第一篇：錢鐘書經(jīng)典美文翻譯

Business Sees Profits in Education: Challenging Public Schools By Irving H.Buchen

由于私人企業(yè)的介入，美國的教育正在經(jīng)歷一系列快速、驚人的變化。

1.Education in the United States is undergoing a rapid and dramatic series of changes caused by private enterprise moving into the field.教育吸引私人企業(yè)有三個原因。第一是財務上的回報。估計教育是個有6000億美元的市場，超出國防部的預算。從幼兒園至12年級是最大的單個市場，1998年的價值達到了3100百億美元。除此之外，人們對學習的畢生追求，企業(yè)與機構(gòu)進行的培訓項目是不斷增長的領(lǐng)域。2.Education attracts the private sector for three reasons.First, it can be financially rewarding.Education is estimated to be a $600 billion market, more than the budget for the Department of Defense.The biggest single market is kindergarten through twelfth grade(K-12), valued at $310 billion in 1998.Additionally, lifelong learning and training programs for businesses and organizations are growing areas.第二，教育受到嚴重的壓力，雖然內(nèi)部盡全力進行改革，但人們對這個既有的體制信心不足。針對公共教育的種種敗筆，居家自學者和公辦民管學校有了增加，他們都是教育產(chǎn)品和教育服務的對象。居家自學者的家長們定期參加承辦者們推薦其教育產(chǎn)品和教育服務的地區(qū)會議。

3.Second, education has received such a bad press that confidence in the established system is low in spite of all the internal efforts at reform.In response to public education's many failures, home schoolers and charter schools have increased, and both are customers for educational products and services.Home-schooling parents regularly attend regional conferences at which exhibitors offer their products and services.第三，教育就在人們身邊，伸手可及。人們普遍認為專業(yè)的公共教育家們有充足的時間來徹底改變這一體制。私人企業(yè)即便是以營利為動力介入來糾正這種體制，只能怪教育家們自己，尤其是因為這類介入許諾會產(chǎn)生效果。

4.Third, education is there for the taking.The general attitude is that professional, public educators have had sufficient time to turn the system around.They have no one but themselves to blame for corrective intervention from the private sector, even if that intervention is financially motivated, and especially since these actions promise to achieve results.目前幾乎所有在營銷的新的教育產(chǎn)品和教育服務都帶有技術(shù)的特征。這種技術(shù)能替代全部教師或減少教師的數(shù)量，從而解決一些傳統(tǒng)教育中的致命弱點。譬如，替代教師只是降低了大量勞動密集型的教學過程導致的昂貴費用，而學生數(shù)量并沒有減少。這樣就取消了教師終身職位制，而終身制恰恰使那些既沒有受過培訓又沒有水平，不適應變化及新方法的教員始終留在崗位上。這一技術(shù)最終猶如最好的教師，永遠耐心溫和。它適合每個學生的不同學習速度和知識水平，永不疲倦。

5.Almost all of the new educational products and services now being marketed bear the stamp of technology.Such technology replaces teachers altogether or reduces their number, thus solving several critical weaknesses in traditional education.For instance, replacing teachers reduces the high cost of an excessively labor-intensive instructional process while still serving the same number of students.Then, too, it eliminates tenure, which unfortunately locks in instructors who do not have the training or knowledge to keep up with changing fields and new approaches.Finally, technology, like the best of teachers, is infinitely patient and reassuring.It accommodates the speed of each student and his or her level of learning.It never wearies.以下描述的是競爭教育市場的多家不同公司，以其所采用的主導技術(shù)排列。由于情況一直在變化，也許不是所有的主要競爭對手都在此出現(xiàn)。其目的不在于提供一幅完整的圖畫而是要展現(xiàn)教育變化的廣度。

6.Below is a description of the many different companies competing for the educational market, grouped by the main technology they use.Because the situation is in flux, not all the major players may appear here.The aim is not to produce a definitive picture but rather to demonstrate the extent to which education is changing.衛(wèi)星連接 Satellite Links 擁有800多萬學生觀眾的第一頻道提供12到15分鐘的新聞廣播和適合不同年齡段的時事回顧。這一免費為學校提供的服務是由廣告商贊助的。學生喜歡哪個設計師的品牌或他們愛看哪種電視廣告的反饋則當作市場信息出售。

7.Channel One, viewed by over 8 million students, provides a 12-to 15-minute newscast and review of current events adjusted for different age groups.This service, free for schools, is sponsored by advertisers.Feedback from students as to what designer labels they prefer and what advertising they enjoy seeing on TV is then sold as marketing data.教育管理集團為4000多個教室開通虛擬旅行。集團花費3萬美元為教室配備了衛(wèi)星實況轉(zhuǎn)播裝置和交互對話裝置，因此學生可以直接向在世界各地景點的電視制作人員提出問題。攝制景點包括考古、水下探險、科學實驗室以及藝術(shù)家工作室。

8.The Educational Management Group provides virtual voyages for over 4,000 classrooms.For $30,000, the company equips classrooms with a live satellite link and interactive speaker phones so that students can ask questions directly to a traveling series of TV crews visiting sites all over the world.Visits include archaeological sites, underwater explorations, scientific labs and artists' studios.軟件 Software 盧卡斯學習創(chuàng)辦于1998年的秋季。公司采用星球大戰(zhàn)的樣式為10至14歲兒童講授基本科學原理。例如，他們第一個軟件產(chǎn)品是星球大戰(zhàn)德勞特工廠。軟件以一個機器人工廠為背景，向?qū)W生解釋設計制造機器人涉及到的能量、光學、磁性、工程學和機械裝置原理及應用。9.Lucas learning was launched in the fall of 1998.The company uses the Star Wars format to teach 10 to14 year-olds basic scientific principles.For example, their first software product is Star Wars Droid Works.Set on the floor of a robot factory, it takes students through all the principles and applications of energy, light, magnetism, engineering and motion necessary to design and build robots.學習公司與布羅特邦德由布羅特邦德軟件公司（產(chǎn)品有卡門圣地亞哥和奧秘）與學習公司（產(chǎn)品有馬雅探索）最近合并而成。這家新公司注冊用戶增加了1倍，達到2000萬。最流行的軟件程序有點擊藝術(shù)、家譜制作、打印工藝、游戲策略、紅眼孩子及泥球墻，這些軟件用來開發(fā)8至12歲兒童的邏輯思維技能。

10.The Learning Company and Broderbund is the result of a recent merger between Broderbund Software(which produces Carmen San Diego and Myst)and the Learning Company(which produced MayaQuest), this new company has almost doubled its registered users to about 20 million.Some of the most popular software programs are Click Art, Family Tree Maker, The Print Shop, Games Strategies, Red Orb Kids, and Mudball Wall(which build the logic skills of 8 to 12 year-olds).計算機課程公司是從幼兒園至12年級的軟件最大的提供商。這個公司50個不同的程序?qū)W生和教師都適合。公司提供追蹤個別學生和全班學生之需求與進步的程序，使教師能判斷學生的不足之處并每周給出進步情況的報告。最新的教具之一是一個幫助運作和協(xié)調(diào)學校課程計劃的程序。

11.The Computer Curriculum Corporation is the largest K-12 software provider.CCC's 50 different programs are both student-and teacher-friendly.The company provides programs that monitor the needs and progress of individual students as well as an entire class, enabling teachers to diagnose student deficiencies and give weekly progress reports.One of the newest teacher aids is a program that helps to manage and co-ordinate school lesson plans.MindQ Publishing 在成人計算機的開發(fā)市場上取得了極大的成功。MindQ目前有兩百多家用戶，如，國際商業(yè)機器公司、Sun、和微軟公司。MindQ用爪哇學院軟件培訓員工爪哇的程序編制技術(shù)。它還為家庭個別教學提供光盤，或針對某個公司的需要專門設計一整套計算機課程程序。

12.MindQ Publishing has been extremely successful in the adult computer development market.Currently used by over 200 companies such as IBM, Sun and Microsoft, MindQ trains employees in Java programming skills with its software Java Academy.MindQ provides CD-Roms for individual instruction at home, or it can design an entire computer curriculum tailored to the needs of a specific company.因特網(wǎng) The Internet 大多數(shù)在因特網(wǎng)上提供教育產(chǎn)品和服務的公司致力于員工和管理業(yè)務培訓。電腦學校聲稱全校有3萬名學生通過電子郵件進行計算機培訓、現(xiàn)場聊天、診斷錯誤和個別指導。Pensare用一種游戲形式為1.6萬名接受管理培訓的用戶模擬實際公司場景。全球執(zhí)行委員會力圖使最高管理層不太孤寡：其5000名總經(jīng)理成員能與近350個旗鼓相當?shù)念檰枅F體進行接觸，探討問題，交換意見，或是交換競爭經(jīng)歷。國際生產(chǎn)力尖端在全美150個左右的培訓中心培訓約100萬名員工，還可通過遠程教育實施培訓。

13.Most of the companies offering educational products and services on the Internet are targeting businesses for employee and management training.Cyber School claims to have 30,000 student employees involved in computer training, live chat sessions, diagnostics and personal tutoring by e-mail.Pensare uses a game format to simulate actual corporate situations for its 16,000 management trainee users.The Executive Committee(TEC)Worldwide is dedicated to making it less lonely at the top: Its 5,000 CEO members can contact nearly 350 peer advisory groups in order to share problems, exchange ideas, or swap war stories.Productivity Point International trains about 1 million employees at some 150 training centers around the United States, but its training is also available through distance education.對于孩子們來說，還有媽媽傳媒, 這是一家據(jù)稱有9萬名12歲以下孩子注冊的因特網(wǎng)教育公司。由麻省理工學院畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)建的媽媽傳媒要求家長而不是教師對其內(nèi)容及鏈接進行選擇。公司對學習主題強調(diào)三個X：探索（exploration），表述（expression），交換（exchange）。公司提供與筆友聯(lián)絡的軟件；傳授諸如素描、繪畫和攝影等爪哇工作室技術(shù)，提供讓青少年談論他們學習和生活的網(wǎng)頁。

14.For kids, there's MaMaMedia, an Internet educational company that claims to have 90,000 registered users under the age of 12.Created by MIT graduates, MaMaMedia seeks parental, rather than teacher, endorsement of its content and linkages.The company's learning themes emphasize the “three X's”: exploration, expression, and exchange.This company offers a program to link pen pals;teaches Java Studio skills such as drawing, painting and photography, and provides Web pages where teenagers can chat about their learning and living.至于成年人，有一所即將問世的知識大學，計劃為公司和個人提供高等教育和培訓。這家新的企業(yè)由大提供商--知識宇宙擁有。對此后面再作詳細描繪。

15.For adults, there's the soon-to-be-launched Knowledge University, which plans to offer post-secondary education and training to corporations and individuals.This new venture is owned by mega-supplier Knowledge Universe, to be described in greater detail later.根據(jù)位于康涅狄格州斯坦福的一家信息技術(shù)咨詢公司加特納集團的消息，美國別的提供網(wǎng)上教學的大學從1995年的25% 增加到1998年的65%。加特那集團預測這個數(shù)字在2001年還會增至80%。

16.As for other universities in the United States, 65% were offering online courses in 1998, up from 25% in 1995, according to Gartner Group, an information technology consulting firm in Stanford, Connecticut.The group projects that figure will rise to 80% by 2001.輔導 Tutoring

成績！屬于卡普蘭教育中心考前準備公司。它為大約兩萬名學生提供個別輔導。這一體制按照體育模式，強調(diào)學習小組，教師起拉拉隊長的作用?，F(xiàn)實生活和電子良師提供一對一的學術(shù)和職業(yè)咨詢。公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫里擁有有關(guān)未來職業(yè)的最新信息。洛杉磯剛選擇成績！為25所公共學校提供輔導。

17.Score!is owned by the test prep company Kaplan Educational Centers.It offers personal coaching to some 20,000 students.The system is based on a sports model, which emphasizes study teams;teachers function as cheerleaders.Real life and electronic mentors offer one-on-one academic and career counseling.The company's database contains up-to-date information on future careers.Los Angeles just selected Score!to provide tutoring at 25 public schools.思爾文學習系統(tǒng)最近與美國微波通信公司合作創(chuàng)建了100多個實驗中心，學生課外可以在那里接受高度復雜的技術(shù)培訓。40多個類似的中心仿照Caliber Learning Network，已為3萬多位學生提供了服務。很快思爾文將雄心勃勃地推廣其服務：尤其是想吸引空閑中的居家自學者。

18.Sylvan Learning Systems recently partnered with MCI to create over 100 pilot centers where students can receive highly sophisticated technology training after school.Over 40 such centers, dubbed the Caliber Learning Network, have served over 30,000 students.Sylvan will soon aggressively market its services;it will especially try to attract home schoolers during their off hours.電腦化考試

Computerized Testing 依據(jù)個人考試結(jié)果來提供教學與建議的電腦化考試方法進一步弱化了教師的角色。最初為美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊開發(fā)的微型貓，用來評估閱讀、語法和數(shù)學的技能。教育考試中心和美國空軍設計的HyDrive用來測試知識水準和解決問題的能力，并給予更正反饋。教科書出版社艾迪生韋斯利研制的指南針，根據(jù)學生的考試結(jié)果推薦學習計劃。電子閱卷機最終自動按照句法、詞匯、結(jié)構(gòu)批改文章。教育考試中心還在對電子閱卷機作改進：目標是讓電子評估與人工評估的一致性達到85%。

19.Computerized testing methods that can provide instruction or suggestions based on an individual's test result are further diminishing the role of the teacher.Micro-Cat, originally developed for the U.S.Marine Corps, evaluates reading, grammar, and math skill.HyDrive, designed by the Educational Testing Service(ETS)and the U.S.Air Force, tests both knowledge and problem solving ability, it also gives corrective feedback.Compass recommends study plans based on a student's test results;it was created by text book publisher Addison Wesley.Finally, E-Rater automatically score essays for syntax, vocabulary, and organization.It is still being developed by ETS: The goal is for 85% agreement between E-Rater and human evaluations.書籍，玩具和電視

Books, Toys, and Television 盡管對尖端技術(shù)的依賴不是很大，以下的公司、產(chǎn)品和服務同樣也在打入教育市場： 英國出版大亨皮爾遜擁有企鵝圖書和金融時報。通過一連串的收購，兼并或聯(lián)營還擁有或管理著西蒙和舒斯特、艾迪生韋斯利、學徒館和其他出版社的教育分支。這是世界上最大的教育出版社。皮爾遜還利用它的金融基礎(chǔ)開發(fā)了一系列的金融投資、金融風險管理軟件程序，并提供從打字到語言學的培訓軟件。

聰明小丑是一家適合高消費階層的教育類的玩具商店，連鎖店遍布全美。聰明小丑不時使用或展示他們的教學玩具，為家長和孩子設計特別教育程序。商店里備有電腦，孩子們可以隨時上電子網(wǎng)，那是公司為孩子制作的每月時事通訊。另外一家叫跳蛙的玩具公司，用具有視音觸摸的掌上玩具進行閱讀、拼寫和字母教學。以斯坦福教授羅伯特?卡爾斐開發(fā)的語音系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)，跳蛙玩具直接進入學校進行營銷或通過玩具店銷售。通過劇場有線電視公司播出的布盧線索系列，每周有500多萬觀眾，比巴尼和芝麻街的收視率還要高。其觀眾在標準考試中的成績要比不看此節(jié)目的人要好。布盧線索的觀眾可以和主持人一起通過尋找線索--一只卡通小狗布盧的爪印--整理分析這些線索來解決問題。

美國兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)中心聲稱大約有兩萬名學生在中心學習語言技術(shù)、邏輯思維及相互配合能力。中心致力于培養(yǎng)全方位的孩子，其方法之一就是給每個孩子充分的活動空間，他們認為這樣會啟發(fā)孩子們的思考能力。

20.Although less reliant on cutting edge technology, the following companies, products and services are also entering the education market:

21.The British publishing giant Pearson owns Penguin Books and the Financial Times.Through a series of acquisitions, mergers and alliances, it also owns or manages the education divisions of Simon & Schuster, Addison Wesley, Prentice Hall and others.It is the biggest educational publisher in the world.Using its financial base, Pearson has developed a series of software programs on investment banking and financial risk management.It also offers training software for subjects from typing to linguistics.22.Zany Brainy is an educational, upscale toy store with franchises all over the United States.Zany Brainy has designed special educational programs for parents and kids, usually using or demonstrating their teaching toys.The stores are equipped with computers where kids can access e-line, the company's monthly newsletter for kids.Another toy company, LeapFrog, teaches reading, spelling, and the alphabet with hand-held toys that combine touch, sight and sound.Based on a phonics system developed by Stanford professor Robert Calfee, LeapFrog toys are marketed directly to schools and through toy stores.23.The Blue's Clues series, from cable TV company Nickelodeon, has over five million weekly viewers, which is a higher rating than Barney or Seasame Street.This show's viewers outperform non-viewers on standardized tests.On Blue's Clues, viewers join the host in solving a problem by searching for clues-indicated by pawprints of the cartoon puppy “Blue”-and putting the clues together.24.Children's Discovery Centers of America claim some 20,000 students who learn language skills, logical thinking and cooperative play.The Centers seek to address the “Whole child.” One of their techniques is to give each child plenty of physical space and permission to move around, which they believe liberates a child's thinking.管理方法

Administrative Approaches

除了通過技術(shù)更新，企業(yè)家、教師、家長還力圖通過管理、組織和教學法的變化來提高教育質(zhì)量。以下扼要地介紹這方面的努力。

25.Entrepreneurs, teachers and parents are seeking to improve education through administrative, organizational and methodological changes in addition to technological improvements.The following is a summary of these efforts.愛迪生項目

The Edison Project 這種方法或許是最有爭議、最具攻擊性的。但事實上愛迪生項目接管和管理了公立學校并產(chǎn)生利潤?？死锼?惠特爾是愛迪生項目的主席，又是第一頻道的初創(chuàng)者。愛迪生項目有“技術(shù)是第二語言”這類課程，需要更多的課時，包括暑期，要定期對教師和學生的表現(xiàn)作出評價。估計愛迪生項目目前管理著48所學校，據(jù)推斷1998年的利潤達到1.25億。

26.This method is probably the most controversial and invasive: Public schools are actually taken over and run by the Edison Project at a profit.Chris Whittle, president of the Edison Project, was also the creator of Channel One.The Edison Project features courses such as “Technology as a Second Language”;requires more hours of school attendance, including summers, and regularly assesses both teacher and student performance.Edison now manages an estimated 48 schools and projected a profit of $125 million for 1998.公管民辦學校 Charter Schools

另一類學校由教育董事會授權(quán)開辦并接受公共基金, 他們從同類小學和中學吸引學生,但其規(guī)模通常要比這些學校小許多。1998年，美國有800所這類公管民辦學校。通常學生家長也積極參與。當一個學生轉(zhuǎn)到一所公管民辦學校，這個地區(qū)就失去一份資金，因為這個學生的教育金配額被轉(zhuǎn)到了這個公管民辦學校。

現(xiàn)在來評判公管民辦學校的功效還為時過早。但支持者卻相信特別的關(guān)注和較小的規(guī)模自然會帶來變化。多數(shù)州限制公管民辦學校的數(shù)量，但最近加利福尼亞取消這個限制的做法也許會蔓延到其他州。由克萊納?珀金斯風險投資家 John Doerr領(lǐng)導的家長和企業(yè)經(jīng)理同盟成功地去除了對加利福尼亞的公管民辦學校的封頂。Doerr進行冒險活動的主要伙伴是科技網(wǎng)，這是一個活躍的硅谷政治活動積極分子組織。

27.Usually much smaller than the comparable elementary, middle or high school room from which they draw students, these alternative schools are “chartered” by boards of education to operate.The charter authorizes the school to operate and to receive public funds.There were 800 charter schools in the United States in 1998.Normally a group of parents is heavily involved.When a student transfers to a charter school, the district loses funding because the educational allotment for that student is given to the charter school.28.It is too soon to gauge the effectiveness of charter schools, but proponents believe that the special attention and smaller size will automatically make a difference.Most states limit the number of charter schools, but a recent breakthrough in California may spread to other states: A coalition of parents and business executives, led by John Doerr, the Kleiner Perkins venture capitalist, succeeded in removing California's charter school cap.Doerr's major corporate partner in this venture was Tech-Net, a Silicon Valley political activist group.居家自學

Home Schooling 盡管居家自學的人數(shù)估計在100萬上下，但很多人認為實際人數(shù)會更高。難以估計這一數(shù)字的部分原因在于居家自學人數(shù)一直在增加。最初家長是出于宗教原因使他們對一些課程的授課方法有異議，現(xiàn)在由于擔心孩子的安全及教學質(zhì)量使得居家自學流行開來。很多居家自學學生所在的地段沒有合適的私人或教會學校可供選擇。

居家自學的家長們通過相互溝通，強烈要求地方學校為他們提供實驗室、健身房、藝術(shù)工作室、劇院和圖書館之便利，他們已扭轉(zhuǎn)了趨勢。最終的結(jié)果是居家自學者不再像當初那樣孤立了。最重要的是科技業(yè)已成為最高平衡器，提供給居家自學者的教育產(chǎn)品常常超越一般學校所擁有的產(chǎn)品。最后，居家自學日程安排機動靈活，可把家庭度假包括在上課和學習時間內(nèi)。居家自學同一般學校教育相比至少是一樣成功，要是照標準化考試來衡量，則常常勝過一籌。

29.Although the estimated number of home-schooled students is about one million, many believe the actual number is higher.Part of the difficulty in estimating is that home schooling is growing.Originally impelled by parents whose religious views led them to object to the way certain subjects were taught, home schooling has caught on with parents who are concerned about their children's safety and quality of learning.Many home schoolers are located in areas with no viable private or parochial school alternatives.30.Home-schooling parents have transformed the movement by affiliating with each other and aggressively petitioning local schools to provide them with access to laboratories, gymnasiums, art studios, theaters and libraries.The net result is that home schooling is not as isolated as it was initially.Above all, technology has been the supreme equalizer by providing home schoolers with educational products that often surpass those available in regular schools.Finally, the home-school calendar is flexible and can include family vocations as school and study time.Home schooling is at least as successful as regular schooling, and often superior, as measured by standardized tests.知識宇宙

Knowledge Universe

營業(yè)額超過十億多美元的大品牌公司“知識宇宙”，是一家最為廣泛的教育競爭商與供應商，由 Oracle 億萬富翁總經(jīng)理拉里?埃利森和有風險債券名聲的邁克爾?米爾肯共同創(chuàng)建，目的是想提供一種終生的教育產(chǎn)品和服務。

知識宇宙已經(jīng)全部或是部分地擁有上面談到過的五家公司：美國兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)中心，Mind Q's Java Academy, 知識大學，世界技術(shù)教育理事會以及跳蛙。估計這些公司價值40億到60億美元。知識宇宙還看中了另外31家公司準備加以收購。其中一家便是管理著100家預備學校和三十多家私立學校的諾貝爾動態(tài)教育中心。該中心將在1999年接管第一家公管民辦學校。

31.With revenues of over $1billion, Knowledge Universe is the most extensive educational competitor and supplier-a mega-brand.The brain-child of Larry Ellison, billionaire CEO of Oracle, and Michael Milken of junk-bond fame, the company aims to provide a lifetime of educational products and services.32.Knowledge Universe already owns in whole or in part five of the companies discussed above: Children's Discovery Centers of America, MindQ's Java Adademy, Knowledge University, TEC Worldwide, and LeapFrog.These companies are estimated to be worth $4 billion-$6 billion.Knowledge Universe has also identified 31 additional industry segments for acquisition.One such candidate is Nobel Education Dynamics, which operates 100 pre-schools and over 30 private schools;Nobel will take over its first charter school in 1999 教育的未來

The Future of Education 顯然，三個R 將會被三個T加以補充：技術(shù)，協(xié)作和轉(zhuǎn)換。愛迪生項目是對的：技術(shù)是一種嶄新的語言，應該有它自身的課程。Pensare公司和成績!公司明智地強調(diào)配合與協(xié)作的學習--這是集體解決難題的團隊精神的教育翻版。這類學習方法同樣也培養(yǎng)了社區(qū)與社會能力。

33.Clearly, the three R's will be supplemented by the three T's: Technology, Teaming, and Transference.The Edison Project is correct: technology is a new language and deserving of its own curriculum.Pensare and Score!rightly emphasize cooperative and collaborative learning-the educational version of corporate problem-solving teams.This approach to learning also builds community and social skills.21世紀研究生英語綜合教程翻譯1 2009-03-08 11:00 BOOK 1 UNIT 1 Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Because of the sizable colonial trades with many overseas areas, the gold and silver coins of all the important commercial countries of Europe and their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere were freely exchanged throughout the eastern seaboard.More important than English coins, which could not be legally exported from Britain to the colonies, were the sliver coins of the Spanish mint.These were struck in Mexico City and Lima and introduced into the Spanish colonies.Spanish dollars were so common in the colonies that the coin was eventually adopted as the monetary unit of the United States.由于殖民地與許多海外地區(qū)的大量貿(mào)易，所有歐洲重要商業(yè)國以及它們在西半球領(lǐng)地的金銀鑄幣在北美東海岸都可以 自由交換。由于法律不允許英國貨幣從英國流向殖民地，相比之下，西班牙的貨幣更加重要。這些貨幣在墨西哥城及利 馬鑄造，再進入西班牙殖民地。西班牙幣在殖民地被普遍使用，以至于這種硬幣最后成為美國貨幣單位。

Although Massachusetts first attempted to mint coins of low bullion content as early as 1652, the colonies eventually turned to paper to increase their meager and undependable money supply.The promissory notes of well-known individuals and bills of exchange drawn on English merchants readily exchanged hands for several months.In addition, treasures of the various colonies began to issue promissory notes in advance of tax collection and issue written orders to town officers requiring the payments of obligations from local stores, like other negotiable instruments, these pieces of paper were exchanged on endorsement as money.雖然早在1652 年馬薩諸塞率先鑄造低含金量的硬幣，但殖民地最后轉(zhuǎn)而印制紙幣以補充短缺且不可靠的貨幣供給。著名人士的期票與簽發(fā)給英國商人的匯票幾個月內(nèi)就能順利轉(zhuǎn)手。此外，各個殖民地的財政部門開始在收稅前簽發(fā)期票，同時向城鎮(zhèn)官員下達書面命令要當?shù)氐赇伮男懈犊盍x務，如其他可轉(zhuǎn)讓的單據(jù)一樣，這些票據(jù)經(jīng)背書后可作為貨幣進行交換。B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、隨著我國加入世界貿(mào)易組織，國有銀行面臨的壓力越來越大，為了盡快解決資本充足率以及擴大規(guī)模，這家大銀行打算與其他兩家小銀行合并。(merge)

With China’s successful entry into the WTO, state-owned banks are faced with more and more pressure.The big bank intends to merge with two small banks so as to quickly solve the problem of capital insufficiency and enlarge its scale.2、受全球經(jīng)濟衰退和通貨膨脹的影響，這個城市的許多小企業(yè)已經(jīng)破產(chǎn)或者被大公司兼并，導致大量工人面臨失業(yè)的困境。(swallow up)

Because of the recessionary effect on global economy and inflation, many small businesses in this city have gone bankrupt or have been swallowed up by giant corporations.It leads to a large number of workers facing unemployment.3、他沒有娶她。他認為盡管憐憫近于愛，但是不同的。他希望為愛情而結(jié)婚，而不是為了憐憫。(akin to)He didn't marry her, because he felt that although pity was closely akin to love, they were still different.He was eager to marry for love, not pity.4、網(wǎng)絡教育似乎是一種極好的教育方式，它能夠觸及到一大批潛在的學生，而且可以減少傳統(tǒng)學校教育所需要的高額的基礎(chǔ)設施及人力費用。（infrastructure；curtail）

Web-based training and learning seems to be a perfect way to reach a huge pool of potential students, as well as curtail the high infrastructure and personnel costs of traditional schooling.5、隨著這個城鎮(zhèn)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，當?shù)卣蛩銥槔夏耆私⒁凰涣鞯酿B(yǎng)老院。(tailor for/to)With the growing of this town's economy, local government intends to tailor a first-class nursing home for the needs of the elderly.6、政府撤銷對金融市場的管制有利于經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展，但同時也給國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟造成了一些負面影響。（deregulation）

7、但愿我的弟弟別再整天玩網(wǎng)絡游戲了，否則，他將無法完成學業(yè)。（desist from）

I wish my little brother would desist from playing network games all day, otherwise he would have to discontinue his studies.8、一家店鋪開始延長營業(yè)時間，同一條街上的其他商店也都跟著做。（follow suit）

One shop began to prolong the shop hours, and all other shops along the same street followed suit.9、隨著1997 年許多東亞國家經(jīng)濟中出現(xiàn)的戲劇性的貨幣貶值，這些國家遭受了急劇而且徘徊不去的經(jīng)濟衰退。這種結(jié)果違反了貶值使國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的商品更便宜而應當提高產(chǎn)量的觀點。（depreciation）

Following the dramatic currency depreciations in many East Asian economies in 1997,these countries suffered sharp and lingering recessions.This outcome runs counter to the notion that depreciations ought to boost output because they make domestically produced goods cheaper.BOOK 1 UNIT 2 2 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.(1)Not all regions will experience equal warming.Some areas may become much hotter and drier, while others actually experience colder weather.Other predicted effects of global warming include melting of the polar ice caps, flooding of coastlines, severe storms, changes in precipitation patterns, and widespread changes in the existing ecological balance.Current models predict a rise in global sea levels of 15-95 centimeters over the next century, high enough to put the homes of a third of the world’s population underwater.Infectious diseases may increase due to an expansion of habitat for disease vectors like mosquitoes.Many species may be unable to adapt to such swift changes in the climate, and may become extinct.并非所有地區(qū)的氣候都會經(jīng)歷同樣的氣候變暖的情況，有些地區(qū)會變得更干更熱，然而另外一些地區(qū)則會遭遇較冷的天氣。全球氣候變暖可能產(chǎn)生的預期結(jié)果包括極地冰雪融化，海洋沿線被淹沒，劇烈的暴風雨，降雨模式的改變，以及現(xiàn)有生態(tài)平衡的廣泛變化等等。根據(jù)目前的模式，據(jù)估計在下一個世紀中全球海平面將上升15-95 厘米。這足以把世界上三分之一人口的家園淹沒。由于像蚊子一樣傳播疾病的昆蟲的棲息地的擴大，傳染性疾病也將變得越來越多，許多物種或許將不能適應如此劇烈的氣候變化而最終滅絕。

(2)At the end of the day, however, the only real, long-term ―solution‖ to the climate crisis has been overlooked by all our leaders.Without adapting our economics, we will simply be greening individual leaves on a dying tree.Our government, in line with its predecessors, is wedded to the belief that increased global trade is automatically a good thing.Thus, it has supported endless subsidies, both direct and indirect, that can benefit only the big corporations producing for long-distance export.但是，一切都考慮進去了之后，那個長期的真正能夠解決環(huán)境危機的方法卻被所有的領(lǐng)導人忽視了。倘若不去調(diào)整我們的經(jīng)濟，我們將只能是綠化垂死的樹上的個別葉子。我們的政府，和它的前任們一樣，堅持認為持續(xù)增長的全球貿(mào)易理所當然是一件好事情。因此，政府給予了無數(shù)直接或間接的資助。這些資助只能使那些生產(chǎn)遠距離出口商品的大公司獲益。B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、在環(huán)境危機問題上，與其拿出一個不怎么有效的提案，還不如沒有提案，因為提案一旦做出，政治家們就會在其后一段時間內(nèi)把環(huán)境問題放在一邊。(be better off;clean slate)As to the climate crisis, we are better off with a clean slate than a weak proposal.Because once the proposal is made, politicians will close the climate chapter for some time.2、她開始意識到，她的持續(xù)的腹痛是由于食用了上周在當?shù)爻匈v賣的熏肉而引起的。(cotton on;on offer)She’s cottoned on that her constant stomachache was caused by eating the smoked meat on offer last week at the local market.3、那位超級明星突然造訪一座海濱小城，第二天這則消息在當?shù)貓蠹埖念^版顯著刊登。（descend on;splash across）

That superstar descended on a small coastal town, which was splashed across the front page of the local newspaper.4、他立足商界的最后一搏失敗了，這似乎令人沮喪，但從長遠來看，這也未嘗不是一件好事，他可以從中學到很多。（last-ditch effort;be for the best）

His last-ditch effort to win a place in the business world collapsed, which seemed frustrating.But it was also for the best.From the failure, he could learn a lot.5、父母把自己的愛和關(guān)懷無私慷慨地給予了孩子。然而，當他們年邁之時，其中一些卻只能無奈地獨自生活。（lavish on;be condemned to）

Parents lavish their love and care on their children.However, when they become old, some of them arecondemned to live alone.6、我國現(xiàn)任的政治領(lǐng)導和他們的前任們一樣堅信，在反腐問題上沒有退縮。（in line with;be wedded to）

The present political leaders of our country, in line with his predecessors, were wedded to the belief that we should not retreat in the action against corruption.7、多虧了政府的資助和好心人的捐款，那些貧困地區(qū)失學的孩子們才得以重返校園。（by courtesy of）

The school dropouts in poverty-stricken areas came back to school by courtesy of the subsidies from government and donations from the kind people.8、在當?shù)卣挠行ЫM織之下，洪災所造成的損失被降到了最低程度。（water down）Under the effective organization of the local government, the damage caused by the flood has been watered down to the minimum.9、在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展上，超級大國走在了前面，把其他國家遠遠甩在了后面，但這并不是說，他們在一切問題上都說了算。（forge ahead）

Superpowers forge ahead in economic development, leaving other countries far behind.But it doesn’t necessarily follow that they have the final say in everything.BOOK1 UNIT 3 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.3 According to researchers from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(NIAID), monkeys can be protected against the SARS virus using a single dose of a test vaccine sprayed into the nose.Meanwhile, a team of scientists in Holland has successfully protected ferrets from the virus by treating them with human antibodies.據(jù)美國國家過敏和傳染病中心（NIAID）的研究人員說，往猴子的鼻內(nèi)噴一次測試疫苗，猴子就可以免得非典。同時，一些荷蘭的科學家已經(jīng)成功地利用人類抗體保護白鼬不受病毒侵襲。

The NIAID research team, led by Alexander Bukreyev, treated four monkeys with a test vaccine produced by inserting the gene responsible for producing a key SARS protein(known as SARS-S)into a weakened version of a human influenza virus.A further four monkeys received an inactive placebo vaccine;in all eight monkeys, the treatments were sprayed directly into the monkeys’ nostrils.由亞歷山大.波可樂耶夫領(lǐng)導的NIAID 科研小組把產(chǎn)生主要非典蛋白的基因（叫做SARS-S）插入一種削弱的人類流感病毒，并用這樣培養(yǎng)出來的試驗疫苗治療猴子。另外四個猴子給以安慰疫苗。把所有的藥直接噴進猴子的鼻腔。

One month after immunizations, both groups were deliberately infected with the SARS virus.The researchers found replicated virus in samples taken from the respiratory tracts of the animals that had received the placebo vaccine, a sign that immunization had failed.In contrast, animals that had received the full vaccine showed no such signs.免疫接種后一個月，兩組猴子都被感染上非典。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，從接種安慰劑的猴子的呼吸道的取樣中有復制的病毒，這表明免疫接種失敗。而在接受正常疫苗的猴子身上卻沒有這種癥狀。

B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、盡管他的科研工作不斷出現(xiàn)困難，但他都一一克服了，并最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種新的元素。（crop up）

Though difficulties kept on cropping up in his work, he still succeeded in finding this new element after solving all the problems.2、火車以飛快的速度行駛，一天的旅行就把他從白雪皚皚的北國帶到了赤日炎炎的南方。(at a good clip)The train was moving at such a good clip that one day’s travel brought him to the south with scorching sun from the northern part of the country covered with white snow.3、第一次出海航行時，由于發(fā)動機出現(xiàn)了故障，這艘船在大海中由風浪任意擺布。(at the mercy of)During her first voyage to the sea, the ship’s engine break down, so she left at the mercy of the rough sea.To our relief ,the vote in this assembly stopped certain countries from containing China.4、一些公司貪求利潤而置農(nóng)民工的利益于不顧，政府部門最近收到許多拖欠工資的投訴。（bombard）

While seeking after their own profit, some companies ignore the farmer workers’ interest.Recently, the government has been bombarded with the complaints about delayed payment.5、隨著亞洲的一些國家發(fā)生禽流感，我國加強了對從這些國家進口食品的嚴格監(jiān)控。(surveillance)With the bird flu emerging in some Asian countries, our government has placed the imported food under close surveillance.6、雖然經(jīng)濟全球化給一些中國人帶來了絕對的機遇，但它給其他人所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)也是很明顯的。(unmistakable)While economic globalization has brought absolute opportunities to some Chinese , the challenges it causes to others are also unmistakable.7、令我們欣慰的是，這次大會中的投票表決挫敗了某些國家遏制中國的企圖。(contain)To our relief ,the vote in this assembly stopped certain countries from containing China.8、在有些人，諺語“三歲看到老”的說法是真的，但有許多人不是這種經(jīng)歷。(seal)With some people , the old saying ―One’s character at three years old seals his fate.‖is true, but there are many people with different experiences.BOOK 1 UNIT 4 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.What is feminism? By general definition, feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued.It is based on social, political and economic equality for women.Feminists can be anyone in the population, men, women, girls or boys.Feminism can also be described as a movement, a revolution that includes women and men who wish the world to be equal without boundaries.何謂女權(quán)主義？據(jù)一般定義，女權(quán)主義是女性及其貢獻得到重視的哲學。它建立在女性的社會、政治、經(jīng)濟權(quán)利平等基

礎(chǔ)之上。任何人，男人、女人、男孩、女孩，都可以成為女權(quán)主義者。女權(quán)主義也可被描述為一種運動，一場革命，在

這種運動或革命中男人女人們希望世界平等無界。

These boundaries or blockades are better known as discrimination and biases against gender, sexual orientation, age, marital 4 status and economic status.Everyone views the world with his or her own sense of gender and equality.Feminists view the world as being unequal.They wish to see the gender gap and the idea that men are superior to women decreased or even abolished.這種界線或障礙就是廣為大家所知的針對性別、性取向、年齡、婚姻狀況和經(jīng)濟狀況的歧視和偏見。每個人都以他/她自

己的性別觀和平等觀來看待這個世界。女權(quán)主義者認為這個世界不平等。他們希望看到性別差異減小，男人優(yōu)于女人的 觀念減退，并直至消失。

B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、賽珍珠（Pearl Sydenstricker Buck）生于傳教士家庭，隨父母在中國生活了17 年，深受中國文化的熏陶。（be saturated with/in）-----Pearl Sydenstricker Buck was born to parents who were missionaries.She, along lived in China for seventeen years, and was saturated in Chinese culture.2、你父母那么愛你，你竟這樣粗暴地對待他們，你如何能為自己的行為辯解？（justify）How can you justify your rude behavior towards your parents who love you so much?

3、他已經(jīng)長大了，不再有青春期抽煙喝酒的習慣了。（outgrow）

He has grown up and has outgrown the adolescent bad habits of smoking and drinking.4、我們認為這是不言自明的：任何國家都不應該干涉他國內(nèi)政，大國尤其如此。(be true of)We hold this to be self-evident that no state is in the position to interfere with the domestic affairs of other nations.This is especially true of great powers.5、家道中落之前，他們無法想象自己會對住小房子、吃干面包、喝白開水的簡樸生活也很知足。(content with)Before they came down in the world ,they couldn’t imagine that they would content themselves with the simple life : a small room ,dry bread and plain boiled water.6、雖然歹徒夸口絕不會給活捉，但是被圍之后，他毫不反抗就屈服了。(submit to)Though he boasted he would never be taken alive, the outlaw submitted to the police without a struggle when surrounded.7、為了接受高等教育，她強烈地與父親認為女人注定一生圍著廚房轉(zhuǎn)的觀念抗爭。（be doomed to)In order to have her higher education ,she has to contend fiercely with her father who believes that women are doomed to spending their life at the kitchen sink.8、這位單身母親給女兒灌輸?shù)亩际切┡畽?quán)主義觀點。(instill in)It is feminism that the single mother has instilled in her daughter.BOOK 1 UNIT 5 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.The fact that our computer network is so advanced will also soon give us the opportunity to share our teaching expertise with local companies and even other universities;a dedicated center for distance learning is already under discussion.We will increasingly use internet based computer courses, to enhance our own teaching and also to reach students outside the University.That doesn’t mean computer terminals will displace people;students are always going to need advice and high quality tuition on the spot.我們的計算機網(wǎng)絡相當先進，不久就會使我們有機會和地方公司甚至其他大學共享我們的教學專長。一個專門服務于遠 程學習的中心已在醞釀之中。我們將越來越多地利用基于因特網(wǎng)的計算機課程，提高我們自己的教學水平，同時也使校 外的學生有機會學習。這并不意味著計算機終端將會取代人，學生永遠需要當場建議和高質(zhì)量的面授。

But it does mean we can refine our teaching courses over time and make them available in the manner of textbooks.Within the university itself, access is going to remain our key priority.We’re striving to demystify Cambridge and increase the proportion of state school students we take.We want to ensure that ethnic minority, overseas and disabled applicants are encouraged and supported.但這的確意味著我們可以逐步完善我們的教學課程，并使之以課本的形式讓大家得到。就我們大學自身來講，提供更多 的入學機會將仍是我們的頭等大事。我們在努力解除劍橋的神秘感，增加錄取公立中學畢業(yè)生的比率。我們要確保鼓勵

和支持少數(shù)民族、外國和殘疾的申請者。

We want to secure women’s full participation in the university and increase their representation in top academic posts.We want to encourage alumni to take more interest in Cambridge so we can draw on their expertise and experience.我們希望確保婦女全面參與大學的事務，增加她們在高級學術(shù)職位方面的代表性。我們要鼓勵校友們更加關(guān)心劍橋，用 他們的專長和經(jīng)驗為母校服務。

B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、按照我朋友的建議，這個房間由一個單人臥室改成了一間書房。（convert from...to /into...）At my friend’s suggestion, the room was converted from a single bedroom to a bathroom.2、人們一提到西安就會聯(lián)想到大雁塔和兵馬俑。（connect with）5 People always connect Xi’an with the Big Goose Pagoda and Terracotta Warriors and Horses.3、大學生要有使用好圖書館的條件，只有這樣，他們的知識面才會拓寬。（access to）College students must have access to a good library, through which their knowledge and experience can be broadened.4、水壩不太堅固，擋不住洪水，結(jié)果河水沖破堤岸，淹沒了河邊的房子。（hold back）The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters, so that the river had burst its banks and flooded the houses by the river.5、她的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。同時，她父母的話對她也是極大的鼓舞。（due to）Her success was largely due to her efforts.Also her parents’ words were a great encouragement to her.6、通過參與制定實習計劃的過程，我和我的小組成員不得不為學生確定意向?qū)W習目標。（field trip）

Through participating in the process of planning our field trip, my group members and I had to identify our intended learning goals for the students.7、在報復心的驅(qū)使下，我給辦公室的每個人發(fā)了一封電子郵件，信的開頭如下：“很抱歉地通知你，你已經(jīng)錯過了這次 機會。??”（as follow）I did in the spirit of revenge by sending an e-mail to everyone in the office which began as follow: “ we regret to inform you that you have missed this opportunity,…‖

8、盡管期望這種集成電路作為一種鎖存器電路，它也可以當作推薦的標準觸發(fā)器。（function as）

Even though this IC(integrated circuit)is supposed to work as a latch circuit, it can also be made to function as RS(recommended standard)flip-flop.BOOK 1 UNIT 6 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.1.The United States didn’t initiate crude forms of ethnic and racist hatred, which constitute some of terrorism’s roots, but

neither is it completely innocent.In the Middle East, geopolitical and economic considerations supposedly dictate U.S.support of both Israeli democracy and the ―moderate‖ state of Saudi Arabia.美國并未激起產(chǎn)生恐怖主義根源的原始的民族和種族仇恨，然而，美國也并不能完全脫離干系。在中東地區(qū)，基于地域

和經(jīng)濟上的考慮使得美國不得不既支持以色列的民主形式，又支持沙特阿拉伯的溫和立場。Yet such support does more to sustain and intensify destructive forms of nationalism than to ensure economic and military security.Israeli domination of the occupied territories fuels Arab militancy.The Saudi regime survives in part by tacitly encouraging its fundamentalist critics to vent their domestic political anger on the United States and Israel.然而，這種支持更多地支持和加劇了災難性的民族主義，而并沒有使經(jīng)濟和軍事上的安全得到保證。以色列對占領(lǐng)區(qū)的

控制使得阿拉伯人越來越多地采取暴力手段。沙特政權(quán)之所以能夠幸存下來部分上是由于政府總在默默地鼓勵基督教原

教旨主義者把他們對國內(nèi)政治的不滿發(fā)泄在美國和以色列身上。

2.Patricia Hewitt speaks softly.She constructs her sentences carefully.When she gets passionate, her voice tends to quiver.“After September 11, we began to make quite a powerful coalition around the world against terrorism.帕蒂西?赫威特輕聲地說著，她措辭相當謹慎。當她激動的時候，她的聲音有些顫抖，“在911 事件，我們開始在全球范圍 內(nèi)建立一個強有力的反恐聯(lián)盟。

But if we are going to have a durable, a really powerful international coalition against terrorism and for greater security, then we have to have an equally powerful economic coalition—in other words, a coalition for free and fair trade around the world, because we will never deal with terrorism and other threats to world peace if we don’t deal with the hunger and misery and frustration across the developing world.‖ 但是如果我們要建立一個持久的、真正強有力的國際反恐聯(lián)盟來確保安全，那么我們就得建立一個同樣強有力的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)

盟。因為倘若我們不去整個發(fā)展中國家所面臨的饑餓、苦難、挫敗等問題，我們就永遠解決不了恐怖主義以及其它危及 世界和平的問題?！?/p>

B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、大城市的第三產(chǎn)業(yè)越來越多地依賴于外來務工人員，這種情況已經(jīng)形成。如果沒有大批務工人員參加到城市的建設中

來，許多城市的發(fā)展將逐漸趨于停滯。(grind to a halt)The increasing reliance of the third industry in big cities on guest workers is entrenched.Without legions of them to participate in the cities’ construction the development of many cities would grind to a halt.2、經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展更多地依賴于社會的穩(wěn)定。因此，當前壓倒一切的問題是保持穩(wěn)定。(hinge on)The development of economy mainly hinges on social stability.Therefore, the overwhelming issue at present is to maintain stability.3、一個開放的國際大都市應當是實行文化多元主義。在那里，擁有不同文化背景的人們之間和平相處，共同發(fā)展。(cultural pluralism)An open international metropolis should be one with cultural pluralism, where people with different cultural backgrounds coexist peacefully and develop together.6

4、由于吸毒，他和周圍的人們疏遠了。慢慢地，他對吸毒懷有強烈的道德上的厭惡，決心戒毒。(embrace)Due to drug abuse, he was detached from the people around him.Gradually, he embraced a moral revulsion towards drug abuse and was determined to give it up.5、他擁有一輛寬敞的車，一座鄉(xiāng)間別墅，以及其它被認為是成功的標志的東西，但他并不真正幸福。(trappings)He has a big car, a country house, and all the other trappings of success.But he was not in the least happy.6、有些人對和自己意見相左的人采取仇視的態(tài)度。這并不是心胸寬闊的人所應有的。(turn a hostile eye)Some people turn a hostile eye toward those who dissent from their view, which doesn’t agree with what an open-minded person should do.7、和他所期望的相反，這次他并沒有得到升職?；丶抑笏雅鸢l(fā)泄在妻子頭上。(contrary to；vent on)Contrary to what he expected, he failed to be promoted this time.After returning to his home, he vented his anger on his wife.8、美國的生活方式以對物質(zhì)充足的尊崇為典型。(be characterized by)The American way of life is characterized by reverence for material abundance.BOOK 1 UNIT 7 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Discipline does not need to be punitive, coercive, manipulative or negative.Children can learn in a positive, upbeat, firm and kind environment much better than a negative one.The parents set the tone for the family environment and so parents have great influence over the nature of that environment.管理孩子沒必要懲罰，強迫，強制或在嚴厲的氣氛中進行。孩子在輕松愉快的、嚴格但又和藹的氣氛里可以學得更好。

父母決定家庭氣氛，所以父母對家庭氣氛的好壞大有影響。

Dream big, children are capable of so much more and so much better than we give them the chance to express!While I do not believe in ―parent bashing‖ with problematic kids, I do believe that we parents have so much more influence in our families than we realize.We need to take this influence to heart and strive to do and be our very best and to never give up on our kids!從正面教育入手，孩子的表現(xiàn)會比我們預期的量和質(zhì)都要好得多！雖然我并不認為孩子有問題就責備家長，但我確信我

們家長對家庭的影響之大遠遠超出我們的意識。我們必須牢記這種影響，積極施展這種影響，而永遠不要對孩子失望！

The times of parental frustration should be used as times to re-group, re-think, and re-evaluate.Attempting any form of thoughtful discipline takes time, thought and a relaxed environment.If you’re stressed out, give yourself and your child a cooling off period.Often the answers will come during the break.家長應在煩惱的時間重整旗鼓，調(diào)整自己的認識，重新評價孩子。遙想實施全面的家庭教育需要時間，很費心，還需要

一個輕松的環(huán)境。如果你的情緒不好，要讓你和孩子在一段時間內(nèi)冷靜下來。解決問題的方法經(jīng)常在情緒平靜時想出來。

B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、為了照看這個嬰兒她已辭職，無論是好是壞，她顧不了太多。(for better or worse)She has left her job to take care of the baby, and, for better or worse, she can’t afford to think of too much.2、指出一個孩子有學習障礙并不能解釋他不能學習的問題。重要的是找出問題在哪里。（account for）

To point out that a child has learning disability does not account for why he is having trouble learning.The point is to find out exactly where the problem is.3、對于有些女性，生孩子并不會導致非此即彼的結(jié)果——辭職在家?guī)Ш⒆?，或繼續(xù)工作而不帶孩子。(black and white)For some women, bearing children does not have to result in a black-and-white situation—having to quit work to stay home with the baby or not.4、在這篇小說中, 瑞譜是這樣一個人物：除了偶然為他所懼怕的妻子跑腿以外, 終日帶著他的狗在村子里游蕩。（run errands）In this novel, Rip is such a character that, except occasionally running errands for his wife, whom he feared, idled away with his dog all day long in the village.5、這個藝術(shù)團的演出吸引了這么多的工人，大禮堂及其外圍的地方都圍滿了觀眾。(spill over)

6、為了加快發(fā)展的速度，我國已和許多國家簽訂了互惠協(xié)約。（reciprocal）

In order to achieve a faster development, our country has reached reciprocal agreements with many other countries.7、他們認為民主的一個重要體現(xiàn)就是人民可以享受言論自由。（voice）

They think that one important manifestations of democracy is all the people can enjoy the freedom of voicing their minds.7 8.兒時的貧寒和艱難激勵著這位總統(tǒng)毫不動搖地走自學成材的道路，以致在這方面成為世人的楷模。(waver)The poverty and hardships during his childhood encouraged this president never to waver in his determination to be a self-made man, which has been a model for the world.BOOK 1 UNIT 8 A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.There in the mist, enormous, majestic, silent, and terrible, stood the Great Wall of China.Solitarily, with the indifference of nature herself, it crept up the mountain side and slipped down to the depth of the valley.Menacingly, the grim watchtowers, stark and foursquare, at due intervals stood at their posts.迷蒙之中呈現(xiàn)出來的那龐然大物，十分壯觀，寂然不動而氣度非凡，那就是中國的長城。它孤獨地沿著山的一側(cè)蜿蜒而

上，再往下進入山谷深處，像大自然似的，一副與世無涉的冷漠樣子。每隔一定的距離就有一座森嚴的瞭望臺，冷峻挺 立，十分威嚴。

Ruthlessly, for it was built at the cost of a million lives and each one of those great gray stones has been stained with the bloody tears of the captive and the outcast, it forged its dark way through a sea of rugged mountains.它是鐵面無情，堅忍不拔的，既然付出了千百萬生命的代價建造它，每一塊灰色大磚石上都染滿了那離鄉(xiāng)背井猶如囚徒

者的斑斑血淚，它就一定會絕然向前，跨越崇山峻嶺奔向人所不知的去處。

Fearlessly, it went on its endless journey, league upon league to the furthermost regions of Asia, in utter solitude, mysterious like the great empire it guarded.There in the mist, enormous, majestic, silent, and terrible, stood the Great Wall of China.它具有大無畏的精神，漫漫征途無盡頭，走了一程又一程，一直走到亞洲最邊遠的地方，煢煢孑立，神秘莫測，猶如它

所捍衛(wèi)的大帝國似的。中國的長城就是那樣的龐然大物，在迷蒙中寂然不動，氣度非凡，十分壯觀。

B.Translate the following sentences into English.1、清晨新鮮的空氣，鳥兒的歌唱，街道兩旁的花草樹木，夜晚的星辰，所有這一切都會使人干到生活是無限美好的。

(conspire)The fresh morning air, the singing of birds, the trees and flowers on the sides of the street, and the stars at night conspire to make you feel how beautiful the life is.2、一些中國品牌以富有競爭力的價位為后盾，已躋身于國際市場，同時他們也未忽略產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量，高效的銷售以及售后

服務等戰(zhàn)略的運用。(ignore)Some Chinese brands have nudged into the inter-national market on the back of competitive pricing.At the same time they haven’t ignored such strategies as product quality, an efficient distribution and after-sales service.3、我妹妹瑪麗的幾個朋友不斷地告訴她，她的朋友卡羅爾在她背后說她的壞話?，旣惤?jīng)過她們的洗腦也就相信了她們的 話。后來她發(fā)現(xiàn)事實并非如此時，感到非常抱歉。(brainwash)Several of her friends brainwashed my sister Mary into believing that her best friend Carol was saying nasty things about her behind her back.Mary was as sorry as she could be when she found out it wasn’t true.4、如果政治家想贏得選舉勝利必須努力表現(xiàn)自己。(project)A politician must project himself if he wants to win an election.5、隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快，人們感到時間的緊迫，駕車的速度越來越快。馬路就像賽場跑道，高速行駛的汽車嚴重威脅到

行人的安全。(race track;sorely)With the quicken pace of life, people feel time presses and drive their cars faster and faster, which makes the roadway look like a race track.The automobiles running at a high speed sorely threaten the safety of pedestrians.6、現(xiàn)如今人們對汽車的依賴性越來越強，即使時上下班只有1 英里的路程，也要驅(qū)車前往。(a round trip to work;resort to)Nowadays people become increasingly dependent on automobiles.Despite one mile round trip to work, they will resort to automobiles.7、中國制造的商品以其物美價廉贏得了世界各國消費者的青睞。(win one’s heart)Low in price and good in quality, the commodities made in China have won hearts of the consumers all over the world.8、中國的汽車工業(yè)白手起家，逐漸發(fā)展到如今這樣的規(guī)模。但是，它仍然處于初級階段，對其設定過高的質(zhì)量標準是不

切合實際的。(from scratch)Starting from scratch, Chinese automobile industry has gradually developed into what it is.But with it at the preliminary stage, it is impractical to set an exorbitant quality standard for it.經(jīng)典英語美文翻譯：優(yōu)秀的標準

My l4-year-old son, John, and I spotted the coat simultaneously.It was hanging on a rack at a secondhand clothing store in Northampton Mass, crammed in with shoddy trench coats and an assortment of sad, woolen overcoats--a rose among thorns.在馬薩諸塞州北安普頓市的一家出售二手服裝的店里，我和我14歲的兒子約翰同時盯上了那件大衣。它就掛在衣架上，夾在劣質(zhì)的軍用風雨衣和各式各樣寒酸的羊毛大衣當中，然而它卻像荊棘叢中的一朵玫瑰。

While the other coats drooped, this one looked as if it were holding itself up.The thick, black wool of the double-breasted chesterfield was soft and unworn, as though it had been preserved in mothballs for years in dead old Uncle Henry's steamer trunk.The coat had a black velvet collar, beautiful tailoring, a Fifth Avenue label and an unbelievable price of $28.We looked at each other, saying nothing, but John's eyes gleamed.Dark, woolen topcoats were popular just then with teenage boys, but could cost several hundred dollars new.This coat was even better, bearing that touch of classic elegance from a bygone era.其他的大衣都顯得沒精打采，惟獨這件衣服趾高氣揚。厚厚的黑色羊絨柔軟而蓬松，這件雙排扣暗鈕長大衣顯然還沒上過身，看樣子，就像用樟腦球在老亨利叔叔的扁平旅行箱里保存了多年。其做工精細：領(lǐng)子是黑天鵝絨的，商標是第五大街的，價錢讓人難以置信，只賣28美元。我們彼此看著對方，一言不發(fā)，可約翰的眼里卻閃著欣喜的光。黑色的羊絨輕便大衣那時在小伙子們中很流行，買一件新的要花好幾百美元，而這一件質(zhì)地更好一些，還帶有一種逝去年代的古典美。

John slid his arms down into the heavy satin lining of the sleeves and buttoned the coat.He turned from side to side, eyeing himself in the mirror with a serious, studied expression that soon changed into a smile.The fit was perfect.約翰將胳膊伸進了袖管里——襯里是厚厚的緞子，系上了扣子。他在鏡子面前轉(zhuǎn)過來調(diào)過去地打量著自己，臉上的嚴肅表情不一會兒就變成了微笑。衣服合身極了。

John wore the coat to school the next day and came home wearing a big grin.“Ho.did the kids like your coat?” I asked.“They loved it,” he said, carefully folding it over the back of a chair and smoothing it flat.I started calling him “Lord Chesterfield” and “The Great Gatsby.”

第二天約翰就穿著它去上學了。放學回來他笑逐顏開。我問他：“那些孩子覺得你的大衣怎么樣？”“他們非常喜歡。”他一邊說，一邊在椅子背兒上把衣服仔細地疊起來，并甩手把它展平。我于是就開始叫他“切斯特菲爾德大人”和“了不起的蓋茨比”。

Over the next few weeks, a change came over John.Agreement replaced contrariness, quiet, reasoned discussion replaced argument.He became more judicious, more mannerly, more thoughtful, eager to please.“Good dinner, Mom,“ he would say every evening.在接下來的幾周內(nèi)，約翰慢慢地變了：變得聽話而不再故意作對，遇事能心平氣和地商討而不再強詞奪理。他變得更明事理、更有禮貌，也更體貼人了。他也樂于討人歡喜。每天晚上都要說：“媽媽，晚飯好極了?！?/p>

He would generously loan his younger brother his tapes and lecture him on the niceties of behaviour;without a word of objection, he would carry in wood for the stove.One day when I suggested that he might start on homework before dinner, John--a veteran procrastinator – said, ―You’re right.I guess I will.‖

他會很慷慨地把自己的磁帶借給弟弟，并告誡他如何有良好的行為舉止；他會毫無怨言地把燒爐子用的劈柴抱進來。有一天當我建議他在晚飯前開始做作業(yè)時，約翰這個一貫拖拉的家伙居然說：“您是對的，我想我會做的?！?/p>

When I mentioned this incident to one of his teachers and remarked that I didn't know what caused the changes, she said laughing.”It must be his coat!“ Another teacher told him she was giving him a good mark not only because he had earned it but because she liked his coat.At the library, we ran into a friend who had not seen our children in a long time, ―Could this be John?” he asked, looking up to John's new height, assessing the cut of his coat and extending his hand, one gentleman to another.當我對他的一個老師提起這件事，并說我不知道這是為什么時，她笑著說：“一定是因為他的大衣！”另一個老師告訴他，她要給他一個好成績，不僅僅因為他理應獲得，還因為她喜歡他的大衣。在圖書館里我們遇見了一位朋友，他已經(jīng)很長時間沒有看見我們的孩子了?？粗s翰長高的個子，品評著他大衣的樣式，這位朋友不禁問道：“這是約翰嗎？” 同時向約翰伸出了手，完全是紳士間的行為。

John and I both know we should never mistake a person's clothes for the real person within them.But there is something to be said for wearing a standard of excellence for the world to see, for practising standards of excellence in though, speech, and behaviour, and for matching what is on the inside to what is on the outside.約翰和我都知道不應該以貌取人，可穿著優(yōu)雅為世人看，在思想上、言語上、行動上實踐優(yōu)秀的標準，以達到內(nèi)外的和諧統(tǒng)一，這又另當別論。

Sometimes, watching John leave for school, I've remembered with a keen sting what it felt like to be in the eighth grade--a time when it was as easy to try on different approaches to life as it was to try on a coat.The whole world, the whole future is stretched out ahead, a vast panorama where all the doors are open.And if I were there right now, I would picture myself walking through those doors wearing my wonderful, magical coat.有時看著約翰上學去，我就不禁怦然心動，想起自己上8年級時的感覺——那時嘗試不同的生活方式就如同試衣服一樣簡單。整個世界、整個未來在你面前展開，猶如一幅巨大的畫卷，那里的每一扇門都敞開著。如果此刻我能回到那兒，我會在這些門間穿行，身上就穿著那件奇妙的、帶有魔力的大衣。

母親節(jié)經(jīng)典美文：送給摯愛的母親

Love Your Mother

深愛母親

The Childhood Days

When you came into the world, she held you in her arms.You thanked her by wailing1)like a banshee2).When you were 1 year old, she fed you and bathed you.You thanked her by crying all night long.When you were 2 years old, she taught you to walk.You thanked her by running away when she called.When you were 3 years old, she made all your meals with love.You thanked her by tossing your plate on the floor.When you were 4 years old, she gave you some crayons3).You thanked her by coloring the dining room table.When you were 5 years old, she dressed you for the holidays.You thanked her by plopping4)into the nearest pile of mud.When you were 6 years old, she walked you to school.You thanked her by screaming, “I’M NOT GOING!”

When you were 7 years old, she bought you a baseball.You thanked her by throwing it through the next-door-neighbor’s window.When you were 8 years old, she handed you an ice cream.You thanked her by dripping it all over your lap.When you were 9 years old, she paid for piano lessons.You thanked her by never even bothering to practice.When you were 10 years old, she drove you all day, from soccer to gymnastics to one birthday party after another.You thanked her by jumping out of the car and never looking back.When you were 11 years old, she took you and your friends to the movies.You thanked her by asking to sit in a different row.轉(zhuǎn)自學易網(wǎng) www.tmdps.cn When you were 12 years old, she warned you not to watch certain TV shows.You thanked her by waiting until she left the house.Those Teenage Years

When you were 13, she suggested a haircut that was becoming5).You thanked her by telling her she had no taste.When you were 14, she paid for a month away at summer camp.You thanked her by forgetting to write a single letter.When you were 15, she came home from work, looking for a hug.You thanked her by having your bedroom door locked.When you were 16, she taught you how to drive her car.You thanked her by taking it every chance you could.When you were 17, she was expecting an important call.You thanked her by being on the phone all night.When you were 18, she cried at your high school graduation.You thanked her by staying out partying until dawn.Growing Old and Gray

When you were 19, she paid for your college tuition, drove you to campus, carried your bags.You thanked her by saying good-bye outside the dorm so you wouldn’t be embarrassed in front of your friends.When you were 20, she asked whether you were seeing anyone.You thanked her by saying, “It’s none of your business.”

When you were 21, she suggested certain careers for your future.You thanked her by saying, “I don’t want to be like you.”

When you were 22, she hugged you at your college graduation.You thanked her by asking whether she could pay for a trip to Europe.When you were 23, she gave you furniture for your first apartment.You thanked her by telling your friends it was ugly.When you were 24, she met your fiancé and asked about your plans for the future.You thanked her by glaring and growling, “Muuhh-ther, please!”

When you were 25, she helped to pay for your wedding, and she cried and told you how deeply she loved you.You thanked her by moving halfway across the country.轉(zhuǎn)自學易網(wǎng) www.tmdps.cn

When you were 30, she called with some advice on the baby.You thanked her by telling her, “Things are different now.”

When you were 40, she called to remind you of an relative’s birthday.You thanked her by saying you were “really busy right now”.When you were 50, she fell ill and needed you to take care of her.You thanked her by talking about the burden parents become to their children.And then, one day, she quietly died.And everything you never did came crashing down like thunder.“Rock me baby, rock me all night long.” “The hand who rocks the cradle...may rock the world”.Let us take a moment of the time just to pay tribute and show appreciation to the person called MOM though some may not say it openly to their mother.There’s no substitute for her.Cherish every single moment.Though at times she may not be the best of friends, may not agree to our thoughts, she is still your mother!轉(zhuǎn)自學易網(wǎng) www.tmdps.cn

Your mother will be there for you;to listen to your woes6), your brags7), your frustrations, etc.Ask yourself “Have you put aside enough time for her, to listen to her ‘blues’ of working in the kitchen, her tiredness?”

Be tactful, loving and still show her due8)respect, though you may have a different view from hers.Once gone, only fond memories of the past and also regrets will be left.轉(zhuǎn)自學易網(wǎng) www.tmdps.cn Do not take for granted the things closest to your heart.Love her more than you love yourself.Life is meaningless without her.童年時光

你來到人世時，她把你抱在懷里。而你對她的感恩回報，就是像報喪女妖一樣哭得天昏地暗。你1歲時，她為你哺乳，為你沐浴。而你對她的感恩回報，就是啼哭鬧騰，徹夜不休。你2歲時，她教你走路。而你對她的感恩回報，就是一聽到她呼喚就遠遠跑開。你3歲時，她滿懷愛心為你準備三餐。而你對她的感恩回報，就是把盤子扔到地上。你4歲時，她給你幾支蠟筆。而你對她的感恩回報，就是把餐桌涂成了大花臉。

你5歲時，她在節(jié)日里為你精心打扮。而你對她的感恩回報，就是撲通一聲摔進旁邊一堆泥巴里。你6歲時，她步行送你去上學。而你對她的感恩回報，就是對她大聲尖叫： “我就是不去！” 你7歲時，她給你買來個棒球。而你對她的感恩回報，就是把隔壁鄰居家的窗戶砸破。你8歲時，她遞給你一支冰淇淋。而你對她的感恩回報，就是把冰淇淋滴落得滿腿都是。你9歲時，她掏錢讓你學鋼琴。而你對她的感恩回報，就是從來都懶得練一下。

你10歲時，她整天忙著開車送你去這去那，從足球場到體操房，又趕著參加一個又一個的生日宴會。而你對她的感恩回報，就是跳下車頭也不回地就走了。

你11歲時，她帶你和朋友去看電影。而你對她的感恩回報，就是請她坐到另一排去。

你12歲時，她警告你有些電視節(jié)目不要看。而你對她的感恩回報，就是等她外出后偏要看。

青春年少

你13歲時，她建議你把發(fā)型修剪得體。而你對她的感恩回報，就是說她一點品味都沒有。你14歲時，她花錢讓你參加一個月的夏令營。而你對她的感恩回報，就是連一封信都不記得給她寫。

你15歲時，她下班回到家，期望你能給她一個擁抱。而你對她的感恩回報，就是呆在臥室中將房門緊鎖。

你16歲時，她教你學開車。而你對她的感恩回報，就是逮著機會就玩車。你17歲時，她在等一個重要電話。而你對她的感恩回報，就是電話粥煲了一通宵。

你18歲時，她為你高中畢業(yè)喜極而泣。而你對她的感恩回報，就是在外面參加聚會通宵達旦不回家。

年華漸增

你19歲時，她為你支付大學的學費，開車送你去學校，幫你提包裹行李。而你對她的感恩回報，就是在宿舍門外匆匆說再見，為的是你不致于在朋友面前感到丟人。你20歲時，她問你是否在和別人約會。而你對她的感恩回報，就是對她說：“這不關(guān)你的事！” 你21歲時，她為你將來從事什么職業(yè)提出一些建議。而你對她的感恩回報，就是對她說：“我才不愿像你那樣！”

你22歲時，她在你大學畢業(yè)典禮上緊緊擁抱你。而你對她的感恩回報，就是問她能否掏錢讓你去歐洲旅行。

你23歲時，她為你的第一套公寓置辦家具。而你對她的感恩回報，就是告訴朋友說這些家具非常難看。

你24歲時，她見到了你的未婚夫，問你們將來有什么打算。而你對她的感恩回報，就是對她怒目而視，大聲吼叫：“媽??，求求你別煩了！”

你25歲時，她花錢幫你籌辦婚禮，對你哭訴著說她是多么地深愛著你。而你對她的感恩回報，就是把家安得離她遠遠的。

你30歲時，她打來電話為寶寶撫養(yǎng)提出忠告。而你對她的感恩回報，就是告訴她：“現(xiàn)在情況和以前不同了！”

你40歲時，她打電話提醒你別忘了一個親戚的生日。而你對她的感恩回報，就是說你“現(xiàn)在忙得不可開交”。

你50歲時，她生病了需要你照顧。而你對她的感恩回報，就是念叨著父母成為了子女的負擔。

后來，有一天，她靜悄悄地去了。所有那些你該做而未做的事，仿佛炸雷般在你耳邊轟隆而過?！皳u啊搖，小寶寶，一搖搖到大天亮?！薄皳u搖籃的手啊??可以搖世界。”

讓我們花一點點時間，對那個被我們叫做“媽”的人表達敬意和感激之情，雖然有些人當著面說不出口。她是不可替代的。珍惜與她在一起的每一時刻吧。雖然有時候，她可能不是我們最好的朋友，可能不同意我們的想法，但她依然是你的媽媽！

你的媽媽始終陪伴你身邊，聽你傾訴傷心事，聽你神吹海侃，聽你訴說受挫的沮喪??捫心自問，“是否曾經(jīng)抽出過足夠的時間陪伴她，聽聽她講圍著灶臺轉(zhuǎn)的‘煩心事’，聽聽她講她有多疲憊？”

即使你與她意見不一，也要委婉一些，充滿愛心，對她表示出應有的尊敬。一旦她去了，剩下的就只有對過去歲月的美好回憶和無盡的遺憾。不要以為，與你心最近，你就理所應得。愛她要甚于愛你自己。沒有了她，生命將毫無意義。

錢鐘書經(jīng)典美文翻譯詳解：窗

出場人物：申雨平，北京外國語大學教授。錢鐘書先生的這篇散文說的是窗子，但是其用意絕不僅僅是說說窗子而已，而是要以窗子來比喻生活、比喻人生。從語言上看，《窗》延續(xù)了一貫的錢派手法，用詞平實、普通，沒有長句，沒有什么復雜結(jié)構(gòu)，非常從容地敘述、說理，卻又緊緊地扣住了主題。這樣的特點對翻譯構(gòu)成的難度不言而喻，翻譯中應當時時充分考慮上述特點，盡量在譯文中體現(xiàn)出來。

逐句分析：

窗

Random Thoughts on the Window(題目中的這個窗字，包含的意思較為豐富，使人有多種聯(lián)想，因此譯成Random Thoughts on the Window。)又是春天 It is spring again 中文是無主句，英文沒有這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，因此用It is...句型。原文里“又”用在句首，但是英文如果也把again放在句首，這個詞就太突出，分量太重了。所以again一詞在譯文中放在句末和原文“又”放在句首分量相當。

窗子可以常開了 and the window can be left open as often as one would like 用定冠詞the 加單數(shù)名詞window來代表所有的窗子。英語里表示“全部”可以有幾種方法：1)復數(shù)名詞，2)不定冠詞a/an+名詞，3)定冠詞+名詞。這里就是用的第三種，更側(cè)重其一致性。“常開”不能譯成can open often或can be opened often。因為原文是從人的角度說的，人們什么時候想開窗都行，所以用了one would like這樣的說法。春天從窗外進來 As spring comes in through the windows 這句把春天擬人化了，英文也用同樣的結(jié)構(gòu)就行。窗外：out of the window。但是，如果把“從窗外進來”理解成一個過程，用through表示就比較好。

人在屋子里坐不住，就從門里出去 so people--unable to bear staying inside any longer--go outdoors 破折號之間的形容詞短語說明人們在屋里坐不住的原因。bear：忍受，后面既可跟-ing動詞，也可跟不定式動詞。

不過屋子外的春天太賤了 The spring outside, however, is much too cheap 這里的“賤”，是說春天多陽光，以多為賤，中外同理，用cheap也就順理成章了。到處是陽光 for the sun shines on everything 這里和上一句是連接在一起的，所以用了連接詞for來說明原因。最好不要譯成the sunshine is everywhere。因為陽光并不是一種存在，而是說照耀在所有的一切上面，因此說shines。不像射破屋里陰深的那樣明亮 and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into the darkness of the house 用seem是指屋里屋外陽光是一樣的，只是環(huán)境的反差使陽光顯得不同罷了。as...as是表示屋里屋外陽光的比較。that指the sun。

到處是給太陽曬得懶洋洋的風 Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows everywhere 這里加了一個詞outside，因為后面馬上要說到的“屋里”并不包括在“到處”一詞里；“曬”字英文里與之相當?shù)脑~就是shine，但是shine并沒有帶復合賓語的用法，所以換了一個角度來說這句話。sun-slothed是一個復合詞。

不像攪動屋里沉悶的那樣有生氣 but it is not so lively as that which stirs the gloominess inside the house 沉悶這個詞在這里不是形容詞，而是名詞，所以用gloomy加上詞尾-ness構(gòu)成了表示狀態(tài)的名詞。

就是鳥語，也似乎瑣碎而單薄，需要屋里的寂靜來做襯托 Even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed to set it off 說thin and broken而不說broken and thin只是因為語音的關(guān)系，音節(jié)少的詞放在前面，多的放在后面，結(jié)構(gòu)上顯得平穩(wěn)，不至于頭重腳輕。只要把這幾個詞連在一起朗讀一下就可體會出來。

我們因此明白，春天是該鑲嵌在窗子里看的，好比畫配了框子 It seems that spring was always meant to be put behind a windowpane for show, just like a picture in a frame “我們因此明白”譯成It seems...，因為這是一種比喻的說法，直譯成英文會給人以突兀的感覺，所以用“似乎如此”的說法。be meant to be的意思是“原本為......”，加了always等于從語氣上與原文更相符合，并沒有特別具體的含義。中文說“窗子里”，而英文卻不能說in a windowpane，windowpane指的是窗子上的玻璃，這就是用behind的原因。同時，我們悟到，門和窗有不同的意義 At the same time it also becomes clear that the door has a different significance from the window 悟到和上一句中的“明白”是相同的意思，it become clear that 這一說法比it seems that 要肯定一些。

當然，門是造了讓人出進的 Of course, doors were made for people to pass through 出進可以譯成to come out and go in，但譯成to pass through就顯得句子緊湊、精煉一些。但是，窗子有時也可作為進出口用 but a window can also sometimes serve as an entrance or as an exit entrance和exit這兩個詞比door和window抽象化了，充分表明了“進出口”的字面意思和含義。

譬如小偷或小說里私約的情人就喜歡爬窗子 and is used as such by thieves and by lovers in novels 譯文用了by thieves and by lovers，而不說by thieves and lovers，因為這本來就是兩類人，不能放在一起混為一談。

所以窗子和門的根本分別，決不僅是有沒有人進來出去 In fact the fundamental difference between a door and a window has nothing to do with them being either entrances or exits 比較一下different between和前文的different(from)：說兩者之間的區(qū)別，用different between A and B；而說A怎樣不同于B則說A is different from B。

若據(jù)賞春一事來看，我們不妨這樣說 When it comes to the admiration of spring, it could be put this way When it comes to是比較中庸的說法，不那么正式，但也不那么隨意，意思是“說起賞春......”，讓人們對下文有一個期待。

有了門，我們可以出去 a door makes it possible for one to go out “有了門”不能譯成with a/the door，因為這里不是說有還是沒有，而是有門存在，人們就可以進出房屋。

有了窗，我們可以不必出去 whereas a window makes it possible for one not to have to Whereas而......。這是一個連接詞，表示一種前后的比較或?qū)φ铡＿@里的句型和上面是一樣的，但是后面的not to have to 是不定式的否定形式，后面省略了go out。

窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜 A window helps to pull down the partition between man and nature “由于有了窗子，人和大自然之間的隔膜才得以打破”，窗子起的是一種促進作用，其本身并不能去“打破”什么，因此用了helps to pull down。partition隔離墻?！案裟ぁ笔墙馄蕦W詞匯，這里用的是其引申意義，不能按字面譯成diaphragm，那樣意思就不對了。man and nature：man是指整個人類，所以不用任何冠詞；nature則是不可數(shù)名詞。把風和太陽逗引進來，使屋子里也關(guān)著一部分春天 It leads breezes and sunlight in, and keeps part of the spring in the house Lead：引導，引領(lǐng)。keep...in the house：使停留在屋里不能外出。

讓我們安坐了享受，無需再到外面去找 It allows one to sit and enjoy the spring in peace, and makes it unnecessary to go looking for it outside 原文是說“安坐”，而實際上“安”的意思也應當能涵蓋“享受”，只是從詞的節(jié)奏上感覺“安坐”和“享受”都是兩個字的詞，似乎是并列的。譯文里譯成了sit...in peace，等于將狀語移了一個位。注意這句中幾個it的含義，第一個it指代window，第二個it是形式賓語，引出后面的to go...，第三個it是指代the spring。全篇通覽

窗

Random Thoughts on the Window 又是春天，窗子可以常開了。春天從窗外進來，人在屋子里坐不住，就從門里出去。不過屋子外的春天太賤了！到處是陽光，不像射破屋里陰深的那樣明亮；到處是給太陽曬得懶洋洋的風，不像攪動屋里沉悶的那樣有生氣。就是鳥語，也似乎瑣碎而單薄，需要屋里的寂靜來做襯托。我們因此明白，春天是該鑲嵌在窗子里看的，好比畫配了框子。

It is spring again and the window can be left open as often as one would like.As spring comes in through the windows, so people--unable to bear staying inside any longer--go outdoors.The spring outside, however, is much too cheap, for the sun shines on everything, and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into the darkness of the house.Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows everywhere, but it is not so lively as that which stirs the gloominess inside the house.Even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed to set it off.It seems that spring was always meant to be put behind a windowpane for show, just like a picture in a frame.同時，我們悟到，門和窗有不同的意義。當然，門是造了讓人出進的。但是，窗子有時也可作為進出口用，譬如小偷或小說里私約的情人就喜歡爬窗子。所以窗子和門的根本分別，決不僅是有沒有人進來出去。若據(jù)賞春一事來看，我們不妨這樣說：有了門，我們可以出去；有了窗，我們可以不必出去。窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜，把風和太陽逗引進來，使屋子里也關(guān)著一部分春天，讓我們安坐了享受，無需再到外面去找。

At the same time it also becomes clear that the door has a different significance from the window.Of course, doors were made for people to pass through;but a window can also sometimes serve as an entrance or as an exit, and is used as such by thieves and by lovers in novels.In fact the fundamental difference between a door and a window has nothing to do with them being either entrances or exits.When it comes to the admiration of spring, it could be put this way: a door makes it possible for one to go out, whereas a window makes it possible for one not to have to.A window helps to pull down the partition between man and nature.It leads breezes and sunlight in, and keeps part of the spring in the house.It allows one to sit and enjoy the spring in peace, and makes it unnecessary to go looking for it outside.

第二篇：錢鐘書經(jīng)典美文翻譯詳解

出場人物：申雨平，北京外國語大學教授。錢鐘書先生的這篇散文說的是窗子，但是其用意絕不僅僅是說說窗子而已，而是要以窗子來比喻生活、比喻人生。從語言上看，《窗》延續(xù)了一貫的錢派手法，用詞平實、普通，沒有長句，沒有什么復雜結(jié)構(gòu)，非常從容地敘述、說理，卻又緊緊地扣住了主題。這樣的特點對翻譯構(gòu)成的難度不言而喻，翻譯中應當時時充分考慮上述特點，盡量在譯文中體現(xiàn)出來。

一逐句分析：

（題目中的這個窗字，又是春天 It is spring again中文是無主句，英文沒有這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，因此用英文如果也把again在句末和原文“又”放在句首分量相當。

窗子可以常開了 and 用定冠詞the 加單數(shù)名詞1）復數(shù)名詞，2）不定冠詞一致性?！俺ｉ_”不能譯成說的，人們什么時候想開窗都行，所以用了

春天從窗外進來 As spring comes in through the windows這句把春天擬人化了，英文也用同樣的結(jié)構(gòu)就行。窗外：把“從窗外進來”理解成一個過程，用

窗

Random Thoughts on the Window使人有多種聯(lián)想，因此譯成on the Window。）

It is...句型。原文里這個詞就太突出，分量太重了。所以 window can be left open as often window來代表所有的窗子。英語里表示a/an+名詞，3）定冠詞+名詞。這里就是用的第三種，更側(cè)重其can open often或can be opened oftenone would like這樣的說法。out of the windowthrough表示就比較好。Random Thoughts

“又”用在句首，但是again一詞在譯文中放as one would like

”可以有幾種方法：

。但是，如果

包含的意思較為豐富，放在句首，the “全部。因為原文是從人的角度人在屋子里坐不住，就從門里出去 so people--unable to bear staying inside any longer--go outdoors

破折號之間的形容詞短語說明人們在屋里坐不住的原因。bear：忍受，后面既可跟-ing動詞，也可跟不定式動詞。

不過屋子外的春天太賤了 The spring outside, however, is much too cheap

這里的“賤”，是說春天多陽光，以多為賤，中外同理，用

到處是陽光 for the sun shines on everything這里和上一句是連接在一起的，is everywhere。因為陽光并不是一種存在，而是說照耀在所有的一切上面，因此說

不像射破屋里陰深的那樣明亮shoots into the darkness of the house用seem是指屋里屋外陽光是一樣的，只是環(huán)境的反差使陽光顯得不同罷了。示屋里屋外陽光的比較。that指

到處是給太陽曬得懶洋洋的風everywhere

這里加了一個詞outside，因為后面馬上要說到的文里與之相當?shù)脑~就是shine，但是說這句話。sun-slothed是一個復合詞。

不像攪動屋里沉悶的那樣有生氣the gloominess inside the house沉悶這個詞在這里不是形容詞，而是名詞，所以用的名詞。

and so does the sun。Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows shine并沒有帶復合賓語的用法，所以換了一個角度來 but it

cheap

for來說明原因。最好不要譯成not seem as

“屋里”并不包括在not so lively gloomy加上詞尾 the sunshine shines。as that which as...as是表“到處”一詞里；“曬”字英as that which stirs-ness構(gòu)成了表示狀態(tài)也就順理成章了。所以用了連接詞bright is 就是鳥語，也似乎瑣碎而單薄，需要屋里的寂靜來做襯托 Even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed to set it off

說thin and broken而不說broken and thin只是因為語音的關(guān)系，音節(jié)少的詞放在前面，多的放在后面，結(jié)構(gòu)上顯得平穩(wěn)，不至于頭重腳輕。只要把這幾個詞連在一起朗讀一下就可體會出來。

我們因此明白，春天是該鑲嵌在窗子里看的，好比畫配了框子spring was always meant to be put behind a windowpane for a picture in a frame

“我們因此明白”譯成It seems...，因為這是一種比喻的說法，直譯成英文會給人以突兀的感覺，所以用“似乎如此”的說法。be meant to be的意思是“原本為......”語氣上與原文更相符合，并沒有特別具體的含義。中文說“窗子里”，而英文卻不能說windowpane，windowpane指的是窗子上的玻璃，這就是用behind

同時，我們悟到，門和窗有不同的意義 At the same time it that the door has a different significance from the window悟到和上一句中的“明白”是相同的意思，it become clear that 這一說法比肯定一些。

當然，門是造了讓人出進的 Of course, doors were made for people to pass through

出進可以譯成to come out and go in，但譯成to pass through就顯得句子緊湊、精煉一些。

但是，窗子有時也可作為進出口用 but a window can also sometimes an entrance or as an exit

entrance和exit這兩個詞比door和window抽象化了，充分表明了“含義。

譬如小偷或小說里私約的情人就喜歡爬窗子 and is used as such by thieves and by lovers in novels

It seems that just like always等于從in a

becomes clear

it seems that 要 serve as ”的字面意思和 show,，加了的原因。also 進出口譯文用了by thieves and by lovers，而不說by thieves and lovers，因為這本來就是兩類人，不能放在一起混為一談。

所以窗子和門的根本分別，決不僅是有沒有人進來出去 In fact the fundamental difference between a door and a window has nothing to do with them being either entrances or exits

比較一下different between和前文的different(from)：說兩者之間的區(qū)別，用different between A and B；而說A怎樣不同于B則說A is different from B。

若據(jù)賞春一事來看，我們不妨這樣說 When it comes to the admiration of spring, it could be put this way

When it comes to是比較中庸的說法，不那么正式，但也不那么隨意，意思是“說起賞春......”，讓人們對下文有一個期待。

有了門，我們可以出去 a door makes it possible for one to go out

“有了門”不能譯成with a/the door，因為這里不是說有還是沒有，而是有門存在，人們就可以進出房屋。

有了窗，我們可以不必出去 whereas a window makes it possible for one not to have to

Whereas而......。這是一個連接詞，表示一種前后的比較或?qū)φ铡＿@里的句型和上面是一樣的，但是后面的not to have to 是不定式的否定形式，后面省略了go out。

窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜 A window helps to pull down the partition between man and nature

“由于有了窗子，人和大自然之間的隔膜才得以打破”，窗子起的是一種促進作用，其本身并不能去“打破”什么，因此用了helps to pull down。partition隔離墻?！案裟ぁ笔墙馄蕦W詞匯，這里用的是其引申意義，不能按字面譯成diaphragm，那樣意思就不對了。man and nature：man是指整個人類，所以不用任何冠詞；nature則是不可數(shù)名詞。把風和太陽逗引進來，使屋子里也關(guān)著一部分春天 It leads breezes and sunlight in, and keeps part of the spring in the house

Lead：引導，引領(lǐng)。keep...inthe house：使停留在屋里不能外出。

讓我們安坐了享受，無需再到外面去找 It allows one to sit and enjoy the spring in peace, and makes it unnecessary to go looking for it outside

原文是說“安坐”，而實際上“安”的意思也應當能涵蓋“享受”，只是從詞的節(jié)奏上感覺“安坐”和“享受”都是兩個字的詞，似乎是并列的。譯文里譯成了sit...in peace，等于將狀語移了一個位。注意這句中幾個it的含義，第一個it指代window，第二個it是形式賓語，引出后面的to go...，第三個it是指代the spring。

二全篇通覽

窗

Random Thoughts on the Window

又是春天，窗子可以常開了。春天從窗外進來，人在屋子里坐不住，就從門里出去。不過屋子外的春天太賤了！到處是陽光，不像射破屋里陰深的那樣明亮；到處是給太陽曬得懶洋洋的風，不像攪動屋里沉悶的那樣有生氣。就是鳥語，也似乎瑣碎而單薄，需要屋里的寂靜來做襯托。我們因此明白，春天是該鑲嵌在窗子里看的，好比畫配了框子。

It is spring again and the window can be left open as often as one would like.As spring comes in through the windows, so people--unable to bear staying inside any longer--go outdoors.The spring outside, however, is much too cheap, for the sun shines on everything, and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into the darkness of the house.Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows everywhere, but it is not so lively as that which stirs the gloominess inside the house.Even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed to set it off.It seems that spring was always meant to be put behind a windowpane for show, just like a picture in a frame.同時，我們悟到，門和窗有不同的意義。當然，門是造了讓人出進的。但是，窗子有時也可作為進出口用，譬如小偷或小說里私約的情人就喜歡爬窗子。所以窗子和門的根本分別，決不僅是有沒有人進來出去。若據(jù)賞春一事來看，我們不妨這樣說：有了門，我們可以出去；有了窗，我們可以不必出去。窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜，把風和太陽逗引進來，使屋子里也關(guān)著一部分春天，讓我們安坐了享受，無需再到外面去找。At the same time it also becomes clear that the door has a different significance from the window.Of course, doors were made for people to pass through;but a window can also sometimes serve as an entrance or as an exit, and is used as such by thieves and by lovers in novels.In fact the fundamental difference between a door and a window has nothing to do with them being either entrances or exits.When it comes to the admiration of spring, it could be put this way: a door makes it possible for one to go out, whereas a window makes it possible for one not to have to.A window helps to pull down the partition between man and nature.It leads breezes and sunlight in, and keeps part of the spring in the house.It allows one to sit and enjoy the spring in peace, and makes it unnecessary to go looking for it outside.

第三篇：錢鐘書經(jīng)典美文及評價

錢鐘書經(jīng)典美文《窗》

漢譯英翻譯：

窗 Random Thoughts on the Window

又是春天，窗子可以常開了。春天從窗外進來，人在屋子里坐不住，就從門里出去。不過屋子外的春天太賤了！到處是陽光，不像射破屋里陰深的那樣明亮；到處是給太陽曬得懶洋洋的風，不像攪動屋里沉悶的那樣有生氣。就是鳥語，也似乎瑣碎而單薄，需要屋里的寂靜來做襯托。我們因此明白，春天是該鑲嵌在窗子里看的，好比畫配了框子。

It is spring again and the window can be left open as often as one would like.As spring comes in through the windows, so people——unable to bear staying inside any longer——go outdoors.The spring outside, however, is much too cheap, for the sun shines on everything, and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into the darkness of the house.Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows everywhere, but it is not so lively as that which stirs the gloominess inside the house.Even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed to set it off.It seems that spring was always meant to be put behind a windowpane for show, just like a picture in a frame.同時，我們悟到，門和窗有不同的意義。當然，門是造了讓人出進的。但是，窗子有時也可作為進出口用，譬如小偷或小說里私約的情人就喜歡爬窗子。所以窗子和門的根本分別，決不僅是有沒有人進來出去。若據(jù)賞春一事來看，我們不妨這樣說：有了門，我們可以出去；有了窗，我們可以不必出去。窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜，把風和太陽逗引進來，使屋子里也關(guān)著一部分春天，讓我們安坐了享受，無需再到外面去找。

At the same time it also becomes clear that the door has a different significance from the window.Of course, doors were made for people to pass through;but a window can also sometimes serve as an entrance or as an exit, and is used as such by thieves and by lovers in novels.In fact the fundamental difference between a door and a window has nothing to do with them being either entrances or exits.When it comes to the admiration of spring, it could be put this way: a door makes it possible for one to go out, whereas a window makes it possible for one not to have to.A window helps to pull down the partition between man and nature.It leads breezes and sunlight in, and keeps part of the spring in the house.It allows one to sit and enjoy the spring in peace, and makes it unnecessary to go looking for it outside.評價與分析：

1、Random of thoughts on the window 在random一詞中，給人以無限遐想之意，正好符合窗給人的感覺.random一詞用得比較恰到好處

2、and the window can be left open as often as one would like 用定冠詞the加單數(shù)名詞代表窗

子，具有一致性。而常開窗的翻譯:one would like 沒有比翻譯成can open often 則要漂亮得多，比較有人文氣息而且具有美感！

3、as spring comes in through the windows表達春天來了，運用了中文里面的擬人手法，將春天描繪得活靈活現(xiàn)，生動而富有美感。

4、for the sun shines on everything運用for來說明了原由，如果是我自己，則會翻譯成the sunshine is everywhere.顯然他的翻譯比我翻譯漂亮多了。

5、even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed to set it off

在這里，說thin and broken而不說 broken and thin 由于語音的關(guān)系，音節(jié)少的詞放在前面，多的放在后面，結(jié)構(gòu)上顯得平穩(wěn)，不至于頭重腳輕，讀起來比較有韻律，朗朗上口。在翻譯的時候，我們有時候不僅要注意詞匯的精準，同時結(jié)構(gòu)也要恰到好處。

6、總而言之，這篇文章翻譯得比較漂亮，不管是用詞，還是結(jié)構(gòu)，還是語感上，給人一種舒適感，讀起來朗朗上口，同時，詞匯簡練，容易讀懂。

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第四篇：錢鐘書

中文名： 錢鐘書 國籍： 中國 出生地： 江蘇無錫縣 出生日期： 1910年11月21日 逝世日期： 1998年12月19日 職業(yè)： 作家，文學研究家，翻譯家 畢業(yè)院校： 清華大學，牛津大學 主要成就： 中國社會科學院副院長 代表作品： 圍城、管錐編、談藝錄、寫在人生邊上、人·獸

履歷

錢鍾書出生那天，曾有人送來一部《常州先哲叢書》，伯父為他取名 “仰先”，取“仰慕先哲”之義，字“哲良”。至此周歲抓周，抓了一本 書，父親為他正式取名“鍾書”。1920年 十歲 入無錫東林小學。1923年 十三歲 考入美國圣公會辦的蘇州桃塢中學。，十九歲被清華大學破格錄取。因出眾的才華受到羅家倫、吳宓、葉公超等人的欣賞，被看作特殊的學生。1932年，結(jié)識楊絳。1933年，與楊絳訂婚。錢鐘書和楊絳1933年于清華大學外國語文系畢業(yè)后，在上海光華大學任教1935年，以第一名成績考取英國庚子賠款公費留學生，赴英國牛津大學?？巳?特學院英文系留學。與楊絳結(jié)婚，同船赴英。1937年，以《十七十八世紀英國文學中的中國》一文獲B.litt學位。之后隨楊絳赴法國巴黎大學從事研究。女兒錢瑗出生。1938年，秋，與楊絳乘法國郵船阿多士Ⅱ（AthosⅡ）回國。被清華大學破例聘為教授，次年轉(zhuǎn)赴國立藍田師范學院任英文系主任，并開始了《談藝錄》的寫作。在湘西兩年。其間于1940年暑假曾回家探親，因道路不通，半途折回。完成《談藝錄》最初部分，約相當于《談藝錄》初稿的一半。完成《圍城》 的布局、構(gòu)思。有《中書君近詩》一冊（非賣品）。有論文《中國詩和中國畫》（1940）。此文后來收入了《開明書店二十周年紀念文集》（1947）、《舊文四篇》（1979）和《七綴集》（1985）。1941年，暑假由廣西乘船到上海，珍珠港事件爆發(fā)，被困上海，任教于震旦女子文理學校，其間完成了《談藝錄》、《寫在人生邊上》的寫作。散文隨筆集《寫在人生邊上》由開明書店出版，是“開明文學新刊”之一。寫作《圍城》。其時困頓于上海淪陷區(qū)時期的經(jīng)歷和情緒，對《圍城》題旨和書名的確定有重要的影響。1945年，抗戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，任上海暨南大學外文系教授兼南京中央圖書館英文館刊《書林季刊》編輯。在其后的三年中，其短篇小說《人獸鬼》、長篇小說《圍城》、《圍城》作者錢鐘書先生詩文評《談藝錄》得以相繼出版，在學術(shù)界引起巨大反響。1947年，長篇小說《圍城》由上海晨光出版公司出版，是“晨光文學叢書”之一。1949年，回到清華任教；1953年調(diào)到文學研究所，其間完成《宋詩選注》，并參加了毛選翻譯工作和《唐詩選》、《中國文學史》（唐宋部分）的編寫工作。1955—1957年 四十五—四十七歲在鄭振鐸、何其芳、王伯祥等人的支持下，窮兩年之力完成了《宋詩選注》，選注了宋代81位詩人的297首作品。1957年因父病到湖北省親，有《赴鄂道中》五首絕句，寄寓了對當時形勢的感受。此年父親錢基博病逝。1958年 四十八歲 《宋詩選注》由人民文學出版社出版，列入“中國古典文學讀本叢書”。“文化大革命”爆發(fā)。錢鍾書、楊絳均被“揪出”作為“資產(chǎn)階級學術(shù)權(quán)威”，經(jīng)受了沖擊。有人寫大字報誣陷錢鍾書輕蔑領(lǐng)袖著作，錢鍾書、楊絳用事實澄清了誣陷。1972年3月回京，開始寫作《管錐編》。1976年 六十六歲由錢鍾書參與翻譯的《毛澤東詩詞》英譯本出版。詩作《老至》寄寓了對形勢的感受。1980年 七十歲11月，赴日本訪問。在早稻田大學作《詩可以怨》的演講?！秶恰分赜　?982年 七十二歲《管錐編增訂》出版。本年起擔任中國社會科學院副院長。1983年 七十三歲以中國社會科學院副院長的身份主持中美比較文學雙邊討論會，并致開幕詞?！度双F鬼》和《寫在人生邊上》被列入“上?？箲?zhàn)時期文學叢書”，由福建人民出版社出版。1984年 七十四歲《也是集》由香港廣角鏡出版社出版。此書上半部是1979年以后發(fā)表的三篇論文：《詩可以怨》（1981）、《漢譯第一首英譯詩〈人生頌〉及有關(guān)二三事》（1982）、《一節(jié)歷史掌故、一個宗教寓言、一篇小說》（1983）；下半部從《談藝錄》補訂本摘選?！墩勊囦洝费a訂本由中華書局出版。1998年 八十八歲12月19日，上午7時38分，錢鍾書先生因病在北京逝世。當晚，江澤民總書記

親自給錢先生的夫人楊絳打電話，對錢先生的逝世表示深切哀悼。在翌日新華社播出的新聞通稿中，出現(xiàn)“永垂不朽”字樣。2.主要著作年表錢鍾書先生字默存，曾用筆名中書君等。錢先生博學多能，兼通數(shù)國外語，學貫中西，在文學創(chuàng)作和學術(shù)研究兩方面均做出了卓越成績。解放前出版的著作有散文集《寫在人生邊上》，用英文撰寫的《十六、十七、十八世紀英國文學里的中國》，短篇小說集《人．獸．鬼》，長篇小說《圍城》，文論及詩文評論《談藝錄》。錢先生的治學特點是貫通中西、古今互見的方法，融匯多種學科知識，探幽入微，鉤玄提要，在當代學術(shù)界自成一家。因其多方面的成就，被譽為文化昆侖。60年來，錢鐘書先生致力于人文社會科學研究，淡泊名利，甘愿寂寞，辛勤研究，飲譽海內(nèi)外，為國家和民族做出了卓越貢獻，培養(yǎng)了幾代學人，是中國的寶貴財富。錢先生在文學研究和文學創(chuàng)作方面的卓越成就，對于我們建設中國新文化，特別是在科學地揚棄中國傳統(tǒng)文化和有選擇地借鑒外來文化方面，具有重要的啟示意義。錢先生給予中國文化的主要影響：一是以一種文化批判精神觀照中國與世界。在精熟中國文化和通覽世界文化的基礎(chǔ)上，錢先生在觀察中西文化事物時，總是表現(xiàn)出一種清醒的頭腦和一種深刻的洞察力。他不拒絕任何一種理論學說，也不盲從任何一個權(quán)威。他畢生致力于確定中國文學藝術(shù)在世界文學藝術(shù)宮殿中的適當位置，從而促使中國文學藝術(shù)走向世界，加入到世界文學藝術(shù)的總的格局中去。為此，他既深刻地闡發(fā)了中國文化精神的深厚意蘊和獨特價值，也恰切地指出了其歷史局限性和地域局限性。他既批評中國人由于某些幻覺而對本土文化的妄自尊大，又毫不留情地橫掃了西方人由于無知而以歐美文化為中心的偏見。錢先生對于推進中外文化的交流、使中國人了解西方的學術(shù)以及使西方人了解中國的文化，起了很好的作用。二是以一種新的學術(shù)規(guī)范發(fā)展和深化中國學研究。中國是詩書禮義之邦，中國的學問源遠流長，中國學早已蔚成世界之顯學。在這個領(lǐng)域，一方面是勤謹篤實，碩果累累，另一方面卻是陳陳相因，難以出新。思想方法上的僵化固守和學術(shù)方法上的劃地為牢，極大地阻滯了前進的速度。在這種亟待變革的形勢下，錢先生的治學方法應運而生。他數(shù)十年間所實踐的“打通”、“參互”、“比較”的方法，努力使中國學自覺地成為一個科學的、開放的體系，從而獲得一個更深、更廣、更新的發(fā)展。三是以一種現(xiàn)代意識統(tǒng)領(lǐng)文學創(chuàng)作。錢鐘書先生生活在一個農(nóng)業(yè)國，但是，他卻沒有小生產(chǎn)所固有的狹隘保守觀念；他主要研究的是中國古代文學，但是，他卻沒有三家村學究的陳腐迂闊做派。錢先生的創(chuàng)作貫注著一種強烈的現(xiàn)代意識，這在中國現(xiàn)代文學中是并不多見的，有別于同時代的一般作品而與世界文**流頗為合拍。特別值得重視的是，他的文學創(chuàng)作都不是那種生吞活剝的東西，而是具有真正中國風格、中國氣派、為中國人也為外國人所喜愛的作品。四是以一種高尚的形象為中國知識分子樹立人格上的榜樣。在三、四十年代，錢鐘書先生不向惡勢力俯首，用文學作品辛辣地嘲弄了那個黑暗社會。1949年以后，錢鐘書先生雖然“經(jīng)過九蒸九焙的改造”，“文革”中更是受盡凌辱和折磨，但是，智者是不可征服的。錢鐘書先生在任何時候都沒有忘記他作為一個學者，要為祖國和世界文化做出貢獻的歷史使命。他不走冷門，不投熱機，不計利鈍，不易操守，反對樹宗立派，只是一心一意地搞研究、出成果。在當今之世，這種品格更其難能可貴。

第五篇：錢鐘書

錢鐘書《圍城》讀書筆記

讀《圍城》先是為其幽默所折服，細細回想，才品味出表面的幽默背后，其實別有洞天。

《圍城》的整個脈絡，大抵可以歸結(jié)為一句話：“城外的人想沖進去，城里的人想逃出來”，以方鴻漸為例，外人看似風光，殊不知此人正被學歷，婚姻等問題層層圍困，無法掙脫。而在錢鐘書筆下，其他的人物，也大都作繭自縛，痛并困惑卻不自知。這些“聰明人”之所以像一樣被困，說到底是因為人性軟弱，逃不過欲望作祟。這種立意上的深刻，在錢老筆下卻表現(xiàn)得輕快流暢。看似輕松的調(diào)侃，卻是對時弊，人性犀利的諷刺。這種辛辣的幽默，讀來酣暢淋漓，細想?yún)s發(fā)人深省。

自序言起，錢鐘書已經(jīng)開始以其獨特的語言就當時華而不實的“獻書”風氣小小地幽了一默：近來覺得獻書也像“致身于國”、“還政于民”等等佳話，只是語言幻成的空花泡影，名說交付出去，其實只仿佛魔術(shù)家玩的飛刀，放手而并沒有脫手。隨你怎樣把作品奉獻給人，作品總是作者自己的。大不了一本書，還不值得這樣精巧地不老實，因此罷了。

錢老書中的幽默并不是單純的插科打諢，而是著力于中西方文化，或中國現(xiàn)代文化與傳統(tǒng)文化間的沖突：一是嘲諷對西方文化的生搬硬套：“生平最恨小城市的摩登姑娘，落伍的時髦，鄉(xiāng)氣的都市化，活像那第一套中國裁縫仿制的西裝，把做樣子的外國人舊衣服上兩方補丁，照式在衣袖和褲子上做了”。二是探討對西方文明和西方文化的吸收中的荒誕，一如方鴻漸在家鄉(xiāng)中學演講時所說的，“海通幾百年來，只有兩件西洋東西在整個中國社會里長存不滅。一件是鴉片，一件是梅毒，都是明朝所吸收的西洋文明?！比且袁F(xiàn)代文化比照中國傳統(tǒng)文化的某些弊端：方鴻漸的父親方老先生的迂腐，他推薦的線裝書中?中國人品性方正所以說地是方的，洋人品性圓滑，所以主張地是圓的?。

錢式幽默同樣針砭了社會的時弊?！斑@一張文憑，仿佛有亞當、夏娃下身那片樹葉的功用，可以遮羞包丑；小小一方紙能把一個人的空疏、寡陋、愚笨都掩蓋起來?！币徽Z道破了流于形式的浮夸風氣。然而值得注意的是，被錢老所不屑的一些做法，在現(xiàn)代卻隨處可見。文憑至上已成為大多用人單位的常態(tài)，假學位的現(xiàn)象在今日更是屢見不鮮，若錢老有知，不知作何感想。

《圍城》中的諷刺，最終落點仍然是對人性的剖析。整個離奇的故事本身就是最大的諷刺，集中體現(xiàn)了人性中的欺詐、虛榮、軟弱、對環(huán)境的無奈。在其與愛爾蘭人荒誕的交涉過程中，爾虞我詐，錙銖必爭，最終方鴻漸獲勝，取得“也許是中國自有外交或訂商約以來唯一的勝利”，雙方均表現(xiàn)得既虛偽又吝嗇。此外張買辦中文夾英文，被錢鐘書諷刺為“牙縫里的肉屑”的說話方式也可折射出崇洋媚外，貪慕虛榮心態(tài)。書中其余各處描寫均表現(xiàn)了世間百態(tài)，或丑陋或滑稽，不一而足。

《圍城》式幽默，發(fā)人深省，同樣也引發(fā)了了我些許的思考。只要有欲望的地方,就有所謂的“圍城”,在我們津津樂道于方鴻漸被層層圍住的同時,自己是否也身在其中,道德,地位,金錢,乃至情感,一圈圈的圍城,很多人似乎渾然不覺,即使了解,也未必敢正視,即使正視,也不見得想出來,當真想出來的時候,不是看破紅塵便也垂垂老矣,當然,的的確確有不少的人想逼進來,那便又是一個進出的循環(huán).人生就是在此循環(huán)中過的，我們自始終究要走進那一個一個的圍城,無可避免,卻并非每一個人都可以走出來,所謂執(zhí)念,便是對于這類人所說的.而我想,<圍城>雖點出時弊,卻無法解決,是否算是悲哀,而我們,雖知身陷其中而無法自拔,是否也是一種悲哀?