第一篇:新視野大學英語讀寫教程4課后翻譯
這種植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成長。The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.研究結果表明,無論我們白天做了什么事情,晚上都會做大約兩個小時的夢。Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.有些人往往責怪別人沒有盡最大努力,以此來為自己的失敗辯護。Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.我們忠于我們的承諾:凡是答應做的,我們都會做到。We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it.連貝多芬的父親都不相信自己兒子日后有一天可能成為世界上最偉大的音樂家。愛迪生也同樣如此,他的老師覺得他似乎過于遲鈍。Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world.The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.當局控告他們威脅國家安全。They were accused by the authorities of threatening the state security.要是這部喜劇中的人物更幽默些的話,就會吸引更多的觀眾。If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience.她從未對自己的能力失去信心,因此她有可能成為一名成功的演員。要成為一名駕駛員,視覺上分辨紅色與綠色的能力是必不可少的。
The ability to visually distinguish between red and green is essential to becoming a driver.這個組由七個人組成,他們經常見面,分享彼此的信息。
The team consisted of seven people who met on a regular basis to share their information with each other.這些科學家在創建基因圖譜的過程中體會到:合作不僅僅是一種有吸引力的選擇,它還是一種責任。In the process of creating the genetic map, these scientists realized that cooperation was more than an attractive option;it was a responsibility.他們的研究發現簡直就是一個奇跡。由于他們的發現,人們對人類基因的歷史有了新的了解。Their research findings were nothing less than a miracle.As a result of their findings, new light has been shed on the history of human genes.事實上,只有勤奮加方法得當才能使你在學習上比他人有優勢。
In fact, only hard work in combination with proper methods will give you an advantage over others.法官說這種懲罰將起到殺一儆百的作用。The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others.感染的危險只限于那些與病人有親密接觸的人。The risk of infection is She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress.我just learned as I went along.從未受過正式培訓,我只是
邊干邊學。I never had formal training, I 隨products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining 著產品進入國際市場,他 們的品牌知名度越來越高了。As their in popularity.她自己是否能可以編造一
she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, 讓這個故事,故事聽起說自己被竊來可信。賊 She could make up a story by saying 打昏,所有的錢都沒了,但她懷疑but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.誰評都不清楚他是否故意推遲了這次訪問,可是這引起了對 他更多的批
brought more criticism of him.。No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this 據Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has 報道有七八位官員收受賄賂,市長決定親自出馬調查這件事。
decided to look into the affair in person.這
臨些工人后悔and going back to work.Now they are again faced with the threat of losing 失業的危險當時了。These workers regret yielding to the management's advice 接受管理部門的意見重新回去工作。現在他們再次面their jobs.你折的只需填寫一
張表格就可取得會員資格,它可以使你在買東西時entitles you to a discount on goods.優惠。You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which 享受打不知 時為什么他們的汽車在半路壞掉了,結果他們比原three hours later than they had planned.。Their car broke down halfway for no reason.As a result they arrived 計劃晚到了三個小那位官a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.員卷入了一場丑聞,數周后被迫 辭職。這個The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a 靠救濟過日子的人開始慢慢地建立起自己的市The official got involved in
場,生意日漸興隆。time and his business is thriving.我父母不是invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.對我的教育投資,而是把
錢花在了買新住房上。Rather than 如今,人spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the 們用于休閑娛樂的開支是過去的兩倍。Today, people arepast.一家公司要成功,business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.它必須跟上市場的發展。In order to be successful, a 與in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job.申請這個職位的其他女孩相比,她流利的英語是個優勢。Her fluency 對
由他于學生而言,沒有任何地方比圖書館更好了,在那里所有的books are at their disposal.們使用。For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the 圖書都任我We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, 們要充分利用好這個平臺,加強交流,拓展合作領域,共謀發展大計。expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.這innocent as he appears.位小個子男子
并不如他看上去那么單純。對這個問題nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor 我已束手無策了,所以
This little man is not so 你不妨去求助于王教授吧。There's Wang for help.雙Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, 方高度評價了在不同
領域合作取得的成果,并希望合作進一步加深。and hope that the cooperation can be furthered.一方面,直言之路,親民形象能使新政策更易于被民people can get a new policy more easily accepted.On the other hand, it will 啟進善之門”。On the one hand, an image of being close to the 眾接受,另一方面,它也能“廣“encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions”.他孤His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length 獨的感覺時
起時落,他有時會對自己、對寵物、對電視機嘮叨不休。to himself and his pets and the television.畢is not everything.The richest people are not necessarily the happiest.竟,金錢不是萬能的,最富有的人不一定是最幸福的。After all, money
假found out that your colleague takes bribes, would you just ignore it? 設你發現了你自己的同事受賄,你會不會無動于衷呢?Suppose 他如此固 you We've 執,我們已對他失望了。跟他爭論一點意義都沒有。
with him.given up on him because he is so stubborn.It is pointless to argue 他突然想到了一
一。個加速實驗進程的好辦法,但組里的成員卻對此意見不but opinions differed among members of the group on it.He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment, 今天我能 Today I'm able to square my profession with my interest, which I wasn't able 夠使自己的職業與興趣相符,之前我是做不到的。
to do before.confined to those who have close contact with the patients.從這From 一分析中我happened and what to do about it.such an analysis 們可以更好地知道we are in a 發better 生了什position 么以及要做些什
to understand 么。
what has 只要他守out so late as long as he behaves himself.規矩,我倒不在乎他晚上在外呆得
這么晚。I don't mind his staying 與的其他計劃相比,我更喜歡他的計劃,因
practical than his.計劃更實際。I prefer his plan to others 為in 我that 覺得I 沒think 有任何一no plan 個計劃is 比他more 他已們與huge losses in the last fiscal year and went bankrupt.經破那家公司中產了。They broke off business relations with that company as it suffered 斷
了生意來往,因為那家公司上一個財政年度損失慘重,既you don't like him, why did you invite him to your birthday party in the first 然你不喜歡他,當初為什么還要邀請他參加你的生日
晚會呢?Now that place?
雖Though we knew our chances to win were slim, we were more or less depressed 然知道獲勝的可能性不大,但比賽失敗后,我們多少還是有點沮喪。when we lost in the game.也to be paid for progress許這是為進步而付出的代價,誰
知道呢? Perhaps this was the price that has 盡很少。管他們做出了巨大的努力,但目前—who knows? 為 止,博物
館每天的參觀者仍然還是been very low.For all their great efforts, the museum's daily attendance has so far still 作規為對政府檢查員批
評的回應,公司改變了一些做法,而不是放棄自己的some of its practices rather than gave up its rules.定。In response to criticism by government inspectors, the company changed 警方提醒乘客,不要warned 將錢和貴重物品放在提包里,以防被
盜。they should be stolen.the passengers against putting money and precious things in bags The police lest 調查應Surveys ought to focus on how parents and children perceive the ways in which 集中于父母和孩子
們如何看待學校滿足他們需求的那些辦法。the school satisfies their needs.一瞬的女子。間,特斯(well-educated woman.In a flash, Tess)由一Tess changed 個天真的女孩from 變an 成了一innocent 個成熟、受girl to a 過mature 良好教育我能I can confirm that 200 new trains are being manufactured and that the first of 證實200列新火車正在制造中,第一批
and 將在今年五月投入運營。those trains will come into service in May this year.無 他人有用的論你的智商有多高,你的看法都受到個人經歷的局限,因此要
學會吸納experience perspectives of others.you 觀點。have No matter how high your IQ is, your view is limited by the had and so you should learn to incorporate the useful 這個game that none of them took note of the passage of time.游戲非常有趣,他們誰也沒有注意到時間的流逝。So interesting was the 我一直在整理through these old documents to see which are 這些舊文件,看看哪些有用,哪些需要扔掉。I've been sorting useful and which can be thrown away.隨reflect on future plans.著年齡越來越大,你應該考慮未來的計劃。As you get older you should 他在演出中的亮相less than a sensation.簡直是個轟動。His appearance in the show was nothing 他set 們每個月都從工資kid's education in the future.aside a particular 中留出一amount of 筆錢money,用于孩子from their 將來salary 的教育。for Every month they the sake of their
第二篇:新視野讀寫教程第三版大學英語4翻譯
第一單元
一、英譯漢
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist.亞里士多德是古希臘的哲學家和科學家。
His writings cover many subjects, including physics, biology, zoology, logic, ethics, poetry, theater, music, linguistics, politics and government, and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy.他的作品涵蓋了許多學科,包括物理學、生物學、動物學、邏輯學、倫理學、詩歌、戲劇、音樂、語言學、政治和政府,構成了第一個綜合的西方哲學體系。
Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.亞里士多德是第一個將人類的知識領域劃分為不同學科的人,如數學,生物學和倫理學。
He believed all people's concepts and all their knowledge were ultimately based on perception.他相信人所有的觀念和所有的知識在根本上都是基于感知能力。
His views on natural sciences laid the groundwork for many of his works.他對自然科學的看法構成了他許多作品的基礎。
He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in his era.他幾乎對他所處時期的每一個人類知識領域都作出了貢獻。
His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and even today all aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the important subject of academic study.His philosophy had a long-lasting influence on the development of all Western philosophical theories.他的作品包含了人們所知的最早的關于邏輯的正式研究,即使在今天,亞里士多德哲學所涵蓋的方方面面仍是學術研究的重要課題。
More than 2,300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential philosophers and scientists.他的哲學對所有的西方哲學理論的發展有著經久不衰的影響。在去世2,300多年后,亞里士多德仍是最有影響力的哲學家和科學家之一。
二、漢譯英
中庸思想(Doctrine of the Mean)是儒家思想的核心內容。孔子所謂的“中”不是指“折中”,而是指在認識和處理客觀事物時的一種“適度”和“恰如其分”的方法。孔子主張不僅要把這種思想作為一種認識和處理事物的方法來看待,而且還應該通過自身修養和鍛煉,把它融入自己的日常行為當中,使之成為一種美德。中庸思想是儒家思想的核心,也是中國傳統文化的重要組成部分。從它形成到現在,一直為民族精神的構建、民族智慧的傳播、民族文化的發展發揮著不可估量的作用。
The Doctrine of the Mean is the core of Confucianism.The so-called “mean” by Confucius doesn't mean “compromise” but a “moderate” and “just-right” way when understanding and handling objective things.Confucius advocated that this thought should not only be treated as a way to understand and deal with things but also be integrated into one's daily conduct to make it a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism but also an important component of traditional Chinese culture.From the time it came into being to the present, it has played an invaluable role in the construction of national spirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.第二單元
二、英譯漢
William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent(杰出的)dramatist.His plays have been translated into a vast number of languages and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.Shakespeare's early works were mostly comedies and histories, which have the reputation of being among the finest masterpieces produced in these genres(體裁)even today.Later on, Shakespeare wrote mainly tragedies, some of which, like Hamlet and King Lear, earned him fame in the entire Western literature.The most striking features of Shakespeare are his brilliant use of language and his universal themes.He contributed thousands of words to English, many of which have become embedded in the language.His themes are so universal that they transcend generations to stir the imaginations of readers and audiences worldwide.Shakespeare has influenced and inspired many writers over the centuries.His writings remain highly popular today, and they are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultures throughout the world.Shakespeare will continue to have an enormous impact on future playwrights, novelists, poets, actors, and scholars.人們普遍認為,威廉?莎士比亞是最偉大的英語作家和世界杰出的戲劇家。他的劇本被譯成多種語言,并且比其他任何劇作家的作品都上演得多。莎士比亞的早期作品大多是喜劇和歷史劇。即使在今天,這些作品仍是同類作品中的杰作,享有絕佳聲望。后來莎士比亞的創作主要是悲劇,其中一些作品,如《哈姆雷特》和《李爾王》,為其在整個西方文學界贏得了聲譽。莎士比亞最顯著的特點是其精彩的語言運用及具有普遍意義的主題。他創造了數千個英語詞匯,其中許多已經深植于英語中。他的作品主題具有普遍意義,所以能夠數代流傳,激發世界各地讀者和觀眾的想象力。數世紀以來,莎士比亞影響和激勵了許多作家。其作品至今依舊廣受歡迎,在世界各地的文化中被不斷地研究、上演和詮釋。莎士比亞將繼續對未來的劇作家、小說家、詩人、演員和學者產生巨大影響。
二、漢譯英
中國的四大名著是指《三國演義》(Romance of the Three Kingdoms)、《水滸傳》(Outlaws of the Marsh)、《西游記》(Journey to the West)和《紅樓夢》(A Dream of Red Mansions)四部著名小說。它們的創作時間均處于元末明初至清代期間,其內容反映了中國古代的政治和軍事斗爭、社會矛盾、文化信仰等各個方面。四大名著具有很高的藝術水平,代表了中國古典小說的高峰。書中的許多人物和場景在中國家喻戶曉,并且已經深深地影響了整個民族的思想觀念和價值取向。四本著作在中國古代民俗、封建制度、社會生活等多個領域皆有巨大的研究價值,是中國乃至全人類的寶貴文化遺產。
The four great classic Chinese novels are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh, Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions.All the four novels were written during the period from the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties to the Qing Dynasty.They all reflect various aspects of ancient China, including political and military strife, social conflicts and cultural beliefs.The four novels are of supreme artistic standards, representing the peak of China's classic novels.Lots of the characters and scenes in the books are well-known in China and have exerted profound influences on the ideology and values of the entire nation.Highly valuable for the research of China's ancient customs, feudal system, and social life, the four classic novels are precious cultural relics of China as well as the human society as a whole.第三單元
一、英譯漢
With the development of computer science and the Internet technology, social networking services(SNS)have come to be a widely popular platform to build social networks or social relations among people in recent years.SNS are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, create a list of users with whom to share connection, and view and cross the connections within the system.Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate new information and communication tools, allowing users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, interests with people in their network.SNS have affected the social life and activity of people in various ways.With its availability on many mobile devices, a social networking service allows the users to continuously stay in touch with friends, relatives and other acquaintances wherever they are in the world, as long as there is access to the Internet.A social networking service can also unite people with common interests and beliefs through groups and other pages, and has been known to reunite lost family members and friends because of the widespread reach of its network.近年來,隨著計算機科學和互聯網技術的發展,社交網絡服務(SNS)已經成為人們構建社交網絡和社會關系的一個廣受歡迎的平臺。SNS是基于網頁的服務,允許個人創建面向公眾的個人簡介,創建用戶名單以分享社會聯系,并對系統內的關系網進行瀏覽和交叉連接。社交網站多種多樣,可整合各種新的信息及通訊工具,并允許用戶跟網絡中的其他人分享觀點、圖片、帖子、活動、事件以及興趣愛好等。SNS已通過各種方式影響到人們的社會生活以及社交活動。隨著各種移動設備對SNS訪問的實現,只要能連接上互聯網,用戶在世界上的任何地方都能一直與朋友、親戚及其他認識的人保持聯絡。SNS還可讓擁有相同興趣和信念的人通過群組或其他頁面建立聯系,同時,由于其網絡分布廣闊,還能讓失散的家庭成員或朋友重新團聚,這點早已為人所知。
二、漢譯英
近年來,隨著互聯網技術的迅猛發展,互聯網經濟已成為一個熱門話題。以蓬勃發展的電子商務為代表的互聯網經濟已成為經濟發展的重要引擎。我國政府高度重視發展互聯網經濟,提出了“互聯網+”的概念,以推動互聯網與醫療、交通、教育、金融、公共服務等領域的結合。這將為互聯網經濟的發展提供極大的發展潛力和更廣闊的發展空間。隨著“互聯網+”戰略的深入實施,互聯網必將與更多傳統行業進一步融合,助力打造“中國經濟升級版”。In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet economy has become a hot issue.As represented by the promising E-commerce, the Internet economy has become a strong driving force for the economic development.Our government attaches great importance to developing the Internet economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integrate Internet with other industries, such as health care, transportation, education, finance, and public service.This will create great potential and broad prospects for the development of the Internet economy.With the implementation of the “Internet Plus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integrated with more traditional industries and help build “the upgraded version of the Chinese economy”.第三單元
一、英譯漢
Baroque architecture is a building style that flourished in Europe between the late 16th and mid-18th century.It evolved out of Renaissance architecture in Italy, when the Renaissance architects began to get bored of the symmetry(對稱)and same old forms they had been using for the past 200 years, and started to make bold, curving and not at all symmetrical buildings called the Baroque buildings.Baroque-style buildings share some common characteristics.Marble, gilt(鍍金)and bronze were the materials the Baroque architects used in abundance.Oval was the most distinct and a very common shape incorporated into Baroque architecture.Dramatic use of light is important, and is achieved either through strong light-and-shade contrasts or uniform lighting by means of windows.Opulent use of color and ornaments is prevalent, as can be seen in the large-scale frescoes(濕壁畫)painted on the ceilings.There is usually a central projection that is quite large and juts outward, and domes erected in a pear shape are often seen.The most well-known Baroque buildings include the St.Paul's Cathedral in the UK and the Palace of Versailles in France.Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini were the two main architects of the Baroque era.巴洛克建筑是一種建筑風格,興盛于16世紀晚期至18世紀中期的歐洲。它由意大利文藝復興時期的建筑發展而來,當時文藝復興建筑師開始對過去200多年來一直沿用的對稱的、一成不變的舊建筑形式感到厭倦,開始建造醒目的、具有曲線性而非對稱的巴洛克建筑。巴洛克風格的建筑有一些共同特征。大理石、鍍金、青銅是巴洛克建筑師大量使用的材料。橢圓形是巴洛克建筑最鮮明且十分常見的形狀。戲劇性的光照運用也是其重要特征,主要是通過強烈的光影對比或由窗戶進入的均勻光線來實現。豐富的色彩和裝飾運用也很常見,這從天花板上的大幅壁畫中可以看出。巴洛克建筑通常正中還有一個相當大并且向外突出的部分,梨形的拱頂也十分常見。最著名的巴洛克建筑包括英國的圣保羅大教堂和法國的凡爾賽宮。杰安?勞倫佐?貝尼尼和弗朗西斯科?博羅米尼是巴洛克時期兩位主要的建筑師。
二、漢譯英
蘇州園林是中國古典園林最杰出的代表,大部分為私家所有。蘇州園林始于春秋,興于宋元,盛于明清。清末蘇州已有各色園林170余處,為其贏得了“園林之城”的稱號。現保存完好的園林有60多處,對外開放的有十余處。其中滄浪亭、獅子林、拙政園和留園分別代表著宋、元、明、清四個朝代的藝術風格,被稱為“蘇州四大名園”。蘇州園林宅園合一,可賞,可游,可居,其建筑規制反映了中國古代江南民間的生活方式和禮儀習俗。蘇州園林不僅是歷史文化的產物,同時也是中國傳統思想文化的載體。1997年,蘇州園林被聯合國教科文組織列入“世界遺產名錄”。
Suzhou gardens are the most outstanding representatives of classical Chinese gardens.Most of them were privately-owned.The gardens first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties.By the late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as many as over 170 gardens of diverse styles, winning it the name “The City of Gardens”.Now, over 60 gardens are kept in good condition, of which more than 10 are open to the public.The Surging Wave Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Lingering Garden are called the four most famous gardens in Suzhou, representing the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.Suzhou gardens are assemblies of residences and gardens, which makes them suitable places for living, visiting and appreciating.The architectural principles of the gardens are a demonstration of the lifestyles and social customs of the ancient Chinese people in the south of the Lower Yangtze River.Suzhou gardens are not only a product of Chinese history and culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture.In 1997, Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.第五單元
一、英譯漢
The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation at the dawn of modern European history.It began in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe, immediately following the Middle Ages and spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century.The Renaissance was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning, wisdom and values from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras.Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study and searched for realism and human emotion in art.Scientists no longer accepted the teachings of the Church at face value.Instead, they studied the natural world through their own observation and experimentation.Likewise, artists developed new techniques and achieved more advanced effects by applying mathematics and optics(光學)to paintings, sculpture and other art forms.The Renaissance profoundly changed the European intellectual life in the early modern period.Through the rediscovery of ancient texts, it triggered both a rebirth of classical learning and a rebirth of European culture in general.Its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, and many other fields.文藝復興是一場影響巨大的文化運動。它在現代歐洲史的開端時期開創了一個科學革命和藝術變革時代。它始于意大利,之后蔓延到歐洲其他國家。它緊接在中世紀之后,貫穿14至17世紀。文藝復興時期的特點是,人們對古希臘和古羅馬時期的古典知識、智慧和價值觀重新煥發了興趣。文藝復興時期的學者在學術中采用人文方法,在藝術上追尋現實主義和人類情感。科學家們不再一味地接受教堂傳播的說教。相反,他們通過觀察和實驗來研究自然世界。同樣,藝術家們將數學和光學運用到繪畫、雕塑及其他藝術形式中,從而發展出新技術,并取得了更高水平的藝術效果。文藝復興深刻地改變了現代早期的歐洲知識界。它通過對古代文獻的重新發現,觸發了古典知識和整個歐洲文化的重生。文學、哲學、藝術、政治、科學及其他許多領域都能感受到它的影響
二、漢譯英
中華文明曾對世界文明產生過重大影響。近年來,隨著我國經濟的發展和國際地位的提升,歷史悠久的中國文化正引起世界新的關注。越來越多的中國元素為當今世界時尚、文學、影視作品等提供了創作靈感,成為熱門題材。這一現象表明,世界需要中國文化。在這種背景下,我國決定實施文化“走出去”的戰略,以加強中國與世界其他各國的文化交流。經過數年的努力,這項工程已經取得了很大成績。文化“走出去”大力推動了我國文化產業的發展,正成為提升我國國家形象和綜合實力的有效途徑。
Chinese civilization once had a significant influence on world civilization.With the development of our country's economy and the rise of her international status in recent years, Chinese culture, which has a long history, is once again attracting global attention.More and more Chinese cultural elements provide inspiration for and become popular subjects of fashions, literature and movies around the world.This shows that the world needs Chinese culture.It was in this context that China decided to implement the “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhance her cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.After several years' efforts, great achievements have been made in this respect.“Culture Exporting” has greatly promoted the development of our cultural industries.It is becoming an effective approach through which China enhances her national image and comprehensive strength.
第三篇:新視野大學英語 讀寫教程4課文翻譯
UNIT 1
藝術家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了繼續追逐不知還能做些什么。成功之殘酷正在于它常常讓那些追逐成功者自尋毀滅。
對一名正努力追求成功并剛剛嶄露頭角的藝術家,其親朋常常會建議“正經的飯碗不能丟!”他們的擔心不無道理。追求出人頭地,最樂觀地說也困難重重,許多人到最后即使不是窮困潦倒,也是幾近精神崩潰。盡管如此,希望贏得追星族追捧和同行贊揚之類的不太純潔的動機卻在激勵著他們向前。享受成功的無上光榮,這種誘惑不是能輕易抵擋的。
成名者之所以成名,大多是因為發揮了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、繪畫或寫作等方面的特長,并能形成自己的風格 為了能迅速走紅,代理人會極力吹捧他們這種風格。他們青云直上的過程讓人看不清楚。他們究竟是怎么成功的,大多數人也都說不上來。
盡管如此,藝術家仍然不能閑下來。
若表演者、畫家或作家感到無聊,他們的作品就難以繼續保持以前的吸引力,也就難以保持公眾的注意力。公眾的熱情消磨以后,就會去追捧下一個走紅的人。
有些藝術家為了不落伍,會對他們的寫作、跳舞或唱歌的風格稍加變動,但這將冒極大的失寵的危險。公眾對于他們藉以成名的藝術風格以外的任何形式都將不屑一顧。
知名作家的文風一眼就能看出來,如田納西·威廉斯的戲劇、歐內斯特·海明威的情節安排、羅伯特·弗羅斯特或 T.S.艾略特的詩歌等。
同樣,像莫奈、雷諾阿、達利這樣的畫家,希區柯克、費里尼、斯皮爾伯格、陳凱歌或張藝謀這樣的電影制作人也是如此。他們鮮明獨特的藝術風格標志著與別人不同的藝術形式上的重大變革,這讓他們名利雙收,但也讓他們付出了代價,那就是失去了用其他風格或形式表現自我的自由。名氣這盞聚光燈可比熱帶叢林還要炙熱。
騙局很快會被揭穿,過多的關注帶來的壓力會讓大多數人難以承受。
它讓你失去自我。你必須是公眾認可的那個你,而不是真實的你或是可能的你。藝人,就像政客一樣,必須常常說些違心或連自己都不完全相信的話來取悅聽眾
一滴名氣之水有可能玷污人的心靈這一整口井,因此一個藝術家若能保持真我,會格外讓人驚嘆。你可能答不上來哪些人沒有妥協,卻仍然在這場名利的游戲中獲勝。
一個例子就是愛爾蘭著名作家奧斯卡·王爾德,他在社交行為和性行為方面以我行我素而聞名于世。雖然他的行為遭到公眾的反對卻依然故我,他也因此付出了慘痛的代價。
在一次宴會上,他一位密友的母親當著他的朋友和崇拜者的面,指責他在性方面影響了她的兒子。他聽了她的話以后大為光火,起訴了這個年輕人的母親,聲稱她毀了自己的“好”名聲。
但是,他真該請一個更好的律師。
結果是,法官不僅不支持他提出的讓這個女人賠償他名聲損失費的請求,反而對他本人進行了罰款。他由于拒交罰款最終還被送進了監獄。更糟糕的是,他再也無法獲得更多公眾的寵愛。在最糟糕的時候,他發現沒有一個人愿意拿自己的名聲冒險來替他說話。為保持真我,他付出的代價是,在最需要崇拜者時,誰也不理他。奇怪的是,收獲最大的恰恰是失敗者。他們收獲了自由!
他們可以自由地表達,獨辟蹊徑,不落窠臼,不用擔心失去崇拜者的支持。
失敗的藝術家尋求安慰時,可以想想許多偉大的藝術家都是過世多年以后才成名,或是他們沒有出賣自己。他們也可以為自己的失敗辯解:自己的才華實在過于高深,不是當代聽眾或觀眾所理解得了的。
那些失敗了卻仍不肯放棄的頑固派也許會樂于知道,某些名人曾經如何越挫越勇,直至成功。美國小說家托馬斯·伍爾芙的第一本小說《向家鄉看吧,安琪兒》被拒39次后,才最終得以出版。貝多芬戰勝了父親認為他毫無音樂家潛質的偏見,成為世界上最偉大的音樂家。
19世紀瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齊原先干的工作沒有一件成功,直到他想到去教小孩子,并研究出一種新型教育模式的基礎理論托馬斯·愛迪生在四年級時被趕出了學校,因為老師覺得他似乎太遲鈍。但不幸的是,對大多數人而言,失敗是奮斗的結束,而不是開始。
對那些孤注一擲的追名逐利之徒,我要說:祝你們好運。但是,遺憾的是,你會發現這不是你想得到的。狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一條尾巴而已。
獲得成功的人常常發現成功對他來說弊大于利。
所以要為真實的你、為自己的所為感到高興,而不是拼命去獲得成功。做那些你為之感到驕傲的事情。
可能在有生之年你默默無聞,但你可能創作了更好的藝術。UNIT 2
他出生在倫敦南部的一個貧困地區。
他穿的短襪是從媽媽的紅色長襪上剪下來的。他的媽媽一度被診斷為精神失常。
狄更斯或許能創作出查理·卓別林的童年故事,但只有查理·卓別林才能塑造出了不起的喜劇角色“流浪漢”,這個使其創作者聲名永駐的衣衫襤褸的小人物。
就卓別林而言,其他國家,如法國、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地給予了他更多的掌聲(和更多的收益)。在1913年,卓別林永久地離開了英國,與一些演員一起啟程到美國進行舞臺喜劇表演。在那里,他被星探招募到好萊塢喜劇片之王麥克·塞納特的旗下工作。
令人遺憾的是,20世紀二、三十年代的很多英國人認為卓別林的“流浪漢”多少有點“粗俗”。
中產階級當然這樣認為。勞動階層反倒更有可能為這樣一個反抗權勢的角色拍手喝彩:他以頑皮的小拐杖使絆子,或用皮靴后跟對準權勢者肥大的臀部踢一下。
盡管如此,卓別林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英國人,甚至也不像勞動階級的人。
英國流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的褲子或燕尾服:歐洲的領導人和意大利的侍者才那樣穿戴。
另外,“流浪漢”瞟著漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英國觀眾認為不太正派──只有外國人才那樣,不是嗎? 而在卓別林大半的銀幕生涯中,銀幕上的他是不出聲的,也就無從證明他是英國人。
事實上,當卓別林再也無法抵制有聲電影,不得不為他的“流浪漢”尋找“合適的聲音”時,他確實很頭疼。
他盡可能地推遲那一天的到來:在 1936 的《摩登時代》里,他第一次在影片里發聲唱歌。在片中,他扮演一名侍者,滿口胡言亂語,聽起來不像任何國家的語言。
后來他說,他想象中的“流浪漢”是一位受過大學教育,但已經沒落的紳士。
但假如他在早期那些短小的喜劇電影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否會聞名世界就難說了,而英國人也肯定會覺得這很“古怪”。沒有人知道卓別林這么干是不是有意的,但這促使他獲得了巨大的成功。他是一個才能非凡的人,他的決心之大甚至在好萊塢明星中也十分少見。
他的巨大名聲為他帶來了自由,更重要的是帶來了財富,他因此得以成為自己的主人。在事業發展之初,他就感到一種沖動要去發掘并擴展自己身上所顯露的天才。
當他第一次在銀幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪漢”時,他說:“這不可能是我。那可能嗎?瞧這角色多么與眾不同啊!”
這種震驚喚起了他的想象。
卓別林并沒有把他的笑料事先寫成文字。他是那種邊表演邊根據感覺去創造藝術的喜劇演員。沒有生命的物體特別有助于卓別林發揮自己藝術家的天賦。他將這些物體想象成其他東西。
因此,在《當鋪老板》中,一個壞鬧鐘變成了正在接受手術的“病人”;在《淘金記》中,靴子被放在鍋里煮,靴底被蘸著鹽和胡椒吃掉,就像上好的魚片一樣(鞋釘就像魚骨那樣被剔除)。
這種對事物的轉化,以及他一次又一次做出這種轉化的技巧,正是卓別林偉大喜劇的奧秘所在。他也深切地渴望被愛,同時也害怕遭到背叛。
這兩者很難結合在一起,有時這種沖突導致了災難,就像他早期的幾次婚姻那樣。然而即使是這種以沉重代價換來的自知之明也在他的喜劇創作中得到了表現。
“流浪漢”始終沒有失去對賣花女的信心,相信她正等待著與自己共同走進夕陽之中;而卓別林的另一面使他的凡爾杜先生,一個殺了妻子的法國人,成為了仇恨女人的象征。
令人寬慰的是,生活最終把卓別林先前沒能獲得的穩定和幸福給了他。
他找到了沃娜·奧尼爾·卓別林這個伴侶。她的沉穩和深情跨越了他們之間37歲的年齡差距。他們的年齡差別太大,以致當194年他們要結婚時,新娘公布了他們的結婚日期后,為他們辦理手續的官員問這位漂亮的17歲姑娘:“那個年輕人在哪兒?”──當時已經54歲的卓別林小心翼翼在外面等候著。由于沃娜本人出生在一個被各種麻煩困擾的大家庭,她對卓別林生活中將面臨的挑戰也做好了充分準備,因為當時關于他倆有很多毫無根據的流言。后來在他那個有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中,卓別林有時會引發爭吵,而她則成了安寧的中心。
卓別林死于1977年圣誕節。
幾個月后,幾個近乎可笑的盜尸者從他的家庭墓室盜走了他的尸體以借此詐錢。
警方追回了他的尸體,其效率比麥克·塞納特拍攝的啟斯東喜劇片中的笨拙警察要高得多。但是人們不禁會感到,卓別林一定會把這一奇怪的事件看作是對他的十分恰當的紀念──他以這種方式給這個自己曾為之帶去這么多笑聲的世界留下最后的笑聲。UNIT 3
人人都覺得福利救濟對象是在騙人。
當我認識的許多坐輪椅的人面臨與寵物貓分吃生貓食的窘境時,都會向福利機構多騙取幾美元。
為了能領到一點額外的福利款,他們告訴政府說他們實際上少拿了200美元的養老金,或告訴社會工作者,說房東又將房租漲了100 美元。
我選擇了過一種完全誠實的生活,因此我不會那樣做,而是四處找活,攬些畫漫畫的活。
我甚至還告訴福利機構我賺了多少錢!哦,私下里領一筆錢當然對我挺有吸引力,但即使我擋不住這種誘惑,我投稿的那些大雜志也不會去給自己惹麻煩。
他們會保留我的記錄,而這些記錄會直接進入政府的電腦。真是態度鮮明,毫不含糊。作為一名福利救濟對象,我必須在社會工作者面前卑躬屈膝。
社會工作者心里知道,許多救濟對象在欺騙他們,因此他們覺得,作為補償,他們有權讓救濟對象向他們點頭哈腰。我并不是故意感到忿忿不平。
大多數社會工作者剛開始時都是些大學畢業生,有理想,而且思想開明。
可是,在這個實際上是要人撒謊的體制里干了幾年后,他們就變得與那個叫“蘇珊娜”的人一樣了──一個穿運動短褲的偵探。去年圣誕節過后不久,蘇珊娜到我家來了解情況,看到墻上貼著新的宣傳畫,便想知道:“你從哪兒弄到錢來買這些?”“從朋友和家人那兒。”
“那么,你最好要張收據,真的,你接受任何捐獻或禮物都要報告。”她這是在暗示我:得哀求她了。但是我卻將她頂了回去。“那天在馬路上有人給我一根煙,我也得報告嗎?”“對不起,卡拉漢先生,可是規定不是我制訂的。” 蘇珊娜試圖就修理輪椅的問題訓斥我。由于福利部門不愿意花錢好好地修理,所以它總是壞。“您是知道的,卡拉漢先生,我聽說您的那輛輪椅比一般人用得多得多。” 我當然用得多,我是個工作很積極的人,又不是植物人。
我住在鬧市區附近,可以坐著輪椅到處走走。我真想知道如果她突然摔壞臀部,不得不爬著去上班時,會是什么感受。政府削減福利開支已經導致許多人挨餓受苦,我只是其中之一。但它對脊柱傷殘的人的影響更為突出:政府已經不管我們的輪椅了每次我的輪椅出問題,掉了螺絲,需要換個新軸承,或剎車不靈時,我都打電話給蘇珊娜,但每次都要挨訓。她最后總會說:“好吧,如果今天我能抽出時間的話,我會找醫務人員的。”
她該通知醫務人員,由醫務人員來確認問題確實存在,然后打電話給各家輪椅維修公司,拿到最低的報價。接著醫務人員就通知州政府的福利總部,他們再花幾天時間考慮這件事。而這期間我只能躺在床上,動彈不得。最后,如果我幸運的話,他們會給我回電話,同意維修。當福利部門獲悉我畫漫畫賺錢時,蘇珊娜就開始每兩個星期“拜訪”我一次,而不再是每兩個月一次了。她尋遍每個角落,想找出我未上報的電器,或者是女仆、烤爐里的烤豬、停在房后新買的直升飛機什么的。她從來都是一無所獲,但最后我總要填厚厚的一疊表格,說明每一分錢的來歷。
如何逐漸脫離福利照顧,這在法律條款中沒有明確規定。我是一個獨立的生意人,正在慢慢建立起自己的市場。
要脫離福利救濟,一下子每月掙2, 000美元是不可能的。但我很想自己負擔部分生活費用,不必在每次需要為輪椅買點配件時都去尷尬地求人。
真需要有一位律師來捍衛福利救濟對象的權利,因為這一福利體制不僅容易使福利提供者濫用權力,也很容易使救濟對象濫用權力前幾天,由于藥劑師說我使用的醫療用品超出常量,于是福利部門派蘇珊娜到我的住所調查。我確實多用了,因為外科手術中切的排尿孔的大小改變了,尿袋的連接處發生滲漏。
她正做著記錄,我家的電話鈴響了。蘇珊娜接聽了電話,是一位州議員打來的,這使她慌了一下。
數以千計像我這樣的福利救濟對象,如果允許的話,可以慢慢地負擔自己的一部分甚至全部生活費用,對此,我要不要在州政府的委員會里嘗試著做點兒什么呢?
還用說嗎?我當然要!總有一天,像我這樣的福利救濟對象將在一種新的福利制度下過上好日子,這種制度不會千方百計證明福利救濟對象在欺騙,而是要鼓勵他們自立。
他們將能自由地、毫無愧疚、毫不擔憂地發揮他們的才干,或擁有一份穩定的好工作。UNIT 4
一個將會大大提高發展中國家生活水準的轉變正方興未艾。
一些不久前還是信息閉塞的地方正在迅速獲得最新的通信技術,這將促進他們吸納國內外投資。亞洲、拉丁美洲和東歐的許多國家也許需要10年時間來改善其交通、電力供應和其他公用設施。但是只一根直徑小于半毫米的光纖電纜就可以比由銅絲制成的粗電纜承載更多的信息。
由于安裝了光纖電纜、數字轉換器和最新的無線傳輸系統,從北京到布達佩斯的一系列城區和工業區正在直接步入信息時代。一個蛛網般的數字和無線通信網絡已經發展到亞洲的大部分地區和東歐的部分地區。
所有這些發展中地區都把先進的通信技術看作一種跨越經濟發展諸階段的途徑。
例如,信息技術的廣泛應用有望縮短勞動密集型的組裝工業轉向涉及工程、營銷和設計的那些產業所需的時間。現代通信技術“將使中國、越南這樣的國家比那些困于舊技術的國家擁有巨大的優勢”。
這些國家應以多快的速度向前發展是人們爭論的一個問題。
許多專家認為,越南在目前急需電話的情況下,卻要求所有的移動電話都必須是昂貴的數字型電話,這種做法太超前了。一位專家說:“這些國家缺乏成本估算和選擇技術的經驗。”
然而毋庸爭辯,通信技術將是區分輸贏的關鍵因素。看一看俄羅斯的情況吧。
由于其堅實的數學和科學教育基礎,它應該在信息時代有繁榮的發展。問題是,它的國內電話系統是一堆生銹的20世紀30年代的老古董。
為了解決這一問題,俄羅斯已經開始鋪設光纖電纜,并制定了投入400億美元建設多項通信工程的戰略計劃。但是由于其經濟陷于低迷,幾乎沒有資金來著手解決最基本的問題。
與俄羅斯相比,在未來10年中,中國大陸計劃對通信設備投入1,000億美元。
從某種意義上說,中國的落后成了一種有利因素,因為這一發展正好發生在新技術比銅線電纜系統更便宜的時候。到1995年底,中國除了拉薩以外的省會都將有數字轉換器和高容量的光纖網,這意味著其主要城市正在具備必需的基礎設施,成為信息高速公路的主要部分,使人們能夠進入系統,獲得最先進的服務。電信工程也是上海實現其成為一流的金融中心這一夢想的關鍵。
為了能給國際投資者提供其所期望的電子數據和無紙化交易方面的出色服務,上海計劃建設與曼哈頓同樣強大的電信網絡。
與此同時,匈牙利也希望躍入現代世界。目前,有70萬匈牙利人等著裝電話。
為了部分地解決資金問題,加速引進西方技術,匈牙利將國有電話公司30%的股份出售給了兩家西方公司。為進一步減少電話待裝戶,匈牙利已將權利出租給一家荷蘭-斯堪的納維亞企業集團,來建造并經營一個據說位居世界先進行列的數字移動電話系統。
事實上,無線方式是在發展中國家快速建設電話系統的最受歡迎的方式之一。建造無線電發射塔要比翻山越嶺架設線路更便宜。而且,急切盼望可靠服務的企業樂于花費可觀的高價來換取無線電話服務──其資費通常是固定線路電話資費的二至四倍。
整個拉丁美洲對無線通信的需求和使用已急速增長。
對于無線電話服務商來說,沒有任何地方的業務比拉丁美洲更好了──在那里有一個營運點就好像有一堆無窮無盡供你使用的鈔票。
在四個無線電話市場有營運點的貝爾南方電話公司估計,來自于其每個客戶的平均年收入均為2,000美元,而在美國僅為860美元產生這種情況的部分原因是拉丁美洲客戶的通話時間是北美洲客戶的二至四倍。
泰國也在求助于無線通信方式,以便讓泰國人在發生交通堵塞時更好地利用時間。
而且在泰國,從辦公室往外打電話或發傳真并不那么容易:待裝電話的名單上有一二百萬個名字。因此移動電話在商務人士中成為時尚,他們在交通堵塞時也能與外界保持聯系。
越南正在做一個最大膽的跳躍。
盡管越南人均年收入只有220美元,它計劃每年增加的30萬條線路將全部為有數字轉換功能的光纖電纜,而不是那些以銅線傳送電子信號的廉價系統。
由于現在就選用了下一代的技術,越南負責通信的官員說他們能夠在數十年中與亞洲的任何一個國家保持同步。對于那些長期落后的國家來說,一躍而名列前茅的誘惑難以抵御。
而且,盡管他們會犯錯誤,他們仍會堅持不懈──總有一天,他們將能在信息高速公路上與美國和西歐并駕齊驅。UNIT 5
事實如此,我們孤獨無依地生活著。據最近的統計,共有2,200萬人獨自生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜歡這種生活,有些卻不喜歡。
有些離了婚,有些鰥寡無伴,也有些從未結過婚。
孤獨或許是這里的一種民族弊病,我們羞于承認它,甚于其他任何罪惡。
而另一方面,故意選擇獨處,拒絕別人的陪伴而非為同伴所棄,卻是美國式英雄的一個特點。孤獨的獵人或探險者去鹿群和狼群中冒險,征服廣袤的荒野時,并不需要有人陪伴。梭羅獨居在湖畔的小屋,有意疏離了城市生活。現在,這成了你的個性。
獨處的靈感是詩人和哲學家最有用的東西。他們都贊成獨處,都因能夠獨處而自視甚高,至少在他們匆忙趕回家喝茶之前的一兩個小時之內是這樣。就拿多蘿西·華茲華斯來說吧,她幫哥哥威廉穿上外衣,為他找到筆記本和鉛筆,向他揮手告別,目送他走進早春的陽光去獨自對花沉思。
他寫道:“獨處多么優雅,愜意。” 毫無疑問,如果自愿獨處,感覺要好得多。
看看彌爾頓的女兒們:她們為他準備好墊子和毯子,然后躡手躡腳地走開,以便他能創作詩歌。然而他并不自己費神將詩歌寫下來,而是喚回女兒們,向她們口述,由她們記下來。也許你已經注意到,這些藝術家類型的人,大多是到戶外獨處,而家里則自有親人備好了熱茶,等著他們回家。
美國的獨處代表人物是梭羅。
我們欽佩他,并非因為他能自力更生,而是因為他孤身一人在瓦爾登湖畔生活,他喜歡這樣──獨居在湖畔的樹林中。實際上,他最近的鄰居離他只有一英里,走路也就20分鐘;鐵路離他半英里;交通繁忙的大路距他300碼。整天都有人進出他的小屋,請教他何以能夠如此高潔。
顯然,他的高潔之處主要在于:他既沒有妻子也沒有仆人,自己動手用斧頭砍柴,自己洗杯洗碟。我不知道誰為他洗衣服,他沒說,但他也肯定沒提是他自己洗。聽聽他是怎么說的:“我從未發現比獨處更好的伙伴。”
梭羅以自尊自重為伴。
也許這里的啟示是:自我意識越強,就越不需要其他的人在周圍。我們越是感覺謙卑,就越受孤獨的折磨,感到僅與自己相處遠遠不夠。
若與別人同住,他們的小別會使你感到耳目一新。孤獨將會于星期四結束。
如果今天我提到自己時使用的是單數人稱代詞,那么下星期我就會使用復數形式。
其他人不在的時候,你可以放飛自己的靈魂,讓它充滿整個房間。你可以充分享受自由,隨意來去而無需道歉。你可以熬夜讀書大泡浴缸、一口氣吃掉整整一品脫的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的節奏行動。暫別的人會回來。
他們的冬季防水大衣還放在衣櫥里,狗也在窗邊密切留意他們歸來的身影。
但如果你單獨居住,那么朋友或熟人的暫時離別會使你感到空虛,也許他們永遠也不會回來了。
孤獨的感覺時起時落,但我們卻永遠需要與人交談。這比需要傾聽更重要。
噢,我們都有朋友,可以把大事要事向他們傾訴。我們可以打電話對朋友說我們丟了工作,或者說我們在濕滑的地板上摔倒了,跌斷了胳膊。
每日不斷的瑣碎抱怨,對各種事情的看法和意見,積在那兒,塞滿了我們的心。我們不會真打電話給一位朋友,說我們收到了姐姐的一個包裹,或者說現在天黑得比較早,或者說我們不信任最高法院新來的法官科學調查表明,獨居的人會對著自己、對著寵物、對著電視機嘮叨不休。我們問貓兒今天該穿藍色套裝還是黃色裙裝,問鸚鵡今天晚餐該做牛排還是面條。
我們跟自己爭論那個花樣滑冰選手和這個滑雪運動員到底誰更了不起。這沒什么不妥,也對我們有好處,而且不像有些人那么令人尷尬:在超市付款處,排在前面的女人告訴收銀員,她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能會來看她。梅莉莎非常喜歡熱巧克力,所以她買了速溶熱巧克力粉,雖然她自己從來不喝這東西。重要的是保持理性。
重要的是不再等待,而是安頓下來,使自己過得舒服,至少暫時要這樣。要在我們自身的條件下發現一些優雅和樂趣,不要做一個以自我為中心的英國詩人,而要像一個被關在塔樓里的公主,耐心地等待著我們的童話故事迎來快樂的結局。畢竟,事已至此,這或許不是我們所期望的局面,但眼下我們不妨稱之為家吧。不管怎么說,沒有什么地方比家更好。UNIT 6
商科學生有時對課程里包含商業道德課略感吃驚。他們通常沒意識到在很多國家,形形色色的賄賂行為正日益增多。在某些國家這已成為人們幾百年來的一種生活方式。假定在一場與政府官員的談判中,貿易部長向你明確表示如能給他一大筆賄賂,那么你的商品拿到進口許可證就會容易得多,還可能避免他所說的“程序上的延誤”。現在的問題是:你是被迫掏錢呢,還是堅持原則?
高尚的道德標準說起來容易,但實際上人們在這種情況下究竟會怎么做呢? 早些時候,一家英國汽車制造商被指控利用一筆基金行賄,并進行其他一些可疑運作,如給代理商和客戶高額回扣、提供額外折扣向一些在瑞士銀行開的匿名賬戶匯款等。
這家汽車公司否認了這些指控,后來指控也被撤銷了。
然而,當時英國汽車業里就有人準備私下里說:“瞧,我們這一行競爭激烈,每年我們汽車的海外銷售額超過10億英鎊。
如果花幾百萬英鎊能讓一些客戶高興,誰會有損失呢? 我們不這樣干,別人也會這樣干的。”
很容易產生這樣的印象:賄賂以及其他可疑開支正日漸增多。的確,這似乎已成為商界的一個事實。
僅舉一例:美國第三大汽車制造企業克萊斯勒汽車公司透露,它在1971至1976年間共發生了250萬美元的可疑開支。這一事實的披露,使克萊斯勒與其他300多家美國公司一樣,向美國證券交易委員會承認自己近年曾有過某種形式的支出,像賄賂額外打折等。
為方便討論起見,我們可將這些支出分為三大類。
第一大類是那些為政治目的或為獲得大宗合同所付出的大筆款項。
比如,有一家美國企業曾因可能違反美國商業法規而受調查,當時它捐出一大筆款項支持一位總統候選人。后來發現,這家公司也打算資助美國推翻智利政府的秘密行動。
這一大類也包括為得到武器銷售或重大的石油、建筑等項目的合同而向權勢家族及其身邊的顧問所付出的大筆款項。
在一樁涉及對伊朗武器銷售的案子中,一位證人聲稱一家英國公司曾付給某“洽談人”100萬英鎊。此人幫忙做成了一筆向伊朗提供坦克和其他軍事裝備的交易。
據聞其他國家也是如此,向外國公司施壓,要他們向黨派組織的賬戶捐款。第二大類包括旨在促使政府加快對某些工程項目的正式批準而作的支出。
關于這一點有個有趣的例子:有個銷售經理幾個月來一直試圖向加勒比地區一個國家的建工部長推銷道路工程機械。后來,他想到了辦法。
了解到建工部長收藏珍本書,他買了一本書的珍藏版,在書里夾了兩萬美元,將其送給部長。部長看了書的內容后說:“我知道這書有兩卷本的。”
機敏的銷售經理答道:“先生,我們公司買不起兩卷本,不過可以給你弄一本帶‘前言’的!” 不久,這筆生意獲準了。
第三大類指某些國家按照傳統做法付給在交易中起作用的人的費用。中東的一些國家和某些亞洲國家的做法都屬此類。
是否有可能制訂一套公司法規,防止各種類型的賄賂呢? 國際商會(ICC)贊成用一套行為準則來制止行賄索賄。
這一準則試圖區分哪些是真正為服務所付的傭金,哪些是等同于賄賂的過高費用。已經成立了一個委員會來實際操作這一準則。
可惜的是,國際商會委員們就如何實行這一法規的意見不一。英國委員們希望這一體系有充分的法律效力以使公司規范行事。而法國代表認為制定和實施法律是政府的事。
像國際商會這樣的商業團體該做的是表明孰對孰錯,而非強制實行什么。
在一家知名英國報紙上,最近有位作者指出“企業已陷入賄賂網”,人人都“貪贓枉法”。這一說法可能有些夸張。
然而,如今做海外銷售的商人們常常難以做到既確保自己的商業利益,又無愧于道德良心。UNIT 7
《人類基因的歷史與地理分布》盡管不是嚴格意義上的暢銷書,卻是一本匯集了50多年人類遺傳學方面研究成果的好書。它對人類在基因層面上的差異作了迄今為止最為廣泛的調查,得出了明確的結論:如果不考慮影響膚色、身高等表面特征的基因,不同的“種族”在外表之下相似地令人吃驚。
個體之間的差異遠遠大于群體之間的差異。實際上,那種認為某一種群比另一種群的基因更優越的理論是毫無科學根據的。
然而,此書還不僅僅是對目前的種族偏見理論的反駁。
這一項目的主要倡導者,斯坦福大學教授路卡·卡瓦里-斯福爾扎,與同事一起經過16年的努力,繪制了這一世界上首幅人類基因分布圖譜。
此書的一大特點是提供了500多幅圖,顯示了相同的遺傳基因所處的區域,這很像其他地圖上用同樣的顏色標示同樣海拔高度的地區。
通過測定當前人類種群間的親緣關系,作者們勾繪了地球上早期人類遷徙的路線。他們的研究結果相當于一份全球家譜。
他們在人類血液中找到了繪制這一家譜所需的信息:不同的蛋白質就是顯示一個人的基因構成的標志。作者們利用幾十年來科學家們收集的數據,匯編成了近2,000個群體中成千上萬個個體的數據圖。
為了確保種群的“純正”,這項研究將對象限定于自1492年起,即歐洲最初的大規模遷徙之前就一直居住在現生活區域的那些群體。這實際上就是一幅哥倫布駛向美洲時期的世界人口基因分布圖。收集血樣,特別是到偏遠地區的古老人群中收集血樣,并非總是易事。潛在的供血者通常不敢合作,或存在宗教上的擔心。
有一次在非洲農村,正當卡瓦里·斯福爾扎要從兒童身上采血時,一個憤怒的村民手執斧頭出現在他面前。這位科學家回憶道:“我記得他說,‘如果你從孩子們身上抽血,我就要放你的血。’那個人是擔心我們可能用這些血來施魔法。”盡管有困難,科學家們還是取得了一些引人注目的發現。
其中之一就醒目地印在此書封面上:人類基因變異彩圖表明,非洲與澳洲分別位于變化范圍的兩端。
因為澳洲土著和非洲黑人之間有一些共同的外表特征,如膚色、體型等,所以被普遍認為有密切的親緣關系。但是他們的基因卻表明并非如此。
在所有人種中,澳洲人與非洲人的關系最遠,而與其鄰居東南亞人非常接近。
我們所看到的人種差異,例如歐洲人與非洲人的差異,主要是人類從一個大陸向另一個大陸遷徙時為適應氣候所產生的。結合對遠古人骨的研究,這一圖譜證實了非洲是人類的誕生地,因而也是人類遷徙的始發地。
這些發現,再加上現代非洲人與非非洲人之間的巨大基因差異,說明了從非洲種群開始的分支是人類家譜上最早的分支。這一基因分布圖譜對長期以來困繞著科學家的人種起源問題也做出了新的解釋。南部非洲的科伊桑人就是一個例子。
很多科學家認為科伊桑人是一個獨立的非常古老的人種。
他們語言中那種獨特的短促而清脆的聲音使得一些研究者認為科伊桑人是最原始的人類祖先的直系后裔。然而他們的基因卻表明情況并非如此。
基因研究表明科伊桑人可能是古代西亞人與非洲黑人的混血。
圖譜上顯示的遺傳軌跡表明這一混血人種的發源地可能在埃塞俄比亞或中東地區。
法國和西班牙的巴斯克人是人類家譜圖上歐洲人分支的最特殊的成員。
他們有幾組少見的基因類型,包括一種罕見血型的發生率在巴斯克人中也是最高的。他們的語言起源不明,也無法被歸入任何標準的類別。
他們居住的地區緊挨著發現早期歐洲人壁畫的幾個著名的洞穴這一事實使卡瓦里·斯福爾扎得出這樣的結論:“在歐洲最早的近代人中,巴斯克人極有可能與克羅馬努人關系最直接。”
人們認為所有的歐洲人都是混合人種,有65%的亞洲人基因,35%的非洲人基因。
除了揭示人種的起源以外,基因信息對醫學界來說也是最新資料。醫學界希望能用人類脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)制成特別的蛋白質,這些蛋白質可能具有某種抗病藥物的價值。
保護土著人權益的活動家們擔心科學家可能會利用土著人:從當地人血樣中提取的基因物質可被用于商業目的,而DNA 提供者卻不會獲得足夠的報酬。
卡瓦里·斯福爾扎強調,他的工作不僅有科學意義,而且也有社會意義。他說研究的最終目的是“削弱”造成種族偏見的“傳統的種族觀念”。他希望這一目的會得到一直為同樣目的進行抗爭的土著民族的接受。UNIT 8
我清楚地記得我成為黑人的那一天。
13歲之前我一直住在佛羅里達州的一個黑人小鎮伊頓維爾。小鎮的居民全是黑人。
我所認識的白人都是來自佛羅里達的奧蘭多或是去往奧蘭多的過路人。
本地的白人騎著風塵仆仆的馬匹,而北方來的旅游者則駕著汽車沿著鄉下的沙土路一路駛來。小鎮的人見慣了南方人,因此他們經過時小鎮的人照舊大嚼甘蔗。但是看到北方人則是另一回事。
膽怯的人躲在窗簾后小心翼翼地偷看他們,膽大的則會走到屋外看著他們經過,感到很有趣,就像這些旅游者看到這村莊也感到很有趣一樣。
門前平臺可能是鎮上其他人不敢去的地方,但對我來說,那兒就像前排座位一樣。我最愛坐在門柱上。
我喜歡在那兒看人們來來往往,也不在乎讓那些人知道我喜歡看他們,通常還與他們搭幾句話。
我向他們揮手,如果他們也向我揮手,我還會與他們打招呼。騎馬或駕車的人通常會停下來,我們不可思議地互打招呼之后,我可能會隨著他們“顛兒幾步”,這是我們佛羅里達最南邊的說法意思是跟著他們走上一小段路。
如果正巧趕上家里人來到房前看見我,他們就會毫不客氣地打斷我們的交談。
那段日子里,在我看來,白人和黑人的區別只不過是他們路過小鎮,但從不住在這里。
他們喜歡聽我“說幾句”,喜歡聽我唱歌,看我跳舞,并為此大方地給我小銀幣這倒使我感到意外,因為我太愿意跟他們“說上幾句”,太愿意為他們唱歌跳舞了,他們給我錢時我才會停下來。只是他們不知道這一點。黑人不會給我錢,對我表現出的任何一點歡樂的苗頭,他們都不贊同。但我仍然是他們的佐拉,我是屬于他們,屬于周圍的旅館,屬于那個地方,屬于每一個人的佐拉。
但我13歲時,家里發生了變故,我被送到杰克遜維爾的學校去了。離開伊頓維爾時我還是我,佐拉。
可在杰克遜維爾下了船后,原來的佐拉不復存在了。我似乎發生了巨大的變化,我再也不是伊頓維爾的佐拉了,我現在成了個小黑妞,在好些方面都是。
在鏡中,在內心深處,我變成了永遠不黑不白的棕色人──就像最好的鞋油,抹不掉,不褪色。
身邊總有人提醒我自己是奴隸的后代,但這并沒有使我沮喪。奴隸制是60年前的事了。
解放黑奴的這場手術很成功,病人的情況也不錯,謝謝。這場使我從黑奴變為美國公民的可怕戰爭喊道“各就位!” 內戰后的那段時期說“預備!”我的上一代人則喊“跑!” 就像一場賽跑一樣,我飛速起跑,決不可中途停步,傷心回望。
身為黑奴是我為文明生活所付出的代價,而作出這一選擇的并不是我。世界上再沒有什么人有過比這更大的爭取榮耀的機會了。
想想將要獲得的新生活,而且我們不會有任何損失。不管我做什么,都可能得到雙倍的嘉獎,或是雙份的責難。想想這一點,知道這一點都令人激動不已。
占據國內舞臺的中心可真刺激,而臺下的觀眾則不知是喜是憂。我沒有總是感到自己是有色人種。
甚至現在我還常常感覺自己還是伊頓維爾小鎮上懵懂無知的佐拉。比如,我可以在餐館和一位白人坐在一起。
我們閑談一些都經歷過的平常瑣事,白人會安靜地坐著,興味盎然地聽我講。
有時候我不屬于任何人種,我就是我自己。
但我大體上還是感覺自己像一只靠墻立著的裝滿各種雜物的棕色袋子。靠墻立著的還有其他顏色的袋子,白色的,紅色的,黃色的倒出袋中的物品,可以發現一堆或有用或無用的小雜物:
碎玻璃塊,小線頭兒,一扇早已朽壞的門上的鑰匙,一把銹蝕的刀,一雙為某條從來沒有、將來也不會有的路而準備的舊鞋,一根彎曲的釘子(它所承受過的重量足以弄折任何釘子),一兩支仍散發出幾許花香的干花。你手中拿的是棕色的袋子,面前的地上則是袋中所裝的那堆東西──與其他袋子中所倒出的東西幾乎一模一樣,如果把它們混成一大堆,再分裝到各自的袋中也不會有多大的不同。
多少有點有色玻璃片也沒有什么關系。
也許當初上帝這個裝袋者往我們各自的袋中填塞時正是這么做的,誰知道呢?
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第四篇:新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程1課后翻譯
Unit 1 蘇格拉底是古希臘哲學家,被譽為現代西方哲學的奠基人。他是一個謎一般的人物,人們主要通過后期的一些古典作家的敘述,尤其是他最著名的學生柏拉圖的作品去了解他。蘇格拉底以他對倫理學的貢獻而聞名。他的教學法亦稱為蘇格拉底法,即通過提問和回答來激發批判性思維以及闡述觀點。該方法在各種討論中仍被普遍使用。他還在認識論和邏輯領域作出了重大而深遠的貢獻。他的思想和方法所帶來的影響一直是后來的西方哲學的堅實基礎。蘇格拉底是古代哲學史上最豐富多彩的人物。他在他那個時代已威名遠揚。雖然他未曾建立什么哲學體系,未曾設立什么學派,也未曾創立什么宗派,但他的名字很快就變得家喻戶曉了。Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals(基礎)of modern Western philosophy.He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics.His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions.He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology(認識論)and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect(宗派).孔子是中國歷史上著名的思想家、教育家,是儒家學派(Confucianism)的創始人,被尊稱為古代的“圣人”(sage)。他的言論和生平活動記錄在《論語》(The Analects)一書中。《論語》是中國古代文化的經典著作,對后來歷代的思想家、文學家、政治家產生了很大影響。不研究《論語》,就不能真正把握中國幾千年的傳統文化。孔子的很多思想,尤其是其教育思想,對中國社會產生了深遠的影響。在21世紀的今天,孔子的學說不僅受到中國人的重視,而且也越來越受到整個國際社會的重視。
Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history.He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”.His words and life story were recorded in The Analects.An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius.Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture.Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society.In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.Unit 2 圣誕節是一個被廣泛慶祝的文化節日,全世界有許許多多的人在1 2月2 5日慶祝這一節日。它是為了紀念耶穌基督的誕辰。該節日最早可追溯到公元3 3 6年。漸漸地,這一節日演變為一個既是宗教又是非宗教的節日,越來越多的非基督徒也慶祝圣誕節。如今,圣誕節在全球被作為一個重大的節日和公共假日來慶祝。不同國家的圣誕節風俗也各不相同。現代流行的圣誕節風俗包括交換圣誕賀卡和圣誕禮物、唱圣誕歌曲、參加教堂活動、擺放各種圣誕裝飾品和圣誕樹、舉行家庭聚會以及準備一頓特別的大餐。對小孩子們來說,這個節日充滿了幻想和驚喜。據傳說,圣誕老人會在圣誕夜從煙囪進入每戶人家,給乖巧聽話的孩子帶來禮物。由于圣誕節送禮物以及許多其他方面推動了基督徒和非基督徒的經濟活動,圣誕節也因此成為商家的一個重大活動和主要銷售季。
Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December 25 by millions of people around the world.It commemorates(紀念)the birth of Jesus Christ.The festival dated from as early as 336 AD.Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular(非宗教的)celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians.Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday around the world.Christmas customs differ in different countries.Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of Christmas cards and gifts, Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special meal preparation.To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and surprise.Legend(傳說)has it that Santa Claus will enter each house through the chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on Christmas Eve.Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival heighten economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has also become a significant event and a key sales period for businesses.每 年 農 歷(Chinese lunar calendar)八 月 十 五 是我 國 的 傳 統 節 日 —— 中 秋 節(the Mid-Autumn Festival)。這時是一年秋季的中期,所以被稱為中秋。中秋節的一項重要活動是賞月。夜晚,人們賞明月、吃月餅,共慶中秋佳節。中秋節也是家庭團圓的時刻,遠在他鄉的游子,會借此寄托自己對故鄉和親人的思念之情。中秋節的習俗很多,都寄托著人們對美好生活的熱愛和向往。自2008年起,中秋節成為中國的法定節假日。
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival.This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn.One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon.On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes.The festival is also a time for family reunion.People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival.There are many customs to celebrate the festival, all expressing people's love and hope for a happy life.Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.Unit 3 倫敦地鐵是英國的一個快速交通運輸系統,服務于大倫敦的大部分地區。地鐵系統因其地鐵隧道的典型形狀也被稱為地下管道。倫敦地鐵始建于19 世紀中期,是世界上最早的地下鐵路系統。它的第一段地鐵于1863 年開始運營。自此,倫敦地鐵不斷延伸,發展成為一個包括12條線路、275個車站、鐵軌總長超過250 英里的地鐵杰作,其中有45%在地下運行。就路線長度而言,它是世界上第四大地鐵系統,也是車站數量最多的地鐵系統之一。作為一個走遍倫敦的經濟便捷的途徑,倫敦地鐵一向是每天數百萬通勤者以及在節假日游歷倫敦的游客的首選。倫敦地鐵已成為倫敦的一個國際標志。2013 年倫敦舉辦了各種各樣的活動,慶祝地鐵運營150 周年,紀念這一里程碑。
The London Underground is a rapid transit(交通運輸系統)system in the United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London.The underground system is also known as the Tube, due to the characteristic shape of the subway tunnels.It all started in the mid-1800s.The Tube was the world's first underground train system, with the first section opening in 1863.Since then it has grown to an underground masterpiece(杰作)of 12 lines, 275 stations, and over 250 miles of rail track, 45% of which is underground.It is the fourth largest metro system in the world in terms of route miles.It also has one of the largest numbers of stations.As an affordable and easy way to get around London, the Tube remains the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as well as tourists visiting the city on holidays.The Tube has been an international icon for London.The London Underground celebrated its 150 years of operation in 2013, with various events marking the milestone(里程碑).中國航天業開創于1956年。幾十年來,中國航天事業創造了一個又一個奇跡。1970年,中國成功發射了第一顆人造地球衛星,成為世界上第五個獨立自主研制和發射人造地球衛星的國家。1992年,中國開始實施載人航天飛行工程(manned spaceflight program)。2003年,中國成功發射了“神舟五號”載人飛船,使中國成為第三個發射載人飛船的國家。2007年發射了“嫦娥一號”,即第一顆繞月球飛行(lunar-orbiting)的人造衛星。2013年,第五艘載人飛船“神舟十號”發射成功,為中國空間站的建設打下了基礎。
China's space industry was launched in 1956.Over the past decades, China's space industry has created one miracle after another.In 1970 China launched its first man-made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch man-made earth satellites.In 1992 China began to carry out the manned spaceflight program.In 2003 China launched Shenzhou-5, a manned spaceship.The successful launch made China the third country to launch manned spaceships.In 2007 Chang'e-1, the first lunar-orbiting man-made satellite, was sent to space.In 2013 Shenzhou-10, the fifth manned spaceship, was launched successfully, laying the foundation for building the Chinese Space Station.Unit 4 作為通過中國游歷亞洲的首批歐洲人之一,馬可?波羅可能是中國人最熟知的外國商人和航海家。從1271 年到1295 年,他和他的家人游歷廣泛,遍及歐洲和亞洲。期間,他在中國留居了17 年。他的著作《馬可?波羅游記》描述了他游歷亞洲的旅程,讓歐洲人首次全面領略了包括中國、印度和日本在內的遠東地區的情況。從他的文字敘述中,西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火藥、印刷術、紙幣以及絲綢。在15 世紀末和16 世紀歐洲發現與征服的大航海時代,馬可?波羅所記錄的大量新的地理信息得到了廣泛使用。在他去世后的這幾個世紀里,馬可?波羅獲得了他在有生之年未曾獲得的贊譽。馬可?波羅的故事鼓舞了其他無數的探險者去踏上征程,發現世界。
As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the Chinese people.He traveled extensively(廣泛地)with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.He remained in China for 17 of those years.His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts his journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain, coal, gunpowder, printing, paper money, and silk for the first time.The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries during the age of the European voyages of discovery and conquest(征服).In the centuries since his death, Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way during his lifetime.Marco Polo's story has inspired countless other adventurers to set off and see the world.鄭和是中國歷史上最著名的航海家(maritime explorer)。公元1405 年,明朝的統治者為了穩固邊防(border defense)和開展海上貿易,派鄭和下西洋(the Western Seas)。在此后的28 年里,鄭和帶領船隊七下西洋,前后出海的人員有10 多萬人,訪問了30 多個國家和地區。船隊縱橫南亞、西亞,一直到非洲大陸。鄭和下西洋是世界航海(navigation)史上的壯舉,它展現了鄭和卓越的航海和組織才能,同時展現了明朝的國力和國威(national strength and prestige),加強了明朝和海外各國之間的關系。
Zheng He was the most famous maritime explorer in Chinese history.In 1405 AD, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in order to strengthen border defense and develop trade by sea.In the following 28 years, Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the Western Seas with over 100,000 crew members in total, and visited more than 30 countries and regions.The fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia, and made all the way to the continent of Africa.Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas were a great feat in the world's navigation history.It showed Zheng He's outstanding navigation and organization talents;meanwhile, it exhibited the national strength and prestige of the Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the overseas countries.Unit 5 有關古代奧林匹克運動會的最早文字記載可追溯至公元前776年。古代奧運會每4年舉辦一次,在8月6日與9月19日之間的一個紀念宙斯的宗教節日期間舉行。第一屆現代奧運會于1896年在希臘雅典舉辦。奧運會的標志由五個大小相同的套環組成,代表著五大洲的聯合和來自世界各地運動員的大聚會。奧運會真正騰飛、成為一項國際體育盛會是在1924年之后,即第8屆奧運會在巴黎舉辦之后。這一年,來自44個國家約3,000名運動員同場競技,并且第一次在奧運會上增加了閉幕式這一儀式。同年,冬季奧運會首次亮相,比賽項目包括花樣滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季兩項運動。80年后,2004年夏季奧運會在相隔一個多世紀后再次在雅典舉辦,來自201個國家的近11,000名運動員展開競技,創下參賽國數量之最。
The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC.The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus(宙斯).The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris.Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony.The Winter Olympics debuted(問世)that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon.Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.太極拳(Tai Chi)是一種武術(martial arts)項目,也是一種健身運動,在中國有著悠久的歷史。太極拳動作緩慢而柔和,適合任何年齡、性別、體型的人練習。太極拳既可防身,又能強身健體,因而深受中國人的喜愛。太極拳在發展的過程中,借鑒并吸收了中國傳統哲學、醫術、武術的合理內容(element),成為特色鮮明的一項運動。作為中國特有的一種運動形式,太極拳也越來越受到眾多外國朋友的喜愛。
Tai Chi is a kind of martial arts, and a fitness exercise as well.It has a long history in China.With slow and gentle movements, Tai Chi is suitable for people of any age, sex, or body type to practice.It can be used to provide self-defense as well as build the body.Therefore, it has become very popular among Chinese people.During its development, Tai Chi borrowed and absorbed desirable elements from traditional Chinese philosophy, medicine, and martial arts, and it has developed into a sport with unique features.As a unique sport in China, Tai Chi is also gaining increasing popularity among many foreign friends.Unit 6 間隔年指的是學生休假不去上學而去旅游或工作等的一段時間,但不一定是一年。間隔年通常選在高中畢業和進入大學之前的一段時間。在這段時間里,學生可以旅游、參加志愿者工作或者在國外邊打工邊度假。一種新潮流是參加集語言學習、住家、文化交流、社區服務和自主學習于一體的國際教育活動。間隔年的做法于20世紀60年代興起于英國。它在英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭和加拿大已經變得非常流行。但是在美國,間隔年的做法仍然只是個別現象。不過近年來,間隔年對美國人來說變得稍微普遍起來。2013年有大約四萬美國學生參加了間隔年活動,比2006年增加了近20%。普林斯頓大學、哈佛大學、麻省理工學院等大學都有明文規定允許學生延遲入學。
Gap year(間隔年)refers to a period of time —not necessarily a year — in which students take time off and do something other than schooling, such as travel or work.The year out is most commonly taken after high school and before going to university.During this time, a student might travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake(承擔)a working holiday abroad.A new trend is to participate in international education programs that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange, community service, and independent study.The practice of taking a year out developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.It has grown very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.In the United States, however, the practice of taking a year off remains the exception(例外).But in recent years, taking a year out has become slightly more common for Americans.Some 40,000 American students participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20% since 2006.Universities such as Princeton University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies allowing students to defer(延期)admission.改革開放以來,中國的教育事業得到了快速發展,取得了引人矚目的成就。中國政府把教育擺在優先發展的地位,堅持科教興國(revitalize the country),全面提倡素質教育(quality-oriented education)。同時,積極推進教育公平,保障人人有受教育的機會。中國的教育成就反映在兩個不同的層面:一個是全面普及了九年義務教育(nine-year compulsory education),另一個是實現了高等教育大眾化(mass higher education)。教育的發展為中國的經濟發展和社會進步作出了重大貢獻。近年來,為適應社會、經濟發展的需要,中國政府不斷加快培養各領域的急需人才。
Since its economic reform and opening-up to the world, China's education has gone through rapid development and made remarkable achievements.The Chinese government gives top priority to the development of education, persists in revitalizing the country by science and education, and fully advocates quality-oriented education.Meanwhile, it actively promotes equality in education to guarantee everyone access to education.China's achievements in education can be reflected in two different layers: One is the popularization of the nine-year compulsory education;the other is the realization of mass higher education.The development of education has made significant contributions to China's economic development and social progress.In recent years, to satisfy the needs of social and economic development, the Chinese government has sped up the training of qualified personnel urgently needed in various fields.Unit 7 在所有美國人的信念中,最基本、最強烈的信念可能就是崇尚個人自由。要理解美國人,最重要的也許就是了解他們對“個人主義”的熱愛。生活中他們很早就開始受到教育,把自己看成獨立的個體,對人生中自己的處境以及自己的前途命運負責。美國人認為自己的思想和行為高度個性化。他們不愿被視為任何同質群體的代表。如果確實加入了群體,他們也認為自己有特別之處,與同一個群體中的其他成員有著些許的差別。與美國人對個人主義賦予的價值緊密相關的是他們對個人隱私的重視。美國人認為,人“需要有自己的時間”或者“有時間獨處”,用來思考事情,或者恢復他們所消耗的心理能量。美國人很難理解那些總想與人結伴、不愛獨處的外國人。
The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs.The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion(深愛)to “individualism”.They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny.Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions.They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous(由同類組成的)group.When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group.Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy.Americans assume people “need some time to themselves” or “some time alone” to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy.Americans have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.為人誠信,以和為貴是中華民族的傳統美德。“和”的思想體現在很多方面。在處理人與人的關系上,中國傳統思想主張“和為貴”以及“家和萬事興”,從而創造一個和諧的社會環境。在人與自然的關系上,人類應當學會認識自然,尊重自然,保護自然。人與人、人與社會、人與自然都需要“和諧”。如今,和諧發展依然是我們的治國之本和管理人才之道。隨著我國社會經濟和文化的發展,“和”的思想更加深入人心。中國正在向構建社會主義和諧社會的目標邁進。
Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues.“Harmony” is demonstrated in various aspects.In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that “Harmony is most precious” and “A family that lives in harmony will prosper”.A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles.As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature.Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature.Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel.With the development of China's society, economy and culture, the idea of “harmony” goes even deeper into people's hearts.China is on its way toward the goal of building a harmonious socialist society.Unit 8 作為世界上唯一一個真正具有普遍性的世界組織,聯合國已經成為處理超越國界、而且任何一個國家都無法獨立解決的問題的首要論壇。聯合國最初的宗旨是維護和平、保護人權、建立國際公平正義的框架以及促進經濟和社會進步。近年來,聯合國又面臨著新的挑戰,諸如氣候變化、國際恐怖主義和艾滋病等。現在,解決爭端及維護和平仍然是聯合國最主要的任務。除此之外,聯合國及其專門機構還致力于各種旨在改進世界人民生活的活動,從賑災到教育和婦女進步,再到原子能的和平使用。聯合國及其專門機構推動世界成為一個更加友好、更加宜居的地方,為全世界人民帶來了福祉。
As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations(UN)has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend(超越)national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone.The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding(保護)peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress.In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS.While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve people's lives around the world — from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy.The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable(熱情友好的)and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.新中國成立后,中國堅持(persist in)獨立自主的和平外交政策,在外交領域取得了巨大成就。截至2011年,中國已與172個國家建立了外交關系(diplomatic relations)。近年來,隨著中國綜合國力的提升(enhancement),中國在國際事務中的作用越來越重要,中國的國際地位得到進一步提升。在地區性事務中,中國積極推動各種區域合作,為維護地區和平、促進地區發展作出了重要貢獻。中國外交(diplomacy)將高舉“和平、發展、合作、共贏”的旗幟(banner),在和平共處五項原則的基礎上,通過全面發展同各國的友好合作,為建設持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界作出不懈的努力(make unremitting efforts)。
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has persisted in the independent foreign policy of peace, and made tremendous progress in foreign affairs.By 2011, China had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries.Over recent years, with the enhancement of its comprehensive national strength, China has been playing an increasingly important role in international affairs, and China's international status has been further enhanced.In regional affairs, China actively promotes all kinds of regional cooperation.It has made important contributions in maintaining regional peace and promoting regional development.China's diplomacy will hold high the banner of “peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit”.On the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through all-round and friendly cooperation with various countries, China will make unremitting efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.
第五篇:新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程3課后翻譯
NNCE Book3課后翻譯參考答案
Unit1 英譯中原文:Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices.Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things.In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages usto recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other.Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world.Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community.This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies.Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action.Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world.Keys:世界公民是指一個人承認自己是新興的全球社區的一分子,而且其行動對全球社區的價值打造和實踐活動有所貢獻。世界公民相信人類從本質上來說是一個整體,任何個人都有改變事物的能力。在我們這樣一個相互依賴的世界中,世界公民意識鼓勵我們認識到對彼此的責任,并從對方身上學習。世界公民關心全球的教育、疾病、貧窮和環境問題。在當今,全球合作的力量在使一些人萌發世界公民的意識,讓他們擁有對全球社區的歸屬感。這種不斷發展的世界公民意識在很大程度上來講,要歸功于現代信息、通信和交通技術的力量世界公民意識致力于給予人們力量,讓他們付諸行動,世界公民除了要從世界問題中學習知識和價值觀,還要擁有必需的技能,使他們擁有能力和自信,積極推動世界的發展。
漢譯英原文:如今,很多年輕人不再選擇“ 穩定” 的工作,他們更愿意自主創業,依靠自己的智慧和奮斗去實現自我價值。青年創業(young entrepreneurship)是未來國家經濟活力的來源,創業者的成功不但會創造財富、增加就業機會、改善大家的生活,從長遠來看,對于國家更是一件好事,創業者正是讓中國經濟升級換代的力量。尤其是在當前,國家鼓勵大眾創業、萬眾創新,在政策上給予中小企業支持,這更加激發了年輕人的創業熱情。
Keys:Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs.Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future.The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people's life, but it is also good for the country in the long term.Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China's economy.Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses.This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2 英譯中原文:The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特質)of the United States.The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships.The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants.And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision.But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing.Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone.Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone.Keys:美國夢是美利堅合眾國的民族精神。該詞有各種各樣的用法,但其根本含義是,在美國任何人都可以通過努力獲得成功,都有可能過上幸福而成功的生活口許多人對美國夢的概念加以拓展和提煉,涵蓋了像自由,自我實現和深厚的人際關系等方面的內容。美國夢的思想比美國本身更為久遠,可以追溯到17世紀,當時的歐洲移民面對這一新發現的、未經開發的廣裹大陸,開始紛紛懷揣希望,追逐夢想。隨著歷史的發展,美國夢的含義也已改變,既包含了個人元素,也包含了全局視野。但并不是每個人都對美國夢持肯定態度。一些人認為美國的社會結構決定了不是每個人都能擁有這樣的理想目標。批評者常常舉以實例,揭露植根于階級、種族、宗教和民族的不平等現象,指出美國夢并非每個人都可企及。
漢譯英原文:實現中華民族偉大復興(rejuvenation)是近代以來中國人民最偉大的夢想,我們稱之為“中國夢”,其基本內涵是實現國家富強、民族振興、人民幸福。中國夢,是讓每一個積極進取的中國人形成世世代代的信念:只要經過不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好的生活。人們必須通過自己的勤奮、勇氣、創意和決心邁向繁榮,而不是依賴于社會和他人的援助。每個中國人都是中國夢的參與者和創造者。中國夢是民族的夢,也是每個中國人的夢。
Keys:Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modem times.It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort.People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people.Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.Unit 3 英譯中原文:Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is famous for a wide range of accomplishments.His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of“Renaissance Master”.Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter.Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time.What make Leonardo's drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind.Perhaps only 15 of his paintingshave survived, partly because his constant experimentation with new techniquesmade his total output quite small.Although not a prolific(多產的)painter, Leonardo was a mostproductive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams.These notebooks, often referred to as da Vinci's manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention.Leonard's genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook.His paintings, together with his notebooks, havecontributed significantly to the history of art.Keys:萊奧納多·達·芬奇是意大利文藝復興時期最偉大的思想家之一,也許也是迄今最多才多藝的人。他是畫家、雕刻家、建筑家、數學家、工程師和發明家,因成就廣泛而聞名。他的天賦跨越多個領域,為其贏得了“文藝復興大師的稱號”。萊奧納多主要作為畫家而著名。在其所有作品中,《蒙娜麗莎》最為有名,而《最后的晚餐》則是歷來復制最多的宗教畫作。萊奧納多作品的獨特之處主要在于其創新性的技巧和敏銳的科學思維。他的畫作大約只有15幅流傳了下來,其部分原因是他不斷試驗新的技巧,所以作品總量很小。萊奧納多雖然不是多產畫家,卻是一位最高產的繪圖家,他在日記中畫滿了各種草圖、圖畫和圖表。這此筆記通常被稱為達.芬奇手稿,記錄了他的各種發明、觀察,以及他對自己感興趣的事物提出的理論。萊奧納多的天賦使他幾乎在涉足的每一領域都成了先驅。他的畫作,連同他的筆記,在藝術史上貢獻斐然。
漢譯英原文:水墨畫(ink and wash painting)是中國獨具特色的傳統藝術形式之一,是中國國畫的代表。它大約始于唐代,興盛于宋代和元代,距今已有一千多年的歷史,其間經歷了不斷的發展、提高和完善。水墨畫的創作工具和材料是具有濃厚中國特色的毛筆、宣紙和墨,其作品特點也與此緊密相關。例如,水和墨相互調和,使作品具有干濕濃淡的層次。水墨和宣紙的交融滲透也使畫作善于表現豐富的意象,從而達到獨特的審美效果。水墨畫在中國繪畫史上具有很高的地位,甚至被認為是衡量東方繪畫藝術水平的標準。
Keys:Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms of China, is representative of Chinese painting.It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties.With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection.The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e, brushes, rice paper, and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings.For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness.The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings.Unit 4 英譯中原文:Venice is the world's famous island city in northern Italy.Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century.In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs.After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century.Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world.Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style.Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period.The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable.Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures.In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site.In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of China's Suzhou City.Keys:威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界聞名的島城。威尼斯建立于公元5世紀,在公元10世紀時成為一支重要的海上力量。在中世紀和文藝復興時期,威尼斯曾是重要的商貿中心,是當時歐洲極為富裕的城市,在政治和經濟事務中居領導地位。幾百年的興盛之后,威尼斯在15世紀開始衰落。如今,威尼斯被公認為是全世界最美的城市之一,也是全世界最重要的旅游勝地之一。威尼斯的建筑風格豐富多樣,其中最出名的是哥特式風格。威尼斯還因歷史上的幾次重要的藝術運動而聞名,特別是文藝復興時期。威尼斯對建筑和藝術的發展影響巨大。至今,威尼斯仍對現代藝術和流行文化的發展起著重要作用。1987年,威尼斯被列入《世界遺產名錄》。1980年3月,威尼斯與中國蘇州結為“友好城市”。
漢譯英原文:麗江地處云南省西北部,境內多山。麗江古城坐落在玉龍雪山腳下,是一座風景秀麗的歷史文化名城,也是我國保存完好的少數民族古城之一。麗江古城始建于南宋,距今約有800年的歷史。麗江不僅歷史悠久,而且民族眾多,少數民族人口占全區人口的半數以上。隨著麗江旅游業的發展,到麗江古城觀光游覽的中外游客日益增多。1997年12月,麗江古城申報世界文化遺產獲得成功,填補了中國在世界文化遺產中無歷史文化名城的空白。Keys:Lijiang is a mountainous city in northwest Yunnan Province.The old town ofLijiang, located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, is a town of scenic beauty and known for its history and culture.It’s also a well-preserved old town with features of ethnic minorities.The construction work of the old town was started from the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years from now.Not only does Lijiang boast a long history, but also it boasts many ethnic minorities who make up over a half of the total population in the region.With the booming of Lijiang tourism, the old town of Lijiang is receiving a growing number of tourists from home and abroad.In December 1997, the old town succeeded in applying to be named a World Cultural Heritage Site, filling the gap of lacking a noted historical and cultural city in China on the World Cultural Heritage List.Unit 5 英譯中原文:The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s.The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time.Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost.The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later.In those days, the British ate only two daily meals:a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 o'clock in the evening.Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper.She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to five o'clock.The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches.Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast.Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life.As novelist Henry James wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.Keys:英式下午茶的儀式可以迫溯到19世紀40年代,該傳統是由之前英國的茶飲儀式和習慣發展而來的。茶最初在17世紀50年代晚期被引入英國,但由于價格昂貴,所以很長一段時間里,只有皇家和貴族才能享用。直到將近200多年之后,英國人才養成吃下午茶的習慣。在當時,英國人一日兩餐: 快接近中午時分的豐盛早餐和晚上八點左右的晚餐。據說第七代貝德福德公爵夫人安娜開創了下午茶的傳統,以此來緩解晚餐前的饑餓感。她邀請朋友和她一起在下午四五點鐘吃下午茶。下午茶中包括茶和一些點心,比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。這些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛裝。下午茶很快就流行開來,現在已經成為優雅英國生活方式的一個象征。正如小說家亨利詹姆斯寫道的那樣:“人生鮮有比全心全意享用下午茶這一儀式更愜意的時刻了。”
漢譯英原文:中國是茶的故鄉,也是茶文化的發源地。自古以來,茶就被譽為中華民族的“國飲”。無論是文人墨客生活中的“琴棋書畫詩酒茶”,還是平民百姓生活中的“柴米油鹽醬醋茶”,茶都是必備品。同時,中國又是文明古國,禮儀之邦。凡是來了客人或朋友,沏茶、敬茶的禮儀必不可少。隨著中外文化交流和商業貿易的發展,中國茶及茶文化傳向了全世界。現在五大洲有不少國家種茶,也有很多國家從中國進口茶。中國茶和中國的絲綢及瓷器一樣,已經成為中國在全世界的代名詞。
Keys:China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture.Since ancient times, tea has been known as the ”national drink“ of China.In both the Chinese scholars' even daily necessities, namely music, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea and common people's seven ones, namely firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea.Tea is listed as one of the necessities.Meanwhile, China is a country with ancient civilization and a land of courtesy.The practice of making and serving tea is essential whenever there are guests or friends.With the development of cultural exchange, commerce and trade between China and other countries, Chinese tea and teacultural spread to the world.Today, a number of countries across the five continents grow tea plants, and many countries import tea from China.Chinese tea like Chinese silk and Chinaware, has become synonymous with China in the world.Unit 6 英譯中原文:Homer’s epics are said to be written by an ancient Greek blind poet Homer,who is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets.The epics include two great works of Greek history: the Iliad and the Odyssey.The two epics are the earliest works of Greek literature, and are among the greatest treasures of the ancient world, regarded by Westerners as the greatest epics in history.They have had an enormous influence on the history of literature and are of great value for the study of history, geography, archeology and folklore.Both the epics are divided into 24 volumes, the Iliad containing 15, 693 lines and the Odyssey 12, 11 lines.The Iliad is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature, which tells the story of the 10-year siege of the city of Troy.The Odyssey mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy.Given the concise language, vivid plots and characters, Homer’s epics are great masterpieces of literature and occupy an important position in the world literature history.Keys:《荷馬史詩》據傳是由古希臘盲詩人荷馬創作,他被推崇為古希臘最偉大的史詩詩人。《荷馬史詩》由反映希臘歷史的兩部巨著《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》組成,是希臘文學最早的著作,也是古代世界最偉大的瑰寶之一,被西方人認為是歷史上最偉大的史詩。這兩部史詩對文學的發展產生了巨大影響,并對研究歷史、地理、考古以及民俗具有重大的價值。兩部史詩都分為24卷,《伊利亞特》有15,693行,《奧德賽》有12,110行。《伊利亞特》是現存希臘文學中最早的著作,講述的是特洛伊十年圍城的故事。《奧德賽》則主要講述希臘英雄奧德修斯以及他在特洛伊陷落之后回家途中發生的故事。《荷馬史詩》以其精煉的語言、生動的情節和人物形象被認為是偉大的文學杰作,在世界文學史上享有重要地位。
漢譯英原文:《孫子兵法》(The Art of War)是我國古代著名的軍事家(strategist)孫武的著作。它既是一部經典的軍事著作,又是一部光輝的哲學著作,是我國燦爛的古代文化中一份珍貴的遺產。孫武在書中揭示了一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規律,提出了一套完整的軍事理論體系。這一理論體系不僅深受戰國以來歷代軍事家的重視和推崇,對他們的軍事思想和實踐產生了重要的影響,而且在世界軍事思想領域也擁有廣泛的影響,享有極高的聲譽。Keys:The Art of War was written by Sun Wu, a famous ancient Chinese strategist.A classic work not only of military value but also of great philosophical significance, The Art of War is a precious heritage of brilliant ancient Chinese culture.Sun Wu disclosed in his book a series of military rules and principles, and put forward a complete system of military theory.His theory has been highly regarded by strategists since the Warring States Period and exerted strong impacts on their thought and practice.Moreover it has yielded a worldwide influence in the field of military thought, enjoying extremely high prestige.Unit 7 英譯中原文:The WTO, established on January 1,1995, intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participant's adherence(遵守)to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified(批準)by their parliaments.The process of becoming a WTO member is unique to each applicant country,and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and current trade regime(體制)。China became a member of the WTO on December 11,2001.The admissionof China to the WTO was preceded by a lengthy process of negotiations and required significant changes to the Chinese economy.It also meant a deeper integration of China into the world economy.The admission of China to the WTO was an enormous multilateral(多邊的)achievement which marked a clear commitment toward multilateralism from the Chinese perspective.Keys:世界貿易組織成立于1995 年1月1日,旨在監督和促進國際貿易自由化。該組織負責對成員國之間的貿易進行調控,為貿易協定的談判和形成制定框架,并提供爭端解決機制以敦促成員國遵守世貿協定,而這些協定皆為各成員國政府的代表所簽署且獲得其立法機構的批準。每一個申請國加入世貿組織的過程各不相同,加入條件取決于該國經濟發展的階段和現行貿易體制。中國在2001年12 月11日成為世貿組織成員國,是在經歷了漫長的談判,并按照要求對中國經濟作出重大改變之后才得以加入的,這也意味著中國經濟能更深入地融入到世界經濟中。中國加入世貿組織是一項巨大的多邊成果,而對中國而言,這也標志著其致力于多邊貿易的明確承諾。
漢譯英原文:上海自貿區(Shanghai Free Trade Zone)是中國政府于2013年設立在上海的自由貿易區。上海自貿區總面積為28.78平方公里,是中國大陸境內第一個自由貿易區,也是進行一系列經濟改革的“試驗田”(testing ground)。設立上海自貿區是順應全球經貿發展新趨勢,實行更加積極主動開放戰略的一項重大舉措。其主要任務是為全面深化改革開放探索新路徑、積累新經驗。上海自貿區作為試點(pilot project),是中國經濟的“試金石”(touchstone),將為深化改革、促進經濟活力起到積極的推動作用。
Keys:Shanghai Free Trade Zone is a free trade zone in Shanghai that was launched in 2013 by the Chinese government.Covering an area of 28.78 square kilometers, Shanghai Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind in China' S mainland, and is regarded as a ”testing ground“ for a number of economic reforms.The establishment of the free trade zone is a significant measure taken to actively promote the opening-up strategy under the new global economic and trade situation.It undertakes a major task to explore new ways and accumulate new experience for the deepening of reform and opening up in an all-round way.As a pilot project, Shanghai Free Trade Zone will become a”touchstone" for Chinese economy.It will play an active role in deepening reforms and boosting economic vigor.Unit 8 英譯中原文:The New Year's Concert of the ViennaPhilharmonic(愛樂樂團)is a concert ofclassicalmusicthat takes place each year inthe morning of New Year's Day in Vienna,Austria.The music always includes piecesfrom the Strauss family-with occasionaladditional music from other main Austriancomposers.The demand for tickets is sohigh that people have to pre-register oneyearin advance in order to participate inthe drawing of tickets for the followingyear.The popularity of the concerts canbe attributed to the creative energy of thecompositions of the Strauss Dynasty,aswellas their authoritative interpretations.Theseconcerts not only delight the audiences in theMusikverein(金色大廳)in Vienna,butalsoenjoy great international popularity throughthe worldwide television broadcast,whichnow reaches over 90 countries.Originatingduring the darkest chapter in Austria'shistory,these concerts convey the desire of thePhilharmonic not only to provide musicallydefinitive interpretations of the masterworksof this genre,but at the same time,asmusicalambassadors of Austria,to send people allover the world a New Year' greeting in thespirit of hope,friendship and peace.Keys:維也納愛樂樂團新年音樂會是古典音樂會,每年元旦上午在奧地利維也納舉行。音樂會通常會選取施特勞斯家族的作品,偶爾也會選取來自奧地利的其他知名作曲家的音樂。新年音樂會的門票一票難求,人們必須提前一年注冊,才能參與下一年門票的抽簽。新年音樂會大受歡迎,這不僅歸功于施特勞斯家族作品的創新力,還要歸功于其對音樂的權威詮釋。音樂會給維也納金色大廳中的聽眾帶來了愉悅,在全世界也廣受喜愛,現在已經有90多個國家可以通過電視轉播收看。維也納新年音樂會始于奧地利歷史上最黑暗的時期,它表達了愛樂樂團對古典音樂經典作品進行詮釋的渴望,同時,本著希望、友誼以及和平的精神,樂團也希望音樂會能成為奧地利的音樂使者,為全球送去新年祝福。
漢譯英原文:中央電視臺春節聯歡晚會(簡稱“春晚”)自1983年開辦以來,已成為中國人文化生活中不可缺少的文化消費品和一個揮之不去的文化符號。雖然眾口難調,但必須承認的是,“春晚”已成為公眾所不可缺少的“新民俗”。春晚不僅是一臺晚會,更是一種儀式與象征,一種文化與標簽,一種情感與寄托。隨著時代發展及新媒體的出現,觀眾的選擇和需求日漸多樣化,“春晚”也在與時俱進,以滿足大眾日益增長的文化需求。
Keys:The CCTV Spring Festival Gala(Spring Festival Gala for short), which was started in 1983, has becomean indispensable cultural consumer product and a cultural symbol in the cultural life of the Chinese people.Though it’s hard to satisfy the tastes of all the people, it has to be admitted that the Spring Festival Gala has become a “new custom” for the public that they can’t live without.The Spring Festival Gala is more than a gala;it is a ritual and a symbol, a culture and a label, and an emotion and a place where people entrust their hearts to.With the development of the times and the emerging of new media, the audiences are having more diversified choices and demands.Correspondingly, the Spring Festival Gala is also advancing with the time to satisfy thegrowing cultural needs of the people.