第一篇：美國財政部長蓋特納北京大學演講中英文全文

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and Growth

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and GrowthTreasury Secretary Timothy F.Geithner

Speech at peking Universityto help arrest the sharp fall in private demand.Alongside these fiscal measures, we acted to ease the housing crisis.And we have put in place a series of initiatives to bring more capital into the banking system and to restart the credit markets.These actions have been reinforced by similar actions in countries around the world.In contrast to the global crisis of the 1930s and to the major economic crises of the postwar period, the leaders of the world acted together.They acted quickly.They took steps to provide assistance to the most vulnerable economies, even as they faced exceptional financial needs at home.They worked to keep their markets open, rather than r etreating into self-defeating measures of discrimination and protect ion.And they have committed to make sure this program of initiatives is sustained until the foundation for recovery is firmly established, a commitment the IMF will monitor closely, and that we will be able to uate together when the G-20 Leaders meet again in the United States this fall.We are starting to see some initial signs of improvement.The global recession seems to be losing force.In the United States, the pace of decline in economic activity has slowed.Households are saving more, but consumer confidence has improved, and spending is starting to recover.House prices are falling at a slower pace and the inventory of unsold homes has come down significantly.Orders for goods and services are somewhat stronger.The pace of deterioration in the labor market has slowed, and new claims for unemployment insurance have started to come down a bit.&nb sp;

The financial system is starting to heal.The clarity and disclosure provided by our capital assessment of major U.S.banks has helped improve market confidence in them, making it possible for banks that needed capital to raise it from private investors and to borrow without guarantees.The securities markets, including the asset backed securities markets that essentially stopped functioning late last year, have started to come back.The cost of credit has fallen substantially for businesses and for families as spreads and risk premia have narrowed.These are important signs of stability, and assurance that we will succeed in averting financial collapse and global deflation, but they represent only the first steps in laying the foundation for recovery.The process of repair and adjustment is going to take time.;

China, despite your own manifest challenges a s a developing country, you are in an enviably strong position.But in most economies, the recession is still powerful and dangerous.Business and households in the United States, as in many countries, are still experiencing the most challenging economic and financial pressures in decades.The plant closures, and company restructurings that the recession is causing are painful, and this process is not yet over.The fallout from these events has been brutally indiscriminant, affecting those with little or no responsibility for the events that now buffet them, as well as on some who played key roles in bringing about our troubles.The extent of the damage to financial systems entails significant risk that the supply of credit will be constrained for some time.The constraints on banks in many major economies will make it hard for them to compensate fully for the damage done to the basic machi nery of the securitization markets, including the loss of confidence in credit ratings.After a long period where financial institutions took on too much risk, we still face the possibility that banks and investors may take too little risk, even as the underlying economic conditions start to improve.And, after a long period of falling saving and substantial growth in household borrowing relative to GDp, consumer spending in the United States will be restrained for some time relative to what is typically the case in recoveries.These are necessary adjustments.They will entail a longer, slower process of recovery, with a very different pattern of future growth across countries than we have seen in the past several recoveries.Laying the Foundation for Future Growth

As we address this immediate financial and economic crisis, it is important that we also lay the foundations for more balanced, sustained growth of the global economy once this recovery is firmly established.A successful transition to a more balanced and stable global economy will require very substantial changes to economic policy and financial regulation around the world.But some of the most important of those changes will have to come in the United States and China.How successful we are in Washington and Beijing will be critically important to the economic fortunes of the rest of the world.The effectiveness of U.S.policies will depend in part on Chinas, and the effectiveness of yours on ours.Although the United States and China start from very different positions, many of our domestic challenges are similar.In the United States, we are working to reform our health care system, to improve the quality of education, to rebuild our infrastructure, and to improve energy efficiency.These reforms are essential to boosting the productive capacity of our economy.These challenges are at the center of your reform priorities, too.We are both working to reform our financial systems.In the United States, our challenge is to create a more stable and more resilient financial system, with stronger protections for consumer and investors.As we work to strengthen and redesign regulation to achieve these objectives, our challenge is to preserve the core strengths of our financial system, which are its exceptional capacity to adapt and innovate and to channel capital for investment in new technologies and innovative companies.You have the benefit of being able to learn from our shortcomings, which have proved so damaging in the present crisis, as well as f rom our strengths.Our common chall enge is to recognize that a more balanced and sustainable global recovery will require changes in the composition of growth in our two economies.Because of this, our policies have to be directed at very different outcomes.In the United States, saving rates will have to increase, and the purchases of U.S.consumers cannot be as dominant a driver of growth as they have been in the past.In China, as your leadership has recognized, growth that is sustainable growth will require a very substantial shift from external to domestic demand, from an investment and export intensive driven growth, to growth led by consumption.Strengthening domestic demand will also strengthen Chinas ability to weather fluctuations in global supply and demand.If we are successful on these respective paths, public and private saving in the United States will increase as recovery strengthens, and as this happens, our current account deficit will come down.And in China, domestic demand will rise at a faster rate than overall GDp, led by a gradual shift to higher rates of consumption.Globally, recovery will have come more from a shift by high saving economies to stronger domestic demand and less from the American consumer.The policy framework for a successful transition to this outcome is starting to take shape.In the United States, we are putting in place the foundations for restoring fiscal sustainability.The president in his initial budget to Congress made it clear that, as soon as recovery is firmly established, we are going to have to bring our fiscal deficit down to a level that is sustainable over the medium term.This will mean bringing the imbalance between our fiscal resources and expenditures down to the point-roughly three percent of GDp--wh ere the overall level of public debt to GDp is definitively on a dow nward path.The temporary investments and tax incentives we put in place in the Recovery Act to strengthen private demand will have to expire, discretionary spending will have to fall back to a more modest level relative to GDp, and we will have to be very disciplined in limiting future commitments through the reintroduction of budget disciplines, such as pay-as-you go rules.The president also looks forward to working with Congress to further reduce our long-run fiscal deficit.And, critical to our long-term fiscal health, we have to put in place comprehensive health care reform that will bring down the growth in health care costs, costs that are the principal driver of our long run fiscal deficit.The president has also proposed steps to encourage private saving, including through automatic enrollment in retirement savings accounts.xiexiebang.com范文網(FANWEN.CHAZIDIAN.COM)

第二篇：美國財政部長蓋特納北京大學演講中英文

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and Growth

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and GrowthTreasury Secretary Timothy F.Geithner

Speech at Peking Universityto help arrest the sharp fall in private demand.Alongside these fiscal measures, we acted to ease the housing crisis.And we have put in place a series of initiatives to bring more capital into the banking system and to restart the credit markets.These actions have been reinforced by similar actions in countries around the world.In contrast to the global crisis of the 1930s and to the major economic crises of the postwar period, the leaders of the world acted together.They acted quickly.They took steps to provide assistance to the most vulnerable economies, even as they faced exceptional financial needs at home.They worked to keep their markets open, rather than r etreating into self-defeating measures of discrimination and protect ion.And they have committed to make sure this program of initiatives is sustained until the foundation for recovery is firmly established, a commitment the IMF will monitor closely, and that we will be able to uate together when the G-20 Leaders meet again in the United States this fall.We are starting to see some initial signs of improvement.The global recession seems to be losing force.In the United States, the pace of decline in economic activity has slowed.Households are saving more, but consumer confidence has improved, and spending is starting to recover.House prices are falling at a slower pace and the inventory of unsold homes has come down significantly.Orders for goods and services are somewhat stronger.The pace of deterioration in the labor market has slowed, and new claims for unemployment insurance have started to come down a bit.&nb sp;

The financial system is starting to heal.The clarity and disclosure provided by our capital assessment of major U.S.banks has helped improve market confidence in them, making it possible for banks that needed capital to raise it from private investors and to borrow without guarantees.The securities markets, including the asset backed securities markets that essentially stopped functioning late last year, have started to come back.The cost of credit has fallen substantially for businesses and for families as spreads and risk premia have narrowed.These are important signs of stability, and assurance that we will succeed in averting financial collapse and global deflation, but they represent only the first steps in laying the foundation for recovery.The process of repair and adjustment is going to take time.;

China, despite your own manifest challenges a s a developing country, you are in an enviably strong position.But in most economies, the recession is still powerful and dangerous.Business and households in the United States, as in many countries, are still experiencing the most challenging economic and financial pressures in decades.The plant closures, and company restructurings that the recession is causing are painful, and this process is not yet over.The fallout from these events has been brutally indiscriminant, affecting those with little or no responsibility for the events that now buffet them, as well as on some who played key roles in bringing about our troubles.The extent of the damage to financial systems entails significant risk that the supply of credit will be constrained for some time.The constraints on banks in many major economies will make it hard for them to compensate fully for the damage done to the basic machi nery of the securitization markets, including the loss of confidence in credit ratings.After a long period where financial institutions took on too much risk, we still face the possibility that banks and investors may take too little risk, even as the underlying economic conditions start to improve.And, after a long period of falling saving and substantial growth in household borrowing relative to GDP, consumer spending in the United States will be restrained for some time relative to what is typically the case in recoveries.These are necessary adjustments.They will entail a longer, slower process of recovery, with a very different pattern of future growth across countries than we have seen in the past several recoveries.Laying the Foundation for Future Growth

As we address this immediate financial and economic crisis, it is important that we also lay the foundations for more balanced, sustained growth of the global economy once this recovery is firmly established.A successful transition to a more balanced and stable global economy will require very substantial changes to economic policy and financial regulation around the world.But some of the most important of those changes will have to come in the United States and China.How successful we are in Washington and Beijing will be critically important to the economic fortunes of the rest of the world.The effectiveness of U.S.policies will depend in part on Chinas, and the effectiveness of yours on ours.Although the United States and China start from very different positions, many of our domestic challenges are similar.In the United States, we are working to reform our health care system, to improve the quality of education, to rebuild our infrastructure, and to improve energy efficiency.These reforms are essential to boosting the productive capacity of our economy.These challenges are at the center of your reform priorities, too.We are both working to reform our financial systems.In the United States, our challenge is to create a more stable and more resilient financial system, with stronger protections for consumer and investors.As we work to strengthen and redesign regulation to achieve these objectives, our challenge is to preserve the core strengths of our financial system, which are its exceptional capacity to adapt and innovate and to channel capital for investment in new technologies and innovative companies.You have the benefit of being able to learn from our shortcomings, which have proved so damaging in the present crisis, as well as f rom our strengths.Our common chall enge is to recognize that a more balanced and sustainable global recovery will require changes in the composition of growth in our two economies.Because of this, our policies have to be directed at very different outcomes.In the United States, saving rates will have to increase, and the purchases of U.S.consumers cannot be as dominant a driver of growth as they have been in the past.In China, as your leadership has recognized, growth that is sustainable growth will require a very substantial shift from external to domestic demand, from an investment and export intensive driven growth, to growth led by consumption.Strengthening domestic demand will also strengthen Chinas ability to weather fluctuations in global supply and demand.If we are successful on these respective paths, public and private saving in the United States will increase as recovery strengthens, and as this happens, our current account deficit will come down.And in China, domestic demand will rise at a faster rate than overall GDP, led by a gradual shift to higher rates of consumption.Globally, recovery will have come more from a shift by high saving economies to stronger domestic demand and less from the American consumer.The policy framework for a successful transition to this outcome is starting to take shape.In the United States, we are putting in place the foundations for restoring fiscal sustainability.The President in his initial budget to Congress made it clear that, as soon as recovery is firmly established, we are going to have to bring our fiscal deficit down to a level that is sustainable over the medium term.This will mean bringing the imbalance between our fiscal resources and expenditures down to the pointthe United States is committed to a strong and stable international financial system.The Obama Administration fully recognizes that the United States has a special responsibility to play in this regard, and we fully appreciate that exercising this special responsibility begins at home.As we recover from this unprecedented crisis, we will cut our fiscal deficit, we will eliminate the extraordinary governmental support that we have put in place to overcome the crisis, we will continue to preserve the openness of our economy, and we will resolutely maintain the policy framework necessary for durable and lasting sustained non-inflationary growth.In China, the challenge is fundamentally different, and at least as complex.Critical to the success of your efforts to shift future growth to domestic demand are measures to raise household incomes and to reduce the need that households feel to save large amounts for precautionary reasons or to pay for major expenditures like education.This involves strengthening the social safety net with health care reform and more complete public retirement systems, enacting financial reforms to help expand access to credit for households, and providing products that allow households to insure against risk.These efforts can be funded through the increased collection of dividends from state-owned enterprises.The structure of the Chinese economy will shift as domestic demand grows in importance, with a larger service sector, more emphasis on light industry, and less emphasis on heavy, capital intensive export and import-competing industries.The resulting growth will generate greater employment, and be less energy-intensive than the current structure of Chinese industry.Allowing the market, interest rates, and other prices to function to encourage the shift in production will be particularly important.An important part of this strategy is the governments commitment to continue progress toward a more flexible exchange rate regime.Greater exchange rate flexibility will help reinforce the shift in the composition of growth, encourage resource shifts to support domestic demand, and provide greater ability for monetary policy to achieve sustained growth with low inflation in the future.International Financial Reform

These are some of the most important domestic economic challenge we face, and these issues will be at the core of our agenda for economic cooperation.But I think it is important to underscore that we also have a very strong interest in working together to strengthen the framework for international economic and financial cooperation.Let me highlight three important areas.At the G-20 Leaders meeting, we committed to a series of actions to help reform and strengthen the international financial architecture.As part of this, we agreed to put in place a stronger framework of standards for supervision a nd regulation of the financial system.We expanded and strengthened the Financial Stability Forum, now renamed the Financial Stability Board.China and other major emerging economies are now full participants alongside the major financial centers, in this critical institution for cooperation.We will have the chance together to help redesign global standards for capital requirements, stronger oversight of global markets like derivatives, better tools for resolving future financial crises, and measures to reduce the opportunities for regulatory arbitrage.We also committed to an ambitious program of reform of the IMF and other international financial institutions.Our common objective is to reform the governance of these institutions to make them more representative of the shifting balance of economic and financial activity in the world, to strengthen their capacity to prevent future crisis, with stronger surveillance of macroeconomic, exchange rate, and financial policies, and to equip them with a stronger financial capacity to respond to future crises.We also committed to mobilize $500 billion in additional finance through the enlargement and membership expansion of the IMFs New Arrangements to Borrow in order to provide an insurance policy for the global financial system.As part of this process of reform, the United States will fully support having China play a role in the principal cooperative arrangements that help shape the international system, a role that is commensurate with Chinas importance in the global economy.I believe that a greater role for China is necessary for China, for the effectiveness of the international financial institutions themselves, and for the world economy.China is already too important to the global economy not to hav e a full seat at the international table, helping to define the policies that are critical to the effective functioning of the international financial system.Second, we must cooperate to assure that the global trade and investment environment remains open, and that opportunities continue to expand.As economies have become more open and more closely integrated, global economic growth has been stronger and more broad-based, bringing increasing numbers out of poverty, and turning developing nations into major emerging markets.The global commitment to trade liberalization and increasingly open investment played a critical role in this process ¨C in the industrialized world, in East Asia, and, since 1978, in China.As we go through the severe stresses of this crisis, we must not turn our backs on open trade and investment-for ourselves and for those who have yet to experience the fruits of growth and development.The United States, China, and the other members of the G20 have committed to not resort to protectionist measures by raising trade and investment barriers and to work toward a successful conclusion to the Doha Development Round.And third, one of the most critical long-term challenges that we both face is climate change.Individually and collectively, there is an urgent need to ensure that each and every country takes meaningful action to deal with this threat.Reducing land and forest degradation, conserving energy, and using clean technology are important objectives that complement both our efforts to achieve a new, sustainable pattern of growth and our goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.China and the United States already are working closely through the Strategic and Economic Dialogue in areas such as clean transportation, clean and efficient production of electricity, and the reduction of air and water pollution.We must continue these efforts for the sake of our natio ns and the planet.Conclusion In the last few years the frequency, intensity, and importance of U.S.-China economic engagements have multiplied.The U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue that President Obama and President Hu initiated in April is the next stage in that process.I look forward to welcoming Vice Premier Wang, State Councilor Dai and their colleagues to Washington to participate in the first meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue.Our engagement should be conducted with mutual respect for the traditions, values, and interests of China and the United States.We will make a joint effort in a concerted way 同心協力.We should understand that we each have a very strong stake in the health and the succes s of each others economy.China and the United States individually, and together, are so important in the global economy and financial system that what we do has a direct impact on the stability and strength of the international economic system.Other nations have a legitimate interest in our policies and the ways in which we work together, and we each have an obligation to ensure that our policies and actions promote the health and stability of the global economy and financial system.We come together because we have shared interests and responsibilities.We also have our own national interests.I will be a strong advocate for U.S.interests, just as I expect my counterparts to represent China?ˉs.China has benefited hugely from open trade and investment, and the ability to greatly increase its exports to the rest of the world.In turn, we expect incre ased opportunities to export to and invest in the Chinese economy.We want China to succeed and prosper.Chinese growth and expanding Chinese demand is a tremendous opportunity for U.S.firms and workers, just as it is in China and the rest of the world.Global problems will not be solved without U.S.-China cooperation.That goes for the entire range of issues that face our world from economic recovery and financial repair to climate change and energy policy.I look forward to working with you cooperatively, and in a spirit of mutual respect.美國財政部長蓋特納于6月1日在北京大學發表了演講，談到了美中合作對全球經濟復蘇和增長的重要性。以下是其演講稿的中文翻譯。以英文原文為準，中文翻譯僅供參考。

《美中兩國為復蘇和增長的合作》

我很高興今天能再次來到中國，并在這個偉大的學校與你們見面。

我第一次來到中國和北京大學是在1981年的夏天，那時，我還是一名學習普通話的大學生。我與一些來自美國的研究生和本科生在這里。次年夏天，我又回到了北京師范大學。

我們學習相當努力，并有幸與許多優秀教授一起工作，他們中的一些人今天也在這里。我們走遍這座城市并在中國的華東地區旅行，我們不僅有機會了解你們的歷史和你們的抱負，還開始通過你們的眼睛看美國。

幾十年來，我們看到歷史上最不尋常的經濟轉型的開始。中國正在蓬勃發展。經濟改革帶來了收入的極快和持續提高。中國作為一個重要經濟力量的崛起和更充分地融入世界經濟，給美國和世界其他經濟體帶來了實實在在的好處。

由于認識到積極、合作和全面的關系符合我們的共同利益，胡錦濤主席(圖庫 論壇)和奧巴馬總統在4月同意建立戰略和經濟對話機制。克林頓國務卿和我將于下個月在華盛頓主持我們與王岐山副總理和戴秉國國務委員的第一次會議。今天和明天，我將榮幸地出席在北京的一系列會見，為這次經濟討論作準備。

這些會見將使我們有機會討論經濟領域的風險和挑戰，審視我們在為更加平衡和可持續的經濟復蘇奠定基礎的過程中，所共同面臨的長期挑戰，并探討我們共同關心的國際金融改革。

目前的挑戰和風險

世界經濟正在經歷多年來最具挑戰性的經濟和財政壓力。

國際貨幣基金組織預測，今年世界經濟將出現60多年來的首次萎縮。世界貿易的衰退很可能是自第二次世界大戰結束以來最嚴重的。與正常年份世界經濟的潛在增長率相比，產出損失可達到3至4萬億美元。

面對這一挑戰，中國和美國共同努力，幫助形成一個強有力的全球戰略，遏制危機，為經濟復蘇奠定基礎。這些努力，以及中國、美國和其他主要經濟體所采取的強有力政策行動的綜合效應，已幫助減緩增長的惡化速度，修復金融系統和提升信心。

事實上，當前危機與以往的區別，不僅在于其全球規模及嚴重程度，還在于全球反應的范圍和速度。

在4月份的20國集團領導人倫敦會議上，我們商定了一個前所未有的協調的政策行動計劃，以支持經濟增長，穩定和修復金融體系，恢復對貿易和投資至關重要的信貸流動，通過國際金融機構來為新興市場經濟體調動財政資源，并保持貿易和投資市場的開放。

這項針對經濟復蘇戰略的歷史性協定之所以達成，部分取決于中國和美國已經出臺的政策行動。

在危機加劇時，中國迅速出臺了強有力的增強國內需求的投資和金融措施計劃。

在美國，新政府上任的第一周，我們就建立了一個全面的稅收優惠和投資計劃──第二次世界大戰以來和平時期最大的恢復努力，以幫助遏制私人需求的急劇下降。除了這些財政措施，我們還采取行動減輕住房危機。我們出臺了一系列舉措，使更多的資金進入銀行系統，并重新啟動信貸市場。

這些舉措在世界各國采取類似舉措之后得到了加強。

與30年代的全球危機以及戰后各個主要經濟危機相比，世界各國領導人這次采取了聯合行動。他們行動相對迅速。他們采取措施向最脆弱的經濟體提供援助，盡管他們自身的國家也面臨著特殊的金融需求。他們致力于繼續開放市場，而不是退回到自我擊敗的歧視和保護措施中去。

他們承諾確保這一動議計劃維持到復蘇基礎的牢固確立，而國際貨幣基金組織將密切監測此承諾，這樣我們將能夠在20國集團領導人今年秋天在美國再次會晤時一起來評估。

我們開始看到一些改善的初步跡象。全球經濟衰退似乎失去力量。在美國，經濟活動下跌步伐已經放緩。家庭節省更多，但消費者信心有所改善，消費已開始恢復。房屋價格的下降正在放緩，未售出房屋的庫存已經大幅下降。商品和服務的訂單有所提升。勞動力市場的惡化速度已經放緩，新申請失業保險的人數已開始有所下降。

金融體系已開始恢復。我們對美國主要銀行的資本評估報告中所提供的澄清和披露信息，幫助提振信心，使需要資本的銀行可以向私人投資者融資，借款時無需擔保。證券市場，包括去年年底已基本停止運轉的資產抵押證券市場已經開始恢復。企業和家庭的信貸成本已大幅度下降，因為利差和風險溢價已經縮小。

這些都是重要的穩定跡象，對我們將成功避免金融崩潰和全球性通貨緊縮的保證，但它們只是為經濟復蘇奠定基礎的第一步。修復和調整的過程還需時日。

中國作為一個發展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰，但你們處在一個令人羨慕的強勢地位。而在世界大多數經濟體中，經濟衰退仍然嚴峻而危險。美國與許多國家一樣，企業和家庭正在經歷幾十年來最具挑戰性的經濟和財政壓力。

金融系統的損害程度導致了重大的風險，以至信貸供應將會在一段時間內受到限制。許多主要經濟體對銀行的限制將使他們很難完全補償基本的證券化市場機制所遭受的損害，包括對信貸評級喪失信心。在經歷了漫長的時期金融機構承擔太多風險后，我們仍然面臨的可能是，即使根本經濟條件開始改善，銀行和投資者可能只愿承擔太少風險。

經過長期的相對國內生產總值的儲蓄下降和家庭借貸大幅度增長，美國的消費者支出，相對于經濟復蘇時期來說，將在一段時間內受到限制。

這些都是必要的調整。他們將需要更長的、較慢的復蘇過程，在各國以一種不同以往的未來增長模式。為未來的發展奠定基礎

在我們繼續處理當前金融和經濟危機的同時，我們還要在恢復一旦確定時，重視為未來全球經濟的持續增長和更加均衡奠定基礎。

成功地過渡到一個更加平衡和穩定的全球經濟，將需要對世界各地的經濟政策和金融監管進行非常重大的變革。但是，這些變革中的一些最重要的部分將不得不在美國和中國進行。我們在華盛頓和北京的成功程度，將對世界其他地區的經濟命運至關重要。美國政策的成效將部分取決于中國的，反之亦然。

雖然美國和中國從不同的位置開始，我們的許多國內改革的挑戰是相似的。我們正在努力改革我們的衛生保健系統，提高教育質量，重建我們的基礎設施，并提高能源效率。我們認為這些改革對提高我們經濟的生產能力是必不可少的。這些挑戰也是你們改革的重中之重。

我們雙方都在對我們的金融體系進行改革。在美國，我們的挑戰是創建一個更穩定、更具彈性的金融系統，為消費者和投資者提供更強有力的保護。當我們努力加強和重新設計規范以實現這些目標時，我們面臨的挑戰是維護我們金融體系的核心優勢，也就是在適應、創新以及使資本流向新技術和創新公司方面的特殊能力。你們可以從學習我們的被當前的危機證明具有如此破壞性的缺陷和我們的優勢中獲益。

我們共同的挑戰是要認識到一個更加均衡的、可持續的全球復蘇將要求我們兩個經濟體經濟增長構成的變化。因此，我們的政策必須針對非常不同的結果。

在美國，儲蓄率將不得不上升，同時美國消費者的購買不可能再像過去那樣作為增長的主要動力。

在中國，正如你們的領導已經意識到的，可持續的增長將要求一個非常重大的從外部需求到國內需求、從投資和出口密集型增長到消費導向型增長的轉變。

如果我們在各自的路徑上成功，隨著復蘇增強，美國的公共和私人儲蓄將上升，并且隨之，我們的經常賬戶赤字將減少。在中國，由于消費比例的逐步轉高，中國的國內需求將以快于整體GDP的速度增長。

在全球，復蘇將更多依靠高儲蓄經濟體轉向更強的國內需求，而更少依靠美國消費者。

為順利過渡到這一結果的政策框架已經開始形成。

在美國，我們正在建設恢復財政可持續性的基礎。

總統在給國會的初步預算中明確，一旦復蘇牢固確立，我們將必須削減財政赤字到一個中期可持續的水平。這意味著將我們的財政資源與支出之間的不平衡減少到這樣一點——大約GDP的百分之三——使公共債務占GDP的整體水平處于明確的下降路徑。我們的復興法案中提到的用以增強私人需求的暫時投資和稅收優惠政策將到期，自由決定的支出將不得不回落到一個相對GDP更加適度的水平，并且我們將不得不非常有紀律的通過恢復預算紀律，例如現收現付制度，來限制未來的承諾。

同時，作為我們長期財政健康的關鍵，我們必須進行全面的衛生保健改革，以降低衛生保健成本的增長，這些成本是我們長期財政赤字的主要動力。

總統還建議了鼓勵私人儲蓄的步驟，包括通過自動注冊退休儲蓄賬戶。

除了這些財政行動，我們設計我們的政策以解決金融危機，從而謹慎的最小化納稅人的風險，并且一旦條件許可就允許有序的退出或解除。在所有財政部、美聯儲和聯邦存款保險公司設立的各種金融機構中，我們一直在謹慎地確定經濟條款水平，以便當條件正常化、風險溢價消退時對這些機構的需求將會淡出。一旦條件允許，銀行有強烈的動機用私人資本替換公共資本。

在中國，挑戰有根本的不同，但至少一樣復雜。

成功實現轉向國內需求推動未來增長的關鍵是增加居民收入和減少因為防御原因和用于例如教育的主要支出等使居民覺得需要大量儲蓄的需求。這包括增強社會保障體系包括衛生保健改革和更完善的公共退休系統，實施金融改革以幫助擴大居民的信用獲得并提供產品幫助居民防范風險。

當國內需求的重要性增加的時候，中國經濟的結構將轉變，更大的服務業，更強調輕工業，并減少強調重工業、資本密集出口和進口競爭產業。由此帶來的增長將產生更多的就業，和較目前中國經濟結構更少的能源密集。允許市場、利率和其他價格發揮作用以鼓勵生產的轉變是至關重要的。

這一策略的一個重要部分是政府承諾將繼續向更靈活的匯率政策推進。更大的匯率靈活性將幫助加強增長構成的轉變，鼓勵資源向支持國內需求轉移，并提供貨幣政策更大的能力，以實現將來的持續增長和低通貨膨脹率。

國際金融改革

我們正面對一些最重要的國內經濟挑戰，而這些問題將是我們經濟合作議程的核心。

但是我想重要的是要強調我們也有非常強烈的意愿一道努力，以加強國際經濟和金融合作的框架。

讓我強調三個重要方面。

在20國集團領導人會議上，我們承諾采取一系列行動以幫助改革和加強國際金融架構。

作為其中的一部分，我們同意出臺一個更強的對金融體系進行監督和管理的標準框架。我們擴大和加強了金融穩定論壇，現在更名為金融穩定委員會。中國和其他主要新興經濟體現在正與主要金融中心一起全面參與這個關鍵機構中的合作。我們將有機會一起幫助重新設計資本要求的國際標準，更好的監督全球市場，例如衍生品，更好的工具來解決未來金融危機，以及更好的措施以減少監管套利的機會。

我們也承諾了一個雄心勃勃的計劃以改革國際貨幣基金組織和其他國際金融機構。我們共同的目標是要改革這些機構的治理，以使他們更多的代表世界經濟和金融活動的平衡轉變，以增強他們預防未來危機的能力，并使他們具備更強的金融能力以應對未來的危機。通過國際貨幣基金組織的新貸款協議的擴大和成員增加，我們承諾動員5000億美元額外資金，用于為全球金融體系提供一個保險政策。

作為這個改革進程的一部分，美國將全面支持中國在旨在幫助塑造國際體系的主要合作協議中發揮作用，中國的作用應與其在全球經濟中重要性相稱。

我相信中國發揮更大的作用對中國，對國際金融機構本身的效率，以及對世界經濟都是必要的。

中國對全球經濟已經太重要了，不能在國際談判桌沒有一個用以幫助確定作為國際金融體系有效功能關鍵的政策的完整席位。

第二，我們必須合作以確保全球貿易和投資環境保持開放，并且那種機會繼續擴大。當經濟已經變得越來越開放、越來越緊密地一體化，全球經濟增長變得更強也具有更廣泛基礎，使更多的人脫離貧困，并使發展中國家轉變為新興市場。全球貿易自由化的承諾和增加的自由投資在這個進程中起關鍵作用 口 在工業化世界，在東亞，在1978年后的中國。當我們面對這次危機的嚴重壓力，我們不應該背棄自由貿易和投資 口為我們自己，也為那些還沒有享受到增長和發展的果實的人們。美國、中國和20國集團的其他成員承諾不采取增加貿易和投資壁壘的保護主義措施并將努力實現多哈發展議程的成功結論。

第三，我們共同面對的最緊要的長期挑戰之一是氣候變化。減少土地和森林退化、節約能源和使用清潔能源技術是重要的目標，補充了我們建立新的、可持續增長模式的努力和我們減少溫室氣體排放的目標。中國和美國已經通過戰略和經濟對話在諸多領域緊密合作，例如清潔運輸，電力的清潔、有效生產，以及空氣和水污染的減少。為了我們的國家和這個星球，我們必須繼續這些努力。

結論：

在過去幾年中美中經濟活動的頻率、強度和重要性都成倍增加。奧巴馬總統和胡主席在四月份動議的美中戰略和經濟對話是該進程的下一個階段。我期盼著歡迎王(岐山)副總理、戴(秉國)國務委員和他們的同事到華盛頓參加對話的第一次會議。

我們的交往應互相尊重中美的傳統、價值和利益。我們將同心協力。我們應該理解我們都擁有很強的對彼此經濟健康和成功的利益。

中國和美國，各自以及共同，對全球經濟和金融系統如此重要，我們對國際經濟體系的穩定和強健有直接的影響。其他國家對我們的政策和我們合作的方式都有合法權益，并且我們每個都有義務確保我們的政策和行動促進了全球經濟和金融系統的健康和穩定。

我們走到一起，因為我們有共同的利益和責任。我們也有我們各自國家的利益。我將極力主張美國的利益，正如我希望我的對方代表中國的利益一樣。中國已經從開放的貿易和投資中獲得了巨大的利益，并有能力極大的增加她從世界其他地區的出口。反過來，我們希望更多機會出口到中國和投資中國經濟。

我希望中國成功和繁榮。中國的增長和中國需求的擴大為美國的公司和工人帶來了大量的機會，正如在中國和世界其他地區發生的那樣。

離開美中合作，全球問題將得不到解決。這包括我們世界面臨的所有問題，從經濟復蘇和金融修復到氣候變化和能源政策。

我期望和你們一起努力合作，并本著相互尊重的精神。

第三篇：蓋特納演講全文

蓋特納演講全文：

中國處在令人羨慕的強勢地位

[2009-06-02]

中國作為一個發展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰，但你們處在一個令人羨慕的強勢地位。而在世界大多數經濟體中，經濟衰退仍然嚴峻而危險

美國財政部長蓋特納于6月1日上午在北京大學發發表演講，以下是其演講稿翻譯全文：

我很高興今天能再次來到中國，并在這個偉大的學校與你們見面。

我第一次來到中國和北京大學是在1981年的夏天，那時，我還是一名學習普通話的大學生。我與一些來自美國的研究生和本科生在這里。次年夏天，我又回到了北京師范大學。

我們學習相當努力，并有幸與許多優秀教授一起工作，他們中的一些人今天也在這里。我們走遍這座城市并在中國的華東地區旅行，我們不僅有機會了解你們的歷史和你們的抱負，還開始通過你們的眼睛看美國。

幾十年來，我們看到歷史上最不尋常的經濟轉型的開始。中國正在蓬勃發展。經濟改革帶來了收入的極快和持續提高。中國作為一個重要經濟力量的崛起和更充分地融入世界經濟，給美國和世界其他經濟體帶來了實實在在的好處。

由于意識到積極、全面的合作關系符合我們的共同利益，胡錦濤主席和奧巴馬總統在4月同意建立戰略和經濟對話機制。克林頓國務卿和我將于下個月在華盛頓主持我們與王（岐山）副總理和戴（秉國）國務委員的第一次會議。今天和明天，我將榮幸地出席在北京的一系列會見，為這次經濟討論作準備。

這些會見將使我們有機會討論經濟領域的風險和挑戰，審視我們在為更加平衡和可持續的經濟復蘇奠定基礎的過程中，所共同面臨的長期挑戰，并探討我們共同關心的國際金融改革。

世界經濟正在經歷多年來最具挑戰性的經濟和財政壓力。

國際貨幣基金組織預測，今年世界經濟將出現60多年來的首次萎縮。世界貿易的衰退很可能是自第二次世界大戰結束以來最嚴重的。與正常年份世界經濟的潛在增長率相比，產出損失可達到3至4萬億美元。

面對這一挑戰，中國和美國共同努力，幫助形成一個強有力的全球戰略，遏制危機，為經濟復蘇奠定基礎。這些努力，以及中國、美國和其他主要經濟體所采取的強有力政策行動的綜合效應，已幫助減緩增長的惡化速度，修復金融系統和提升信心。

事實上，當前危機與以往的區別，不僅在于其全球規模及嚴重程度，還在于全球反應的范圍和速度。

在4月份的20國集團領導人倫敦會議上，我們商定了一個前所未有的協調的政策行動計劃，以支持經濟增長，穩定和修復金融體系，恢復對貿易和投資至關重要的信貸流動，通過國際金融機構來為新興市場經濟體調動財政資源，并保持貿易和投資市場的開放。

這項針對經濟復蘇戰略的歷史性協定之所以達成，部分取決于中國和美國已經出臺的政策行動。

在危機加劇時，中國迅速出臺了強有力的增強國內需求的投資和金融措施計劃。

在美國，新政府上任的第一周，我們就建立了一個全面的稅收優惠和投資計劃──第二次世界大戰以來和平時期最大的恢復努力，以幫助遏制私人需求的急劇下降。除了這些財政措施，我們還采取行動減輕房地產市場的危機。我們出臺了一系列舉措，使更多的資金進入銀行系統，并重新啟動信貸市場。

這些舉措在世界各國采取類似舉措之后得到了加強。

與30年代的全球危機以及戰后各個主要經濟危機相比，世界各國領導人這次采取了聯合行動。他們行動相對迅速。他們采取措施向最脆弱的經濟體提供援助，盡管他們自身的國家也面臨著特殊的金融需求。他們致力于繼續開放市場，而不是退回到自我擊敗的歧視和保護措施中去。

他們承諾確保這一動議計劃維持到復蘇基礎的牢固確立，而國際貨幣基金組織將密切監測此承諾，這樣我們將能夠在20國集團領導人今年秋天在美國再次會晤時一起來評估。

我們開始看到一些改善的初步跡象。全球經濟衰退似乎失去力量。在美國，經濟活動下跌步伐已經放緩。家庭支出減少，但消費者信心有所改善，消費已開始恢復。房屋價格的下降正在放緩，未售出房屋的庫存已經大幅下降。商品和服務的訂單有所提升。勞動力市場的惡化速度已經放緩，新申請失業保險的人數已開始有所下降。

金融體系已開始恢復。我們對美國主要銀行的資本評估報告中所提供的澄清和披露信息，幫助提振信心，使需要資本的銀行可以向私人投資者融資，借款時無需擔保。證券市場，包括去年年底已基本停止運轉的資產抵押證券市場已經開始恢復。企業和家庭的信貸成本已大幅度。

這些都是重要的穩定跡象，對我們將成功避免金融崩潰和全球性通貨緊縮的保證，但它們只是為經濟復蘇奠定基礎的第一步。修復和調整的過程還需時日。

中國作為一個發展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰，但你們處在一個令人羨慕的強勢地位。而在世界大多數經濟體中，經濟衰退仍然嚴峻而危險。美國與許多國家一樣，企業和家庭正在經歷幾十年來最具挑戰性的經濟和財政壓力。

金融系統的損害程度導致了重大的風險，以至信貸供應將會在一段時間內受到限制。許多主要經濟體對銀行的限制將使他們很難完全補償基本的證券化市場機制所遭受的損害，包括對信貸評級喪失信心。在經歷了漫長的時期金融機構承擔太多風險后，我們仍然面臨的可能是，即使根本經濟條件開始改善，銀行和投資者可能只愿承擔太少風險。

經過長期的相對國內生產總值的儲蓄下降和家庭借貸大幅度增長，美國的消費者支出，相對于經濟復蘇時期來說，將在一段時間內受到限制。

這些都是必要的調整。他們將需要更長的、較慢的復蘇過程，在各國以一種不同以往的未來增長模式。

在我們繼續處理當前金融和經濟危機的同時，我們還要在恢復一旦確定時，重視為未來全球經濟的持續增長和更加均衡奠定基礎。

成功地過渡到一個更加平衡和穩定的全球經濟，將需要對世界各地的經濟政策和金融監管進行非常重大的變革。但是，這些變革中的一些最重要的部分將不得不在美國和中國進行。我們在華盛頓和北京的成功程度，將對世界其他地區的經濟命運至關重要。美國政策的成效將部分取決于中國的，反之亦然。

雖然美國和中國從不同的位置開始，我們的許多國內改革的挑戰是相似的。我們正在努力改革我們的衛生保健系統，提高教育質量，重建我們的基礎設施，并提高能源效率。我們認為這些改革對提高我們經濟的生產能力是必不可少的。這些挑戰也是你們改革的重中之重。

我們雙方都在對我們的金融體系進行改革。在美國，我們的挑戰是創建一個更穩定、更具彈性的金融系統，為消費者和投資者提供更強有力的保護。當我們努力加強和重新設計規范以實現這些目標時，我們面臨的挑戰是維護我們金融體系的核心優勢，也就是在適應、創新以及使資本流向新技術和創新公司方面的特殊能力。你們可以從學習我們的被當前的危機證明具有如此破壞性的缺陷和我們的優勢中獲益。

我們共同的挑戰是要認識到一個更加均衡的、可持續的全球復蘇將要求我們兩個經濟體經濟增長構成的變化。因此，我們的政策必須針對非常不同的結果

第四篇：美國財政部長蓋特納在中美戰略與經濟對話閉幕式上的講話

Strategic and Economic Dialogue Closing Statement Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner

Beijing, China May 25, 2010 在戰略與經濟對話閉幕式上的講話

美國財政部長蓋特納

中國北京 2010年5月25日

I would like to begin by offering my appreciation to our Chinese hosts for their gracious hospitality.我首先感謝我們中國東道主的盛情款待。

Our economic relationship is strong, and it will get stronger.It rests on the recognition by Presidents Hu and Obama that we have shared interests and shared responsibilities.我們兩國有強健的經濟關系，今后還會更強健。胡錦濤主席和奧巴馬總統都承認我們擁有共同利益和共同責任，雙方的經濟關系正是以此為基礎。

Over the past year, we have acted together to help restore financial stability and economic growth to a world in crisis.Because we stood together, and because our Presidents were willing to act quickly and decisively, the world is in a much stronger position to successfully overcome the challenges ahead.在過去的一年里，為使陷入危機的世界恢復金融穩定和經濟增長，我們采取了共同行動。由于我們共同努力，還由于兩國首腦都愿意采取迅速果斷的行動，目前全世界的狀況更加穩固，有利于成功地應對未來的挑戰。

When people write the history of this economic crisis, they will point to the decisive role played by international cooperation, in stark contrast to much of the pattern of past crises, where division delayed action and nations turned inward.And in writing that story, historians will point to the critical role played by the United States and China and the remarkable story of two nations, with such different traditions and such different stages of development, coming together with common objectives and a commitment to action.人們在書寫這段經濟危機的歷史時將指出國際合作發揮的決定性作用，與過去處理危機的模式形成鮮明的對比。以往，相互間的分歧延緩了行動的步伐，各國轉而閉關自守。在記錄這段歷史的時候，歷史學家將指出美國和中國發揮的關鍵作用，記載兩個傳統迥異和發展階段如此不同的國家相互合作，以共同的目標和付諸行動的決心譜寫的卓越篇章。

Last July, when we met in Washington, China and the United States first made the case for a broad rebalancing of economic growth.The G-20 embraced the cause, and now it is a global imperative.Since that time, China and the United States have acted on that commitment.Americans are saving and investing more and borrowing less from the rest of the world, and China is consuming and importing more.去年7月，當我們在華盛頓會晤時，中國和美國首次論證了為經濟增長進行更廣泛的重新平衡的問題。20國集團采納了這個意見，現在這個問題已經成為全球性的當務之急。自那時起，中國和美國根據各自的承諾采取行動。美國逐漸增加儲蓄和投資，減少從國外的借貸。中國則日益擴大消費和進口。

We worked together to mobilize a substantial increase in financial resources for emerging markets and developing economies, through the International Monetary Fund(IMF)and the Multilateral Development Banks(MDBs), and to restore trade finance.These commitments were essential to arresting the free fall in global economic activity and averting much greater damage to the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people around the world.我們通過國際貨幣基金組織（IMF)和多邊開發銀行（MDB)共同努力，為新興市場和發展中經濟體大幅度增加金融資源并恢復了貿易融資。這些承諾對于遏制全球經濟活動的急劇下滑，避免全世界億萬人民的生計受到更大的損害，都是不可或缺的。

And quietly but surely, we are building a very strong network of cooperative arrangements on a range of goals, from boosting access to trade finance facilities for small and medium-sized enterprises to fighting money laundering and terrorist financing, from strengthened cooperation on financial reforms to helping Haiti repair the damage from its devastating earthquake.為了實現更大范圍的目標，我們正默默地但堅定地建設非常強大的合作機制網絡，從拓展中小企業獲得貿易融資的途徑，到打擊洗錢及制止恐怖分子籌資活動；從加強金融改革的合作，到幫助海地彌補破壞性地震造成的損失等等。This second meeting of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue takes place against the backdrop of a promising improvement in the pace of growth in China and the United States and across much of the world economy, tempered by a recognition of the challenges faced by countries in Europe in restoring fiscal sustainability and promoting more balanced growth.美中兩國舉行第二輪戰略與經濟對話之際，中國和美國及世界經濟的諸多方面在增長速度上出現了改善的希望，但也應該承認歐洲國家在恢復財政穩定和促進更平衡的增長的問題上面臨著挑戰。

We agreed to renew our efforts to strengthen and reinforce the global economic recovery.And we agreed to support the strong programs of policy reforms and financial support now being undertaken by the nations of Europe.我們同意繼續努力，鞏固和加強全球經濟復蘇。此外，我們同意支持歐洲國家正在實施的強有力的政策改革和財政支持方案。

We welcome the strong commitment of President Hu to the process of economic reforms to expand domestic demand and increase household consumption;expand market access in keeping with established international economic and trading rules, and advance trade and investment liberalization.我們歡迎胡錦濤主席堅定地承諾進行經濟改革，致力于擴大內需，增加家庭消費；按照現行國際經濟和貿易規則擴大市場準入并推進貿易和投資自由化。We welcome the fact that China's leaders have recognized that reform of the exchange rate is an important part of their broader reform agenda.Allowing the exchange rate to reflect market forces is important not just to give China the flexibility necessary to sustain more balanced economic growth with low inflation but also to reinforce incentives for China's private sector to shift resources to more productive higher value added activities that will be important to future growth.This is of course China's choice.中國領導人認識到匯率改革是更廣泛的改革議程中一個重要部分，我們對此表示歡迎。允許匯率反映市場力量的作用具有重要的意義，不僅可以給予中國維持經濟更平衡的增長和低通貨膨脹所需要的靈活性，而且還能進一步激勵中國民營部門將資源向生產力和附加值更高的活動轉移，這些對未來的經濟增長非常重要。當然，這取決于中國的選擇。

And we welcome the progress we achieved to provide a more level playing field for U.S.firms in China.China has taken a series of steps to modify its policies to promote innovation and technological advancement.China has revised certain aspects of its product accreditation system, such as the requirement that products be patented or trademarked in China.It has affirmed its commitment to abide by the principles of non-discrimination;market competition;open trade;intellectual property protection;and leaving the terms of technology transfer and production processes to agreement between enterprises.我們歡迎我們為美國在華公司提供更公平的競爭環境取得的進展。中國采取了一系列步驟修改其政策，以促進創新和技術進步。中國修改了產品認證制度的某些環節，如要求產品必須在中國獲得專利或注冊商標。中國已確認致力于遵守不歧視、市場競爭、公開貿易、知識產權保護、技術轉移和生產程序條款由企業之間協議解決等原則。

And we have agreed to a process of dialogue over the coming weeks and months, led by my colleagues Ambassador Kirk, Secretary Locke, and Science and Technology Director Holdren to find ways to address our remaining concerns.我們已經同意在今后數星期和數月內由我的同事柯克（Kirk）大使、駱家輝（Locke）部長和科技事務主任霍爾德倫（Holdren）率團參加有關對話，為我們關心的其余問題找到解決的途徑。

We also welcome China's commitment to submit a revised offer on joining the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement by July 2010, as well as its commitment to reduce barriers to foreign investment in services, high-technology goods, high-end manufacturing, and energy saving products and facilitate foreign investment by decentralizing review and approval processes.This is progress.It does not fully resolve our concerns, but it gives us a set of basic principles on which to move forward.I want to thank Vice Premier Wang in particular for his personal role in advancing this agenda.我們還歡迎中國承諾在2010年7月前提交關于加入《世界貿易組織政府采購協議》（WTO Agreement on Government Procurement）的修訂文本，以及承諾降低服務業、高技術商品、高端制造和節能產品等領域對外國投資設置的壁壘，并通過下放審批權方便外國投資。這就是進步。這樣做并未完全解決我們關注的問題，但向我們提供了一套向前推進的基本原則。我特別感謝王副總理本人在推進這一議程中所發揮的作用。

The relationship between our two countries is strong and beneficial for both sides.American exports to China are growing much more rapidly than exports to the rest of the world.Compared to the first quarter of 2009, our exports to China went up by almost 50 percent while exports to the rest of the world went up by 20 percent.我們兩國關系穩固，對雙方都有益。美國對中國出口的增長速度超過對世界其他地區的出口。與2009年第一季度相比，我國對中國的出口幾乎增長50%，而對于世界其他地區的出口僅增長20%。

These developments demonstrate the strength and dynamism of the American economy, as well as the importance of the process of rebalancing underway in China to promote stronger growth in domestic demand.And this shows that our economic strengths are complementary.Just as America benefits from China's growth, so too does China benefit from growth in the United States.這些進展表明了美國經濟的強盛和活力，也說明中國為促進內需增長采取的重新平衡進程是多么重要。這還表明我們兩國的經濟實力相得益彰，彼此互補。美國受惠于中國的增長，中國也受惠于美國的增長。

American companies are leaders in innovation in the goods and services the world needs to grow.We are seeing a promising rise in private investment in the United States, dramatic ongoing gains in productivity supported by a stronger financial system, and a carefully designed and very substantial commitment by the U.S.government to promote investments in innovation and basic research.對于全世界增長所需的產品和服務，美國公司的創新活動居于領先地位。我們看到美國民間投資上升的大好趨勢，生產力在更強大的金融體系支持下持續獲得巨大收益，同時美國政府為促進對創新和基本研究的投資審慎規劃了十分重大的實質性方案。

We bring to this Dialogue respect for China's interests and a commitment to closer cooperation on all the major global challenges.And a recognition of the special responsibility of the United States to contribute to the stability of the global financial system.在這次對話的過程中，我們表示尊重中國的利益并承諾為應對所有重大的全球挑戰進行更密切的合作。我們也認識到美國對世界金融體系的穩定肩負著特別的責任。

I want to close by once again expressing my sincere appreciation to President Hu and Premier Wen and to the Chinese delegation for their leadership and hospitality.I am looking forward to continued progress at the forthcoming G20 meetings, first with Finance Ministers and Governors in Korea and then with Leaders in Toronto in June.在結束這次發言之際，我謹對胡主席和溫總理以及中國代表團的主辦和接待工作再次表示誠摯的謝意。G20即將舉行會議，首先是在韓國舉行的財政部長和央行行長會議，然后六月份在多倫多舉行領導人會議。我期待有關會議繼續取得進展。

第五篇：美國財政部長 蒂姆西演講致辭

美中經濟關系的前進道路

——就美中經濟關系發表的演講 美國財政部長 蒂姆西?蓋特納

約翰斯霍布金斯大學高級國際問題研究院 2011年1月12日

It’s a pleasure to be here at SAIS.非常高興來到高級國際問題研究院。

SAIS is a leader in one of the most important challenges in public policy and education – that of helping Americans understand the world and the role we play in it.This is important because we cannot effectively pursue our national interests unless we understand the objectives, the intentions, and the capabilities of other nations.貴院在公共政策和教育戰線中最具重要挑戰性的領域之一——幫助美國人民了解世界和我們在其中所發揮的作用——堪稱是佼佼者。它之所以重要是因為，如果我們不了解其他國家的目標、意圖和能力，我們就不能有效地尋求我們的國家利益。

Next week, President Obama will host President Hu Jintao at the White House.下個星期，奧巴馬總統將在白宮接待胡錦濤主席。

This State Visit takes place at a time of important transition for the world economy, the Chinese economy, and the U.S.economy.此次國事訪問正值世界經濟、中國經濟和美國經濟處于重要過渡時期。

The global economy is emerging from the financial crisis, but that crisis has left lasting scars that will take years to repair.And it has left a growing gap between the growth trajectories of the large developed economies and the rapidly growing emerging economies.全球經濟正在擺脫金融危機，但此次危機留下的創痕需要多年時間才會平復。危機也使大型發達經濟體和迅速增長的新興經濟體的發展軌跡產生日益擴大的差距。

While many of the major economies are still confronted with the challenge of rebuilding after crisis, many of the emerging economies are at the early stage of what should be a long period of very rapid economic growth, with rising incomes creating growing demand for resources and for investment capital.當很多主要經濟體依然面臨危機后的重建挑戰時，很多新興經濟體已經進入應會是長期快速經濟增長的初期階段，隨之而來的是日益增長的收入帶來對資源和投資資本的更大需求。

The growth of the United States stands between these two divergent paths.We are likely to grow at about half the rate of the major emerging economies, but about twice the rate of Europe and Japan.美國的增長處于這兩種不同道路之間。我們的增長速度很可能是主要新興經濟體的一半，但大約為歐洲和日本的一倍。

These dynamics will fundamentally change the balance in the world economy, forcing changes in the architecture of the trade and financial systems.這一動態將從根本上改變世界經濟的平衡，使貿易和金融系統的結構發生變化。

In this new global context, China’s principal economic challenge is how it will manage the next stage in its transition from a state-dominated developing economy, dependent on external demand and technology, to a more market-oriented economy, with growth powered by domestic demand and innovation.在這一新的全球背景下，中國面臨的主要經濟挑戰是如何處理好轉型的下一階段，即從依靠外來需求和技術的國家控制的發展中經濟轉向靠內需和創新帶動增長、更加由市場導向的經濟。

Today, I want to talk about the implications of these changes for our economic relationship with China and for U.S.economic policy.今天，我想談一談這些變化對美中經濟關系及對美國的經濟政策的含義。

China presents enormous economic opportunities for the United States and for the world, but its size, the speed of its ascent, and its policies are a growing source of concern in the United States and in many other countries.中國為美國和世界提供了巨大的經濟機遇，但其規模、崛起速度和政策越來越引起美國和很多其他國家的擔憂。

To put those concerns in context, I’d like to begin by stating a few fundamental propositions about our economic relationship.為給這些擔憂提供一個背景，我想首先闡明一下有關兩國經濟關系的幾個基本論點。

First, the economic relationship between the United States and China provides tremendous benefits to both our nations.Even though we compete in many areas, our economic strengths are largely complementary.首先，美中經濟關系為兩國都帶來了巨大的利益。雖然兩國在很多領域存在競爭，但兩國的經濟優勢在很大程度上具有互補性。

Second, China faces a very complicated set of challenges as it transitions toward a more open, market oriented economy.It is very much in our interest that the Chinese manage these challenges successfully.第二，中國在向更開放、更為市場導向的經濟轉型時，面臨一系列相當復雜的挑戰。中國成功應對這些挑戰非常符合我們的意愿。

Third, our priorities in our economic relationship with China – from its exchange rate to its treatment of intellectual property – reflect changes that are fundamentally in China’s interest.Ultimately, China will need to make these changes in order to promote its own long-term prosperity.第三，我們在兩國經濟關系中的重點關注領域——從匯率到對知識產權的處理——反映著中國需要作出的符合其根本利益的改變。為了促進其本身的長期繁榮，中國最終需要有這些改變。

Fourth, and finally, I want to emphasize that the prosperity of Americans depends overwhelmingly on the economic policies we pursue to strengthen American competitiveness.Even as we work to encourage further reforms in China, we need to understand that our strength as a nation will depend, not on choices made by China’s leaders, but on the choices we make here at home.第四，也就是最后，我想強調，美國的繁榮極大地有賴于我們奉行增強美國競爭力的經濟政策。雖然我們鼓勵中國實行更進一步的改革，但我們要明白，我們作為一個國家的力量不是取決于中國領導人作出的選擇，而是我們自己在國內所作的選擇。

Now, over the last few decades, China has emerged as a major economic force.在過去幾十年里，中國已成長為一個主要的經濟力量。

That growth was unleashed by China’s economic reforms, a growing labor force, and one of history’s greatest economic migrations from farms to factories.這種增長的動力是中國的經濟改革、勞動力增加和歷史上最浩大的從農田到工廠的經濟遷徙。

But China’s growth was also made possible by the access China enjoyed to the markets, the investments, and the technology of the United States and the other major economies.但是，中國之所以能有這樣的增長也是由于中國獲得了美國和其他主要經濟體的市場、投資和技術。

The open, multilateral system of trade and investment, with its balance of rules and responsibilities, was built with the leadership of the United States decades before China opened up to the world.這種開放與多邊的體制，包括貿易和投資體制中規則與責任之間的相互平衡，是中國向世界開放之前幾十年在美國的領導下建立起來的。

The opportunities created by the system were fundamental to China’s economic ascent, and they remain vital to China’s ability to continue to grow.該體制創造的機遇對中國的經濟崛起極其重要，對中國能否繼續增長仍然至關重要。

China needs the United States, but the United States also benefits very substantially from our rapidly expanding economic relationship with China.中國需要美國，但美國也從迅速擴大的與中國的經濟關系中獲益良多。

The benefits of this relationship are hard to capture in any one statistic, but remember this.這種關系的好處很難用一個統計數字來概括，但請謹記這點：

The United States is on track to export more than $100 billion of goods and services to China this year.Our exports to China are growing at twice the rate of our exports to the rest of the world.今年美國可望向中國出口1000多億美元的服務與商品。我們到中國的出口正以高于向世界其他地方出口一倍的速度增長。

These exports are supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs across the nation in all sectors – from high technology to soybeans, aircraft to autos, and forklifts to financial services.這些出口支持著全國各行業數十萬的就業機會——從高科技到大豆、飛機到汽車、從叉車到金融服務。

We have a great deal invested in each other’s success.我們對相互的成功投入甚多。

In our economic relationship with China we have focused on two principal objectives.在我們與中國的經濟關系中，我們主要側重于兩個主要目標。

The first is to expand opportunities for U.S.companies to export and sell to the Chinese market.This requires a more level playing field for U.S.companies that compete with Chinese companies in China, in the United States, and around the world.首先是為美國公司出口和銷售到中國市場擴大機會。這要求為在中國、美國和世界各地與中國公司競爭的美國公司開辟一個更公平的競爭市場。

Our second objective is to promote reforms that will reduce China’s reliance on export led growth and encourages a shift to domestic consumption and investment.As part of this, China’s exchange rate needs to strengthen in response to market forces.我們的第二個目標是促進改革，減少中國對外銷型增長的依賴，并鼓勵向國內消費和投資轉變。作為其中一項內容，中國的匯率需要根據市場因素而加強。

I want to provide a quick review of some of our concerns and the extent of progress, as we see it, in each of these areas.我想簡要地回顧一下在這些方面我們的一些擔憂和取得進展的幅度。

First, on the broader competitive landscape in China and the opportunities and challenges we face competing in China:

首先，關于中國的更寬闊的競爭格局和我們在中國競爭所面臨的機遇與挑戰。

The commanding heights of China’s economy and its financial system are still dominated by the government.中國經濟和金融體系的制高點仍然為政府所控制。

Chinese companies and workers are able to take advantage of a range of preferences and subsidies and operate behind trade barriers that give them a competitive advantage relative to U.S.and other foreign firms and workers.中國企業和工人能夠利用一系列優惠和補貼的優勢，借助貿易壁壘的屏蔽而經營，這使他們享有相對于美國和其他外國公司和工人的競爭優勢。

They get access to low-cost finance, land, and energy.They enjoy preferences in terms of access to government contracts.他們可以低代價得到資金、土地和能源。在得到政府合同上享有優勢。

Next, theft of intellectual property remains widespread in China, across many industries.第二，侵犯知識產權在中國的許多行業仍然很普遍。

And the Chinese government has introduced a range of new policies to encourage innovation in China that are designed to favor Chinese technology over foreign technology, including in the enormous Chinese government procurement market.中國政府出臺了一系列鼓勵在中國創新的新政策，旨在有利于中國技術而不利于外國技術，包括在巨大的中國政府的采購市場中。

Where these practices violate China’s international commitments, we are actively using the remedies available under U.S.and international trade laws to protect our interests.在這些做法違反了中國的國際承諾的情況下，我們積極利用美國和國際貿易法律賦予的補救辦法來保護我們的利益。

And China has been gradually moving to address some of our concerns.而中國已經在逐步采取行動，解決我們所擔心的一些問題。

The government recently launched a new enforcement effort to combat the theft of intellectual property and to force Chinese companies to pay for the intellectual property they use.政府最近推出了新的執法措施，打擊知識產權侵權，迫使中國公司支付他們所使用的知識產權。

The Chinese leadership has committed to expand opportunities for U.S.firms in access to procurement by government entities.中國領導層已承諾擴大美國企業進入政府實體采購市場的機會。

And the government has committed not to discriminate against U.S.companies that operate in China.政府已承諾不歧視在中國經營的美國公司。

We welcome these commitments.They don’t address all our concerns, but they are something we can build on.And we will continue to press the Chinese to translate these commitments into further progress.我們歡迎這些承諾。它們不能解決我們所有的問題，但是是我們發展的基礎。我們將繼續敦促中國把這些承諾轉化為更多進展。

Doing so is in their interest.Government domination limits competitiveness within the Chinese economy and prevents the private sector from contributing to growth at its full potential.And you can’t promote innovation if you don’t protect intellectual property.這樣做符合他們的利益。政府主導束縛了中國經濟內部的競爭力，妨礙私營部門對增長充分發揮作用。如果不保護知識產權，就不能推動創新。

Alongside the reforms I’ve mentioned, we want to encourage China to move definitively away from the export driven growth model of the last few decades to a growth model driven by domestic consumption.除了我上述提到的改革，我們希望鼓勵中國絕對脫離過去幾十年出口帶動增長的模式，轉向由國內消費推動的增長模式。

The Chinese leadership recognizes that China is now too large relative to the world economy for it to continue to rely on foreign demand to grow.And the government has adopted a comprehensive program of reforms to rebalance the economy and shift growth to domestic demand.中國領導人認識到，如今中國在世界經濟中所占比例如此之大，它不能繼續依賴國外需求來實現增長。中國政府已經采用了一個綜合改革項目來重新平衡經濟，轉向以國內需求帶動增長。

This requires reforms to increase public spending on health and education, raise and enforce minimum wages, remove barriers to investment in services, expand access to financial products for individuals and entrepreneurs, and remove subsidies for investment in the sectors that drove the initial decades of growth.這要求增加衛生、教育等公共項目的投資，提高并落實最低工資，消除在服務業投資的障礙，擴大個人和企業獲得和利用金融產品的渠道，并且取消對促成最初幾十年增長的行業的投資補貼。

This transition will take time, but it is already having a major impact on the shape of Chinese growth, and providing increased opportunities for American companies.Domestic demand is contributing more to growth, and as a consequence, U.S.exports to China are growing more rapidly, and U.S.companies operating in China are seeing more opportunities.這種轉型需要時間，但它已經對中國經濟發展形態產生了重大影響，并在為美國公司企業創造更多的機會。國內需求正在為帶動增長發揮更大的作用，其結果是，美國對中國的出口更迅速增長，在中國運作的美國公司看到了更多的機會。

Finally, and importantly, China still closely manages the level of its exchange rate and restricts the ability of capital to move in and out of the country.最后一點，也是重要的一點，中國仍然緊緊把握其匯率水平，并且限制資本進出中國的能力。

These policies have the effect of keeping the Chinese currency substantially undervalued, which gives Chinese companies a competitive advantage.上述政策造成中國貨幣價值一直嚴重過低，從而給中國公司帶來競爭優勢。

They also impose substantial costs on other emerging economies that run more flexible exchanges rates, and as a result have experienced a substantial loss of competitiveness against China.這些政策也大大增加了其他實施更具彈性的匯率的新興經濟體的代價，使它們大大失去了與中國競爭的能力。

This is not a tenable policy for China or for the world economy.對于中國乃至世界經濟而言，這都不是一種站得住腳的政策。

If China does not allow the currency to appreciate more rapidly, it will run the risk of seeing domestic inflation accelerate and face greater risk of a damaging rise in asset prices, both of which will threaten future growth.And sustaining an undervalued currency will undermine China’s own efforts to rebalance growth toward domestic consumption and higher-value-added production.中國如果不允許貨幣更迅速地增值，將可能出現國內通貨膨脹加劇的危險，并且面臨資產價格破壞性上漲的更大風險，兩者都將威脅未來的經濟增長。一直壓低幣值將損害中國自身轉向國內消費和更高附加值產品生產進而重新取得發展平衡的努力。

Since June of 2010, when Chinese authorities announced they would resume moving toward a more flexible exchange rate, they have allowed the currency to appreciate only about 3 percent against the dollar.This is a pace of about 6 percent a year in nominal terms, but significantly faster in real terms because inflation in China is much higher than in the United States.自2010年6月中國當局宣布將重新朝著更靈活的匯率移動以來，他們只讓人民幣對美元的升值幅度達到大約3%。這在表面上相當于大約每年6%的速度，但實際上要快得多，因為中國的通貨膨脹遠高于美國。

We believe it is in China’s interest to allow the currency to appreciate more rapidly in response to market forces.And we believe China will do so because the alternative will be too costly – for China and for China’s relations with the rest of the world.我們認為，允許人民幣根據市場因素更快升值符合中國的利益。我們相信中國會這么做，因為否則將會給中國以及中國與世界其他國家的關系帶來過高代價。

These are our main priorities.China’s objectives are focused on the following areas:

以上是我國的主要重點。中國的目標集中在以下方面：

? China wants more access to U.S.high technology products.? China to take greater advantage of investment opportunities in the United States.? China would like to be accorded the same terms of access that market economies enjoy.--中國希望擴大獲得美國高科技產品的渠道。--中國希望更大利用美國的投資機會。

--中國希望獲得與市場經濟體同等的準入條件。

We are willing to make progress on these issues, but our ability to move on these issues will depend of course on how much progress we see from China.我們愿意在這些方面取得進展，但是我們向前推進的能力自然將取決于我們看到中國有多大進展。

As China reduces the role of the state in the economy, reforms policies that discriminate against U.S.companies, removes subsidies and preferences for domestic firms and technology, and allows its exchange rate to reflect market forces, then we will be able to make progress on China’s objectives.隨著中國減少國家在經濟中的作用，修改歧視美國公司的政策，取消給予本國公司和本地技術的補貼和優惠，并允許其匯率根據市場浮動，我們將能夠就中國的目標取得進展。

In any discussion of China, I think it is important for Americans to understand the solutions to our challenges in the United States rest first and foremost in the policies of Washington, not of Beijing.我認為，在任何關于中國的討論中，美國人都必須了解，解決我們所面臨的挑戰要首先取決于華盛頓，而不是北京。

Fundamentally, how many jobs and how much wealth we create will be the result of the choices we make in the United States – not the choices of others.歸根結底，我們能創造多少就業機會及多少財富，將取決于我們在美國所作的選擇，而不是他人所作的選擇。

In our efforts to rebuild and put Americans back to work, we have to make sure we are making the investments and reform that will be essential to our capacity to grow in the future.我們在努力重建并使美國人重返工作崗位的過程中，必須確保我們進行對我們未來增長能力至關重要的投資和改革。

As countries like China, India, Brazil and other emerging economies grow and expand, we want the American economy, American workers, and American companies to play a major role in – and gain substantial benefits from – that growth.在中國、印度、巴西和其他新興經濟體增長擴展之際，我們希望美國經濟、美國工人和美國公司能在其中起到重要作用，并從那些增長中獲得可觀的益處。

We want to see a substantial part of that growing demand outside of the United States met by goods and services that are created and produced in the United States, and fueled by investment in the United States.我們希望，對于美國以外不斷增長的需求，有很大一部分將通過美國創造和制造的產品和服務來滿足，并由在美國的投資所帶動。

If we are successful in doing that, we will be stronger as a nation.But to be successful in meeting that challenge, there are things we must do.We must invest more in research and development.We must invest more in educational reforms.We must invest more in public infrastructure.We must create stronger incentives for investment in the United States, by both American and foreign companies.We must be more forceful and effective in promoting American exports.如果我們能夠成功做到這點，我們國家就會更強盛。但是，要成功迎接那種挑戰，我們必須作出多項努力。我們必須對研究開發給予更多投資。我們必須對教育改革給予更多投資。我們必須對公共基礎設施給予更多投資。我們必須創造更大吸引力讓美國和外國公司在美國投資。我們必須更加高效有力地推動美國出口。

And we must restore fiscal responsibility.This will require the government to spend less and spend more wisely, so that we can afford to make the investments that are critical to future growth.And in the long term, it will require tax reform that produces a system that is more simple and more fair, that encourages growth and investment, and that will help restore fiscal sustainability.我們也必須恢復財政責任。這將要求政府減少開支和增加開支的理性，從而讓我們能夠進行對未來成長至關重要的投資。長期而言，這需要進行稅務改革，建立一種更簡明、更公平的體制，鼓勵增長和投資，并且有助于恢復財政的可持續性。

These are our challenges.And they are not just an economic imperative, they are national security imperative.Our strength as a nation depends on the ability of our political system to move quickly enough to put in place solutions to our long-term problems.這些都是我們的挑戰。它們不只是經濟要務，也是國家安全的要務。美國的實力有賴于我們的政治體制能夠迅速確定解決我們長期問題的方案。

Our great strengths as a country have been in our openness to ideas and talent, our capacity to innovate, our excellence in higher education, a willingness to invest public resources strategically in scientific research and discovery, and the political will to confront challenges with wisdom and force.我國的堅強實力一向在于對思想和人才開放，能夠創新，擁有優質的高等教育，愿意將公共資源戰略性地投入科學研究與發現，并且具有靠智慧和力量戰勝挑戰的政治意愿。

If we preserve and build on these strengths, and if China successfully continues on its path to a more open, market economy, then both our countries and the world economy will be in a much stronger position.如果我們保持并進一步發展這些實力，并且中國若能繼續成功邁向一個更開放的市場經濟，那么，我們兩國以及世界經濟都將更趨興盛。

The President recently said, “We should feel confident about our ability to compete, but we are going to have to step up our game.”

總統最近曾說：“我們對于自己的競爭能力應有自信，但是我們必須更加努力。”

China’s rise offers us the opportunity of dramatic growth in demand for things Americans create and produce.But it also will force us to raise our game.中國的崛起給我們帶來一個對美國創造和制作的產品的需求大幅度增長的機會。但是它也要求我們更加一把勁。

We should welcome both the opportunity and the challenge.我們對于這個契機和挑戰應該同表歡迎。

Thank you.謝謝各位。