第一篇：英語期末

英語(期末復習)第一章

1.According to many historians,the true pioneers of the modern digital computer are Charles Babbage and Augusta Ada Byron.2.A digital computer is generally made up of five distinct elements: a central proccessing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, output devices,and a bus.3.The microprocessor is a central processing unit on a single chip.It was made possible in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the LSI circuit and the VLSI circuit.4.According to the text, modern digital computer can be divided into four major categories on the basis of cost and performance.They are microcomputers, workstations , minicomputers,and mainframes.5.The first electronic computers, such as Colossus and ENIAC created in Britain and the United States respectively,used vacuum tubes, which later gave place to transistors.6.A program is a sequence of instructions that can be executed by a computer.It can either be built be built into the hardware or exist independently in the form of software.7.The smallest unit of information handled by a computer is bit, which is the abbreviation of binary digit , A group of eight bits makes up a(n)byte.8.One of the trends in computer development is microminiaturization ,the effort to computer more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space.第二章

1.The function of computer hardware is typically divided into there main categories.They are input;, output ,and storage.2.The software that controls the interaction between the input and output hardware is called BIOS, which stands for Basic Input/Output System.3.The two most common types of scanners are flatbed scanners and hand-held scanners.4.Video displays commonly task one of two forms, they are CRT-based screens and LCD-based screens.5 In the text,the author mentions thess of the most commonly uesd types of printers.They are_dot-matrix printers_,laser printer,and__inkjet printers _.6

According to the text,the two main types of

storage devices are_disk drives_and_memory _.7 It can be said that having a steady power source is important for a computer because RAM is_volatile_memory.8 A(n)_serial_connection transfers only one piece of data at a time while a(n)_parallel_connection transfers blocks of information at the same time.第八章

1、According to the geographical area covered ,a computer network is often classified as either a LAN , a(n)MAN ,or a WAN.2、A net work can also be classified as either a(n)open network or a(n)closed network according to whether its internal operation is based on designs in the public domain or on innovation owned and controlled by a particular entity.3、A network can also be classified according to its topology.Among the most popular topologies are the bus topology , ring topology, and star topology.4、A popular protocol in networks based on the ring topology is the token ring protocol developed by IBM in the 1970s.5、In a(n)Ethernet system ,the right to transmit messages is controlled by the protocol know as CSMA/CD.6、The client / server model for interprocess communication defines the basic roles played by the processes as either a client or a server.7、The peer-to-peer model involves two processes communicating as equals and usually executing on a(n)temporary basis.8、Althought it is often used , the term peer-to-peer network is not very appropriate.第十一章 The year 2000 was a turning point in electronic commerce.It maked the end of the “dot-com__boom ___”.2 Most people use the terms “electeonic commerce”

and “electronic__business_interchangeably.3 Based

on the types of participating_entities_electronic commerce can be classified into five categories:B2B, B2B, business processes , C2C, and _B2G__.4

The three most commonly used categories of eletronic commerce and B2C , _B2B__,and business processes.5 In C2C trnasactions, one party is selling, and thus as a business, so they are sometimes treated as part of _B2C_electronic commerce.6

The first wave of eletronic commerce was dominated by_ U.S.或American_companies.7

In the first wave, there was an over-emphasis on creating new large enterprises to exploit eletronic commerce opportunities because of the easy access to start-up_capital.8 The increase in_broadband_connections in homes is a key element in the second wave of electronic commerce.第十二章 1 Accoring to the text, the largest category of computer criminals is _employees_.2 People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for fun and challenge are called _hackers _.3 People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called _crackers_.4 Computer crime can take the form of damage_theft, and manipulation _.5 A(n)_worm_is a destructive promgram that fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are siowed or sopped.6 Software piracy_is the unauthorized

copying of programs for

personal gaim.7 Secuity measures for computer system consist of encryption, restricting_access__,anticipating disasters, and making_backup_copies.8 Secret words or numbers that must be key into a computer system to gain access are called_passwords_.英漢互譯 第一章

1.artificial intelligence人工智能 2.paper-tape reader紙帶閱讀器 3.optical computer光計算機 4.neural network神經網絡

5.instruction set指令集 6.parallel processing并行處理

7.difference engine差分機 8.versatile logical element通用邏輯元件 9.silicon substrate硅襯底 10.vacuum tube真空管 11.數據的存儲與處理 the storage and handling of data 12.超大規模集成電路 very large-scale integrated circuit 13.中央處理器 central processing unit 14.個人計算機 personal computer 15.模擬計算機 analogue computer 16.數字計算機 digital computer 17.通用計算機 general-purpose computer 18.處理器芯片 processor chip 19.操作指令 operating instructions 20.輸入設備 input device 第二章

1.function key功能鍵，操作鍵 2.voice recognition module語音識別模塊 3.touch-sensitive region觸敏區 4.address bus地址總線

5.flatbed scanner平板掃描儀 6.dot-matrix printer點陣打印機（針式打印機）7.parallel connection并行連接 8.cathode ray tube陰極射線管

9.video game電子游戲 10.audio signal音頻信號

11.操作系統 operating system 12.液晶顯示（器）LCD(liquid crystal display)13.噴墨打印機 inkjet printer 14.數據總線 data bus 15.串行連接 serial connection 16.易失性存儲器 volatile memory 17.激光打印機 laser printer 18.磁盤驅動器 disk drive 19.基本輸入/輸出系統 BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)20.視頻顯示器 video display 第八章

1.file server文件服務器 2.carrier sense載波檢測，載波監聽 3.protocol suite協議組，協議集 4.peer-to-peer model對等模型 5.bus topology network總線拓撲網絡

6.inter-machine cooperation機器間合作，計算機間合作

7.Ethernet protocol collection以太網協議集 8.proprietary network專有網絡 9.utility package實用軟件包，公用程序包 10.star network星形網絡 11.局域網 local area network(LAN)12.令牌環 token ring 13.無線網絡 wireless network 14.封閉式網絡 closed network 15.環形拓撲結構 ring topology 16.客戶機/服務器模型 client/server model 17.網絡應用程序 network application 18.進程間通信 interprocess communication 19.打印服務器 print server 20.廣域網 wide area network(WAN)第十一章

1.customized marketing strategy定制的營銷策略 2.B2G transaction企業對政府交易 3.mobile telephone移動電話 4.dot-com bust網絡不景氣 5.smart card智能卡，靈巧卡 6.digital piracy數字盜版

7.dot-com boom網絡繁榮 8.C2C transaction消費者對消費者交易 9.Web auction site拍賣網站 10.fingerprint reader指紋讀取器 11.射頻識別裝置 radio-frequency identification(RFID)device 12.電子數據交換 electronic data interchange(EDI)13.庫存管理技術 inventory management technology 14.知識產權 intellectual property 15.條形碼 bar code 16.貨幣兌換 currency conversion 17.電子圖書 electronic book 18.視網膜掃描儀 retina scanner 19.個人數字助理 personal digital assistant(PDA)20.企業對企業電子商務 B2B electronic commerce 第十二章

1.encryption program加密程序 2.deletion command刪除命令 3.authorized user授權的用戶 4.backup copy備份

5.voltage surge電壓浪涌 6.circuit breaker斷路器

7.electronic component電子元件（或部件）8.data-entry error數據輸入錯誤 9.electronic break-in電子入侵 10.power line電力線，輸電線 11.檢測程序 detection program 12.電源 power source 13.破壞性計算機程序 destructive computer program 14.計算機病毒 computer virus 15.軟件侵權 software piracy 16.硬盤驅動器 hard-disk drive 17.病毒檢查程序 virus checker 18.主存儲器 primary storage 19.電子公告板 electronic bulletin board 20.浪涌電壓保護器 surge protector 翻譯

A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or program and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.計算機是一種電子設備，它能接收一套指令或一個程序，然后通過對數值數據進行運算或者對其他形式的信息進行處理來執行該程序。

A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software.一個程序就是一系列指令，告訴計算機硬件對數據執行什么樣的操作。程序可以內嵌在硬件本身里，或以軟件的形式獨立存在。

Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be physically handled.計算機硬件是計算機運行所需要的設備，由可被物理操縱的部件組成。

The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine.在不同計算機之間共享信息和資源的需要，導致了相互連接的計算機系統的產生。這種 相互連接的計算機系統被稱為網絡。

A computer crime is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology.計算機犯罪是犯罪者使用專門的計算機技術知識做出的非法行為。Viruses are programs that “migrate” through networks and operating systems and attach themselves to different programs and databases.病毒是一種程序，在網絡和操作系統中“遷移”，并附加到不同的程序和數據庫上。

A variant on the virus is the worm.this destructive program fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or stopped.病毒的一個變種是蠕蟲病毒。這種破壞性程序用自我復制的信息填滿計算機系統，以阻 塞系統，使系統的運行減慢或停止。

英文縮寫

IC 集成電路 LSI 大規模集成 VLSI 超大規模集成 I/O 輸入/輸出

BIOS 基本輸入/輸出系統 AI 人工智能 B2B 企業對企業 B2C 企業對消費者

B2G 企業對政府 C2C 消費者對消費者 P2P 對等的 CD-ROM 只讀光盤

RAM 隨機存儲器 ROM 制度存儲器 OS 操作系統 www.tmdps.cnputer（數字計算機）又稱 Electronic computer（電子計算機）第一代計算機：vacuum tube（真空管）;第二代計算機：transistor（晶體管）第三代計算機：integrated circuit或RC（集成電路）

第四代計算機：Large integrated circuit（超大集成電路）計算機最小單位：bit(位)，一個字節等于8位。計算機分四種：Palmtop（掌上型計算機），workstation(工作站)，microcomputer(小型計算機)，mainframe(大型機)。

計算機的5個組成部分：(1)a central processing unit;(2)input devices;(3)memory storage devices;(4)output devices;and(5)a communications network.（1）中央處理器；（2）輸入設備；（3）存儲設備；（4）輸出設備；以及（5）被稱作總線的通信網絡。第二章：

Input Hardware（輸入硬件）： light pen(光筆)，mouse（鼠標），oystick（操縱桿），keyboard（鍵盤），scanner（描儀儀），microphone（麥克風），modulator-demodulator（調制器―解調器）。

output Hardware（輸出硬件）： display（顯示器），printer（打印機），speakers（音箱）。Storage Hardware（存儲硬件）：

Hard（硬盤）, floppy（軟盤）, magneto-optical（磁光盤）,compact（光盤）。掃描儀：flatbed scanner（平板式掃描儀），hand-held scanner（手持式掃描儀）。顯示器：cathode ray tube(CRT)（陰極射線管視頻屏幕），liquid crystal display(LCD)（液晶顯示視頻屏幕）。

Inkjet printer（噴墨打印機），disk drive（磁盤驅動器），volatile memory（易失性存儲器），nonvolatile memory（非易失性存儲器）。

總線：address bus（地址總線），data bus（數據總線）。

總線連接方式：serial connection（串行連接）parallel connection（并行連接）。

鼠標定義：A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand.（鼠標是為一只手抓握而設計的指示設備。）

鍵盤定義：A keyboard is a typewriter-like device that allows the user to type in text and commands to the computer.（鍵盤是一個像打字機的設備，它使用戶得以向計算機鍵入文本和命令。）

麥克風定義：A microphone is a device for converting sound into signals that can then be stored, manipulated, and played back by the computer.（麥克風是將聲音轉換成可被計算機存儲、處理和回放的信號的設備。）

調制解調器定義：A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another computer.（調制解調器代表調制器―解調器，是將計算機與電話線連接、允許信息傳給或接自另一臺計算機的設備。）

總線定義： A bus provides a common interconnected system composed of a group of wires or circuitry that coordinates and moves information between the internal parts of a computer.（總線提供了一種常見的互連系統，它由一組導線或電路組成，在計算機的內部組成部分之間協調和移動信息。）

第八章：

網絡覆蓋范圍：LAN（局域網），MAN(城域網)，WAN（廣域網）網絡開放：Open network（開網絡），closed network（封閉式網絡）網絡拓撲結構：Bus topology（總線拓撲結構），Ring topology（環形拓撲結構），Star topology（星形拓撲結構）。

網絡協議：Tcp/IP（傳輸控制協議和網際協議），Token ring protocol（令牌環協議）用于ring topology（環形拓撲結構）

Client/server model c/s（客戶機/服務器模型）Peer-to-peer（對等模型）CSMA/CD（用于以太網絡）

協議定義：For a network to function reliably, it is important to establish rules by which network activities are conducted.Such rules are called protocols.（為了網絡可靠運行，確立進行網絡活動所遵循的規則很重要。這類規則稱為協議）。

第十一章：

Word Wide Web（世界萬維網）

寬帶：The increase in broadband connections in homes is a key element in the second wave.（家里寬帶連接的增加是第二次浪潮的一個關鍵要素）。

第十二章：

四種計算機安全手段：1.Encrypting Messages（給信息加密），2.Restricting Access（限制訪問），3.Anticipating Disasters（預防災難），4.Backing up Data（備份數據）。

Unit1 1，A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or program and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.計算機是一種電子設備，它能接收一套指令或一個程序，然后通過對數值數據進行運算或者對其他形式的信息進行處理來執行該程序。2，A group of eight bits is called a byte, 8個位為一組，稱為一個字節

3，(1)a central processing unit;(2)input devices;(3)memory storage devices;(4)output devices;and(5)a communications network, called a bus, 它是由5個不同的要素組成的系統：（1）中央處理器；（2）輸入設備；（3）存儲設備；（4）輸出設備；以及（5）被稱作總線的通信網絡，4，A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.一個程序就是一系列指令，告訴計算機硬件對數據執行什么樣的操作。unit2 1, Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be physically handled.計算機硬件是計算機運行所需要的設備，由可進行物理處理的元件組成。

2, A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand.鼠標是為一只手抓握而設計的指示設備。

3, A keyboard is a typewriter-like device that allows the user to type in text and commands to the computer.鍵盤是一個像打字機的設備，它使用戶得以向計算機鍵入文本和命令。

4, A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another computer.調制解調器代表調制器―解調器，是將計算機與電話線連接、允許信息傳給或接自另一臺計算機的設備。

5, Displays commonly take one of two forms: a video screen with a cathode ray tube(CRT)or a video screen with a liquid crystal display(LCD).顯示器一般有兩種形式：陰極射線管視頻屏幕和液晶顯示視頻屏幕。

6, This type of connection transfers only one piece of data at a time, and is therefore slow.這種連接一次只能傳送一段數據，因此很慢。

Unit8 1, The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine.在不同計算機之間共享信息和資源的需要，導致了相互連接的計算機系統的產生。這種相互連接的計算機系統被稱為網絡。

2, For a network to function reliably, it is important to establish rules by which network activities are conducted.Such rules are called protocols.為了網絡可靠運行，確立進行網絡活動所遵循的規則很重要。這類規則稱為協議。3, A popular convention used for interprocess communication is the client/server model.進程間通信使用的一種流行規約是客戶機/服務器模型。Unit11，Consumer shopping on the Web, often called business-to-consumer(or B2C)最常用的3種類型是：

(1)消費者在網上購物，常稱為企業對消費者（或B2C）電子商務.(2)Transactions conducted between businesses on the Web, oftencalled business-to-business(or B2B)企業之間在網上進行的交易，常稱為企業對企業（或B2B）電子商務.(3)Transactions and business processes that companies, governments, and other organizations undertake on the Internet to support selling and purchasing activities.公司、政府及其他機構為支持買賣活動而在因特網上采取的交易與商業過程 Unit12 1, A computer crime is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology.計算機犯罪是犯罪者使用專門的計算機技術知識做出的非法行為。

2, Viruses are programs that “migrate” through networks and operating systems and attach themselves to different programs and databases.病毒是一種程序，在網絡和操作系統中“遷移”，并附加到不同的程序和數據庫上。3, A variant on the virus is the worm.This destructive program fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or stopped.病毒的一個變種是蠕蟲病毒。這種破壞性程序用自我復制的信息填滿計算機系統，以阻塞系統，使系統的運行減慢或停止。

4, Security measures consist of encryption, restricting access, anticipating disasters, and making backup copies.安全措施包括加密、限制訪問、預防災難和制作備份。

5, Passwords are secret words or numbers that must be keyed into a computer system to gain access.口令是秘密的單詞或數字，人們必須將其鍵入一個計算機系統才能對該系統進行訪問。

第二篇：期末英語

UNIT 5

1.As a result of a downsizing initiative and amajorbankmerger, myusually well-ordered life became fraught with changes.由于一次裁員行動和一次重大的銀行合并,我一貫有條不紊的生活變得充滿了變化。

2.Although I am a rather reticent individual by nature, I made the most of the oral presentations in class.And soon my confidence level soared.盡管我生性沉默寡言，但我充分利用了課堂上做口頭陳述的機會，這使我不久就信倍增。

3.Much to the amazement of his friends and relatives, the young man gave up his secure future, stepped out of his comfort zone and rejoined the “rat race.”

這位年輕人放棄了穩定的未來，跳出自己的舒適圈，重返激烈的競爭，這使他的親友們都驚嘆不已。

4.No matter what life throws our way, having a positive attitude makes room for the future.無論在我們的人生道路上遇到什么坎坷，擁有積極的態度才能為未來打開空間。

5.Of course, having a fulfilling career is a personal goal I long to achieve.However, working towards materialistic things and personal glorification has never been my first priority.當然，事業有成是我渴望實現的一個個人目標，但為了物質的東西和個人的榮譽而工作卻從來不是我最優先考慮的東西。

6.Having lost his job, he returned to college and ended up acquiring a diploma.失去了工作之后，他重回大學，并最終獲得了一份畢業證書。

UNIT6

1.The new agreement is based on the original United Nations proposal.新協議是以原來的聯合國建議為基礎的。

2.I’ll take this English test even if it takes weeks or months of preparation.即使要花費數周或數月的時間準備，我也要參加這次英語考試。

3.In order to sell anybody anything in five minutes or less, you have to find common ground on which you and your client can stand together.為了能在5分鐘或更少的時間里把任何東西賣給任何人，你必須找到你和你的顧客能站在一起的共同基礎。

4.Yes, you must work harder in your studies.But it does not mean that you have to sacrifice your health for better grades.是的，你一定要在學習上更加努力，但這并不意味著你必須犧牲你的健康去得到更好的成績。

5.We’re not here to talk about what divides us.We’re here to find the things that bind us together.我們到這兒來不是為了談論使我們產生分歧的東西。我們到這兒來是為了找到把我們結合在一起的東西。

6.In some cases you have to stoop to conquer.But does it mean that you have to sacrifice your integrity? Certainly not.在有些情況下，你不得不屈尊忍辱以達到目的。但這是否意味著你必須犧牲自己的誠實正直呢？當然不是。

UNIT7

1.While attending Columbia, Li Ming became good friends with Wang Ying, a

twenty-year-old girl from Hong Kong.在哥倫比亞大學就讀期間，李明與一個來自香港的20歲女孩王穎成了好朋友。

2.Encouraged by his instructor, John decided to make medicine his life's career.在導師的鼓勵下，約翰決定把醫學作為自己的終生職業。

3.Less than a month after he came to McGill University, Dr.Johnson submitted to the president a detailed plan for setting up a new laboratory in the biology department.約翰遜博士來到麥吉爾大學后不到一個月，就向校長提交了一份在生物系建立一個新實驗室的詳盡計劃。

4.After receiving the urgent cablegram from his former instructor, Dr.Drew immediately set to work and organized the “Blood for Britain” campaign.在收到從前的導師發來的急電后，德魯博士立即開始工作，組織了“為英國獻血”的運動。

5.At the beginning of the following year, thousands of American soldiers were killed or injured on the battlefield.在第二年之初，數以千計的美國士兵在戰場上陣亡或受傷。

6.In a series of experiments, Dr.Drew discovered that plasma could be given to any patient regardless of blood type.在一系列的實驗中，德魯博士發現，不管什么血型的病人都能接受血漿。

UNIT8

1.The restaurant caters to bothlocal people and foreign guests because it providescustomers with all kinds of food to choose from.這家餐館符合當地人和外賓的口味，因為它為顧客提供各種各樣可供選擇的食物。

2.In addition to the Monument to the People’s Heroes, there are many other places for sightseeing at Tiananmen Square.除了人民英雄紀念碑，天安門廣場還有許多其他觀光場所。

3.The museums in Paris attract a lot of tourists from all over the world, whether they are historians, artists or ordinary people.巴黎的博物館吸引著許多來自全世界的游客, 無論他們是歷史學家、藝術家或普通人。

4.Apart from my daily work, I need to set aside a few hours each day to write my book on tourism.除了日常工作，我每天都需要留出幾個小時來寫我的旅游專著。

5.The Great Wall is one of the majortourist destinations in Beijing.Its principal attraction lies in its magnificent scenery and rich historical significance.長城是北京的一個主要旅游目的地。它的主要吸引力在于壯觀的景色和豐富的歷史意義。

6.I can’t afford the time to go traveling with you.I have to make arrangements for my art exhibition next week.我沒有時間跟你去旅游。我必須為下星期自己的藝術展作安排。

以英語系系主任徐達方的名義為王大雷出具一份工作證明。王大雷于2000年3月1日至2005年12月31日在肖山學院英語系工作，其中2000年3月1日至2001年2月28日為兼職英語教師；2001年3月1日至2003年9月30日為全職英語教師，助教；2003年10月1日至2005年12月31日為講師。徐達方的聯系電話為 022-34788765。

December 31, 2005

To Whom It May Concern,This is to certify that Mr.Wang Dalei servedthe English Department of Xiao-shan

College in the following positions from March 2003 to December 2005.1.Part-time English instructor, 1st March, 2000 – 28th February, 2001.2.Full-time Teaching Assistant in English, 1st March, 200131st December, 2005.Please contact me at 022-3478-8765 if you have any questions or need more information about him.Yours sincerely,Xu Dafang

Professor, Dean

寫一封辭職信，原因是近來身體一直不佳，無法在公司工作，特辭去現職，并在信中表示保證協助做好交接工作。

Dear Mr.Hill,As required by my employment contract, I hereby give two weeks’ notice of my intention to leave my position as an accountant.As you know, I have been very unwell for some time now and as a consequence, I feel that I am unable to work for B & A Company any longer.My plan is to focus exclusively on my health in the next year.This was not an easy decision and took a lot of consideration.However, please be assured that I will do all I can to assist in the smooth transfer of my responsibilities before leaving.I wish both you and B & A Company every success and would like to thank you for having had me as part of your team.Yours sincerely,Zhang Jin

Zhang Jin

第三篇：英語期末辯論

Do you think our fate is linked to our attitude rather than pre-determined?

一、公辯部分

正方一辯：

To begin with, I would like to greet the chairperson and my fellow debaters.I am debater 1;this is debater 2, 3, 4.We think that attitude is the major factor that influences our fate.With the growth of age, I am increasingly aware of the powerful influence of attitude to life.As an old saying goes “Attitude determines fate.” It means that no matter what happens, attitude decides everything and the attitude can influent our fate.Moreover, the key to solve problem is our attitude.Only we have a positive attitude towards our problem can we have the courage to overcome these problems and do it much better.For example, Helen Keller, who is blind when she was young, becomes a famous writer and educator because she chooses a positive attitude towards her fate and it helps her overcome the blindness.So we stand on the point of “our fate is linked to our attitude rather than pre-determined.”

反方一辯：

Good morning, everyone.I am debater 1;this is debater 2, 3, 4.Today we are stand on the part of “our fate is linked to pre-determine rather than attitude”.Reasons are as follows.Firstly, destiny now is called fate because it is an objective fact and cannot be changed, if fate can be changed, it is also called the “fate”? Visible, change “fate” is a kind of stultify oneself.No matter what you do, you are guided by a series of rules to do that.Secondly, a person's innate features can determine his work, the NBA no one height is low, and the Olympic champion, their talents are very good.And every scientist was born very clever.All of these are pre-determined rather than attitude.Lastly, a good pre-determined fate plays a important role in their success.Of course, we cannot deny that some people make success on their own.But we also cannot deny that many people get success easily because their fathers are very rich so as to they have a good fate.So, we say that our fate is linked to pre-determine.正方二辯向反方一辯提問：If fate is pre-determined, why we need to work hard? We needn’t do anything because everything is determined.反方一辯答: The opposite debaters may not understand the meaning of “fate”.The fate is so uncertain that we cannot know all the vicissitudes of our fortunes and what we can do is change now.So we have to work hard for a living or change family life.正方二辯向反方三辯提問：As is known to all, there are many people achieve success because they have a positive attitude in the world but they are from a poor family.How to explain this situation? 反方三辯答：This situation just shows that fate is unpredictable and has nothing to do with attitude.No matter we have a good or bad fate, we cannot know until it happens.And we also don’t know whether they would be successful until they achieve success or die.反方二辯向正方一辯提問：The opposite debaters say that fate is linked to attitude, that is to say if you have a positive attitude, you will have a bright fate? 正方一辯答：We never say a positive attitude must give people a good fate but no one can deny that having a good fate need a positive attitude.反方二辯向正方三辯提問：In Britain, they have the Prince and Princess.What do you think of the prince and princess;they are born with good fate, aren’t they? 正方三辯答：They just have a good birth, but not a good fate.In ancient China, a lot of prince even kings have a bad fate.反方二辯小結：

At this part, the opposite debaters state that a positive attitude can lead to a good fate but now we argue about the relationship between the fate and attitude or pro-determine.We must understand truly what the fate mean.It is not controlled by people and full of variables.Nothing can influent fate include people’s attitudes whether positive or not.So we still believe that our fate is link to pro-determine.正方二辯小結: First, a positive attitude promotes a good fate and a negative promotes a bad.It shows the relationship between fate and attitude.Second, the human development is the objective course of changing fate from the “history” to “future”.No matter you have a good birth or not, the fate is in your hand and it is determined your attitude.二、自由辯論

正方二辯問: As is well known, Beethoven is deaf but he also creates many famous songs because he clutches at the throat of fate through his positive attitude.What do you think of it? 反方三辯答: It just shows Beethoven have an ear for music and it is pre-determined so as to he can become a famous musician.正方三辯問：Can he achieve success only by having gift? 反方二辯答：Of course not but talent is the most important.As Edison said that genius is one percent inspiration and ninety nine percent perspiration, but the more important is the one percent.反方三辯問：How do you think of genius? Isn’t their fate linked to pre-determine.正方四辯答：Genius has a good talent but they may not have a good fate.Many people performance well in their childhood but they don’t have a good future when they grow into adult.反方四辯問：But their good performance when they are young is the reflection of our opinion, isn’t it? After all, children don't know what is attitude.正方三辯答：So what? It is just a piece of life and their future is doubtful.There is no doubt that their fate is linked to their attitude.三、總結

正方四辯：

As a wise man says “Life is a difficult journey which we cannot choose the beginning but can choose the ending”.We must believe that we change our fate when we have a positive attitude towards it.No matter you are from rich or poor, you can achieve success in any fields just as Fleming and Churchill, a poor chemist and a wealthy politician.Furthermore, attitude makes a difference in problem even illness.Previous research has shown that a positive attitude help to cure illness even slow death, which means it change our fate.All in all, we think the fate is linked to attitude.反方四辯：

First of all, fate is pre-determined and irreversible.We cannot know what will happen in future.Secondly, there is no doubt that people who have good background achieve success easily compared with the poor.It is pre-determined and no one can change it.Last but not least, many jobs need people’s talent such as sport.A good talent can make it easier to get job and this is also pre-determined.So we support for fate is pre-determined.

第四篇：英語期末復習資料

Cloze answer U2(P50)BCADA CABCA DDABC CACBA U3(P80)CACBD BCDAB CBCBA CDABA U4(P109)BCBAD BDBCA BCACD ACACA

Translation U1 六年前，作者經歷了一場驚險的旅程。這次經歷讓他印象深刻，因為他在這場緊急的事故中找到了真正的英雄。一個周五的早上，航班前往亞特蘭大。飛機起飛不久，飛行員向乘客通報緊急情況：一個引擎失控了，液壓系統已經失靈了。更糟糕的是，他們都將會墜機。忽然間，機艙里一片恐慌。許多乘客臉色蒼白，四周都在哭喊。在混亂中，一把溫柔冷靜的婦女聲音傳來，她正在安慰自己的女兒。母親似乎沒有被四周的悲傷和恐懼影響。即使面對死亡，她依然堅定的告訴女兒她有多么愛她，她把女兒包裹在懷里，盡可能的保護她。幸運的是，飛機安全著陸。母親對女兒的那份愛向人們展示了什么是真正的勇氣。

The author went through a breathtaking travel six years ago and the experience impressed him deeply because he found a real hero in that emergency.On one Friday morning, a flight headed for Atlanta.Soon after the plane took off, the pilot announced the urgent crisis that one engine was broken and the hydraulic system had failed.Worse still, they might be about to crash.Suddenly, panic spread all over the crowd.Many passengers lookgrim and pale.All around, people cried and screamed.In the chaos, there was a soft and calm voice from a woman who was trying to comfort her daughter.The mother seemed undisturbed by the sounds of grief and fear around her.Even when facing death, the mother still told her daughter firmly about how much she loved her, and put her body over her daughter, trying to protect her as much as she could.Fortunately, the plane landed safely.No one was hurt in the emergency.However, the mother’s love for her daughter showed people what real courage was.U2 我告訴他，我絆倒在地時聽到了撕裂聲。然而我的丈夫，不但不理會我說的，而且聲稱，一定是我的鞋帶問題。所以，即便我的腳腫的像個氣球，但我們并不知道我的腳崴了，因為他沒有送我去看醫生。在去機場的12個小時的飛行中，他把我一個人扔在借來的輪椅上，完全沒有注意到我要去洗手間的手勢。

I told him that I heard a snapping sound when I stumble and fell.But he, my husband, not only dismissed what I said but also contended that it must have been the strap on my shoes snapping.Therefore, we didn’t know my foot was broken because he didn’t send me to a doctor even though my foot was swollen like a balloon.During the 12-hour flight to the airport, he left me alone in the borrowed wheelchair and pretended that he didn’t notice my gestures indicating the need of going to the bathroom.U3 你可以找到緩解壓力的方法，并很快重新掌握自己的身體。你也可以學會如何先使身體放松，隨之帶動精神放松。你也可以學看如何放松精神進而掌控自己的工作狀態。一旦壓力消退，人們就會很快解決工作中出現的問題。

You can find relief from stress and regain control fairly quickly.You can learn how to relax your body, and then your mind will follow.You can also learn to relax your mind and take control of your work situations.Once the stress is gone they tend to solve their work problems very quickly.U4 當天，我走進教室，聽到了一些議論聲。議論的是一個來自中國的大一女生，這引起了我的關注。我想見下這位神秘的女孩，我確實見了。助理院長讓我帶這個女孩去安排下午的事情，我們的旅程開始了。第一站是她的宿舍，房間的一半非常干凈，以至于難以說清這是否有人住，房間的另一半則是一片狼藉。當然，干凈整潔的這半邊是中國女孩的。

This day, as I entered my class, some gossip came into my ears.It was about a new freshmangirl from China, who aroused my curiosity.I wanted to meet the mysterious figure and I did.The Assistant Dean called me over to take the girl to her afternoon activity.So we started our journey.The first stop was her dorm.Half of the room was so tidy that it was hard to tell whether there was existence of human beings.The other half was totally a mess.Of course, the neat half belonged to the Chinese girl.U5 我們所擁有的資產會快速貶值的原因是一旦我們已經擁有了，就會對之失去興趣。在這種情況下，我們就可以用這些物品進行合作消費。相關研究人員告訴我們傳統的分享已經變身為租賃業務，并將在未來十年中蓬勃發展。考慮到人口的快速增長，集體消費將完全符合“資源共享，以物易物，貿易，租賃”這一新的趨勢。在進行合作消費時，如何理順合作關系將成為最具挑戰的問題：在同一時間，人們都需要同一件物品怎么辦？在這個資源越來越少的世界，我們別無選擇，只能與他人，甚至陌生人一起分享財富，這未嘗不是一個明智的選擇。The reason why the value of the assets we possess depreciates quickly is that we already have the ownership and we may lose interest in them.Under this circumstance, these items can be used for collaborative consumption.The relevant shows us that traditional sharing already transformed into rental business which will thrive in the following decade.Considering the growth of population, collaborative consumption conforms to the trend– sharing, bartering, trading and renting.The biggest challenge of collaborative consumption is streamlining operations because people may need or want the same item at the same time.In this on-going world with resources which are declining in amount, we have no choice but to collaborate with others, even strangers to spread the wealth.

第五篇：英語期末

課文背誦段落 Unit 5

These reflections have occurred to me because I read in this morning’s paper that Edward Hyde Burton had died at Kobe.He was a merchant and he had been in business in Japan for many years.I knew him very little, but he interested me because once he gave me a great surprise.Unless I heard the story from his own lips, I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action.It was more startling because both in appearance and manner he suggested a very definite type.Here if ever was a man all of piece.He was a tiny little fellow, not much more than five feet four in height, and very slender, with white hair, a red face much wrinkled, and blue eyes.I suppose he was about sixty when I knew him.He was always neatly and quietly dressed in accordance with his age and station.Unit 6

Once upon a time, technology, we thought, would make our live easier.Machines were expected to do our work for us, leaving us with ever-increasing quantities of time to waste away on idleness and pleasure.But instead of liberating us, technology has enslaved us.Innovations are occurring at a bewildering rate: as many now arrive in a year as once arrived in a millennium.And as each invention arrives, it eats further into our time.The motorcar, for example, promised unimaginable levels of personal mobility.But now, traffic in cities moves more slowly than it did in the days of the horse-drawn carriage, and we waste our lives stuck in traffic jams.Unit 7

Long before the Boeing brought down the towers, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote “grief return with the revolving year.” So it is with New York.The time it took the Earth to circle the sun was time enough to clear the wreckage, but not enough to fade the memory of what happened there.It was time enough to plan memorials, but not enough to fill the gaping wound in lower Manhattan.For what is a year but a thin sliver of history, a beat of a hummingbird’s wing?

CLOZE

You see that young man swimming out at sea? He’s trying to swim out to the beacon and back.He must be insane to have committed himself to such a ting.The current is far too strong.To be candid, I wouldn’t attempt it.I dare say few swimmers are capable of such a feat.I met him on the beach before he set out.I don’t mind what he was going to do, because he didn’t look in good condition at all.Far from it.He may have had a good constitution once, but he had clearly let himself go all to pieces.However, it seems like he had no choice.He told me that he had gone broke, not a penny left, and that old Burton would only find him a vacancy in his firm if he did the swim.That was another surprise.Burton seems such a mild-mannered man, kind to everybody.Perhaps he thought the young man would not have the courage, that he would funk it.Then, again, perhaps Burton knew he was sending the young man to his death, but was too cold-blooded to care.It only goes to show how deceptive appearances can be.Can you switch off form the cares of life and relax? Many people cannot.They feel instead that they are obliged to be on the go all the time.The pace of life seems to grow ever faster.As the result, feelings of stress are common as people struggle to cope with what they see as a shortage of time.Such widespread feelings are in part caused by the large quantity if information that comes pouring in on us.“All man,” said Aristotle,” “by the nature desire to know.” But it is no longer possible, as it was in the past, for an individual to master the whole range of human knowledge.Instead, any individual, no matter how smart he is, can only command a fraction of total knowledge available.It may be argued that it is futile to even attempt to do so.We should learn to set more realistic goals for ourselves if we are to hope to escape from the tyranny of time.Corky Siemaszko’s snapshots provide us with an insight into the mood of the American people following in the tragic events of 9/11.they start with two pieces written in the immediate of aftermath of the attack.These clearly reveal the state of chaos into which New Yorkers felt they had been plunged by the toppling of the twin towers.Balancing widespread feelings of shock came the welling up of a strong sense of solidarity with each other in the face of a common enemy.Together with this came a natural desire to take revenge on those responsible.A year later the snapshots reveal a city and a nation thinking back on the fateful events of 9/11 while mourning those who perished in the attacks.Vocabulary

In a way refer shopping online because it is more convenient and saves time.The success of mechanics in discovering reliable and useful laws of nature suggested to Galileo that all nature is designed in accordance with mechanical laws.A vacancy exists for a sales manager at our Paris office.If you’re interested in it, please send us an application letter and your resume at once.If you are over 18 and in good condition, it’s completely safe to do the job.Plastics can be made hard as stone, strong as steel, transparent as glass, and light as wood.Coat the shoes with polish, the hitherto hard with a soft cloth to give a shine.It was probably just a spicy joke to them, but it wasn’t funny to me at all.Michael’s praise for my wife opened my eyes and taught me to show gratitude for her day-to-day heroism, which I had hitherto taken for granted.The waitress did bring us clean plates eventually, but with a bad grace.Some scientists believe that human beings are born with an instinct for using their arms and legs to stay afloat, which however, disappears within a few months after birth.In order to pay the bills, Linda pawned her grandfather’s gold watch in secret.Fish instinctively fight their way upstream against the current, and many water birds and animals have the ability to travel long distances.Streamline by nature comparative decorate distribution bewilder convention famine fax multiply prosperity appliance toil point the way to sth cope a large quantity of

Eat into cling to stand out wear away set about switch off turn loose pour in

Turn up stick to bring back go about driving at put away turn away take back

Shatter denounce farewell grief hijack memorial take revenge on mourn perish revolve sacred nerve solidarity pick at coat divine

Drop off apply for go off be gaining on bring down blotted out think back on picking at