動(dòng)詞的詞根上加-a 第二,三變位動(dòng)詞的詞根上加-e-ar-er/-ir tu-a-e usted-e-a ustedes-en-an nos.-emos-amos vos.-ad-ed/-id 2:自復(fù)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成命令式時(shí),自復(fù)代詞放在動(dòng)詞后并連寫,但nosotros的命令式要省去s, vosotros的命令式要省去d 比如:
levantarse-levantemonos-levantaos 3:命令式否定形式用虛擬式現(xiàn)在時(shí) 4:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
haber:he haya hayamos hayais hayan poner:pon ponga pongamos poned pongan salir:sal salga salgamos salid salgan empezar:empieza empiece empezamos empezad empiecen hacer:haz haga hagamos haced hagan saber:sé sepa sepamos sabed sepan oir oye oiga oigamos oid oigan decir:di diga digamos decid digan ir: ve vaya id vayan oir oye oiga oid oigan ser:sé sea sed sean venir:ven venga venid vengan tener:ten tenga tened tengan conocer:conoce conozca conoced conozcan construir:construye construya construid construyan 其他不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化跟現(xiàn)在時(shí)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化相同,如: pedir-pide pida pensar-piensa piense volver-vuelve vuelva
三:簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)-Preterito indefinido(preterito)a: Accion cerrada terminada en el pasado b: Accion unica en el pasado如anoche,ayer,anteayer,la semana pasada c: Otras veces lo acompa?an marcadors que delimitnan la accion如muchos a?os,bastante tiempo ,hasta 1969 d: Puede usarse para acciones que se repiten Despues de la muerte de Ernesto, fui a visitar a su madre varias veces E: el preterito Imperfecto expresa acciones repetidas y en desarrollo./El preterito Indefinido expresa acciones que han pasado una sola vez:-Antes generalmente veiamos una pelicula y nos acostabamos a la una.-Anoche vimos una pelicula y nos acostamos a la una.F:Si aparecen juntos,el preterito Indefinido expresa la accion principal.EL preterito Imperfecto describe la causa o las circustancias de la accion principal.-Dormia profundamente cuando sono el telefono.規(guī)則變化在詞根上加下列詞尾: 詞-ar-er/-ir yo-é-í tu-aste-iste el-ó-ió
nos.-amos-imos vos.-asteis-isteis ellos/ustdes-aron-ieron c: 有些動(dòng)詞的簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí)只有第二人稱單,復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則 repetir, vestir, impedir, medir, elegir,divertirse pedir:pedi pediste pidio pedimos pedisteis pidieron 屬于這一類的還有:servir, corregir,sentir,seguir sentir:senti sentiste sintio sentimos sentisteis sintieron dormir:dormi dormiste duermio dormimos dormisteis duermieron morir如同dormir變化
construir和destruir,huir,oir,caerse如同leer變化
conducir,producir.deducir,traer,distraer,traducir如同decir變化 d:有些動(dòng)詞,第一人稱單數(shù)時(shí)在書寫上有變化
explicar:explique 類飾的如 practicar,equivocarse ,embacar llegar:llegue 類似的如 pagar,jugar cruzar:cruce 類似的如cazae e:leer-lei,leiste leyó leimos leísteis leyeron 類似的如caer,creer,construir,contribuir,destruir,incluir,oir f:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
haber-hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron ir-fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron saber-supe supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron tener-tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron estar-estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron poder-pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron poner-puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron venir-vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron hacer-hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron querer-quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron decir-dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron dar-di diste dio dimos disteis dieron ver-vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron ser/ir-fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron morir-mori moriste murio morimos moristeis murieron andar-anduve andubiste anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron reir-rei reiste rio reimos reisteis rieron conducir:conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron
四:陳述式現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-Preterito perfecto(antepresente)a: 構(gòu)成由 haber的陳述式現(xiàn)在時(shí)加動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 haber: he has ha hemos habeis han b: 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成-ar結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,在詞根上加-ado-er/-ir結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,在詞根上加-ido
c:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
morir-muerto ver-visto abrir-abierto decir-dicho hacer-hecho poner-puesto volver-vuelto escribir-escrito romper-roto