第一篇：國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)

國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語期末考試（開卷）

一、名詞英譯漢：1’*10=10，（來自課件）

二、句子英譯漢：3’*10=30，（來自課件，注意：句子翻譯要符合中文的語法習(xí)慣）

三、簡答題：5’*4=20，（來自課件）

四、判斷對錯(cuò)：1’*10=10，（來自課件）

五、閱讀理解：15’*2=30，（關(guān)注中國商務(wù)部英文網(wǎng)，考查的是短語，句子翻譯，文章的理解，要關(guān)注最近一段時(shí)間的新聞，對于像Policies,Topics,Services,上海自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的等一系列的內(nèi)容的了解）

第二篇：國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語

1.The theory ofcomparative advantage

Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it(or would it)trade ?

盡管大衛(wèi)李嘉圖的著作在貿(mào)易和生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論上有指導(dǎo)意義，但他沒有回答類似于一個(gè)國家若沒有絕對優(yōu)勢能否貿(mào)易這樣的問題。

David Ricardo(1772-1823), in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further.Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two products, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other.Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.大衛(wèi).李嘉圖在1819年的作品《政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及賦稅原理》，試圖在斯密觀點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行更深一步挖掘，李嘉圖表示即使一個(gè)國家在生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品時(shí)有絕對優(yōu)勢，但相對另一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)同類產(chǎn)品它依然有相對較高效率的產(chǎn)品，李嘉圖把這稱之為比較優(yōu)勢。

2.Definition

a.According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.根據(jù)比較優(yōu)勢理論，一個(gè)國家專注于生產(chǎn)那些有較高效率的產(chǎn)品何從其他國家購買本國生產(chǎn)效率相對較低的產(chǎn)品，即使這意味著從國外購買更高效率的產(chǎn)變得合情合理。b.A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the

opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.就產(chǎn)品而言，如果一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品相比其他國家有更低機(jī)會(huì)成本就稱之為這個(gè)國家有比較優(yōu)勢。

3.Chief points of view

a.Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least).每個(gè)國家在生產(chǎn)一兩種產(chǎn)品上有比較優(yōu)勢，一個(gè)生產(chǎn)效率相對較低的國家應(yīng)專業(yè)化出口相對來說具有優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。

b.The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greatest).And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.一個(gè)相對生產(chǎn)效率較高的國家應(yīng)專注看相對生產(chǎn)效率更高（絕對優(yōu)勢最大的）產(chǎn)品，這樣兩類國家都能從完全專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易中獲利。

c.Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo.The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.根據(jù)李嘉圖的觀點(diǎn)，絕對生產(chǎn)效率并不是控制國際貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。李嘉圖模型或相對比較優(yōu)勢的原理是今天經(jīng)濟(jì)理論中最著名的也是最有影響力的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論。

4.Comparison between the two Theories

a.After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.在比較后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢理論比斯密的絕對優(yōu)勢理論更先進(jìn)。b.According to Smith’s view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.根據(jù)斯密的觀點(diǎn)，一個(gè)國家出口的產(chǎn)品一定是出口該國生產(chǎn)商有絕對優(yōu)勢的相比另一個(gè)國家絕對生產(chǎn)成本更低的產(chǎn)品。

c.But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further.In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods.What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.但是李嘉圖是在斯密絕對優(yōu)勢理論的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步延伸的。在他看來，每個(gè)國家沒必要生產(chǎn)所有類型的產(chǎn)品，一個(gè)國家需要做的只是集中精力和資源生產(chǎn)那些有更少劣勢更多優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。

d.Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries.In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.在這些條件下，國際貿(mào)易會(huì)產(chǎn)生國際勞動(dòng)、專業(yè)分工，對所有國家都有利，除此之外，李嘉圖特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，不同國家勞動(dòng)分工、生產(chǎn)差異構(gòu)成的比較優(yōu)勢。

e.Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common.Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences.Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.盡管這兩個(gè)理論有差異但也存在共性。李嘉圖和斯密都強(qiáng)調(diào)了市場的供給

方，貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)根源于生產(chǎn)成本的差異，確切的說，李嘉圖的相對比較優(yōu)勢理論是在史密斯的絕對優(yōu)勢理論的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。

5.A questiontodiscuss

A professor is prepared to write a book.He is faster both in writing and collecting data than others.Suppose that he need 1 year to write a book, 4 months to collect data.And the student need 2 years to write a book, 6 months to collect data.But the professor paidto his students for collecting datafor him instead of collecting data himself.Explain the reason.一個(gè)教授準(zhǔn)備寫一本書，他在寫書和收集書籍上都比別人快，假設(shè)他需要一年去寫一本書，四個(gè)月收集數(shù)據(jù)，學(xué)生需要兩年寫一本書，六個(gè)月收集數(shù)據(jù)，但是教授支付費(fèi)用給他的學(xué)生請學(xué)生代替他自己收集數(shù)據(jù)，請解釋理由。

相對學(xué)生來說，教授在寫書有比較優(yōu)勢；相對教授來說，學(xué)生在搜集數(shù)據(jù)上更有優(yōu)勢。

第三篇：國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語整理

可能出翻譯

(1)FOB: Free on Board(…named port of shipment)

裝運(yùn)港船上交貨（……指定裝運(yùn)港）“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the

named port of shipment.（2）CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（……指定目的港）

“Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract.（3）CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination)成本、保險(xiǎn)加運(yùn)費(fèi)（……指定目的港）

“Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.1.The theory ofcomparative advantage

Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it(or would it)trade ?

盡管斯密的著作在貿(mào)易和生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論上有指導(dǎo)意義，但他沒有回答類似于一個(gè)國家若沒有絕對優(yōu)勢能否貿(mào)易這樣的問題。

David Ricardo(1772-1823), in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further.Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two products, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other.Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.大衛(wèi).李嘉圖在1819年的作品《政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及賦稅原理》，試圖在斯密觀點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行更深一步挖掘，李嘉圖表示即使一個(gè)國家在生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品時(shí)有絕對優(yōu)勢，但相對另一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)同類產(chǎn)品它依然有相對較高效率的產(chǎn)品，李嘉圖把這稱之為比較優(yōu)勢。

2.Definition

a.According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.根據(jù)比較優(yōu)勢理論，一個(gè)國家專注于生產(chǎn)那些有較高效率的產(chǎn)品何從其他國家購買本國生產(chǎn)效率相對較低的產(chǎn)品，即使這意味著從國外購買更高效率的產(chǎn)變得合情合理。b.A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the

opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.就產(chǎn)品而言，如果一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品相比其他國家有更低機(jī)會(huì)成本就稱之為這個(gè)國家有比較優(yōu)勢。

3.Chief points of view

a.Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least).每個(gè)國家在生產(chǎn)一兩種產(chǎn)品上有比較優(yōu)勢，一個(gè)生產(chǎn)效率相對較低的國家應(yīng)專業(yè)化出口相對來說具有優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。

b.The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greatest).And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.一個(gè)相對生產(chǎn)效率較高的國家應(yīng)專注看相對生產(chǎn)效率更高（絕對優(yōu)勢最大的）產(chǎn)品，這樣兩類國家都能從完全專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易中獲利。

c.Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo.The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.根據(jù)李嘉圖的觀點(diǎn)，絕對生產(chǎn)效率并不是控制國際貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。李嘉圖模型或相對比較優(yōu)勢的原理是今天經(jīng)濟(jì)理論中最著名的也是最有影響力的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論。

4.Comparison between the two Theories

a.After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.在比較后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢理論比斯密的絕對優(yōu)勢理論更先進(jìn)。

b.According to Smiths view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.根據(jù)斯密的觀點(diǎn)，一個(gè)國家出口的產(chǎn)品一定是出口該國生產(chǎn)商有絕對優(yōu)勢的相比另一個(gè)國家絕對生產(chǎn)成本更低的產(chǎn)品。

c.But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further.In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods.What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.但是李嘉圖是在斯密絕對優(yōu)勢理論的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步延伸的。在他看來，每個(gè)國家沒必要生產(chǎn)所有類型的產(chǎn)品，一個(gè)國家需要做的只是集中精力和資源生產(chǎn)那些有更少劣勢更多優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。

d.Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries.In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.在這些條件下，國際貿(mào)易會(huì)產(chǎn)生國際勞動(dòng)、專業(yè)分工，對所有國家都有利，除此之外，李嘉圖特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，不同國家勞動(dòng)分工、生產(chǎn)差異構(gòu)成的比較優(yōu)勢。

e.Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common.Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences.Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.盡管這兩個(gè)理論有差異但也存在共性。李嘉圖和斯密都強(qiáng)調(diào)了市場的供給

方，貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)根源于生產(chǎn)成本的差異，確切的說，李嘉圖的相對比較優(yōu)勢理論是在史密斯的絕對優(yōu)勢理論的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。

5.A questiontodiscuss

A professor is prepared to write a book.He is faster both in writing and collecting data than others.Suppose that he need 1 year to write a book, 4 months to collect data.And the student need 2 years to write a book, 6 months to collect data.But the professor paidto his students for collecting datafor him instead of collecting data himself.Explain the reason.一個(gè)教授準(zhǔn)備寫一本書，他在寫書和收集書籍上都比別人快，假設(shè)他需要一年去寫一本書，四個(gè)月收集數(shù)據(jù)，學(xué)生需要兩年寫一本書，六個(gè)月收集數(shù)據(jù)，但是教授支付費(fèi)用給他的學(xué)生請學(xué)生代替他自己收集數(shù)據(jù)，請解釋理由。

相對學(xué)生來說，教授在寫書有比較優(yōu)勢；相對教授來說，學(xué)生在搜集數(shù)據(jù)上更有優(yōu)勢。在寫書有比較優(yōu)勢；相對教授來說，學(xué)生在搜集數(shù)據(jù)上更有優(yōu)勢。

可能出簡答題

1.What is the foundation of the world trade?

（1）In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self sufficient.（2）Nations have utilized different economic resources;people have developed different skills.（3）As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved.2.What are the major views of the theory of absolute advantage?

Nations could concentrate their production on goods they could make most cheaply, with all the consequent benefits of the division of labor.Smith used some suppositions to explain his principle of absolute advantage.it was far better for a country to import goods that could be produced overseasmore efficiently than to manufacture them itself.Countries would import goods in the production of which they had an absolute disadvantage against the exporting country.They would export goods in the production of which they had an absolute advantage over the importing country.In Smith’s opinion each nation had some sort of absolute advantage in the production of certain goods.If it could specialize in the production of them and then exchange the goods with each other, every country would receive a benefit.3.Make a comparison between the H-O theory and Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage.（1）Main similarity

Like Ricardo’s theory, H-O theory also argues that free trade is beneficial to trading nations.（2）difference

The biggest difference between Ricardo’s trade theory and H-O theory is that, when explaining the basis for trade Ricardo places primary reliance on factor productivity while the H-O theory sheds more light on other important trade issues such as the influence of resource supplies or factor endowment supplies on international specialization and the influence of trade on the distribution of income.To put it in a simple way, unlike Ricardian trade theory which takes factor

productivity difference as the main basis for trade, the H-O theory, in explaining the main reason for trade, delegates primary importance to the factor endowments nations enjoy.4.What is the purpose of the trade terms?

Trade terms are key elements of international contracts of sale, since they tell the parties what to do with respect to:

Delivery terms ；Price terms ；Delivery obligations

(1)Naming the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer.(2)Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer.(3)The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost.5.What are the reasons for the popularity of the international competitive bidding?

(a)When public funds is involved, a public agency, through international notification, is bound to offer an equal opportunity to all potential bidders who directly or indirectly contribute to public funds.(b)This competitiveness of bidding results in the most efficient use of public funds.(c)The open bidding procedure serves as a safeguard against waste, corruption and favoritism.6.What are the reasons of the foreign trade?

（1）No nation has all of the commodities that it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world.Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy form countries that export them.（2）Second, foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of particular item to meet its needs.（3）Third, one nation can sell items at a lower cost than other countries.---Comparative Advantage:One country should buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items.7.What are the major views of the theory of comparative advantage?(1)Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least).（2）The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greatest).And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.（3）Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo.The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.8.Illustrate the meaning of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.Although sometimes this theory is also referred to as the Heckscher-Ohlin model or the factor endowment model, more often than not it is called the Heckscher-Ohlin theory or simply the H-O theory.H-O theory is one of the most influential theories in modern international economics according to which international trade is largely driven by differences in countries’ resources(land, labor and capital).9.What is the concept of trade terms?

（1）Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important

component of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific obligations of the buyer and seller.（2）Trade terms are often shorthand expressions or expressed by three-letter abbreviation.10.Shipments are examined to determine what?

（1）Shipment should be made according to the contact terms.（2）Usually, the exporter shall fill in the Shipping Note to book the shipping space or ship.（3）After receiving the Shipping Order(S/O)from the carrier, the exporter may start to ensure the loading of the goods.The exporter should supervise the loading process.（4）After the goods being loaded on board the vessel, the Captain or the Mate will issue a receipt, i.e the Mate’s Receipt.（5）The shipper shall exchangethe Mate’s Receipt for the Bill of Lading from the shipping Agency making payment of freight.（6）After the loading of the goods and the receipt of the B/L, the

exporter should send a Shipping Advice to the importer for the receipt of the goods.

第四篇：王帥 國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語

There are three kinds of payment methods.Each payment method may have its advantages and disadvantages.Do you think that payment by a letter of credit always the first choice in international trade? Why?

In international trade settlement, the payment of international money usually uses a non-cash settlement according to the amount of cash.It often uses financial instruments instead of cash as a means of circulation and means of payment for settlement.There are three payment methods in international trade: remittance, collection and letters of credit.As a written document, letter of credit opened by banks and banks are committed to make a payment.As the bank's financial strength, they usually have a higher credibility.In the letter of credit payment, as long as the beneficiary to fulfill its obligations under the letter of credit or meet the conditions, the issuing bank guarantees payment and bear the responsibility of the first payment.Thus, in the form of letter of credit, it is the bank that provides credit.It has four functions for exporters.(1)Provide a security guarantee for exporters to receive payments;

(2)Enable exporters to obtain the foreign exchange protection;

(3)Increase the stability of the export trade;

(4)Provides a convenient financing for exporters.It has three functions for importers.(1)It is helpful for the imports to receive the goods under the contract on time;

(2)To provide a certain amount of transaction security;

(3)Provides a convenient financing for importers.In addition, for the banks, the issuing bank only bear the responsibility to ensure payment, it provides only bank credit, not money.Moreover, the issuing banks also require the applicant to provide the issuing guarantees and to pay the deposit in order

to spread risk.By letter of credit business, the issuing bank expands its business volume and increases its economic benefits without taking much risk in the case.In the form of letter of credit, bank provides credit;it has many benefits for imports, exports and the issuing banks.So the letter of credit has been widely used in international trade, especially in China, international trade are basically using this payment method

However, there are also some drawbacks for the letter of credit.For example:

(1)Documentation requirements are relatively high, as documents and letters of credit do not match, prone to non-payment of the settlement;

(2)Cost is relatively high, affecting exporters’ profits;

(3)Special national letters of credit risk.For example, letters of credit in Bangladesh, they were very irregular in the operation, which takes many risks in international trade settlement.(4)Bank risk.Ultimately, banks are also enterprise;they have their own credits too.Especially in the foreign, the bank entry threshold is very low, relatively large differences in bank credit, and some small banks’ reputation is not very good.In summary, Letter of credit payment in international trade, is it always the first choice? I think it is not comprehensive.In some cases, use remittance and collection is better.Remittance: refers to the payer initiative remitted to the payee by banks or other means of payment.It includes Mail Transfer(M/T), Telegraphic Transfer(T/T)and Remittance by Banker’s Demand draft(D/D).For remittance, its advantages are: simplicity and low cost.Mode in the remittance whether the seller can recover the money on agreed time depends entirely on the buyer's credit situation.Because of this payment is a commercial credit with a high risk, it is usually applied to a small payment, deposit money, transport fees and commissions, etc.If used properly, the transaction will benefit both sides.In international payments another common way to settle payments is by collection whereby the exporter first ships cargoes to get necessary documents and entrusts banks as intermediaries to collect the money for the goods.For the

advantages and disadvantages of collection: collection way is more favorable to the buyer, it has a low cost, low risk, and financial burden.It even gets the seller's financial intermediation.However, it has been more detrimental to the seller, even Documents against Payment(D/P)methods, because the goods have been issued, if the other party refused to pay money for the sake of the price is low, property in poor condition or other reasons, the seller will suffer a loss and round-trip transportation costs of goods for resale the loss.For Documents against Payment after sight(D/P after sight)and Documents against Acceptance, the sellers to bear the financial burden while the latter risk more.Based on the comparison above, I think China’s enterprises should take a comprehensive plan.The creditworthiness of buyers and sellers, the position of buyers and sellers and other risk factors should all be taken into account in international trade when they choose the mode of payment.Only in this way can we lead to a successful deal.國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語

專業(yè)：

年級：

學(xué)號：

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任課教師：

國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易國貿(mào)08—1班王帥汪海鳳2011 年 12月10日

第五篇：特殊教育專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)

簡答

1.What Does It Take to be a Good Special Education Teacher?

1Patience 2 Diligence 3Compassion 4Flexibility 2.ADHD has three subtypes多動(dòng)癥分類: 1 Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive 過動(dòng)/沖動(dòng)控制障礙型2 Predominantly inattentive 注意力缺陷型3 Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive 混合型

3.a student with :hearing impairment聽力損傷、vision impairment視覺、mental impairment智力

5What Causes導(dǎo)致 ADHD因素? genes—environmental factors—brain injuries—nutrition—social environment—Food additives 6多動(dòng)癥的癥狀symptom：inattention注意力缺乏、hyperactive活動(dòng)過度、impulsive沖動(dòng)。解釋

1.（Inclusive education全納教育）means meeting individual needs。

2(task Analysis任務(wù)分析法）task Analysis is a process by which a task is broken down into its component parts。

3（Autism自閉癥)causes kids to experience the world differently from the way most other kids do.4.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)注意力缺陷多動(dòng)障礙is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood.5.Learning Disability學(xué)習(xí)障礙

6.Studens with special needs有特殊需要的學(xué)生

7.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)注意力缺陷多動(dòng)障礙 8.Mainstrseam主流

1通常,有學(xué)習(xí)障礙的學(xué)生的平均智力但是他們將需要更多的具體教學(xué)策略、程序修改或住宿。學(xué)習(xí)障礙不包括一個(gè)殘疾帶來的視覺、聽覺受損、身體或行為。雖然,許多行為殘疾學(xué)生通常有學(xué)習(xí)障礙。Descrepancies學(xué)業(yè)成績之間和實(shí)際知識(shí)的能力就會(huì)發(fā)生。學(xué)習(xí)障礙的診斷通常發(fā)生在孩子有一個(gè)威R是執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試,是通過一個(gè)心理學(xué)家——通常是。學(xué)習(xí)障礙的定義往往會(huì)不同地區(qū)地區(qū)但往往傳達(dá)一個(gè)共同的意義。這里有一個(gè)全面的特質(zhì)列表學(xué)習(xí)障礙的學(xué)生通過他們的特定類別:1視覺感知2聽覺感知3身體和空間關(guān)系4概念赤字5內(nèi)存赤字6行為赤字

2Teaching students with special needs is very rewarding值得的 – but it’s hard work as well.A special education teacher must be willing to struggle奮斗 in order to provide her/his students with the best education possible.Many times, good special education teachers go far above what is expected of them.Going that extra mile can make the difference between a student floating through順利度過 school and being truly successful.教學(xué)生有特殊需要的值都非常有價(jià)值得的——但這很困難的工作。一個(gè)特殊教育教師必須愿意斗爭奮斗為了提供她/他的學(xué)生提供最好的教育成為可能。很多時(shí)候,良好的特殊教育教師遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于對他們的期望是什么。將這額外的一英里就區(qū)分一個(gè)學(xué)生浮動(dòng)通過順利度過學(xué)校和真正的成功。

3To be a good special education teacher, it is important that you care about your students.Although discipline紀(jì)律 is imperative必要的 in the special education classroom, undue不適當(dāng)?shù)?harshness嚴(yán)肅 is not imperative.You must truly care about your students in order to motivate them to succeed.特殊教育成為一個(gè)好老師,但重要的是,你關(guān)心你的學(xué)生。雖然紀(jì)律紀(jì)律必要的必須在特殊教育課堂,過度的不適當(dāng)?shù)膰?yán)肅嚴(yán)肅不是勢在必行。你必須真正關(guān)心你的學(xué)生

為了促使他們成功。

4Perhaps one of the least noticed characteristics of a good special education teacher is flexibility.Very often, what works for one student will fail for another.Special education teachers often need to alter 改變their approaches to various students due to changes in the student’s IEP, educational circumstances, or personal life.In addition, a special education teacher must be willing to incorporate 綜合input 付出from student’s parents and from the student herself.This requires the ability to take into account alternative 選擇性的viewpoints and options選擇, and to be flexible with your teaching methods.也許一個(gè)最不注意到特征的特殊教育教師是靈活性好。通常,最適合一個(gè)學(xué)生將失敗的另一個(gè)。特殊教育老師經(jīng)常需要改變他們的方法對各種改變學(xué)生由于改變學(xué)生的等電位點(diǎn),教育環(huán)境,或個(gè)人生活。此外,一個(gè)特殊教育教師必須愿意將綜合輸入付出從學(xué)生的家長和學(xué)生自己。這樣做需要能夠考慮替代選擇性的觀點(diǎn)和期權(quán)選擇,靈活的和你的教學(xué)方法。

5Patience is definitely the most important characteristic of a special education teacher.Unlike regular teachers, special education teachers work with students who may not grasp concepts quickly.In fact, depending on the needs of the students, the special education teacher may find himself/herself repeating the same simple concept over and over and over again before the student begins to comprehend.In addition to this repetition, the special education teacher may need to break seemingly simple concepts down into parts that are manageable for his students, which can take a considerable amount of patience.忍耐無疑是最重要的特性的一個(gè)特殊教育的老師。與普通教師,特殊教育教師與學(xué)生工作可能不會(huì)很快理解概念。事實(shí)上,根據(jù)學(xué)生的需要,特殊教育的老師可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)本人重復(fù)相同的簡單的概念反反復(fù)復(fù)的前學(xué)生開始理解。除了這種重復(fù),特殊教育的老師可能需要打破看似簡單的概念分解成可管理的部分,為他的學(xué)生,這可能會(huì)花費(fèi)大量的耐心。

6They also may react to what's going on around them in unusual ways.Normal sounds may really bother someone with autism — so much so that the person covers his or her ears.Being touched, even in a gentle way, may feel uncomfortable.他們也可能對他們周圍發(fā)生了什么不同尋常的。正常的聲音可能真的煩自閉癥患者——以至于人覆蓋他或她的耳朵。被感動(dòng),即使在一個(gè)溫和的方式,可能會(huì)感到不舒服。

7Kids with autism often can't make connections that other kids make easily.For example, when someone smiles, you know the smiling person is happy or being friendly.But a kid with autism may have trouble connecting that smile with the person's happy feelings.閉癥兒童往往不能使連接,其他孩子使容易。例如,當(dāng)別人微笑,你知道了微笑的人是快樂或友善。但一個(gè)患自閉癥的孩子可能無法連接,微笑與人的快樂的感覺。

8A kid who has autism also has trouble linking words to their meanings.Imagine trying to understand what your mom is saying if you didn't know what her words really mean.It is doubly frustrating then if a kid can't come up with the right words to express his or her own thoughts.一個(gè)孩子患有自閉癥的也有麻煩連接詞含義。想像一下你媽媽明白說如果你不知道她的話真正的意思。它更是令人沮喪的然后如果一個(gè)孩子不能想出合適的詞語來表達(dá)自己的想法。8Autism causes kids to act in unusual ways.They might flap 拍打their hands, say certain words over and over, have temper tantrums發(fā)怒, or play only with one particular toy.Most kids with autism don't like changes in routines.They like to stay on a schedule that is always the same.They also may insist that their toys or other objects be arranged a certain way and get upset if these items are moved or disturbed.孤獨(dú)癥造成孩子以不尋常的方式采取行動(dòng)。他們可能皮瓣拍打他們的手,說某些單詞,有發(fā)脾氣發(fā)怒,或者只有一個(gè)特定的玩具玩。大多數(shù)自閉癥兒童不喜歡

變化在例程。他們喜歡呆在一個(gè)時(shí)間表,總是相同的。他們還可能會(huì)堅(jiān)持他們的玩具或其他對象是安排一個(gè)特定的方式,如果這些產(chǎn)品是生氣移動(dòng)或干擾。

9Not seem to listen when spoken to.Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly。Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others(90)。Struggle to follow instructions.85。Children who have symptoms of hyperactivity may: 似乎聽的時(shí)候才說話。做白日夢,變得容易混淆,慢慢地移動(dòng)。有困難準(zhǔn)確而快速地處理信息和其他人(90)。努力遵循instructions.85。癥癥狀可能: 10孩子們的多動(dòng)Fidget 煩躁 and squirm蠕動(dòng) in their seats Talk nonstop。touching or playing with anything and everything in sight。Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time。Be constantly堅(jiān)持不懈地 in motion動(dòng)作。Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities.Children who have symptoms of impulsivity may: 孩子們的多動(dòng)煩躁煩躁,在座位上扭動(dòng)蠕動(dòng)。聊個(gè)不停。碰或玩什么,眼前的一切。有麻煩靜坐晚餐期間,學(xué)校,和故事時(shí)間嗎。被不斷地堅(jiān)持不懈地在運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)作。有困難的任務(wù)或活動(dòng)做安靜。兒童癥狀的沖動(dòng)可能: 11Be very impatient。Blurt out 未加思索地沖口說出inappropriate comments。Show their emotions without restraint克制。Act without regard for consequences。Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in game。sOften interrupt conversations or others' activities.很不耐煩，脫口而出未加思索地沖口說出不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u論。表現(xiàn)自己的情緒毫無節(jié)制克制。不顧后果的行為。有困難等待他們想要的東西或者等待他們的將在游戲。經(jīng)常中斷談話或別人的活動(dòng)。12if a child: Is experiencing undetected seizures that could be associated with other medical conditions Has a middle ear infection that is causing hearing problems Has any undetected hearing or vision problems Has any medical problems that affect thinking and behavior Has any learning disabilities 是否一個(gè)孩子: 正在經(jīng)歷未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的發(fā)作可能伴隨其他疾病嗎 有一個(gè)中耳炎感染導(dǎo)致聽力的問題 有任何未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的聽力和視力問題嗎 沒有任何醫(yī)學(xué)問題,會(huì)影響思維和行為嗎 有學(xué)習(xí)障礙

13Has anxiety or depression, or other psychiatric problems that might cause ADHD-like symptoms Has been affected by a significant and sudden change, such as the death of a family member, a divorce, or parent's job loss.有焦慮或抑郁,或其它精神問題可能導(dǎo)致多動(dòng)癥像癥狀嗎

一直受到重大和突然的變化,比如一個(gè)家人的死去,離婚,或者父母的失業(yè)。

13A specialist will also check school and medical records for clues, to see if the child's home or school settings appear unusually stressful or disrupted, and gather information from the child's parents and teachers.Coaches, babysitters, and other adults who know the child well also may be consulted.一個(gè)專家還將檢查學(xué)校和醫(yī)療記錄為線索,看看孩子的家里或者學(xué)校設(shè)置出現(xiàn)異常壓力或中斷,并收集信息從孩子的父母和老師。教練、保姆和其他成年人知道孩子好也可以咨詢。

14The specialist also will ask: 1.Are the behaviors excessive and long-term, and do they affect all aspects of the child's life? 2.Do they happen more often in this child compared with the child's peers? 3.Are the behaviors a continuous problem or a response to a temporary situation? 4.Do the behaviors occur in several settings or only in one place, such as the playground, classroom, or home? 專家還會(huì)問: 1。是行為過度和長期,他們影響所有方面的孩子的生命嗎? 2。他們發(fā)生在這個(gè)孩子更經(jīng)常與孩子的同齡人相比? 3。是一個(gè)連續(xù)的行為問題或一個(gè)響應(yīng)一個(gè)臨時(shí)的情況嗎? 4。做行為發(fā)生在幾個(gè)設(shè)置或只在一個(gè)地方,比如操場,教室,或在家嗎? 15The specialist pays close attention to the child's behavior during different situations.Some situations are highly structured, some have less structure.Others would require the child to keep paying attention.Most children with ADHD are better able to control their behaviors in situations where they are getting individual attention and when they are free to focus on enjoyable activities.These types of situations are less important in the assessment.A child also may be evaluated to see how he or she acts in social situations, and may be given tests of intellectual ability and academic achievement to see if he or she has a learning disability.Finally, if after gathering all this information the child meets the criteria for ADHD, he or she will be diagnosed with the disorder.專家密切關(guān)注孩子的行為在不同的情況。有些情況是高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的,一些有更少的結(jié)構(gòu)。其他人將要求孩子保持關(guān)注。大多數(shù)兒童多動(dòng)癥的能更好地控制他們的行為,在這種情況下,他們越來越關(guān)注和當(dāng)他們是免費(fèi)的把注意力放在令人愉快的活動(dòng)。這些類型的情況下是不太重要的評估。一個(gè)孩子也可能會(huì)被評估,看看他或她的行為在社交場合,可以通過測試的知識(shí)能力和學(xué)術(shù)成就,看看他或她有學(xué)習(xí)障礙。

最后,如果在收集所有這些信息符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的孩子多動(dòng)癥,他或她將被診斷為這種疾病。