第一篇：英語專業八級 語言學 總結

英語專業八級 語言學 總結

語言學總結

一、語言和語言學

1、語言的區別性特征：Design of features oflanguage

任意性arbitrariness指語言符號和它代表的意義沒有天然的聯系

二重性duality指語言由兩層結構組成創造性creativity指語言可以被創造

移位性displacement指語言可以代表時間和空間上不可及的物體、時間、觀點

2、語言的功能（不是很重要）

信息功能 informative

人際功能 interpersonal

施為功能 performative

感情功能 emotive function

寒暄功能 phatic communication

娛樂功能 recreational function

元語言功能 metalingual function3、語言學主要分支

語音學 phonetics研究語音的產生、傳播、接受過程，考查人類語言中的聲音音位學 phonology 研究語音和音節結構、分布和序列

形態學 morphology 研究詞的內部結構和構詞規則

句法學 syntax研究句子結構，詞、短語組合的規則

語義學 semantics不僅關心字詞作為詞匯的意義，還有語言中詞之上和之下的意義。如語素和句子的意義

語用學 pragmatics在語境中研究意義

4、宏觀語言學 macrolingustics

心理語言學 psycholinguistics 社會語言學 sociolinguistics人類語言學 anthropological linguistics 計算機語言學 computational linguistics

5語言學中的重要區別

規定式和描寫式：規定式：prescriptive說明事情應該是怎么樣的描寫式：descriptive 說明事情本來是怎么樣的共時研究和歷時研究：共時：synchronic 研究某個特定時期語言

歷時：diachronic研究語言發展規律

語言和言語：語言：langue指語言系統的整體

言語：parole指具體實際運用的語言

語言能力和語言運用：喬姆斯基(chomsky提出)

能力：competence用語言的人的語言知識儲備

運用：performance 真實的語言使用者在實際中的語言使用

二、語音學

1、語音學分支

發音語音學articulatory phonetics研究語言的產生

聲學語言學acoustic phonetics 研究語音的物理屬性

聽覺語音學 auditory phonetics 研究語言怎樣被感知IPA（國際音標）是由daniel Jones瓊斯提出的三、音位學

1、最小對立體minimal pairs2、音位 phoneme

3音位變體 allophones

4互補分布 complementary distribution

5自由變體free variation

6區別特征distinctive features

7超音段特征 suprasegmental feature

音節 syllable 重音stress 語調tone 聲調intonation

四 形態學

1詞的構成語素morpheme 自由語素free morpheme 粘著語素bound morpheme

Root 詞根詞綴affix詞干stem

屈折詞匯和派生詞匯 inflectional affix and derivational affix

2特有的詞匯變化lexical change proper

新創詞語invention混拼詞blending縮寫詞abbreviation

首字母縮寫詞 acronym逆構詞匯back-formation例：editor—edit

類推構詞analogiacal creation 例：work-worked，slay-slayed

外來詞 borrowing

五 句法學

1范疇category數number性gender格case時tense體aspect

一致關系concord支配關系govenrment

2結構主義學派the structure approach

組合關系 syntagmatic relation詞和詞組合在一起

聚合關系 paradigmatic 具有共同的語法作用的詞聚在一起

結構和成分 construction and constituents :句子不僅是線性結構liner structure還是層級結構hierarchical structure(句子或短語被稱為結構體，而構成句子或短語即結構體的稱為成分)

3直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis

指把句子分成直接成分－短語，再把這些短語依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，這樣層層切分，直到不能再分

4向心結構和離心結構endocentric and exocentric constructions

向心：指一個結構中有中心詞，例an old man ,中心為man

離心：指結構中沒有明顯的中心詞。例：on the shelf

5生成學派the generative approach

深層結構deep structure指機構關系中的潛在層面underlying level

表層結構surface structure指結構形成的最后結果階段final stage

6功能學派the functional approach

主位與述位 theme and rheme

主位：談話中已知的信息,說話者從它談起known，述位：與說話者內容有關的內容what the speaker states about

7交際力communicative and dynamism簡稱CD

指句子成分對交際發展所作的貢獻的程度

六、語義學

1利奇的意義七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning

概念意義conceptual meaning 字面意義

內涵意義connotative meaning 實際交往過程中所指的事物

社會意義

情感意義 affective meaning

反射意義 reflective meaning 由一個詞語聯想起來的另外一種意義

搭配意義 collocative meaning

主位意義 thematic meaning 通過調整信息的順序和強調內容所表達的意義

2指稱論 referential theory

指將詞的意義和他所指的食物聯系起來的意義理論

3語義三角semantic triangle 奧格登和理查茲提出

Symbol或form 指語言要素（如詞和語素），the linguistic elements

能指thought指概念concept

所指reference 指經驗世界中的物體the object in the word of experience涵義sense語言形式的意義

4主要涵義關系

○同義關系synonymy

地域同義詞dialectal synonymy

風格同義詞 stylistic synonyms

感情同義詞 synonymys that differ in connotation意義相同，但內涵不同，有褒有貶

○反義關系antonymy

等級反義關系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm;hot-cold

互補反義關系 complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定B 就肯定A，例dead-alive

反向反義關系converse antonymy.reversal of a relationshipbetween 2 enti

ties.例 husband-wife;teacher-student

○上下義關系hyponymy 意義包含關系。例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合補充：同音同形異義關系homonymy

一詞多義 polysemy

七、語用學

1言語行為理論speech act theory奧斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin

認為人在說話的同時也在進行一定的行為動作

○施為句和敘事句performative and constative

施為句：實施某種行為。

敘事句：描述說話人在說話時所作的動作。

○行事行為理論a theory of the illocutionary act

言內行為：locutionnary act表述字面意思

言外行為：illoutionary act 因為言語本身的習慣力量隨之產生的其他一些行為言后行為：perlocutionnary act 話語在聽者身上產生的效果

2會話含義理論 the theory of conversational implicature

格賴斯提出Herbert Paul Grice

○合作原則:說話人和聽話人為達一定的交際目的，都有一種默契，一種都遵循的原則○ 四個準則four categories of maxims

數量、質量、關系、方式(manner)準則

3后格賴斯時期的發展

○關聯理論：relevance theory:交際應被看做一種表明自身說話意圖的行為every act of ostensive(直接表明的)communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance

○數量關系和關系原則the Q-and R-principles

由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出

八 現代語言學理論和流派

1索緒爾Saussure瑞士語言學家，“現代語言學之父”或者“使語言學科走向現代的大師” 2布拉格學派Prague School

貢獻:共時語言學研究，從“功能”角度看待語言，強調語言的系統性，把語言看做一種功能

突出貢獻：語音學說，及其劃分語音學和音位學

突出：Trubetzkoy特魯別茨柯依：提出語音學屬于言語，音位學屬于語言，提出音位概念

4倫敦學派 the Lundon School:系統語言學和功能語言學

創始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受馬林諾夫斯基影響。韓禮德為新弗斯派領袖三人都強調語言環境和語言系統的重要性

韓禮德和系統功能語法：由系統語法和功能語法構成。把實際使用的語言現象作為研究對象

5美國結構主義American Structuralism

共時語言學分支，由博厄斯提出F.Bos.○撒皮爾-沃爾夫假說Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

語言相對論-語言決定論

○布隆菲爾德Bloomfield《語言論》－20世紀被大西洋兩岸同時奉為科學的方法論典范和語言學領域的杰出代表。描述語言學的代表人物轉換生成語法transformational–generative grammar

喬姆斯基提出Chomsky.認為語言是某種天賦，語言習得機制Language Acquisition device

第二篇：2001年英語專業八級考試語言學試題.doc

2001年英語專業八級考試語言學試題及解析

1.______ is the study of how sentences are structured.A.Linguistics.B.Syntax.C.Phonology.D.Phonetics.2._______ distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.A.Chomsky.B.Saussure.C.Gilman.D.Brown.3.Of the following words, _____ is an acronym.A.Marlboro.B.UN.C.Laser.D.WTO.2001年英語專業八級考試語言學試題答案與解析

答案：1.B2.B3.C

試題解析：

1.研究句子結構的語言學分支稱為句法學（syntax）。故答案為B。

2.索緒爾（Saussure）被后人稱為現代語言學之父，他把說話者的語言能力和語言的實際 現象或語料區分為語言（langue）和言語（parole）。喬姆斯基（Chomsky）是美國語言學家，他區分了語言能力（competence）和語言運用（performance）兩個概念。吉爾曼（Gilman）和布朗（Brown）都是社會語言學家。故正確選項為B。

3.acronym為首字母縮略詞，由一組詞中各主要詞的第一個字母縮合而成，朗讀時可按普通發音規則來讀，Laser就是以這種方式構成的，Laser=Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation受激光輻射式光頻放大器。Initialism首字母縮略式是由詞的第一個字母或詞組中各詞的第一個字母縮合形成，縮略式中的每個字母要大寫，朗讀時按字母來讀。故正確選項為C。

考點分析：2001年英語專業八級考試人文知識中英語語言學知識測試內容涉及教材中前六章中的基本內容。一道題測試第四章句法學的概念；一道題考核對第一章語言學簡介中與語言學重要概念區分相關的語言學家基本知識；另一道題測試第三章形態學中有關構詞法的知識。

第三篇：英語專業語言學

Linguistics

Ⅰ.Choice(2'*15)

1.The study of language as a whole is often called__ linguistics

A ParticularB generalC ordinaryD generative

2.The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.A synchronicB diachronicC historicalD comparative

3.___ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' languages.A PhonologyB PhoneticsC MorphologyD phonemics

4.[p] is a voiceless bilabial___.A affricativeB fricativeC stopD liquid

5.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the___of that phoneme.A phonesB soundsC phonemesD allophones

6.The word “boyish” contains two___.A phonemesB morphsC morphemesD allomorphs

7.Inflectional___ studies inflections.A derivationB inflectionC phonologyD morphology

8.Phrase structure rules have___ properties.A recursiveB grammaticalC doubleD many

9.The two clauses in a ___ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A simpleB completeC complexD coordinate

10.Bloomfield drew on ___ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A contextualB conceptualistC behavioristD naming

11.___means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.A SenseB ReferenceC MeaningD Semantics

12.The Cooperative Principle is proposed by___.A John SearleB John Austin

C Paul GriceD John Lyons

13.The ___ movement rule has been added to English since the Old English period.A particleB articleC negativeD phrasal

14.The ___ variety of diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.A formalB informalC highD low

15.By the age of ___, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.A threeB fourC fiveD six

Ⅱ Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.(1'*10)

1.Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.()

2.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.()

3.English is a typical tone language.()

4.There is only one type of affixes in the English language.()

5.Phrase structure rule are rewrite rules.()

6.Sense and reference are the same.()

7.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognised by the hearer.()

8.Modern English is roughly from 1500 to the present.()

9.Diglossia is the same as bilingualism.()

10.Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.()

Ⅲ Definition(2*10)

1.Phonetics

2.Complementary distribution

3.Morpheme

4.Compounding

5.Reference

6.Predication

7.Homonymy

8.Pragmatics

9.Euphemism

10.Language acquisition

ⅣShort-answer Questions(5'*4)

1.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?

2.What are the main features of English compounds?

3.What are the major types of synonyms in English?

4.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?

Ⅴ discourse analysis(10'*2)

1.Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy” and “hyponymy”.2.Drew a tree diagram“ John suggested Mary take the linguistics class”.

第四篇：英語專業八級作文

旅游高峰中國旅游景點是否該高收費

Nowadays, with the quick development of economy, we are embracing a tourism boom in China.More and more people want to spend their holidays in some famous tourism attractions and get themselves relaxed.Under this circumstance, whether the price of admission tickets in scenic spots should be charged high becomes a heated topic.In my opinion, the tickets price should be set at an affordable level for most of Chinese people and should not be too expensive, and the following are my reasons: First of all, all the natural and cultural tourism attractions are heritages which belong to the whole Chinese people, as a result, every citizen should have equal access to these spots.And affordable tickets price is a guarantee for this basic right.If the ticket price is too expensive, it actually means that the citizens who have lower income are deprived of their right to these places of interest.Secondly, tourism can make an important contribution to economic development, since tourism can create employment opportunities and boost the local economy.In this regard, affordable tickets price will help to attract more visitors and better finance the local economy as well as finance the protection of cultural and natural heritage.The last but not least, tourism helps to keep traditions alive and increase visitor appreciation of the natural and cultural heritage, which will give them a sense of national pride.Hence, affordable tickets price will provide this chance for most Chinese people instead of just the rich ones, and this is beneficial to the whole nation.All in all, affordable tickets price in scenic spots is beneficial to both the development of tourism and the development of local and national economy, and it is a wise decision to set the tickets price at an affordable level.

第五篇：英語專業八級短語

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英語專業八級

1.abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。

2.be absent from….缺席，不在

3.absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉

4.absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被動語態):be absorbed in 全神貫注于…近:be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on

5.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有

6.access(to)(不可數名詞)能接近,進入,了解

7.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地, 8.of one’s own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主動地

9.in accord with 與…一致 / out of one’s accord with 同….不一致

10.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地

11.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根據

12.on one’s own account

1)為了某人的緣故, 為了某人自己的利益

2)(=at one’s own risk)自行負責

3)(=by oneself)依靠自己

on account 賒賬;on account of 因為;on no account不論什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.13.take…into account(=consider)把...考慮進去

14.give sb.an account of 說明, 解釋(理由)

15.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解釋, 說明.16.on account of(=because of)由于,因為.17.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)絕不要,無論如何不要(放句首時句子要倒裝)18.accuse…of…(=charge…with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控,控告

19.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)習慣于.20.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉

21.act on 奉行,按照…行動;act as 扮演;act for 代理

22.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己適應于

23.adapt…(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改編, 改寫(以適應新的需要)24.in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之

25.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外

26.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;堅持, 遵循

27.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗鄰的, 臨近的28.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)調節;適應;

29.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)…的可能，留有…的余地.30.in advance(before in time)預告, 事先.31.to advantage 有利的,使優點更加突出地.真人外教一對一 徐小平老師鼎力推薦

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32.have an advantage over 勝過.have the advantage of 由于…處于有利條件

have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事

33.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.34.agree with 贊同(某人意見)agree to 同意

35.in agreement(with)同意, 一致

36.ahead of 在…之前, 超過…;…………….ahead of time 提前.37.in the air 1)不肯定, 不具體.2)在謠傳中.38.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的.39.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)總共, 總計

40.after all 畢竟,到底;(not)at all 一點也不;

all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大體上說;be all in 累極了;all but 幾乎.41.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考慮到, 估計到.42.amount to(=to be equal to)總計, 等于.43.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)對…負責.44.answer to(=conform to)適合,符合.45.be anxious about 為…焦急不安;或anxious for 46.apologize to sb.for sth.為…向…道歉

47.appeal to sb.for sth.為某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.對某人有吸引力

48.apply to sb.for sth.為…向…申請;apply for申請;apply to 適用.49.apply to 與…有關;適用

50.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)贊成, approve vt.批準

51.arise from(=be caused by)由…引起.52.arrange for sb./sth.to do sth.安排…做…

53.arrive on 到達;arrive at 到達某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到達某地(大地方);54.be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth.done)以…為羞恥

55.assure sb.of sth.(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保證, 使…確信.56.attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)縛, 系 ,結

57.make an attempt at doing sth.(to do sth.)試圖做…

58.attend to(=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顧;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料

59.attitude to/ toward …對…的態度.看法

60.attribute…to…(=to believe sth.to be the result of…)把..歸因于.., 認為..是..的結果

61.on the average(=on average, on an average)平均

62.(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意識到,知道.63.at the back of(=behind)在…后面

64.in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on one’s back(=be ill in bed)臥病不起.65.at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.)支持,維護;have sb.at one’s back 有…支持, 有…作后臺

66.turn one’s back on sb.(=turn away from sb.in an impolite way)不理睬(某人),背棄，真人外教一對一 徐小平老師鼎力推薦

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拋棄

67.behind one’s back 背著某人(說壞話)68.be based on / upon 基于

69.on the basis of 根據…, 在…基礎上

70.beat…at 在…運動項目上打贏

71.begin with 以…開始.to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(經常用于開始語)72.on behalf of(=as the representative of)以…名義

73.believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth./sb.to be true)相信,依賴,信仰.74.benefit(from)受益,得到好處.75.for the benefit of 為了…的利益(好處)76.for the better 好轉

77.get the better of(=defeat sb.)打敗, 勝過.78.by birth 在出生上,論出身,按血統 at birth 在出生時;give birth to 出生

79.blame sb.for sth.因…責備某人.blame sth.on sb.把…推在某人身上

80.in blossom開花(指樹木)be in blossom開花(強調狀態)come into blossom開花(強調動作)

81.on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火車或飛機

82.boast of(or about)吹噓

83.out of breath 喘不過氣來

84.in brief(=in as few words as possible)簡言之

85.in bulk 成批地,不散裝的86.take the floor 起立發言

87.on business 出差辦事.88.be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth.忙于做某事

89.last but one 倒數第二.90.but for(=without)要不是.表示假設

91.buy sth.for…money 用多少錢買

92.be capable of 能夠, 有能力

be capable of being +過去分詞:是能夠被…的

93.in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens;anyhow)無論如何

94.in case(=for fear that)萬一;

95.in case of(=in the event of)如果發生…萬一

in the case of 至于…, 就…而言

96.in no case在任何情況下都不(放句首倒裝句)97.be cautious of 謹防

98.center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在…上

99.be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定.100.for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地 人文知識

1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to

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their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位學;在語言或一門語言中，對有關其分類和模式以及為大家所默認的發音規則的研究音韻學, 音系學

3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯合起來形成合乎語法的句子規則的學科

4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學

5.acronym : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.換喻或轉喻，一種,一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個“紅領巾”也是，以紅領巾指代少先隊員。

7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻, 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導的短語中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）

8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語言表達手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之海”或“整個世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修飾法, 一種把互相矛盾或不調和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀 cruel kindness 10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行詩體, 一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式，通常有一種傳統的押韻形式, 莎士比亞用過此詩體。

13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚語主要出現在非正式的、游戲性的話語中的一種語言，基本由存在時間很短的派生詞和修辭構成，它們被故意地用來取代標準的詞語以達到生動、幽默、無禮或其它效果

14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語，尤指用作集團或運動的口號的用語。

15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.真人外教一對一 徐小平老師鼎力推薦

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行話, 一個行業、職業或類似的團體中使用的專業的或技術的語言.terminology

16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陳腔濫調, 陳腐的或平庸的評論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時好象它是新穎的或有意義的

17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸張法,一種比喻，使用夸張來強調或產生某種效果，比如在我能睡一年或這書有一噸重

18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象聲詞, 詞的構成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行動的聲音.19.hypotaxis: 從屬關系

20.parataxis: 并列結構，指 短語或分句間不用連詞，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超驗主義, 一種文學和哲學運動，與拉爾夫?沃爾多?愛默生和瑪格麗特?富勒有關，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實體，超越于經驗和科學之處，通過直覺得以把握

22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美國

23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態學，形態音位學, 語言或某一語言中對于單詞的結構和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構成24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復雜的語音；例如 child和 joy的第一個音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair 名利場 was written William Makepeace Thackray

26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼爾．阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫．奧爾德林、邁克爾．柯林斯

27.The title of the national anthem 國歌 of Canada is O Canada.此種類型題同學們可自己多找幾個國家。

28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.詞源學

30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭

31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披頭士或甲殼蟲樂隊in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游記, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的馬 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.詞素, 一種含有一個單詞的有意義的語言單位，如-ed在單詞 walked中，不能被劃分為更

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小的有意義單位

35.The name of the famous stadium露天體育場 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon溫布爾登[英國英格蘭東南部城市](位于倫敦附近, 是著名的國際網球比賽地)

37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食譜, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香腸

38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（強制）.聯合抵制, 聯合起來拒絕使用、購買或經銷以示抗議、不滿或作為強制的手段

39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.種族隔離, 強制實行種族的社會分離政策及實踐，如在學校、居住和工業中，尤指在白人居多的社會中實行有色人種歧視的政策

40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.種族隔離制, 南非共和國實行的一種官方的種族隔離政策，包括在政治、法律和經濟諸方面對非白色人種的歧視.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.種族或宗教融合, 在社會或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無限制的平等的關系中；取消種族隔離

42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 語言中最小的語音單位，如英語里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b 46.polysemy: 一詞多義

47.patron saint：保護圣徒, 守護神

48.Parentese: 父母語

49.back formation: 逆構詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構成新詞 typewriter → typewrite 50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.語素變體, 語素的一種變體形式，如語音學的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語復數語素的語素變體.聽力新聞詞匯

政治新聞常用詞匯

absolute majority 絕對多數 ad hoc committee 特別委員會 advisory body 咨詢機構 anti-establishment反政府情緒 all-embracing agreement包羅萬象的協定 arbitration 調停

bipartisan diplomacy兩黨一致的對外政策 carrot-and-stick 威脅利誘政策

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deadlock 僵局 shoe-string majority 微弱多數 embargo 禁運 summit conference 首腦會議 abstain from voting棄權 air of tension 緊張氣氛 administrative authorities行政當局 amendment 修正案 apartheid 種族隔離 bare majority勉強過半數

briefing meeting 簡要新聞發布會 nonaligned country不結盟國家 congressional hearing(美國)國會意見聽證會

diplomatic immunity 外交豁免權 shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交

經貿新聞常用詞匯

accumulated deficit 累計赤字 active trade balance 貿易順差 business slump 生意蕭條 dull market 蕭條的市場 economic takeoff 經濟起飛 broker 經紀人 reciprocal trade agreement 互惠貿易政籠 dividend 紅利

wholesale dealer批發商 economic recession 經濟衰退 gold standard金本位 devaluation 貶值

American Selling Price美國銷售價格 retailer零售商 price index 物價指數 deficiency虧損 across-the-board tariff cut talks 全面削減關稅會談

demand and supply balance 供求平衡 gold reserve 黃金儲備 price-curbing policy抑制物價政策

tycoon 巨頭 petrodollar石油美元

non-confidence motion 不信任案 stalled peace talks陷入僵局的和談 adverse trade balance 貿易逆差 economic sanction 經濟制裁 switch trade 轉手貿易 fiscal year 財政

balance of trade貿易平衡 cash transaction 現金交易 fluctuating salary 附加工資，浮動工資

軍事新聞常用詞匯

active armed forces 現役武裝部隊 blanket bombing 地毯武轟炸 administration party 執政黨 ambassador-at-large 巡回大使 anti-inflation measures 制止通貨膨脹的措施 agenda 議程

back number過時的人或物 bluff diplomacy恫嚇外交 closed-door meeting秘密會議 diplomatic channel外交途徑 memorandum備忘錄 showdown 攤牌

unanimous resolution一致通過的決議 belligerent powers 交戰國 military expansion軍備擴張 beam weapons激光束武器 scud missile飛毛腿導彈 aircraft carrier航空母艦

around-the-clock bombing 日夜不停的轟炸 general armistice全面停戰

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adopted by consensus 經過協商一致通過 alien domination外國統治 amicable relations 友好關系 apple of discord 引起不和的爭端 behind-the-scene maneuvering 幕后操縱 budget committee預算委員會 communiqué 公報 diplomatic maneuvers 外交策略

arms build-up 軍備集結 unconditional surrender無條件投降 armament race軍備競賽 mushroom cloud蘑菇云 scout plane偵察飛機 airlift troop空降部隊 destroyer驅逐艦 sweeper掃雷艇

chemical weapon化學武器 armored corps裝甲兵團 ABM(anti-ballistic missile)反彈道導彈

marine corps海軍陸戰隊 submarine潛水艇 nuclear weapon核武器

AAM(air-to-air missile)空對空導彈

科技、教育、文化、衛生新聞常用詞匯

academia 學術界 academic year學年

brain drain 人才外流 open classroom討論式教學 atomic energy原子能 comet彗星 extraterrestrial外星的 hardware硬件 dispensary藥房 laboratory實驗室 injection注射 blood type血型 dysentery痢疾 chicken pox水痘 anemia貧血 euthanasia安樂死

industrial disease職業病 cramming system填鴨式教學法 astronomer 天文學家 chip晶體片 constellation星座 galaxy銀河系

coeducation男女同 ambulance救護車 surgical department外科 inoculate注射預防針 disinfectant消毒劑 malaria瘧疾 plague鼠疫 tumor腫瘤

genetic engineering遺傳工程學 audio-visual aids視聽教具 AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)愛滋病 CAI(computer-assisted instruction)計算機輔助教學 文體、娛樂新聞常用詞匯

athletics運動 record-holder記錄保持者 referee(足球、拳擊)裁判員 goalkeeper足球守門員 a drawn game和局 semifinal半決賽 hurdle跳欄 elimination海汰賽 hamper因故停賽 columnist專欄作家 primetime黃金時間 athlete運動員

sprint短跑 umpire(壘球、網球)裁判員 linesman邊線裁判員 trial預賽

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final決賽 relay race接力賽

feint假動作 intermission中場休息 audience rating收視率 acrobatics雜技 overture序曲 symphony交響曲 newsreel新聞片 rehearsal排練 relay轉播 serenade夜曲

philharmonic愛樂 film festival電影節 telecast電視轉播 karaoke卡拉OK

社會生活、宗教；法律新聞常用詞匯

assault襲擊 scandal誹謗，丑聞 hijack劫機 detention拘留 surrender oneself自首 verdict判決 bail保釋 electrocute電刑 accused被告 accuser原告 criminal case刑事案件 subpoena傳票

acquit宣判無罪 commutation of sentence減刑 population explosion人口爆炸 addict吸毒上癮者 Buddhism佛教 Hinduism印度教 Protestant新教 bishop主教

fraud詐騙 embezzlement挪用公款 contempt of court蔑視法庭 confess供認 juror陪審員 sentence判刑

capital punishment死刑 supreme court最高法庭 witness證人 barrister大律師 civil case民事案件 indictment起訴 amnesty大赦 dropout逃避現實者 feminine liberation婦女解放 Christianity 基督教 Islamism伊斯蘭教 Catholic天主教 Baptism浸理會 mosque清真寺

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