第一篇:定語從句的講解及練習學習的啊學習的武器學習的武器
學英語簡單嗎?肯定會有許多學生說:“難死了”。
為什么有好多學生對英語的學習都感到頭疼呢?答案只有一個:“不得法。” 英語與漢語一樣都是一種語言,為什么你說漢語會如此流利?那是因為你置身于一個漢語環境中,如果你在倫敦呆上半年,保準說起英語來會非常流利。但很多中學生沒有很好的英語環境,那么你可以自己設置一個英語環境,堅持“多說”、“多聽”、“多讀”、“多寫”,那么你的英語成績肯定會很出色。
一、多“說”。
自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學,尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。
或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。
如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。
二、多“聽”
尋找一切可以聽英語的機會。別人用英語交談時,你應該大膽地去參與,多聽聽各種各樣人的發音,男女老少,節奏快的慢的你都應該接觸到,如果這樣的機會少的話,你可以選擇你不知內容的文章去聽,這將會對你幫助很大,而你去聽學過的課文的磁帶,那將會對你的語言語調的學習有很大的幫助。
三、多“讀”。
“讀”可以分為兩種。一種是“默讀”。每天給予一定時間的練習將會對你提高閱讀速度有很大的好處,讀的內容可以是你的課本,但最好是一些有趣的小讀物,因為現在的英語高考越來越重視閱讀量和閱讀速度。每道題的得分都與你的理解程度有很大關系,所以經過高中三年閱讀的訓練后,你必定會在高考中勝券在握。另一種是“朗讀”這是學語言必不可少的一種學習途徑。
四、多“寫”
有的同學總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情,或當天學了某一個詞組,你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下:
The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.只幾句話:但wish的幾種用法已躍然紙上,這樣寫下來印象會深刻得多,這樣比死記硬背wish的用法也有趣輕松的多。
學習英語不用花大塊的時間,10分鐘的散步可以練“說”,吃完飯后可以讀一會兒英語小說,睡前聽幾分鐘英語,可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些時間來練英語,你的英語成績肯定會很快提高的。
背英語單詞技巧
1、循環記憶法
艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線
人的大腦是一個記憶的寶庫,人腦經歷過的事物,思考過的問題,體驗過的情感和情緒,練習過的動作,都可以成為人們記憶的內容。例如英文的學習中單詞、短語和句子,甚至文章的內容都是通過記憶完成的。從“記”到“憶”是有個過程的,這其中包括了識記、保持、再認和回憶。有很多 人在學習英語的過程中,只注重了學習當時的記憶效果,孰不知,要想做好學習的記憶工作,是要下一番工夫的,單純的注重當時的記憶效果,而忽視了后期的保持和再認同樣是達不到良好的效果的。
雅思閱讀題目出題的本質是三種替換:同義詞/詞組替換,句型替換,語法替換,筆者將從這三方面根據學生課堂筆記進行分類整理。以下是劍橋真題中的考點詞,替換詞,一次多義總結:
1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的,一成不變的
2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明顯的,程度大的/substantial
3.approximately 將近-nearly, almost
4.proportion/ percentage 比例
5.be involved(in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及,卷入,參與
6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鑒于
考慮到,盡管
6.induce [v] 引入,引導,引誘/ inductive [n] 歸納 >< deduce /deductive推斷
7.fortune/ destiny/ chances
8.deplete 開采完,耗盡/ exhaust –exhaust emission(尾氣)排放/ exploit 9.complex 錯綜復雜的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的,復雜的
10.capacity能力,容量/ competence(競爭)能力/ ability 能力(籠統的)
11.確保,保障:Secure-security/ ensure(insure)/ guarantee 押金
12.solely/ merely/ only
13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花樣,品種/ a great rang 系列 of
14.pesticide 殺蟲/ suicide 自殺/ homicide/ murder殺人
15.believe/ assume(responsibility)/ suppose
16.授權,委托:authorize/ commission 傭金/ entitle 頭銜 + ment =right(權利)
17.purchase/ buy
18.ethnic 種族的/ ethic 倫理,道德的 + s =[n ]
19.modify/ change [v] shift work 輪班工作[n]
20.insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing
21.constrain拘泥,限制/ restrict 限制/ limit
22.circumstance 環境(社會)/ surroundings/ environment 環境(環保)背景 background 后臺 / settings后臺,布景/ context 上下文(文章中)
23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的> 24.移民:immigrant(進來)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant 25.興旺,繁榮;prosperous/ thriving/ booming(人口,行業)/flourishing 26.神圣的:divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred 27.有毒的:poisonous/ toxic(in-, non-無毒的) 28.致命的:deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal 29.類似于:look like/ resemble 30.chronic長期的,慢性的— long-term 長期的 31.網戀:virtual love/ cyber love 32.網友:on-line /net/ cyber friend 上網(聊天)chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/網吧 33.evolve-evolution 進化/ revolute-revolution 革命,旋轉/ involve-involution 卷入,涉及 34.indicator/ predictor 表示詮釋,預測 35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray 36.therapist /expert/ specialist 37.優點,長處,美德:advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length 38.commonest/ frequent 39.未開發的,初級的:rudimentary/ underdeveloped 40.退化:degenerate/-tion [n]->generate 生產,制造/ degrade->grade 等級/ deteriorate 惡化,每況愈下 41.分類:category-categorize/ class-classify 42.consequence后果->影響/ subsequence緊跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency頻率 43.clash 沖突(民族,種族)/crash 飛機墜毀 44.substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace 45.alternative=> 選擇性,代替性,輔助性 46.孤立:isolate/ alienate/insulate隔絕,排外,孤立->be alien to/insulate(-ior)絕緣,隔熱(體) 47.缺點,不足之處:defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback 48.創新的,發明的,新穎的,創新的:inventive(-tion)/ innovative(-tion)/ creative(-tion)/ ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary 易錯拼寫:environment/ convenient 49.neutral 中立的,中性的 /negative 否定,消極,陰性的 /positive 肯定,積極,陽性的 50.ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱兩可的,曖昧的/obscure 51.communicate 溝通,傳達,通報 52.accommodate 1供...食宿,2=adapt to 適應,調整,3=hold 容納,4使…停靠 53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉獻 2 責任,義務 54.contribute to 導致 ~ result in /account for(占據)導致 54.缺乏的,不足的:inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack(of)/ short(of) 55.強調:emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on 英語作文常用諺語、俗語 1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.說謊者即使講真話也沒人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解,自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea.海納百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只會用功不玩耍,聰明孩子也變傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善終。 7、Actions speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音難覓。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友難,失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善終。 13、A good book is a good friend.好書如摯友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。 15、A mother's love never changes.母愛永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一蘋果,不用請醫生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花獨放不是春,百花齊放春滿園。 18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之計在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。 20、Better late than never.不怕慢,單怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.讀書使人充實,22、Care and diligence bring luck.謹慎和勤奮才能抓住機遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature.習慣是后天養成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy.有個好習慣,事事皆不難。 26、Doing is better than saying.與其掛在嘴上,不如落實在行動上。 27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而廢。 28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事,今日畢。 29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻煩。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身體好。 31、Easier said than done.說得容易,做得難。 32、Easy come, easy go.來也匆匆,去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃飯是為了活著,但活著不是為了吃飯。 34、Every man has his faults.金無足赤,人無完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命運自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts.分秒必爭。 37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。 39、Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。 41、Health is better than wealth.健康勝過財富。 42、Honesty is the best policy.做人誠信為本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望,做最壞的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn.活到老,學到老。 45、Knowledge is power.知識就是力量 46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。 47、No pain,no gain.(不勞無獲。) 48、You never know till you have tried.不嘗試,不知曉。 49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奮是成功之母。 51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起,使人健康、52、Experience is the best teacher.經驗是最好的教師。 53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set 富裕和聰穎。 54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。 55、Practice makes perfect .(熟能生巧。) 56、Pride goes before a fall.(驕傲必敗。) Superstar and I It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors.However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart.He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin.When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around.What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music.Rome wasn’t built in one day.He achieved the great success through huge effort.I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and I Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder.She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart.Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me.The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it.She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up.She is like a sunshine that gives me hope.Where there is a will, there is a way.定語從句的講解及練習 定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。 關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 關系副詞有:when, where, why等。 (1)關系代詞引導的定語從句 關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。 ① who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想見你的人嗎?(who / that在從句中作主語)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語) ② whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。 ③ which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在從句中作主語)The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在從句中作賓語) (2)關系副詞引導的定語從句 關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。 ① when, where, why 關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于―介詞+ which‖結構,因此常常和―介詞+ which‖結構交替使用,例如: There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎? ② that代替關系副詞 that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和―介詞+ which‖引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如: His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。 (3)判斷關系代詞與關系副詞 方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯。(錯)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(錯)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(對)This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.(對)I'll never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where,when聯系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。 方法二:準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。 例1:Is this museum _____ you visited a few days ago? A.where B.that C.on which D.the one 例2:Is this the museum _____ the exhibition was held.A.where B.that C.on which D.the one 答案:例1.D;例2.A 例1變為肯定句: This museum is _____ you visited a few days ago.例2變為肯定句: This is the museum _____ the exhibition was held.在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D。 而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum 詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。 關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞(where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語)。 (4)限制性和非限制性定語從句 ① 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如: This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性) ② 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。 ③ 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞 要用第三人稱單數,例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。 說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。 (5)介詞+關系詞 ① 介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。 ② that前不能有介詞。③ 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的―介詞+關系詞‖結構可以同關系副詞 when 和where 互換。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?(6)as, which 非限定性定語從句 由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as 的用法 例1:the same… as;such…as是一種固定結構,和……一樣……。I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2:as可引導非限制性從句,常譯為?正如'之意。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.as是關系代詞。第1句中的as作know的賓語;第2句中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式。 (7)關系代詞that 的用法 ① 不用that的情況 a.在引導非限定性定語從句時。 (錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b.介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.② 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況 a.在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b.在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。 c.先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。 d.先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。e.先行詞既有人,又有物時。 舉例: All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油問題。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。典型例題 1.Alice received an invitation from her boss, _____ came as a surprise.A.it B.that C.which D.he 答案:C 解析:此為非限定性從句,不能用that修飾,而用which,it和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。 2.The weather turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案:B 解析:which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3.It rained hard yesterday, _____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that B.which C.as D.it 答案:B 解析:as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點: (1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首,而 which不可。 (2)as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。在本題中,prevent由于是行為動詞,所以正確選項應為B。模擬試題 Ⅰ、選擇填空 1.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 2.She heard a terrible noise, ______brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that 3.In the dark street , there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help.A.that B.who C.from who D.to whom 4.The weather turned out to be very good , _____ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 5.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child.A.which B.where C.that D.when 6.Carol said the work would be done by October.personally I doubt very much.A.it B.that C.when D.which 7.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _____,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who B.which C.this D.what 8.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose 9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.A.As B.It C.That D.Which 10.He lived in London for 3 months , during _____ time he learned some English.A.this B.which C.that D.same 11.On the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.A.whose B.of which C.which D.its 12.Whenever I met him , _____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.A.what B.which C.that D.when 13.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.A.that B.where C.which D.there 14.The boss _____ department Ms King worked ten years ago looked down upon women.A.in which B.in that C.in whose D.whose 15.I don't like _____ you speak to her.A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which 16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.______ I got wet through.A.It's the reason B.That's why C.There's why D.It's how 17.He made another wonderful discovery , _____ of great importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is 18.He was very rude to the customs officer, _____ of course made things even worse.A.who B.whom C.what D.which Ⅱ、實戰練習 A)填空:選擇正確的關系代詞填入題目中的空白處。 1.This is the comrade __________ will go to the south with us tomorrow.2.Who's the student __________ the teacher is talking with? 3.I like the present __________ you've sent to me.4.The nurse __________ we talked about can speak English well.5.This is the most difficult job __________ we've ever done.6.This is the cleverest man __________ I've ever known.7.I bought all __________ was necessary.8.The old gentleman __________ you met just now is a famous writer.9.The girl to __________ I lent my bike works in a hospital.10.All __________ come are welcome.11.This is the girl __________ songs you heard last night.12.She was the brave girl __________ name is known to everybody here.13.Thank you for the help __________ you've done for me.14.This radio set __________ we have had for two years is a good one.15.The next question __________ I found difficult to answer was put to me by Mary.B)將下列句子合并成帶有定語從句的復合句 16.He is the young writer.He wrote the book.17.Do you know the doctor? He comes here once a month and examines the workers.18.The foreign guest is Mr.Green.You saw him at the school gate.19.He is the new head.I was talking about him this morning.20.I've received the book.Father sent it to me.21.The factory has got one success after another.We visited the factory last week.22.What's the name of the girl? Her grandpa took part in the Long March.23.The man looks like the actor.I've heard his songs on TV.24.This letter is from my elder brother.He serves in the army.25.Do you see the bridge? It was built last year.C)單項填空:從A、B、C、D中選出可以填入空白處的正確答案。 26.Those _____ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A.learn B.who C.that D.who learn 27.Anyone _____ this opinion may speak out.A.that againsts B.that against C.who is against D.who are against 28.Mr.Smith is one of the foreign experts who _____ in China.A.works B.is working C.are working D.has been working 29.Didn't you see the man _____? A.I nodded just now B.whom I nodded just now C.I nodded to him just now D.I nodded to just now 30.Have you seen the girl _____? A.that I told B.I told you of C.whom I told you D.I told you of him 31.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help.A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom 32.Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day? A.that you talked B.you talked about it C.which you talked with D.you talked about 33.The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.A.that B.what C.why D.for which 34.They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.A.which B.that C.who D.whom 35.Who _____ has common sense will do such a thing? A.which B.who C.whom D.that 36.All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.A.that B.those C.which D.what 37.I'll tell you _____ he told me last week.A.all which B.what all C.that all D.all 38.This is the biggest laboratory _____ we have ever built in our school.A.which B.what C.where D./ 39.Is oxygen the only gas _____ helps fire burn? A.that B./ C.which D.it 40.Is there anything _____ to you? A.that is belonged B.that belongs C.that belong D.which belongs 41.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.A.that B.which C.who's D.whose 42.Please pass me the dictionary _____ cover is black.A.which B.which of C.its D.whose 43.He is the only one of the boys who _____ the piano well.A.plays B.play C.playing D.are playing 44.He asked me _____ I needed.A.that B.which C.what D./ 45.That scientist _____ work is successful has been made a model worker.A.which B.who C.who's D.whose 參考答案: Ⅰ、1—5 DBDBB 6—10 DBCAB 11—15 ABBCA 16—18 BAD Ⅱ、A) 1.who/that 2.that 3.that/which 4.whom(who)/that 5.that 6.that 7.that 8.whom(who)/that 9.whom 10.that 11.whose 12.whose 13.which/that 14.which/that 15.that B) 16.He is the young writer who wrote the book.17.Do you know the doctor who comes here once a month and examines the workers? 18.The foreign guest whom you see at the school gate is Mr.Green.19.He is the new head whom I was talking about this morning.20.I've received the book which father sent to me.21.The factory which we visited last week has got one success after another.22.What is the name of the girl whose grandpa took part in the Long March? 23.The man looks like the actor whose songs I've heard on TV.24.This letter is from my elder brother who serves in the army.25.Do you see the bridge which was built last year? C) 26—30 DCCDB 31—35 DDABD 36—40 ADDAB 41—45 DDACD 26.D.定語從句中who指人在從句中為主語,且要用動詞learn。 27.C.先行詞為anyone是單數名詞,所以用單數的謂語動詞。 28.C.experts是先行詞為復數的形式,所以從句的謂語動詞應該為復數的形式。 29.D.nod是不及物動詞,所以應該用nod to表示朝某人點頭,由于關系代詞在從句中充當介詞的賓語,所以可以省略。 30.B.tell sb.of sth.表示和某人提起某事,不是告訴某人什么事,由于關系代詞在從句中充當介詞的賓語,所以可以省略。 31.D.turn to sb.for help表示向某人尋求幫助。從句的介詞提前,所以to后面要加上關系代詞whom.32.D.talk about表示談論某事,所以應該是D。B中從句的代詞it應該省略,因為關系代詞在從句中充當了成分。 33.A.從句中缺argue about的賓語,指物,只能選that。 34.B.先行詞既有人又有物,所以用that。 35.D.who引導的疑問句中,定語從句要用that來引導避免重復。 36.A.先行詞用all來修飾所以我們應該用that來引導。 37.D.all 是先行詞所以應該用that, 但是在從句中當賓語,所以選D。 38.D.laboratory前面有 the biggest的最高級修飾,所以應該用that來引導。當然也可以省略。 39.A.先行詞前面用the only來修飾所以應該用that來引導。 40.B.anything為先行詞是不定代詞所以應該用that 來引導。而且belong是第三人稱的主動語態形式。 41.D.whose在從句中充當定語,指的是anyone's family was poor.42.D.whose在從句中充當定語,指的是the dictionary's cover.43.A.本句的先行詞是the only one,而不是the boys,所以謂語動詞應該用單數形式。 44.C.本句不是定語從句而是用what引導的賓語從句,充當ask sb.sth.的雙賓語結構。 45.D.whose在從句中充當定語,指的是that scientist's work is successful 定語從句專題 編稿:賈巍 審稿:周可勇 責編:夏芳蓮 一、什么是定語從句? 定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。 關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 關系副詞有:when, where, why等。 初中階段我們僅僅要求學生能夠認識,并且正確翻譯由關系代詞that, which, who等引導的定語從句。請觀察下面的句子: This is the mountain village which I visited last year.在這句話中,mountain village為先行詞,which為關系代詞,關系代詞其實就是先行詞的化身,它在從句中充當主語或者賓語。所以以上的句子可以被翻譯成: 這是我去年訪問過的山村。 這句話的主干是―This is the mountain village.‖這是那個小山村。 從句部分是 ―which I visited last year‖,看上去這句話是缺少賓語的,實際上關系代詞which就是賓語,它既是從句的引導詞,又是賓語。 請看下面的句子: He is the person who helped me with my homework last week.翻譯成: 他是上周幫助我做功課的那個人。 主句部分是―He is the person‖ 從句部分是―who helped me with my homework last week‖ 看上去,這個從句是缺少主語的,實際上,從句的主語就是who,他跟在先行詞后面,代表先行詞,在從句中充當主語。 二、關系代詞:that, which, who.1.首先:在定語從句中所有的關系代詞和關系副詞都是先行詞的化身,在翻譯的時候,不參照他們本身疑問副詞,疑問代詞的意思,如: I am looking for the photos which you took in Australia.我正在找你在澳大利亞拍的照片。 這里的which代表照片,并不翻譯成―哪一個‖,再如 He is the photographer who won the photo competition last time.他就是那個贏得上次攝影比賽冠軍的攝影師。 這里的who代表photographer,也不翻譯成―誰‖ 2.其次:(1)who前面的先行詞一定是人物: I got some great shots of the boy who plays the guitar on the left.我給左邊彈吉他的男孩照了一些不錯的相片。 這里的先行詞是the boy,是人,所以關系代詞用who,當然用that也可以 (2)which 前面的先行詞一定是事物: It is a band which gets everyone dancing.這是一支能讓每個人都舞動起來的樂隊。 這句話的先行詞是a band,不是人,是樂隊,所以用which,也可以用that.(3)that前面的先行詞既可以是人,也可以是物.注意:這并不代表that是萬能的關系代詞,到高中的時候我們就會學到,在某些定語從句,尤其是非限定性定語從句中,我們是不能使用that的,但是我們在初中階段并不要求。 3.定語從句關系代詞的省略: 與許多其它從句一樣,定語從句的引導詞 – 關系代詞也是可以省略的,但是省略是需要條件的,就是當關系代詞在從句中充當賓語的時候,關系代詞可以省略。 重點有兩個:第一就是從句中,所以我們要分清什么是主句,什么是從句,如: I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.我永遠都忘不了我在鄉下的日子。 在這句話里,I will never forget the days.是主句,which I spent in the countryside是從句,再看: Please show me the book which you bought yesterday.請給我看一眼你昨天買的書。 在這句話里面,Please show me the book是主句,which you bought yesterday是從句。 第二個重點就是充當賓語: He is the person who talked to me last time.他是上次和我說話的那個人。 在這句話中,關系代詞who作為the person的化身,在從句中充當主語。 He is the person who I met last time.他是我上次遇見的那個人。 在這句話中,關系代詞who作為the person的化身在從句中充當賓語,這個who可以省略。 判斷關系代詞充當主語還是賓語可以看它后面是否緊跟謂語動詞,如果緊跟謂語動詞(如第一句),則關系代詞為主語,不能省略;若反之,其后沒有緊跟謂語動詞,而是名詞(從句的主語),則關系代詞在從句中作賓語,可以省略關系代詞。 三、定語從句與賓語從句的區別: 顧名思義,定語從句是從句充當定語的復合句,賓語從句是從句充當賓語的復合句,二者迥然不同,但是在使用中,同學們總是容易混淆這兩個句型。請從以下幾點區分: (1)通過從句的位置:定語從句的位置在名詞代詞的后面(先行詞一般是由名詞或者代詞充當的)。賓語從句的位置一般在動詞或者介詞短語之后,因為賓語一般都在動詞或者介詞短語之后。 請判斷下面句子是定語從句還是賓語從句: I don‘t know what you are talking about.He is angry with what you said.The tall boy who you met just now is my brother.經過判斷,前兩句是賓語從句,第三句是定語從句。 (2)通過引導詞:定語從句的關系代詞只有that, who, which, whom,whose關系副詞也只有when, where, why,所以如果有的句子是whether, if, how, what等詞引導的,肯定不是定語從句。 (3)通過從句的成分:都是that引導的從句,賓語從句和定語從句也有的區別,我們可以通過that在從句中充當的句子成分判斷,如: I know that you are right.我知道你是對的。 這是一個賓語從句,that 引導的賓語從句,that只是連接詞,不充當任何成分,所以that后面的句子you are right是一個主語謂語完全的句子。 He is the person that I am looking for.這是一個定語從句,that在從句中充當look for的賓語,所以看上去look for是沒有賓語的。 四、練習題: 1.This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.A.that B.who C.whom D.this 2.The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.A.whom B.which C.who D./ 3.The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary.A.that B.whose C.which D.as 4.Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A.the one B.which C.who D.whom 5.Is this factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A.the one B.that C.which D./ 6.The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A.which B.that C./ D.it 7.The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.A.which B.in which C.that D.all 8._____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A.That B.Who C.The one who D.The students who 9.Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.A.which B.whom C.whose D.this 10.This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.A.who B.whom C.which D./ Keys: 1~5 A C A B A 6~10 B C C A D 初三年級詞匯(3) (一)請寫出下面各個動詞的過去式,過去分詞,現在分詞,第三人稱單數以及中文形式.(0.2* 12 = 24) Eg.expect expected expected expecting expects 期望 fall ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ feed ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ feel ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ fight ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ find ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ fly ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ forget ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ freeze ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ give ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ get ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ go ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ grow ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hang ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ have ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hear ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hide ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hit ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hold ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hurt ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ guess ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ (二)寫出下面單詞的復數形式并且翻譯中文.1.foot _______ _______ 3.gentleman _________ _______ 2.goose _______ ______ 4.grandchild _________ ________ (三)寫出下面單詞的比較級和最高級形式以及中文意思.1.far __________ ____________ ____________ 2.good __________ ____________ ____________ 3.hot __________ ____________ ____________ 4.healthy __________ ____________ ___________ 初三語法:定語從句 撰稿:胡欲曉 審稿:周克勇 責編:牛新閣 知識講解 一、定語從句的功用和結構 在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導定語從句的關聯詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。例如: This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party? I still remember the night when I first came to the village? This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二、各個關系代詞和關系副詞的具體用法1.who 指人,在定語從句中作主語。例如: The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2.whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語。例如: Do you know the young man(whom)we met at the gate? Mr Lee(whom)you want to see has come.3.whose 指人,在定語從句中作定語。例如: The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4.which指物,在定語從中作主語或賓語。例如: A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book(which)the teacher mentioned yesterday.5.that多指物,有時也指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如: I’ve read the newspaper that(which)carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there? 6.when 指時間,在定語從句中作狀語。例如: I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7.where 指地點,在定語從句中作狀語。例如: This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.三、關系代詞和關系副詞的功用 關系代詞和關系副詞用來引導定語從句,在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用,使二者聯系起來。關系代詞和關系副詞又在定語從句中充當一個成分。關系代詞做主語,賓語,定語,關系副詞可作狀語。 1.作主語: 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數須和先行詞一致。例如: I don’t like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2.作賓語: She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3.作定語 關系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。例如: What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor? The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4.作狀語 I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.四、具體使用時還要注意下列問題: 1.只能使用that,不用which 的情況: (1)先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時。例如: All that he said is true.(2)如果先行詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等詞修 飾,關系代詞常用that,不用which。例如: He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.(3)先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾的詞。例如: He was the second(person)that told me the secret.(4)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾的詞。 This is the best book(that)I have read this year.(5)先行詞既包括人又包括物時。例如: He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2.只能用which,不用that 的情況: (1)在非限制性定語從中。例如: The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2)定語從句由介詞+關系代詞引導,先行詞是物時。例如: The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.(3)which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部 分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語,也可以作賓語或表語,多數情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如: He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.3.介詞與關系代詞: 關系代詞 whom,which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如: That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.[邊講邊練] (一)用關系代詞或關系副詞將下列每對句子連成一個復合句。 1.The boy is my younger brother.He was here a minute ago.2.The old man is a professor.He teaches chemistry in a college.3.Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square.The foreign visitors live there.4.The woman is here now.You were talking about her.5.This is the hall.We listened to the report in it the other day.6.The car was going 90 miles an hour.The car just passed us.7.The man was my uncle.The man waved to us.8.I enjoyed reading the book.You gave me a book last week.9.I prefer the subject.The subject is science.10.I spoke to the man.The man is a professor.(二)用適當的關系代詞或關系副詞填空 1.The house _______ we live in is very big.2.The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.3.This is the present _____ he gave me for my birthday.4.The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.5.He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.6.There is nothing in the world _______ can frighten him.7.She wears a gold ring, _______ is very uncommon in our class.8.We visited a factory _______ makes toys for children.9.Is this the place _______ your father once lived? 10.I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.[隨堂測試] 一、單項填空 1.---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher? ---Oh!It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.A.he B.that C.whom D.which 2.I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.A.who B.which C.they D.where 3.The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada.A.which B.when C.who D.whom 4.George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.A.who B.whom C.he D.which 5.This is the place _____I have ever visited.A.there B.when C.where D.which 6.Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.A.that B.which C.why D.when 7.The moon is a world ______ there is no life.A.that B.which C.where D.why 8.He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.A.when B.where C.that D.which 9.He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.A.when B.where C.that D.on which 10.Mr.White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.A.who B.that C.whose D.which 11.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.A.that B.which C.when D.where 12.This is the house _______ I want to buy.A.in which B.that C.whose D.where 13.This is the house _______ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked.A.which B.that C.when D.where 14.He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.A.that B.which C.when D.where 15.He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.A.that B.which C.where D.when 16.I work in a business ________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A.how B.which C.where D.that 17.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ________, of course,made the others envy him.A.who B.that C.what D.which 18.American women usually identify their best friend as someone ________ they can talk frequently.A.who B.as C.about which D.with whom 19.The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far- away village.A.until B.that C.when D.where 20.The famous scientist grew up________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.A.when B.whenever C.where D.wherever 21.A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.A.when B.where C.what D.that 22.The Parkers bought a new house but ________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.A.they B.it C.one D.which 23.Is this factory ______ you worked at? A.the one B.which C.that D.where 24.Is this the factory _______ you worked? A.where B.which C.that D.the one 25.---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees? ---Yes, he does.A.which B.whose C.where D.who 26.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.A.who B.where C.what D.that 27.---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday? ---He has gone back to Qinghua University.A.whom B.who C.whose D.which 28.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.A.whose B.whom C.which D.who 29.Do you know a boy ______ sister is a nurse in a hospital? A.who B.that C.whom D.whose 30.Is there a shop near here______ we can buy vegetables and fruits? A.which B.when C.who D.where 二、填入適當的關系代詞或關系副詞完成下列句子 1.The boys________ are playing football are from Class One.2.Those ______ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow.3.Mr Liu is the person ________ you talked about on the bus.4.The professor ________ you are waiting for has come.5.Football is a game _______is liked by most boys.6.He likes to read books ________ are written by foreign writers.7.This is the pen _______ he bought yesterday.8.We’ll go to hear the famous singer _______ we have often talked.9.Where is the man _________ I saw this morning? 10.The season_________ comes after spring is summer.11.I visited a scientist ________ name is known all over the country.12.He has a friend ______ father is a doctor.13.I once lived in the house _____ roof has fallen in.14.I still remember the day _____ I first came to this school.15.The time _______ we got together finally arrived.16.Shanghai is the city ______ I was born.17.The house ______ I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.18.Please tell me the reason ______ you missed the plane.19.The reason ____ he was punished is unknown to us.20.All the people ______are present burst into tears.21.There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of _______ are well educated.22.He succeeded in the competition, _____ made his parents very happy.23.The school ______ he once studied is very famous.24.Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine _______ you asked.25.This is the boy ________I played tennis with yesterday.參考答案: [邊講邊練](一) 1.The boy who was here a minute ago is my younger brother.2.The old man who teaches chemistry in a college is a professor.3.Beijing Hotel where the foreign visitors live is near Tian An Men Square.4.The woman whom you were talking bout is here now.5.This is the hall where we listened to the report the other day.6.The car just passed us was going 90 miles.7.The man who waved to us was my uncle.8.I enjoyed reading the book that you gave me last week.9.The subject that I prefer is science.10.I spoke to the man who is a professor.(二) 1.which/ that 2.who/ that 3.that/ which 4.who/ that 5.that 6.that 7.which 8.that/ which 9.where 10.when [隨堂測試] 一、單項填空 1-5 BACAD 6-10 CCACC 11-15 DBDDB 16-20 CDDCC 21-25 DBAAD 26-30 DBDDD 二、填入適當的關系代詞或關系副詞完成下列句子 1.who 2.who 3.whom 4.whom 5.which 6.which 7.which 8.about whom 9.whom 10.which 11.whose 12.whose 13.whose 14.when 15.when 16.where 17.where 18.why 19.why 20.that 21.whom 22.which 23.where 24.that 25.whom 有的同學總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情,或當天學了某一個詞組,你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下: The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口語是需要技巧的。光靠大膽自信還不夠。關鍵是系統的方法。我是英語專業畢業的,英語八級,現在當翻譯,在大學時去英語角,上課發言等都不管用,一度非常苦惱。后來發現口語練習需要系統的方法。建議你按照我的方法做。 買個口語軟件,口語寶或者右腦王都不錯。 1語音階段,照軟件的內容練,一天倆小時,最多一個月,語音可以過關。無論你的基礎怎么樣。切記一定要仔細認真模仿糾正模仿在模仿。 2篇章階段,根據軟件上的資料,句子,語音,語調,斷句,停頓,高低,節奏,長短等等,越細越好,模仿,對比,模仿,糾正,再模仿。不求量只求質。同樣一個月,明顯可以提高。3電影階段,看英語電影。每句話聽五遍以上,看看能聽懂幾個單詞。在看漢語五遍,看看能聽懂幾個詞組,再看英語五遍以上。然后倒過來從英語字幕到漢語字幕到無字幕,五遍以上。冰河世紀這部影片夠你看兩個月,五分鐘的影片可以看兩小時以上。4與人交流。現在開始舍棄軟件,自信大膽的與中國人,別管對錯,把自己想說的說出來。與老外更好。記住耐心模仿,細心比較,持之以恒,反反復復,1,2個月以后你的口語一定很棒。 你是外企的白領要經常的說英語哦,這個很正常的哦,如果你要學英語口語的話,那么對如何學習英語口語我有一些經驗了。我建議你可以跟我一樣報個電話英語培訓啊。現在的電話英語還很很好了,電話英語,只通過聲音傳遞內容上課,所以要求學生要有更高的注意力,因此對提高聽力有很大的幫助,同時在聽他人說話的同時,自己也要開口說話,這種學習方式被認為是鍛煉聽力和口語的最佳方法,還有,電話英語最大的優勢就是將上課內容全程錄音可以供課后復習。而且時間安排可以在你的工作空余時間來學習英語口語哦,如何學習英語口語的必備條件—語言環境。口語是交流、是聽和說。學習任何一種語言,首先要聽懂,然后才學說話。口語不可以自學。學習英語口語必須進入英文語言環境。每天聽的都是英文,也必須講英文。中國學生為什么不會講英文?因為中國的英文老師大部分不講英文,用中文上英文課。學生在英文課上不講英文,大部分還是講中文。1 如何學好英語口語--學習英文口語最好是英文母語老師—即外教。英文為母語的老師,從小生活在英文的環境里。知道各種生活場景、生活內容的英文用語,并且他們的發音純正,只有他們才可以教好口語。就像外國人要學中文,一定要請中國的老師。所有這里我向你推薦恩京電話英語培訓學校,真是不錯的,外教通過電話一對一教授日常口語,商務口語,雅思口語.面試英語,外貿口語,青少年英語等,每天回到家,晚上可以學10-20分鐘,而且時間,外教都可以任選,均有指定教材,外教都是很有經驗的老師,報名后每位學員在網站上都有專屬學習地盤,每晚上課時外教會就你的問題當時提出糾正,上課后會在學員的學習地盤中留下當晚學習的詳細評語和學員的進步情況分析,及第二天晚上上課討論的建議。最重要的是,網站上有學員每晚學習的錄音,學員可下載收聽對照自己的學習;費用也特別實惠,我一個普通打工族就可以接受。隨時隨地和外教說英語,不錯!2 學習英文還必須了解英文為主的西方文化。學習口語必須知道在什么場合,說什么話?怎么樣說話是有禮貌的?什么是外國人忌諱的?就如同中文,從小父母就會教我們在什么場合要說你好、對不起。看見老人、叔叔、阿姨應當怎樣稱呼?在客人面前該問什么問題?不該說什么話?等等。因為我們的言語得體可以給別人留下良好的印象,不至于造成誤會。3 學習口語必須大量地聽說練習。我們從小中文是怎么學會的?是每天起床后就不斷地聽不斷地說。每天至少12個小時在中文聽說語言環境里。其他語言的學習也是同樣的道理。不斷地聽,不斷地說,隨時糾正。學生只要在與外國人或學生之間講英文,就是在學習。 我有啊,奉獻給你一些啦,快快學習吧: Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。 How about having lunch with me? 一起吃頓中飯怎樣? Good idea.好主意。 If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的話一起吃頓中飯如何? When did you have in mind? 你想什么時候呢? I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎樣? That will be fine with me.沒問題。 I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow.我打電話給你,是想知道明天一起吃頓中飯怎樣? I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me.對不起,這個星期我都不方便。 Perhaps we van make it later.那么,也許改天吧。That would be better.好啊。 I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打電話來,是想確定一下我們約好吃飯的事。 It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12點吧? Yes, that's right.是的,沒錯。I'll be there.我會去的。 I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉,不過我不得不取消我們午餐的約會。I'm sorry to hear that.真遺憾。 I have pressing business to attend to.我有緊急的事情要處理。 No problem.we'll make it later in the month.沒關系,這個月改天再說吧。 一、多“說”。 自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學,尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。 或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。 如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。 學英語簡單嗎?肯定會有許多學生說:“難死了”。 為什么有好多學生對英語的學習都感到頭疼呢?答案只有一個:“不得法。” 英語與漢語一樣都是一種語言,為什么你說漢語會如此流利?那是因為你置身于一個漢語環境中,如果你在倫敦呆上半年,保準說起英語來會非常流利。但很多中學生沒有很好的英語環境,那么你可以自己設置一個英語環境,堅持“多說”、“多聽”、“多讀”、“多寫”,那么你的英語成績肯定會很出色。 一、多“說”。 自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學,尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。 或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。 如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。 二、多“聽” 尋找一切可以聽英語的機會。別人用英語交談時,你應該大膽地去參與,多聽聽各種各樣人的發音,男女老少,節奏快的慢的你都應該接觸到,如果這樣的機會少的話,你可以選擇你不知內容的文章去聽,這將會對你幫助很大,而你去聽學過的課文的磁帶,那將會對你的語言語調的學習有很大的幫助。 三、多“讀”。 “讀”可以分為兩種。一種是“默讀”。每天給予一定時間的練習將會對你提高閱讀速度有很大的好處,讀的內容可以是你的課本,但最好是一些有趣的小讀物,因為現在的英語高考越來越重視閱讀量和閱讀速度。每道題的得分都與你的理解程度有很大關系,所以經過高中三年閱讀的訓練后,你必定會在高考中勝券在握。另一種是“朗讀”這是學語言必不可少的一種學習途徑。 四、多“寫” 有的同學總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情,或當天學了某一個詞組,你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下: The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.只幾句話:但wish的幾種用法已躍然紙上,這樣寫下來印象會深刻得多,這樣比死記硬背wish的用法也有趣輕松的多。 學習英語不用花大塊的時間,10分鐘的散步可以練“說”,吃完飯后可以讀一會兒英語小說,睡前聽幾分鐘英語,可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些時間來練英語,你的英語成績肯定會很快提高的。 背英語單詞技巧 1、循環記憶法 艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線 人的大腦是一個記憶的寶庫,人腦經歷過的事物,思考過的問題,體驗過的情感和情緒,練習過的動作,都可以成為人們記憶的內容。例如英文的學習中單詞、短語和句子,甚至文章的內容都是通過記憶完成的。從“記”到“憶”是有個過程的,這其中包括了識記、保持、再認和回憶。有很多 人在學習英語的過程中,只注重了學習當時的記憶效果,孰不知,要想做好學習的記憶工作,是要下一番工夫的,單純的注重當時的記憶效果,而忽視了后期的保持和再認同樣是達不到良好的效果的。 雅思閱讀題目出題的本質是三種替換:同義詞/詞組替換,句型替換,語法替換,筆者將從這三方面根據學生課堂筆記進行分類整理。以下是劍橋真題中的考點詞,替換詞,一次多義總結: 1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的,一成不變的 2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明顯的,程度大的/substantial 3.approximately 將近-nearly, almost 4.proportion/ percentage 比例 5.be involved(in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及,卷入,參與 6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鑒于 考慮到,盡管 6.induce [v] 引入,引導,引誘/ inductive [n] 歸納 >< deduce /deductive推斷 7.fortune/ destiny/ chances 8.deplete 開采完,耗盡/ exhaust –exhaust emission(尾氣)排放/ exploit 9.complex 錯綜復雜的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的,復雜的 10.capacity能力,容量/ competence(競爭)能力/ ability 能力(籠統的) 11.確保,保障:Secure-security/ ensure(insure)/ guarantee 押金 12.solely/ merely/ only 13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花樣,品種/ a great rang 系列 of 14.pesticide 殺蟲/ suicide 自殺/ homicide/ murder殺人 15.believe/ assume(responsibility)/ suppose 16.授權,委托:authorize/ commission 傭金/ entitle 頭銜 + ment =right(權利) 17.purchase/ buy 18.ethnic 種族的/ ethic 倫理,道德的 + s =[n ] 19.modify/ change [v] shift work 輪班工作[n] 20.insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing 21.constrain拘泥,限制/ restrict 限制/ limit 22.circumstance 環境(社會)/ surroundings/ environment 環境(環保)背景 background 后臺 / settings后臺,布景/ context 上下文(文章中) 23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的> 24.移民:immigrant(進來)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant 25.興旺,繁榮;prosperous/ thriving/ booming(人口,行業)/flourishing 26.神圣的:divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred 27.有毒的:poisonous/ toxic(in-, non-無毒的) 28.致命的:deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal 29.類似于:look like/ resemble 30.chronic長期的,慢性的— long-term 長期的 31.網戀:virtual love/ cyber love 32.網友:on-line /net/ cyber friend 上網(聊天)chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/網吧 33.evolve-evolution 進化/ revolute-revolution 革命,旋轉/ involve-involution 卷入,涉及 34.indicator/ predictor 表示詮釋,預測 35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray 36.therapist /expert/ specialist 37.優點,長處,美德:advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length 38.commonest/ frequent 39.未開發的,初級的:rudimentary/ underdeveloped 40.退化:degenerate/-tion [n]->generate 生產,制造/ degrade->grade 等級/ deteriorate 惡化,每況愈下 41.分類:category-categorize/ class-classify 42.consequence后果->影響/ subsequence緊跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency頻率 43.clash 沖突(民族,種族)/crash 飛機墜毀 44.substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace 45.alternative=> 選擇性,代替性,輔助性 46.孤立:isolate/ alienate/insulate隔絕,排外,孤立->be alien to/insulate(-ior)絕緣,隔熱(體) 47.缺點,不足之處:defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback 48.創新的,發明的,新穎的,創新的:inventive(-tion)/ innovative(-tion)/ creative(-tion)/ ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary 易錯拼寫:environment/ convenient 49.neutral 中立的,中性的 /negative 否定,消極,陰性的 /positive 肯定,積極,陽性的 50.ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱兩可的,曖昧的/obscure 51.communicate 溝通,傳達,通報 52.accommodate 1供...食宿,2=adapt to 適應,調整,3=hold 容納,4使…停靠 53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉獻 2 責任,義務 54.contribute to 導致 ~ result in /account for(占據)導致 54.缺乏的,不足的:inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack(of)/ short(of) 55.強調:emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on 英語作文常用諺語、俗語 1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.說謊者即使講真話也沒人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解,自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea.海納百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只會用功不玩耍,聰明孩子也變傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善終。 7、Actions speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音難覓。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友難,失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善終。 13、A good book is a good friend.好書如摯友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。 15、A mother's love never changes.母愛永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一蘋果,不用請醫生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花獨放不是春,百花齊放春滿園。 18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之計在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。 20、Better late than never.不怕慢,單怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.讀書使人充實,22、Care and diligence bring luck.謹慎和勤奮才能抓住機遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature.習慣是后天養成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy.有個好習慣,事事皆不難。 26、Doing is better than saying.與其掛在嘴上,不如落實在行動上。 27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而廢。 28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事,今日畢。 29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻煩。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身體好。 31、Easier said than done.說得容易,做得難。 32、Easy come, easy go.來也匆匆,去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃飯是為了活著,但活著不是為了吃飯。 34、Every man has his faults.金無足赤,人無完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命運自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts.分秒必爭。 37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。 39、Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。 41、Health is better than wealth.健康勝過財富。 42、Honesty is the best policy.做人誠信為本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望,做最壞的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn.活到老,學到老。 45、Knowledge is power.知識就是力量 46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。 47、No pain,no gain.(不勞無獲。) 48、You never know till you have tried.不嘗試,不知曉。 49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奮是成功之母。 51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起,使人健康、52、Experience is the best teacher.經驗是最好的教師。 53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set 富裕和聰穎。 54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。 55、Practice makes perfect .(熟能生巧。) 56、Pride goes before a fall.(驕傲必敗。) Superstar and I It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors.However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart.He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin.When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around.What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music.Rome wasn’t built in one day.He achieved the great success through huge effort.I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and I Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder.She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart.Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me.The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it.She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up.She is like a sunshine that gives me hope.Where there is a will, there is a way.The Attributive Clause 在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 定語從句中被修飾的名詞或代詞叫“先行詞”,它往往放在定語從句之前。 引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞分為關系代詞(that, which, who, whom, whose)和關系副詞(where, when, why).e.g;(1)The story that I read just now is encouraging.(2)I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.1.由關系代詞引導的定語從句。 (1)that既可指人也可指物,在從句中作主語或賓語。e.g;The girl that wears a pair of sunglasses is so modern.Let’ ask the man that is reading the book over there.I will never forget the days that we spent together last year.She likes the flowers that I bought for her yesterday.(2)which 只能指物;可作主語或賓語。 e.g: The tress which they planted didn’t need much water.That is the machine which your Dad sent me.(3).Who在從句中可作主語或賓語;whom只能作賓語。 e.g: The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.I don’t know the man who/whom you talked to just now.The boy who broke the window is called Michael.(4).whose在從句中作定語。 e.g: The boy whose parents were killed in the earthquake is studying in Beijing.I’d like to live in the house whose windows face to the South.2.由關系副詞引導的定語從句——關系副詞在從句中作狀語。 e.g.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.We’ll never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm.This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the center of the city.There are few reasons why we can’t do that.He couldn’t give the teacher a good reason why he was absent yesterday 3.非.限制性定語從句 John, who speaks Spanish, works there.4.介詞加which/whom相當于一關系副詞 5.of which/ whom 相當于 whose.注(1)關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可省略。 (2)限制性定語從句中只能用that的情況: 1)當先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 時。 e.g: Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? You should hand in all that you have.The police caught the one that set fire on the bus in Chengdu.2)當先行詞被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等詞修飾時。 e.g: There is little meat in the fridge that we can use.today This is the very person that I’m waiting for.The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.3)當先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時。 e.g: This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.He is the best man that can finish the work.4)當先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾時。 e.g: This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.What is the first American film that you have seen.? 5)當先行詞既有人又有物時。 e.g: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking? (3)定語從句中只能用which的情況: 1)在非限制性定語從句中。 e.g.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.2)當動詞短語中的介詞提前時。 e.g.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.(4)定語從句中的特殊情況。 1)由關系代詞as 引導的。 As既可引導限制性定語從句也可引導非限制性定語從句,在從句中作主語,賓語或表語。 Such + n.+ as…..像。。。一樣的,像。。之類的The same + n.+as… 和。。同樣的 e.g.We have found such material as are used in their factory.These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.He is not the same man as he was.2)as/ which代指前面整個句子時: e.g.He was late for class, which made the teacher very angry.Liuxiang got the first place in this competition, which made him very popular.His mother asked him to study hard again and again, which didn’t help.Knowledge is power, as Francis Bacon wrote in 1597.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(1)As引導的非限制性定語從句位置很靈活可位于句首、句中或句末,而which引導的不能。位于句首 (2)as常常譯為“正如,好象”,而which則無。 e.g.__________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B.As C.That D.What 3)當先行詞是way意為“方式、方法”時: What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which / that he said it.The way that which / he explained to us was quite simple.4)where的特殊情況。 The media can help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.I can think of many cases_____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.A.why B.which C.as D.where 定語從句練習(附答案) 1.we shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of _______ are healthy.A.that B.which C.what D.whom 2.Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ________ they learn simple games and songs.A.then B.there C.while D.where 3.They can find whatever they need in the supermarket, ________ is always busy on Sundays.A.which B.when C.where D.who 4.There is such a problem _______ we all should _______.A.as;pay attention to it B.that;attract our attention C.as;pay attention to D.that;attract our attention to it 5.”I’d like to give my thanks to those________ help my son will be able to survive his terrible disease,” said the woman on TV.A.who B.that C.with whose D.with their 6.The CCTV Tower,________base is an electrical equipment shop, is frequently visited by travelers.A.which B.whose C.its D.that 7.There are two rooms on the first floor,_______ is used as a guest room.A.a smaller of which B.a smaller of them C.the smaller of which D.the smaller of them 8.After graduation she reached a point in her career _______ she needed to decide what to do.A.that B.what C.which D.where 9.His movie won several awards at the film festival, ________ was beyond his wildest dream.A.which B.that C.where D.it 10.I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed.A.of that B.of which C.that D.which 11.This is Mr.White, _______ I think has something interesting to tell you.A.which B.whom C.that D.who 12.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ________ people were eaten by the tiger.A.in which B.by which C.which D.that 13.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases_________ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.A.which B.as C.why D.where 14.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ________ sight matters more than hearing.A.when B.whose C.which D.where 15.Last year the Browns moved to Toronto, ________ they had long dreamed of living in.A.where B.which C.in which D.whose 16.When people talk about the cities in France, the first _________ comes into mind is Paris.A.one B.which C.that D.what 17.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _________ they can’t be controlled on purpose.A.with which B.to which C.of which D.for which 18.Look out!Don’t get too close to the house ________ roof is under repair.A.whose B.which C.how D./ 19.You’ll have to wait for one more week, _______ the manager will be back from his trip.A.before B.when C.as D.until 20.Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ________ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.A.that B.which C.who D.where 21.He was educated at the local high school, _______ he went on to Beijing University.A.after which B.after that C.in which D.in that 22.----Do you have anything to say for yourselves? ----Yes, there is one point _______ we must insist on.A.why B.where C.how D./ 23.Women ________ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _________ don’t.A.who;/ B./;who C.who;who D./;/ 24._______ I explained on the phone, your advice will be considered at the next meeting.A.When B.After C.As D.Since 25.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ________ effects the people are still suffering.A.that B.whose C.those D.what 26.Do you still remember the chicken farm _________ we visited three months ago? A.where B.when C.that D.what 有的同學總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情,或當天學了某一個詞組,你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下: The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口語是需要技巧的。光靠大膽自信還不夠。關鍵是系統的方法。我是英語專業畢業的,英語八級,現在當翻譯,在大學時去英語角,上課發言等都不管用,一度非常苦惱。后來發現口語練習需要系統的方法。建議你按照我的方法做。 買個口語軟件,口語寶或者右腦王都不錯。 1語音階段,照軟件的內容練,一天倆小時,最多一個月,語音可以過關。無論你的基礎怎么樣。切記一定要仔細認真模仿糾正模仿在模仿。 2篇章階段,根據軟件上的資料,句子,語音,語調,斷句,停頓,高低,節奏,長短等等,越細越好,模仿,對比,模仿,糾正,再模仿。不求量只求質。同樣一個月,明顯可以提高。3電影階段,看英語電影。每句話聽五遍以上,看看能聽懂幾個單詞。在看漢語五遍,看看能聽懂幾個詞組,再看英語五遍以上。然后倒過來從英語字幕到漢語字幕到無字幕,五遍以上。冰河世紀這部影片夠你看兩個月,五分鐘的影片可以看兩小時以上。4與人交流。現在開始舍棄軟件,自信大膽的與中國人,別管對錯,把自己想說的說出來。與老外更好。記住耐心模仿,細心比較,持之以恒,反反復復,1,2個月以后你的口語一定很棒。 你是外企的白領要經常的說英語哦,這個很正常的哦,如果你要學英語口語的話,那么對如何學習英語口語我有一些經驗了。我建議你可以跟我一樣報個電話英語培訓啊。現在的電話英語還很很好了,電話英語,只通過聲音傳遞內容上課,所以要求學生要有更高的注意力,因此對提高聽力有很大的幫助,同時在聽他人說話的同時,自己也要開口說話,這種學習方式被認為是鍛煉聽力和口語的最佳方法,還有,電話英語最大的優勢就是將上課內容全程錄音可以供課后復習。而且時間安排可以在你的工作空余時間來學習英語口語哦,如何學習英語口語的必備條件—語言環境。口語是交流、是聽和說。學習任何一種語言,首先要聽懂,然后才學說話。口語不可以自學。學習英語口語必須進入英文語言環境。每天聽的都是英文,也必須講英文。中國學生為什么不會講英文?因為中國的英文老師大部分不講英文,用中文上英文課。學生在英文課上不講英文,大部分還是講中文。1 如何學好英語口語--學習英文口語最好是英文母語老師—即外教。英文為母語的老師,從小生活在英文的環境里。知道各種生活場景、生活內容的英文用語,并且他們的發音純正,只有他們才可以教好口語。就像外國人要學中文,一定要請中國的老師。所有這里我向你推薦恩京電話英語培訓學校,真是不錯的,外教通過電話一對一教授日常口語,商務口語,雅思口語.面試英語,外貿口語,青少年英語等,每天回到家,晚上可以學10-20分鐘,而且時間,外教都可以任選,均有指定教材,外教都是很有經驗的老師,報名后每位學員在網站上都有專屬學習地盤,每晚上課時外教會就你的問題當時提出糾正,上課后會在學員的學習地盤中留下當晚學習的詳細評語和學員的進步情況分析,及第二天晚上上課討論的建議。最重要的是,網站上有學員每晚學習的錄音,學員可下載收聽對照自己的學習;費用也特別實惠,我一個普通打工族就可以接受。隨時隨地和外教說英語,不錯!2 學習英文還必須了解英文為主的西方文化。學習口語必須知道在什么場合,說什么話?怎么樣說話是有禮貌的?什么是外國人忌諱的?就如同中文,從小父母就會教我們在什么場合要說你好、對不起。看見老人、叔叔、阿姨應當怎樣稱呼?在客人面前該問什么問題?不該說什么話?等等。因為我們的言語得體可以給別人留下良好的印象,不至于造成誤會。3 學習口語必須大量地聽說練習。我們從小中文是怎么學會的?是每天起床后就不斷地聽不斷地說。每天至少12個小時在中文聽說語言環境里。其他語言的學習也是同樣的道理。不斷地聽,不斷地說,隨時糾正。學生只要在與外國人或學生之間講英文,就是在學習。 我有啊,奉獻給你一些啦,快快學習吧: Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。 How about having lunch with me? 一起吃頓中飯怎樣? Good idea.好主意。 If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的話一起吃頓中飯如何? When did you have in mind? 你想什么時候呢? I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎樣? That will be fine with me.沒問題。 I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow.我打電話給你,是想知道明天一起吃頓中飯怎樣? I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me.對不起,這個星期我都不方便。 Perhaps we van make it later.那么,也許改天吧。That would be better.好啊。 I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打電話來,是想確定一下我們約好吃飯的事。 It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12點吧? Yes, that's right.是的,沒錯。I'll be there.我會去的。 I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉,不過我不得不取消我們午餐的約會。I'm sorry to hear that.真遺憾。 I have pressing business to attend to.我有緊急的事情要處理。 No problem.we'll make it later in the month.沒關系,這個月改天再說吧。 一、多“說”。 自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學,尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。 如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。 定語從句講解及練習 一、定義:在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。如:1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman.2)You must do everything that I do.上面兩句中的man和everything是定語從句所修飾的詞,叫先行詞,定語從句放在先行詞的后面。* 引導定語從句的詞有關系代詞that, which, who(賓格whom, 所有格whose)和關系副詞where, when、why * 關系詞常有三個作用: 1、引導定語從句 2、代替先行詞 3、在定語從句中擔當一個成分 二、關系代詞引導的定語從句 * 1.who指人,在從句中做主語(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.* 2.whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。(1)Mr.Liu is the person(whom)you talked about.注意:關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。(2)The man(who/whom)you met just now is my friend.* 3.which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略(1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(which 在句子中做主語)(2)This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.(which 在句子中做賓語)* 4.that指人時,相當于who或者whom;指物時,相當于which,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。(1)The people that/who come to visit the city are all here.(在句子中做主語)(2)Where is the man(that/whom)I saw this morning?(在句子中做賓語)* 5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語(1)He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2)I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時,常用以下結構來代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow? =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? * 具體使用時還要注意下列問題: 1、只能使用that,不用which 的情況: * 1)當先行詞是:all , any , anything , everything , nothing或被它們修飾 時。Is there anything that I can do for you ? 有什么可以為你做的嗎? All that can be done must be done.凡是能做的都必須做。* 2)當先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數詞修飾時。例如: That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是這家書店出售的最有趣的書之一。 The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我們該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。 * 3)當先行詞有:the only , the very , the same , the last 等修飾時。例如: My necklace is not the only thing that's missing.我的項鏈不僅是丟掉的東西。* 4)當主句以who或which開頭時,定語從句中引導詞用that ,不用which 或 who,以避免重復。例如: Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ? 正穿一件紅色外套的女孩子是誰? * 5)當先行詞既有人又有物時,用that。例如: The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.你剛才談起的那位作家以及他的小說確實很著名。 2、只用which不用that的情況: * 1)關系代詞前有介詞時; e.g.This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.* 2)非限定性定語從句中;作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。e.g.That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.* 3)先行詞本身是that時; e.g.The clock is that which tells the time 非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常是引導詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。(非限)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you這里有人要和你說話(限制性)* 4)which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語,也可以作賓語或表語,多數情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。 He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.* 關系代詞 whom,which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫,的工廠。(引導詞that作定語從句“(that)they visited last month”的賓語,that可以省略) * 注意:不要以為在時間名詞后就一定用關系副詞when,在地點名詞后就一定用關系而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.* 像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短語動詞,在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.三、關系副詞引導的定語從句 * 1、when:當主句中的先行詞(即主句中被后面定語從句修飾的詞)是表示時間意義的名詞時,它只能作定語從句的時間狀語,放在定語從句句首。如果定語從句的引導詞是作該定語從句的主語或賓語,則要改用關系代詞that或which來引導。例如: I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.The days when we used foreign oil are gone.我們用洋油的日子一去不復返了。I'll never forget the day when I was born.(=I'll never forget my birthday.)我永遠不會忘記我出生的日子。 It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold.這事發生在天氣又濕又冷的十一月。 The day(that)I always remember in all my life is my birthday.我一生中最難忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定語從句“that I always remember in all my life”的賓語,that可以省略)* 2、where:當主句中的先行詞是表示地點意義的名詞時,它只能作其所在的定語從句的地點狀語,放在定語從句的句首。如果定語從句的引導詞作該定語從句的主語或賓語時,也要改用關系代詞that或which來引導。例如: The factory where his father works is in the east of the city This is the room where(=in which)I lived last year.這就是我去年住過的房間。 Is this the classroom where(=in which)the old worker is going to make/give us a report? 這就是那位老工人要給我們做報告的教室嗎? Let's look for a place where we can swim.咱們找一個可以游泳的地方吧。The building that is being built over there will be a new hospital.正在那邊建的樓房將是一家新醫院。(引導詞that作定語從句“that is being built over there”的主語)That is the factory(that)they visited last month.那就是他們上個月參觀過 副詞 where,在表示原因的the reason后就一定用關系副詞why。到底選用關系副詞還是關系代詞,關鍵是看它們在從句中是用作狀語(用關系副詞)還是用作主語或賓語(用關系代詞)。 如:Don’t forget the time(that)I’ve told you.不要忘記我告訴你的時間。(that用作told的賓語) I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you.我永遠不會忘記我與你共事的日子。(when用作狀語) He works in a factory that /which makes radio parts.他在一家制造無線電零件的工廠工作。(that/ which 在從句中用作主語,且不能省略) He works in the factory where his father worked.他在他父親工作過的那家工廠工作。(where作狀語) That’s the reason(that /which)he explained to us.那就是他向我們解釋的理由。(that或which在從句中用作explained的賓語) That’s the reason why she left home.那就是她離家出走的原因。(why在從句中作狀語) * 英語中的關系副詞主要是 when, where, why三個,不要想當然地將how用作關系副詞修飾the way。 如不說 This is the way how he spoke,可改為 This is how he spoke(how引導的是表語從句),當然也可說成 This is the way(that/ in which)he spoke.(其中的that/ in which可省略) * 另外,when和where可引導限制性和非限制性定語從句,而why則只用于引導限制性定語從句,不用于引導非限制性定語從句。 Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work.星期天是假日,(這天)人們不上班。 He took us into the classroom , where there were only a few students.他把我們帶進教室,那兒只有少數幾個學生。 * 在定語從句的使用中,one of后面的名詞是復數,這個復數名詞制約后面的定語從句的謂語動詞,用復數; 而在one of 前面有the或 the only時,后面引導的定語從句中的謂語動詞則用單數形式。 He is the only one of the students who is elected? Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident.定 語 從 句 練習 一、用關系代詞填空:that、which、who、whom、whose 1.This is the man ________ wants to see you.2.The student ___________ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3.The man __________ you went to see has come.4.The man ___________I met yesterday lent me some money.5.The woman _______________ you saw is our geography teacher.6.The runner ________________ you are asking about is over there.7.The person ______________ you should write to is Mr.Ball.8.The man ___________was passing by saw what happened.9.Here is the pen _________ you lost the day before yesterday.10.These books _____________ you lent me were very useful.11.The storybook ____________ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.12.A clock is a machine ______ tells people the time.13.This is shirt _______________I bought yesterday.14.A dictionary is a book _____________ gives the meaning to the word.15.The book ____________ is on the table is mine.16.The film ____________ they are talking about is very interesting.17.I will never forget the people and the places _____ I have ever visited.18.Is there anyone ____________ family is in Beijing? 19.Show me the boy ______________ mother is a well-known singer.20.The boy______ father is a teacher is good at English.二、單項選擇 ()1.Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady____ comes from Beijing.A.who B.which C.whom D.whose()2.What’s the name of the program________.A.which are listening B.you are listening to C.to that you are listening D.that you are listening()3.The students were all interested ____ you told them yesterday.A.in which B.in that this C.all that D.in everything()4.He was the only person in his office______ was invited.A.whom B.whose C.that D.which()5.This is the museum______ we visited last year.A.where B.in which C.which D.in that()6.Charlie told his mother all____ had happened.A.that B.what C.which D.who()7.Do you know the student_____? A.whom I often talk B.with who I often talk C.I often talk with D.that I often talk()8.I like the house_____ windows face south.A.whose B.who’s C.it's D.its()9.Would you tell me where to get the dictionary _____? A.what I need B.I need C.which I need it D.that I need it()10.The young woman_____ I spoke just now is a young doctor.A.who B.to whom C.whom D.that() 11、Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day? A.that B.where C.in which D.the one() 12、Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A.that B.where C.which D.the one() 13、Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago? A.that B.where C.which D.the one() 14、Mr.Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ______ in China.A.works B.is working C.are working D.has been working() 15、Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A.learn B.who C.that learns D.who learn() 16、We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.A.which B.whom C.who D.that () 17、He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.A.which B.it C.that D.what 定語從句用法小結 概念: 在復合句中,修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句;被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞;定語從句必須放在先行詞之后;引導定語從句的詞叫關聯詞。如: 關聯詞: 關系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose和關系副詞where,when,why等。關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中都充當一定的句法成份。關系代詞在從句中充當動詞的賓語時一般可以省略。 關系代詞的選用比較復雜,受下列條件的制約: (1)要看先行詞是指人還是指物,(2)要看關系代詞在從句中句法功能,(3)要看定語從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。 在定語從句中充當的成分 指人 指物 指人或指物 主語 who which that 賓語 whom which that 謂語 whose whose(of which) ※ that 只能用在限定性定語從句中,而who, whom, which既可用于限定性定語從句中,也可用于非限定性定語從句。 I know that he is a man who means what he says.I know that he is a man that means what he says.我知道他是一個守信用的人。 The gentleman whom she met addressed her with courtesy.The gentleman that she met addressed her with courtesy.她遇到的那位先生很有禮貌地向 她打了招呼。 The watch which was lost has been found.The watch that was lost has been found.丟了的表找到了。 Here is the material that you need.Here is the material you need.你要的材料在這兒了。 You are the only one whose advice he might listen to.他也就是聽你的話吧。 ※ 關系副詞的選用: 如果先行詞是表示時間的名詞,如time, day 等,則用when, 如先行詞為表示地點的名詞,如place, house, area 等等,則選用where。如果先行詞為reason 則選用why I will never forget the mountain village where I spent my childhood.I will never forget the mountain village in which I spent my childhood.我永遠也不會忘記我度過童年的那個小山村。 I don’t know the reason why he did that.I don’t know the reason for which he did that.我不知道他為什么這么做。 ※ 當先行詞是all, something, nothing 等不定代詞時,或者先行詞的前面有first, last, few 1 only, , much, some, any, no 等詞修飾時,或者先行詞的前面有最高級修飾時,一般只用that 而不用which 來引導定語從句: I have explained everything that I can to you.我已經盡一切可能把事情向你解釋得一清二楚。 That’s all that I know.我知道的就是這些。 Can you tell me something that you know? 你能把你知道的一些情況告訴我嗎? There is nothing that I cannot tell you.我沒有什么不能告訴你的事情。 The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.我們應該做的頭一件事就是訂一個計劃。 The last place that we visited was the farm.我們最后參觀的地方是農場。 ※ 還有一種定語從句,它的結構是:the same … as… , such … as 這里的as 可以指人或物,且引導的是限定性定語從句: Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.一種很受歡迎的家具價錢昂貴。 We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.你做過的那個試驗我們已經成功地做完了。 It wasn’t such a computer as the advertisement had promised.這種電腦可不是廣告中說的那種電腦。 ※ 限定性定語從句與主句關系密切,為句中不可缺少的部分,如去掉,則主句意思不完整。而非限定性定語從句與主句關系松散,如果去掉了,主句內容仍然完整。在書面語中非限定性定語從句一般用逗號隔開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導。引導非限定性定語從句的關系詞不可省略。 His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.他的講話沒完沒了,真讓人煩。 The general’s daughter, whose name is Jane, gave me a sweet smile.將軍的女兒名叫珍妮。她沖我笑了笑,笑得好甜啊。 ※ 非限定性定語從句中,先行詞也可以是整個句子,一般用which 或as 來引導定語從句;which在從句中可充當主語、賓語等,而as 在從句中一般只充當主語;which 與as 引導這類定語從句的區別在于:which 只能放在句子當中或句子末尾,而as 的位置比較靈活,可以放在句子當中、句子末尾,也可以放在句首。 As is known to all, too much stress can cause disease.Too much stress can cause disease, as is known to all.Too much stress can cause disease, which is known to all.眾所周知,壓力太大了,人會得病的。 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which is known to all.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, as is known to all.眾所周知,水是由氫和氧組成的。 ※ 關系代詞在定語從句中有時也作介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關系代詞前,一般只用介詞加which 或介詞加whom,而不用介詞加that來引導定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末,則可以使用that來代替which或whom,這時的that可以省略。 This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.這就是她花了一千美元買的那枚戒指。 One of my students whom you are familiar with will come.將要來的那個學生你也認識。1.In an hour, we can travel to places __________ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A.where B.when C.which D.what 2.His movie won several awards at the film festival, __________ was beyond his wildest dream.A.which B.that C.where D.it 3.We went through a period __________ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A.which B.whose C.in which D.with which 4.Mozart’s birthplace and the house __________ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.A.where B.when C.there D.which 5.Wind power is an ancient source of energy __________ we may return in the near future.A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from which 6.Children who are not active or __________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A.what B.where C.what D.that 7.As a child, Jack studied in a village school, __________ is named after his grandfather.A.which B.where C.what D.that 8.I refuse to accept the blame for something __________ was someone else’s fault.A.who B.that C.as D.what 9.The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of __________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.A.whom B.which C.them D.those 10.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister __________ she would stay for an hour.A.where B.who C.which D.what 11.The newly-built cafe, the walls of __________ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.A.that B.it C.what D.which 12.I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school __________ I met in the English speech contest last year.A.who B.where C.when D.which 13.— What do you think of teaching, Bob? — I find it fun and challenging.It is a job __________ you are doing something serious but interesting.A.where B.which C.when D.that 14.It’s helpful to put children in a situation __________ they can see themselves differently.A.that B.when C.which D.where 15.Because of the financial crisis, days are gone __________ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A.if B.when C.which D.since 16.Gun control is a subject __________ Americans have argued for a long time.A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which 17.I have reached a point in my life __________ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A.which B.where C.how D.why 18.The man pulled out a gold watch, __________ were made of small diamonds.A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands of C.which the hands of D.the hands of which 19.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.A.where B.when C.who D.which 20.It is reported that two schools, __________ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.A.they both B.which both C.both of them D.both of which 4 學英語簡單嗎?肯定會有許多學生說:“難死了”。 為什么有好多學生對英語的學習都感到頭疼呢?答案只有一個:“不得法。” 英語與漢語一樣都是一種語言,為什么你說漢語會如此流利?那是因為你置身于一個漢語環境中,如果你在倫敦呆上半年,保準說起英語來會非常流利。但很多中學生沒有很好的英語環境,那么你可以自己設置一個英語環境,堅持“多說”、“多聽”、“多讀”、“多寫”,那么你的英語成績肯定會很出色。 一、多“說”。 自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學,尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。 或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。 如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。 二、多“聽” 尋找一切可以聽英語的機會。別人用英語交談時,你應該大膽地去參與,多聽聽各種各樣人的發音,男女老少,節奏快的慢的你都應該接觸到,如果這樣的機會少的話,你可以選擇你不知內容的文章去聽,這將會對你幫助很大,而你去聽學過的課文的磁帶,那將會對你的語言語調的學習有很大的幫助。 三、多“讀”。 “讀”可以分為兩種。一種是“默讀”。每天給予一定時間的練習將會對你提高閱讀速度有很大的好處,讀的內容可以是你的課本,但最好是一些有趣的小讀物,因為現在的英語高考越來越重視閱讀量和閱讀速度。每道題的得分都與你的理解程度有很大關系,所以經過高中三年閱讀的訓練后,你必定會在高考中勝券在握。另一種是“朗讀”這是學語言必不可少的一種學習途徑。 四、多“寫” 有的同學總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情,或當天學了某一個詞組,你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下: The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.只幾句話:但wish的幾種用法已躍然紙上,這樣寫下來印象會深刻得多,這樣比死記硬背wish的用法也有趣輕松的多。 學習英語不用花大塊的時間,10分鐘的散步可以練“說”,吃完飯后可以讀一會兒英語小說,睡前聽幾分鐘英語,可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些時間來練英語,你的英語成績肯定會很快提高的。 背英語單詞技巧 1、循環記憶法 艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線 人的大腦是一個記憶的寶庫,人腦經歷過的事物,思考過的問題,體驗過的情感和情緒,練習過的動作,都可以成為人們記憶的內容。例如英文的學習中單詞、短語和句子,甚至文章的內容都是通過記憶完成的。從“記”到“憶”是有個過程的,這其中包括了識記、保持、再認和回憶。有很多 人在學習英語的過程中,只注重了學習當時的記憶效果,孰不知,要想做好學習的記憶工作,是要下一番工夫的,單純的注重當時的記憶效果,而忽視了后期的保持和再認同樣是達不到良好的效果的。 雅思閱讀題目出題的本質是三種替換:同義詞/詞組替換,句型替換,語法替換,筆者將從這三方面根據學生課堂筆記進行分類整理。以下是劍橋真題中的考點詞,替換詞,一次多義總結: 1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的,一成不變的 2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明顯的,程度大的/substantial 3.approximately 將近-nearly, almost 4.proportion/ percentage 比例 5.be involved(in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及,卷入,參與 6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鑒于 考慮到,盡管 6.induce [v] 引入,引導,引誘/ inductive [n] 歸納 >< deduce /deductive推斷 7.fortune/ destiny/ chances 8.deplete 開采完,耗盡/ exhaust –exhaust emission(尾氣)排放/ exploit 9.complex 錯綜復雜的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的,復雜的 10.capacity能力,容量/ competence(競爭)能力/ ability 能力(籠統的) 11.確保,保障:Secure-security/ ensure(insure)/ guarantee 押金 12.solely/ merely/ only 13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花樣,品種/ a great rang 系列 of 14.pesticide 殺蟲/ suicide 自殺/ homicide/ murder殺人 15.believe/ assume(responsibility)/ suppose 16.授權,委托:authorize/ commission 傭金/ entitle 頭銜 + ment =right(權利) 17.purchase/ buy 18.ethnic 種族的/ ethic 倫理,道德的 + s =[n ] 19.modify/ change [v] shift work 輪班工作[n] 20.insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing 21.constrain拘泥,限制/ restrict 限制/ limit 22.circumstance 環境(社會)/ surroundings/ environment 環境(環保)背景 background 后臺 / settings后臺,布景/ context 上下文(文章中) 23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的> 24.移民:immigrant(進來)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant 25.興旺,繁榮;prosperous/ thriving/ booming(人口,行業)/flourishing 26.神圣的:divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred 27.有毒的:poisonous/ toxic(in-, non-無毒的) 28.致命的:deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal 29.類似于:look like/ resemble 30.chronic長期的,慢性的— long-term 長期的 31.網戀:virtual love/ cyber love 32.網友:on-line /net/ cyber friend 上網(聊天)chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/網吧 33.evolve-evolution 進化/ revolute-revolution 革命,旋轉/ involve-involution 卷入,涉及 34.indicator/ predictor 表示詮釋,預測 35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray 36.therapist /expert/ specialist 37.優點,長處,美德:advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length 38.commonest/ frequent 39.未開發的,初級的:rudimentary/ underdeveloped 40.退化:degenerate/-tion [n]->generate 生產,制造/ degrade->grade 等級/ deteriorate 惡化,每況愈下 41.分類:category-categorize/ class-classify 42.consequence后果->影響/ subsequence緊跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency頻率 43.clash 沖突(民族,種族)/crash 飛機墜毀 44.substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace 45.alternative=> 選擇性,代替性,輔助性 46.孤立:isolate/ alienate/insulate隔絕,排外,孤立->be alien to/insulate(-ior)絕緣,隔熱(體) 47.缺點,不足之處:defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback 48.創新的,發明的,新穎的,創新的:inventive(-tion)/ innovative(-tion)/ creative(-tion)/ ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary 易錯拼寫:environment/ convenient 49.neutral 中立的,中性的 /negative 否定,消極,陰性的 /positive 肯定,積極,陽性的 50.ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱兩可的,曖昧的/obscure 51.communicate 溝通,傳達,通報 52.accommodate 1供...食宿,2=adapt to 適應,調整,3=hold 容納,4使…停靠 53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉獻 2 責任,義務 54.contribute to 導致 ~ result in /account for(占據)導致 54.缺乏的,不足的:inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack(of)/ short(of) 55.強調:emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on 學英語簡單嗎?肯定會有許多學生說:“難死了”。 為什么有好多學生對英語的學習都感到頭疼呢?答案只有一個:“不得法。” 英語與漢語一樣都是一種語言,為什么你說漢語會如此流利?那是因為你置身于一個漢語環境中,如果你在倫敦呆上半年,保準說起英語來會非常流利。但很多中學生沒有很好的英語環境,那么你可以自己設置一個英語環境,堅持“多說”、“多聽”、“多讀”、“多寫”,那么你的英語成績肯定會很出色。 一、多“說”。 自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語,見了同學,尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候,談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典,遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞,也不用刻意去記,用的多了,這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔,始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。 或許你有機會碰上外國人,你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼,和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀,婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯,句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯,而且不太看重說法,你只要發音準確,準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心,敢于表達自己的思想。 如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系,你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象,對它談你一天的所見所聞,談你的快樂,你的悲傷等等,長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。 二、多“聽” 尋找一切可以聽英語的機會。別人用英語交談時,你應該大膽地去參與,多聽聽各種各樣人的發音,男女老少,節奏快的慢的你都應該接觸到,如果這樣的機會少的話,你可以選擇你不知內容的文章去聽,這將會對你幫助很大,而你去聽學過的課文的磁帶,那將會對你的語言語調的學習有很大的幫助。 三、多“讀”。 “讀”可以分為兩種。一種是“默讀”。每天給予一定時間的練習將會對你提高閱讀速度有很大的好處,讀的內容可以是你的課本,但最好是一些有趣的小讀物,因為現在的英語高考越來越重視閱讀量和閱讀速度。每道題的得分都與你的理解程度有很大關系,所以經過高中三年閱讀的訓練后,你必定會在高考中勝券在握。另一種是“朗讀”這是學語言必不可少的一種學習途徑。 四、多“寫” 有的同學總是抱怨時間緊,根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多,不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情,或當天學了某一個詞組,你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法,又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力,比如學“wish”一詞時,可寫一小段如下: The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.只幾句話:但wish的幾種用法已躍然紙上,這樣寫下來印象會深刻得多,這樣比死記硬背wish的用法也有趣輕松的多。 學習英語不用花大塊的時間,10分鐘的散步可以練“說”,吃完飯后可以讀一會兒英語小說,睡前聽幾分鐘英語,可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些時間來練英語,你的英語成績肯定會很快提高的。 背英語單詞技巧 1、循環記憶法 艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線 人的大腦是一個記憶的寶庫,人腦經歷過的事物,思考過的問題,體驗過的情感和情緒,練習過的動作,都可以成為人們記憶的內容。例如英文的學習中單詞、短語和句子,甚至文章的內容都是通過記憶完成的。從“記”到“憶”是有個過程的,這其中包括了識記、保持、再認和回憶。有很多 人在學習英語的過程中,只注重了學習當時的記憶效果,孰不知,要想做好學習的記憶工作,是要下一番工夫的,單純的注重當時的記憶效果,而忽視了后期的保持和再認同樣是達不到良好的效果的。 在信息的處理上,記憶是對輸入信息的編碼、貯存和提取的過程,從信息處理的角度上,英文的第一次學習和背誦只是一個輸入編碼的過程。人的記憶的能力從生理上講是十分驚人的,它可以存貯1015比特(byte,字節)的信息,可是每個人的記憶寶庫被挖掘的只占10%,還有更多的記憶發揮空間。這是因為,有些人只關注了記憶的當時效果,卻忽視了記憶中的更大的問題--即記憶的牢固度問題,那就牽涉到心理學中常說的關于記憶遺忘的規律。 一、艾賓浩斯記憶規律曲線解釋 德國有一位著名的心理學家名叫艾賓浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus,1850-1909),他在1885年發表了他的實驗報告后,記憶研究就成了心理學中被研究最多的領域之一,而艾賓浩斯正是發現記憶遺忘規律的第一人。 根據我們所知道的,記憶的保持在時間上是不同的,有短時的記憶和長時的記憶兩種。而我們平時的記憶的過程是這樣的: 輸入的信息在經過人的注意過程的學習后,便成為了人的短時的記憶,但是如果不經過及時的復習,這些記住過的東西就會遺忘,而經過了及時的復習,這些短時的記憶就會成為了人的一種長時的記憶,從而在大腦中保持著很長的時間。那么,對于我們來講,怎樣才叫做遺忘呢,所謂遺忘就是我們對于曾經記憶過的東西不能再認起來,也不能回憶起來,或者是錯誤的再認和錯誤的回憶,這些都是遺忘。艾賓浩斯在做這個實驗的時候是拿自己作為測試對象的,他得出了一些關于記憶的結論。他選用了一些根本沒有意義的音節,也就是那些不能拼出單詞來的眾多字母的組合,比如asww,cfhhj,ijikmb,rfyjbc等等。他經過對自己的測試,得到了一些數據。 然后,艾賓浩斯又根據了這些點描繪出了一條曲線,這就是非常有名的揭示遺忘規律的曲線:艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線,圖中豎軸表示學習中記住的知識數量,橫軸表示時間(天數),曲線表示記憶量變化的規律。 這條曲線告訴人們在學習中的遺忘是有規律的,遺忘的進程不是均衡的,不是固定的一天丟掉幾個,轉天又丟幾個的,而是在記憶的最初階段遺忘的速度很快,后來就逐漸減慢了,到了相當長的時候后,幾乎就不再遺忘了,這就是遺忘的發展規律,即“先快后慢”的原則。觀察這條遺忘曲線,你會發現,學得的知識在一天后,如不抓緊復習,就只剩下原來的25%)。隨著時間的推移,遺忘的速度減慢,遺忘的數量也就減少。有人做過一個實驗,兩組學生學習一段課文,甲組在學習后不久進行一次復習,乙組不予復習,一天后甲組保持98%,乙組保持56%;一周后甲組保持83%,乙組保持33%。乙組的遺忘平均值比甲組高。 二、不同性質材料有不同的遺忘曲線 而且,艾賓浩斯還在關于記憶的實驗中發現,記住12個無意義音節,平均需要重復16.5次;為了記住36個無意義章節,需重復54次;而記憶六首詩中的480個音節,平均只需要重復8次!這個實驗告訴我們,凡是理解了的知識,就能記得迅速、全面而牢固。不然,愣是死記硬背,那也是費力不討好的。因此,比較容易記憶的是那些有意義的材料,而那些無意義的材料在記憶的時候比較費力氣,在以后回憶起來的時候也很不輕松。因此,艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線是關于遺忘的一種曲線,而且是對無意義的音節而言,對于與其他材料的對比,艾賓浩斯又得出了不同性質材料的不同遺忘曲線,不過他們大體上都是一致的。 因此,艾賓浩斯的實驗向我們充分證實了一個道理,學習要勤于復習,而且記憶的理解效果越好,遺忘的也越慢。 三、不同的人有不同的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線--個性化的艾賓浩斯 上述的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線是艾賓浩斯在實驗室中經過了大量測試后,產生了不同的記憶數據,從而生成的一種曲線,是一個具有共性的群體規律。此記憶曲線并不考慮接受試驗個人的個性特點,而是尋求一種處于平衡點的記憶規律。 但是記憶規律可以具體到我們每個人,因為我們的生理特點、生活經歷不同,可能導致我們有不同的記憶習慣、記憶方式、記憶特點。規律對于自然人改造世界的行為,只能起一個催化的作用,如果與每個人的記憶特點相吻合,那么就如順水揚帆,一日千里;如果與個人記憶特點相悖,記憶效果則會大打折扣。因此,我們要根據每個人的不同特點,尋找到屬于自己的艾賓浩斯記憶曲線 2》如何學英語 下定決心,堅持不懈 英語學習作為一門語言技能,通過大量的訓練和練習任何人是可以掌握的。一般地說,英語學習的原則是聽、說領先,讀、寫跟上。李揚的瘋狂英語提倡,首先建立起我能學好英語的信心,然后以句子為單位,大量地模仿,瘋狂地操練,大聲地朗讀,最后達到自如地說英語,他的方法對提高說英語的能力很奏效。鐘道隆教授45歲開始學英語,一年后,學成出國當口語翻譯,并創造了逆苦惱、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向學習英語的方法。他還提出學習英語要遵循聽、寫、說、背、想的方法,他的方法強調以聽為主,并且把所聽到的內容全部寫下來。尤其是他的學習精神最可佳,他學習英語用壞了十幾臺錄音機,你可想象他聽了多少英語;用完的圓珠筆芯幾乎裝滿了一個一拉罐,你可想象他寫了多少,在一年半內,累計業余學習英語時間大約三千小時,也就說每天抽出幾個小時來學英語。如果我們做到他那樣,一定也能學好英語。最重要的是堅持,只要能下定決心,堅持每天至少一個小時的學習英語,戰勝自我最后肯定會有收獲的。 注意方法,循序漸進 決心下定,還注意學習方法,有時根據自己的情況和不同的學習目的,選擇不同的學習方法,但是學習英語一定要踏踏實實地、一步一個腳印地走。要把基礎知識掌握好,也就是說,發音要正確、基本詞匯要掌握牢、基本句式要熟練、基本語法要會用。 (1)要過好語音關。把每一個音標發正確,注意改正有問題的音素,特別是那些容易混淆的音素,盡早地掌握國際音標,并盡量的掌握一些讀音規則,盡快地能利用讀音規則來拼單詞,掌握讀音規則對單詞的記憶和拼寫非常有用。 (2)掌握一定數量的英語單詞。對于學習者來說掌握英語詞匯是一難關,學習單詞要從單詞的形、音、義這三方面去掌握,要注意單詞的一詞多義,一詞多類的用法,要學會一些構詞法的知識,來擴展詞匯量。學習單詞要在語言材料中去學,要結合詞組,通過句子,閱讀文章來活記單詞,死記的單詞是記不牢的。堅持在讀、說前,先反復聽,聽的時候反應單詞、句子的意思和節奏,想一下單詞的拼法、句子結構。并要同學習語法規則有機結合起來進行。 (3)掌握好基本語法。語法在學習英語中也很重要,它能幫助我們把握住英語的基本規律,通過例句或語言現象把死的語法規則要記住,活的規則要通過做大量的練習掌握。總之學習英語要通過聽、說、讀、寫、譯來進行操練,不但要注意數量,更重要的是要注意質量,尤其是基本知識要掌握的準確,熟練。只有經過大量的實踐,才能做到熟能生巧,運用自如。 提前預習,有的放矢 作為學生,在每次上課前,都要對要學的課文提前預習。首先在音標的幫助下試著拼讀單詞,也可以借助配套磁帶反復聽,對比一下,把握不準的要標出來,注意上課老師的發音,還要記一下單詞的漢語意思和詞性。借助課文的注釋或輔導材料,預習一遍課文,找出不明白的地方,做到心中有數,在教師講課時注意聽這些地方。總之,預習的目的是熟悉要學的內容,找出不明白的地方,帶著問題聽課,做到有的放矢。 認真聽課,積極配合 課堂是老師與學生一起學習、掌握、運用知識的主要場所。作為起主導作用的老師一方引導學生搞好課堂教學是很必要的,但也需要學習者的積極配合。上課要專心聽講、作好筆記、認真操練、積極思考。預習時出現的問題在課堂上教師沒有講到的,要向老師提出,把問題搞清楚,老師講授的問題,先注意聽,下課后整理一下筆記,反復思考一下這些問題,抓住老師所講的重點,難點和考點。總之,上課時要做到耳聽、眼觀、嘴動、腦想,調動起多個感官來。 完成作業,找出問題 學完每一課,要認真完成課后作業。做作業時一定不要看參考書上題的答案,做完后再對答案,對于作業中所出現的不明白的問題,應該記下來,等下次上課時提出來。做作業是英語學習的很重要的環節,它是消化知識和鞏固知識的過程,一定要認真完成規定的作業,筆頭作業要動一動筆,口頭作業要動一動嘴,提高聽力要練一練耳,課文在聽和讀的基礎上,最好背誦某些精彩段落。總之,要做大量的練習,英語是練出來的,一定不要偷懶。 及時復習,鞏固知識 學會了的東西隨著時間的流逝會逐漸遺忘,但學語言有遺忘現象是正常的。更不必因為有遺忘現象而影響自己學好英語的信心與決心。問題在于怎樣來減輕遺忘的程度。善于類比,總結知識,把新學的知識同過去學的有關的知識進行橫向和縱向比較和聯系。建立錯誤檔案記錄,加深印象,以避免再反同樣錯誤。我們大部分知識和技能是靠重復獲得的,及時復習對于記憶非常必要,學英語就是要堅持天天不斷的練,不斷地重復基本句型,常用詞匯和基本語法等。學習英語的過程也是同遺忘做斗爭的過程。 總而言之,只要你能做到下定決心學,注意學習方法,把課前預習,認真聽課,完成作業,及時復習這些環節作好了,你一定能夠學好英語 初中英語閱讀教學論文 摘要:本文針對學生在英語閱讀中存在的問題,根據新課標要求闡述教師如何真正意義上做到科學有效地引導。 英語閱讀作為語言技能的重要組成部分,作為語言輸入的主要環節之一,在英語教學中占有重要地位。培養學生的閱讀能力是主要教學目標之一,而在平時的教學過程中,我們會發現,閱讀是很讓學生頭疼的問題。很多學生的閱讀興趣不高,動力不足,方法不當。認真探究其中原因,也并非與老師完全無關,部分教師在閱讀教學實踐中,更側重于語篇的分析理解,語法知識點的講解,而對于閱讀方法的培養,訓練學生思維能力,理解能力,概括能力與判斷能力沒有引起足夠的重視。學生普遍存在閱讀速度慢、理解能力差的現象。多數學生采用一個單詞對應一個漢意,直接翻譯成漢語的做法。另外學生的閱讀量少,僅僅局限于課本中安排的篇目以及部分習題中出現的文章,課外讀物涉及的少,如何引導學生科學有效地進行閱讀,激發其興趣是值得我們探討的問題。 一、英語課程標準對初中英語閱讀提出的要求 1.能根據上下文猜測生詞的意思,能根據構詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義。 2.能讀懂簡單的故事短文并抓住大意,能從文章中找出有關信息,能根據不同的閱讀目的運用簡單的閱讀策略獲取信息。 3.能找出文章中的主題,理解故事的情節,預測故事情節的發展和可能的結局;能理解簡易讀物中的事件發生的順序和人物行為;能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關系。 4.能讀懂說明文等常見體裁的閱讀材料,能讀懂簡單的個人信件。5.能使用英漢詞典等工具書幫助閱讀理解。 6.初中英語閱讀教學目標要求除教材外,課外閱讀量應累計達到6-8萬詞以上。 可見,在閱讀教學上,除了培養學生的閱讀理解能力之外,還應該要增加課外閱讀量。我極力向初中英語學習閱讀的學生推薦牛津英語簡易讀物書蟲系列,和原版英語讀物,當我們只有在無其他語言環境下閱讀的時候,此時學習的效果才會明顯提高和大幅度地增加.二、作者根據新課標的要求進行閱讀教學總結的幾點建議 1.閱讀材料的選擇,要根據學生的年齡特點,現有水平和接受能力來進行。如初 一、初二的閱讀材料,傾向于生活實際功能,問路、指路,接聽電話,天氣表達、尋物、招領等,而在初 三、初四的閱讀材料中,人文情感、社會責任、道德倫理深深隱含在其中。另外多選擇一些與所學課文訓練要點相契和的文章,以使學生感到學有所用,從而強化課內學習。 2.做好閱讀前的必要鋪墊和激發興趣工作。老師可以介紹閱讀材料的背景來歷,特別是與我國不同的英美西方國家的歷史地理和風俗習慣,或者通過直觀的形式引導學生猜測生詞,激發學生的好奇心,這一環節的缺少會造成學生閱讀興趣不高。 3.閱讀過程中老師可以提出問題,口頭的或者書面的,讓學生帶著問題去閱讀,有目的和針對性。老師對閱讀方法的指導也是必不可少的,教會學生粗讀文章,以了解大意,并能夠快速查找某一特定信息。教會學生分段細讀,抓住主要事實,關鍵語言點,明了文章結構,深度理解。4.學生平時閱讀英語文章,報刊雜志以及各級各類考題中的閱讀理解部分,務必要做到從整體上理解和把握文章,不要逐詞閱讀。做到詞不離句,句不離段,段不離篇。否則,讀了半天也沒能明了作者的意圖,閱讀效果不會好;考試中這部分題目的得分率也不會高。學生在做閱讀的時候一開始總是信誓旦旦,下決心要把文章讀懂讀透。但是在這種觀點的指引下,閱讀往往就會走入誤區,因為太過于注重每個單詞,每句話的意思,而忽視了對文章結構的整體理解。我們常有這樣的情況:句子都能看懂,但讀完文章印象卻不深,如何學會對文章的整體理解呢?首先,要重視文章的題目和文章的首句。因為文章的題目就是文章的主題,文章的內容就是環繞主題展開。首句很關鍵,是因為首句是文章的導入,點明作者寫文章的意圖,背景等。其次,要重視每段的最后一個句子和整篇文章的最后一個句子。每段的最后一個句子常常是該段的結論句,而整篇文章的最后一句就往往是這篇文章的結論或作者寫這篇文章的用意所在。所以我們在閱讀文章時要養成這樣一個習慣,見了文章的題目,要稍微停頓一下,猜一猜,這篇文章大概會寫些什么,如果讓我來寫,我會怎么寫。然后你會饒有興趣地讀下去。(當然,在考試中,為了節省時間,猜測這一環節可以省略)。接著再往下閱讀時特別注意每段的第一句與最后一句,這樣就既把握住了全文的主要內容,整篇文章的的框架結,又節省了閱讀時間提高了閱讀效率。5.在平時教學中我經常會遇到這樣的情況:不少學生不會使用工具書,遇到生詞,先問老師。乍眼一看,閱讀課進行的轟轟烈烈,學生不懂就問,閱讀積極性高漲,殊不知,這樣的閱讀不科學也低效。我們要教會學生使用工具書,提倡學生遇到疑問查找工具書,逐步培養其獨立閱讀的良好習慣。老師注重并教會學生正確使用工具書是指導學生獨立閱讀的保障。另外,在閱讀過程中老師也要指導學生正確處理詞匯障礙,遇到生詞時,如果不影響語義的理解,跳過它,繼續閱讀,這有利于提高閱讀速度,不打斷閱讀思路。有時可以通過上下文,在具體的語境中推測詞匯的意思,不要一遇到生詞就搬字典。 6.教師要充分發揮指導作用,教給學生掌握閱讀技巧,培養學生略讀,尋讀,按照意群閱讀的習慣及能力,逐步提高其閱讀質量和速度。在閱讀中要求學生改掉不好的閱讀習慣,如用手或者筆指讀,出聲讀,以單詞注視點閱讀,回視等。同時我堅信,課堂是培養學生閱讀能力的主陣地。課堂教學中老師可以以教材中的文章為例運用精讀和泛讀相結合的方法來進行閱讀教學。 7.閱讀結束后,老師可以對重難點進行精講,可以組織適當的口語和筆頭訓練,引導學生背誦幾個好句子,有能力的同學要求復述文章(選擇有價值的文章復述,否則只是增加學生負擔)。 8.閱讀能力的培養不是一朝一夕之功,靠的是持之以恒的努力。所以指導學生在課外廣泛閱讀是很必要的,讓學生做好閱讀筆記,寫下有價值的生詞,好句子,或者是自己對文章大意的歸納以及自己的閱讀感受。老師要查閱筆記,科學及時地給予評價,為了調動積極性,引導學生更用心地去進行英語閱讀,評價可以只是以認真程度,努力程度來進行,不以好壞而論。 真誠地希望通過老師的科學引導,使學生不再是被動的接受英語閱讀教學而是逐漸養成了自覺閱讀的習慣,真誠地祝愿英語閱讀的明天會更好。 三,閱讀理解答題技巧及實例分析 閱讀理解試題主要用來測試學生的閱讀速度、理解能力和記憶能力。有的采 用一個句子,有的采用一段文 章或整篇文章。內容廣泛,題材各異。 以題目的難易程度分析,人們常常把它們分為表層理解和深層理解。所謂表 層理解就是對文中的客觀事實 的感知和記憶,深層理解是根據文中的客觀事實,在認真思考后進行邏輯推理、總結或概括,得出結論,或從 上下文、字里行間 悟出文中沒有直接表達出來的而可能存在的和必然的結果來。以題材或體裁論,大致有下述幾種: (1)記敘文(故事、人物小傳、新聞報導、史地知識介紹等)。(2)說明文(科普文章、說明書等)。 (3)論說文(有關政治、經濟、社會各方面的論述)。(4)應用文(書信、廣告、通知等)。做閱讀理解時要注意以下幾點: 1.要判斷出所給文章的類別,根據各類文章的性質,在開始閱讀后有意識地 著重去掌握和記住某些關鍵的 內容和詞匯。這樣既抓住了要害,又節省了時間,避免了在若干細節及無關全局的問題上糾纏,初中階段,碰 到的主要是記敘文。如果是故事或傳記,就應特別注意找出主要人物、事件發生的時間、地點、主要 情節以及 最后結局。故事傳記主要是敘述主人公的主要特征,他與其他重要人 物之間的關系也應同時記住。新聞報導、史地知識介紹,往往是一人一事地介 紹,比故事、傳記要簡單,但也離不開記敘文的基本特點,對于上述要求 它們 同樣適用。而新聞報導特別強調時間性、準確性,因此要搞清時間、地點和數字。 2.解題時不要邊看問題邊從文中查找答案,因為用這種方法難以提高閱讀理 解的效果,尤其是對于深層理 解的文章。應瀏覽全文,了解全文的概貌。看完 后,應記住文章的要點,重要的結論以及一些關鍵性的人名、地點、定義和數 字(不同的人名、地點可用鉛筆在試卷上分別打上不同的記號,以便查找)。 3.要注意找出主題句,利用主題句來查找有關信息。一般說來,論述性較強 的文章或說明文,每一段或相 關的幾段里總有一句話是主題句。讀了主題句后,便能知道這一段大致的中心內容,因為主題句概括了全段的 主要內容,而該段 其余的句子則是用來闡述或說明主題句的。 4.一定要掌握好解題速度,有效地控制考試時間,先易后難是考試時答題的 一般方法。碰到難題時,千萬 不要鉆牛角尖,耽誤太多時間。一時做不出的題,要果斷舍棄,以免影響解別的較有把握的題。待全部題解完 后,如有剩余時間 再回來做放棄的題。 5.對于一般不影響句子或全文理解的生詞,可以放過去,不必務求理解。遇 到重要生詞時,不要著急,也 不要輕易放棄,我們可以采取根據上下文來猜詞 或根據構詞法來猜詞等方法來猜出這個詞的大致意思。6.有的學生要用“順讀法”,就是先讀短文后讀題目,然后再讀短文尋找正 確答案。有的學生采用“倒讀 法”,就是先讀題目(四個選項不讀)后讀短文,最后尋找答案。我比較贊成“倒讀法”,因為這種閱讀方法 是帶著問題閱讀,目的明確,容易集中,能及時抓住文中與解題關系密切的信息,從而節省了閱讀 時間。“倒 讀法“對表層理解的題目(提問時間、地點、原因等)效果最好,對 深層理解的題目,要從短文的整體內容出 發,進行概括和總結,分析所提供選 項,作出準確的判斷。 總之,解答這類題的中心步驟就是閱讀,既要閱讀短文,又要閱讀題目。閱 讀時要注意閱讀技巧,提高閱 讀效率。在做到以上幾點的基礎上,就可以對文 章后面所給的問題,分別用”一次判斷“、”逐個分析“以及 ”排除法“等方 式來進行判斷解答了。實例分析: 一、單句理解方面 We arrived too late to get good seats.A.When we arrived,the good seats were already taken.B.We were late,but we found some good seats.C.We got good seats some time after we arrived.D.We had to stand for the whole show.分析與答案:所給句子的意思是“我們到達太晚了而沒能坐上好位子”。而 這四個選項的句意分別是:A.當我們到達時,好位子已被別人占了;B.我們去 晚了,但是我們找到一些好位子;C.我們到達后的一段時間才 坐上好位子;D.整個演出時間我們不得不站著。由此可見,選項A更接近所給句子的意思,因而 選項A是正確答 案或最佳答案。 二、語篇理解方面 1.試用”倒讀法“解下面各題: (1)The great ship, ”Titanic “set off from Englandto______.A.Australia B.the USA C.Arabia D.Europe(2)People then thought it was safe to be on the shipbecause__________.A.it had 16 compartments B.it had more lifeboats than other ships C.it could not sink even if 4 compartments wore broken D.both A and C(3)The ship was hit_______.A.when it started to cross the sea B.when a very large iceberg was suddenly seen ahead C.soon after it turned quickly on time D.soon after it had crossed the sea(4)About 1,500 people were dead because________.A.the ship was the largest and finest B.4 of those compartments were broken C.hundreds of people jumped out into the water D.there were not enough lifeboats(5)Which is the best title(標題)for the passage(短文)? A.How Does the ”Titanic“Go Down? B.How Was the Great Ship Sinking? C.The Sinking of the ”Titanic“ D.The Sinking of a Ship 分析與答案:利用倒讀的方法,我們可以從(1)到(4)中迅速了解到the ship ”Titanic“從英國航行到 某地去,為什么那么多人喪生等。在閱讀短文時,很快就能抓住有關信息,輕而易舉地找出正確答案(分別是 B、D、C、D)。短文 如下: The great ship, ”Titanic“(泰坦尼克號), set off forAmerica in April 1912 on its first trip.It was carrying morethan 2,000 people.The ”Titanic“was the largest and finest ship at that time.People thought it was safe to be on the ship because it had16 compartments(密 封艙)with it.Even if(即使是)4 of thosewere b roken,it would still be able to stay on the sea.Four days later,when the ”Titanic“ was crossing the sea,the man on watch suddenly saw a v ery large iceberg ahead.Thegreat ship turned quickly on time,but before long there was asound from below.The captain went down to see what was thematter.To his surprise,he found the sh ip was sinking fastbecause 5 compartments had been broken!Hundreds of peoplejumped out i nto the water.As there were not enough lifeboats,about 1,500 lives were lost.(5)是問短文的最好標題的,屬于深層理解,當你讀了短文就會明白最好 的標題不是A(Titanic是如何 下去的),也不是B(這艘大船是如何正在下沉 的),也不是D(一只船的下沉),而是C(”Titanic“號沉 船事件)。2.利用”順讀法“,解下列各題: James Watt(詹姆斯·瓦特)and the Kettle(水壺) James Watt was an English boy.He liked to ask questionsand was always thinking hard.One day he was sitting in the kitchen(廚房)with hisgrandmother.There he saw a kettle on the stove(爐子)。Soon steam began to rise out of the kettle, and the lidwas shaking.”Grandma,what's in the kettle?“he asked.”Water,my child.Nothing but water.“ ”But I know there is something else.It pushes the lid up.“ ”Oh,that's only steam.“ ”How does the steam get under the lid?“ ”It comes from the hot water.“The boy said to himself.”The steam must be very strong.Itcan push things.If there is more w ater,the steam will be muchstronger.“ Many years later James Watt tried hard and succeeded inmaking steam work for people.He gave the world its firststeam engine(發動機).Ⅰ.Find the word from this story according to the phrases.1)a thing for boiling water:k________ 2)a thing in which fire burning for warming or cooking:s________ 3)movable(可移動的)cover for opening:I_________ 4)gain(收獲)what one is trying to do:s_________ 5)use force on something to make it move away:p_________ Ⅱ.According to the story,choose the correct answer: 1)James Watt was from_________.A.America B.Australia C.England D.Germany 2)There was________on the stove.A.a basin B.a kettle C.a jar D.a pan 3)Grandma told little Watt why the lid of the kettle wasup and down.It was because________ ___.A.the stream pushed it B.the boy moved it C.the lid moved itself D.someone came and did it 4)Many years later Watt invented________.A.the first sewing machine B.the first computer C.the first bike D.the first steam engine 5)James Watt was_________.A.a famous writer B.a famous driver C.a famous scientist D.a famous musician 分析與答案:題1也是做閱讀理解的常見題,先把所給的詞組或短語意思 弄清,然后從短文中找單詞就不 難了。1)意為”燒開水的工具“,這就是 kettle。2)意為”能在其中燃燒用以取暖或燒飯的東西“,這就是 stove。3)意為”能打開并可移動的東西“,這就是lid。4)意為”通過努力去做而取得 的收獲“,這就是su cceed。5)意為”在某物上用力使其移動”,這就是push。Ⅱ) 1)選C。短文中第一句話就告訴我們詹姆斯·瓦特是個英國人。2)選B。答案A是盆,C是個罐子,D則是平底鍋,根據短文只能選B。 3)選A。短文中的奶奶告訴瓦特蒸汽來自熱水。壺蓋的上下波動的力既不 是瓦特做的,也不是有人進來動 的,更不可能是壺蓋自己產生的力動的。 4)選D。瓦特發明的是蒸汽機,所以我們要選擇D答案。5)選C。通過短文告訴我們瓦特是個著名的科學家。參考文獻: [1]張曉燕.談談我在閱讀教學中的做法.2009.5-15.[2]劉鳳楚.英語課程標準.為我們的閱讀教學指明了方向,2009.5-8.在此非常感謝張老師和劉老師在此給我提出論文的相關建議。致以我最高的敬意。 撰稿人:余志敏 筆名:蕭逸 英文名:bruce 威客名:halldirksen 畢業于:廣東外語外貿大學公開院校英語系畢業2009屆 沒事就用這些詞練練你的嘴皮子~~ ●說吧,你是想死呢還是不想活了? ●好久沒有人把牛皮吹的這么清新脫俗了! ●你給我滾,馬不停蹄的滾…… ●人人都說我丑,其實我只是美得不明顯。 ●無理取鬧,必有所圖! _________________________________________________ ●天被熬亮了。 ●不是路不平,而是你不行。 ●惡心媽媽抱著惡心哭得很傷心,為什么呢?因為惡心死了…… ●要不是打不過你,我早就和你翻臉了。●我這心碎得,捧出來跟餃子餡似的。 _________________________________________________ ●沒人牽手,我就揣兜。 ●我的興趣愛好可分為靜態和動態兩種,靜態就是睡覺,動態就是翻身… ●唉~這人要一沒正形,連頭痛都是偏的。●我這人不太懂音樂,所以時而不靠譜,時而不著調。●怎么會突然想哭?難道我也有些逆流成河的小憂傷? _________________________________________________ ●好漂亮的美女叔叔啊! ●我不跟豬摔跤有兩個原因:首先這讓我自己變得很臟,其次這讓豬很高興。 ●沒事偷著樂是不太可能了,偷著胖還是有點兒希望.●放下屠刀立地成佛的意思是,你放下屠刀的那一刻對方把你砍成兩瓣兒了。 ●沒事可做時,覺得最累。 _________________________________________________ ●李碧華說過: 什么叫多余?夏天的棉襖,冬天的蒲扇,還有等我已經心冷后你的殷勤。 ●永遠年輕,永遠裝嫩,永遠不知好歹,永遠熱淚盈眶。 ●我爸面對我發胖一事發表了看法:沒有韓紅的命,還得了韓紅的病。●你來我信你不會走,你走我當你沒來過。——我們該這樣對待緣分與愛。 ●曾以為我是那崖畔的一枝花,后來才知道,不過是人海一粒渣。 _________________________________________________ ●蕩氣回腸,消化不良。 ●女人喜歡長的壞壞的男人,并不是喜歡長壞了的男人..●麻子不叫麻子,坑人。 ●江湖險惡,不行就撤! ●不敲幾下,你不可能知道一個人或一個西瓜的好壞。 _________________________________________________ ●孤獨的人常表現得很堅強;寂寞的人則多半溫和。 ●大笑是綻放的微笑。 ●我的意中人是個絕色大美女,終于有一天她會騎著噴火的恐龍來嫁給我 的,可是我看見了她的坐騎,卻沒有看見她的主人。●孤單是一個人的狂歡,狂歡是一群人的孤單。 ●雖不安分,也該守己。 _________________________________________________ ●人不犯我,我不犯人。人若犯我,我就生氣! ●別逼我,否則我偉大起來,一發不可收拾。 ●我們是平凡的人,我們也是特別的人,所以我們是特別平凡的人。 ●那個人敢說自己純凈?瞧你那眼神就透著渾濁。 ●沒有什么比弱者對強者的鄙視更無力了。 _________________________________________________ ●如有雷同,純屬你抄我●笨鳥先飛,笨豬先肥。 ●當你的眼淚忍不住要流出來的時候,睜大眼睛,千萬別眨眼,你會看到世 界由清晰到模糊的全過程。 ●告訴你別逼我,你要是再逼我,我就裝死給你看。 ●年輕算什么,誰沒年輕過?你老過嗎?真是的 _________________________________________________ ●別用世故的樣子來武裝自己,它會水土不服。 ●解釋就是掩飾,掩飾就是編故事。 ●所謂門檻,過去了便是門,過不去就成了檻。 ●陌生阻止你認識陌生的事物,熟悉妨礙你理解熟悉的事物。 ●人生的悲哀就在于,當你想兩肋插刀的時候,卻只有一把刀。 _________________________________________________ ● 如果全是老姜,將是一個何等辛辣的社會。 ● 獅子不會因為聽到狗吠而回頭。 ● 水越深,水流越平穩。 ●在你不當回事的時候,一切就好了起來。 ● 無論是國王還是農夫,只要能在自己家里找到安寧,他就是最幸福的人。 _________________________________________________ ● 一分錢一分貨,稀飯吃了不經餓.● 水壺啊,你為什么哭泣,是因為屁股太燙了嗎? ● 如果命運抓住了伱的喉嚨,伱就撓命運嘚胳肢窩。 ● 攔著成長的不是幼稚,而是自以為成熟。 ● 如果命運折斷了你的腿,他會教你如何跛行 __________________________________________________ ● 打死你我也不說 ●左腦全是水,右腦全是面粉,不動便罷了,一動全是漿糊 ●掙錢就像用針掘地,花錢就像水滲進土里。 ●我也有要去的地方,只是我要去的地方,沒道路通向那里。 ●你浪費的糧食都會堵在你去往天堂的路上。 __________________________________________________ ●生活是豐富多彩的,但我也有自己的顏色。 ●如果有一天我失蹤了,只有兩種可能:身體在旅行,或者靈魂在旅行。 ●讓人格與腦門一同閃亮。 ●你的丑和你的臉沒有關系。 ●我從來沒有欺騙過你,因為我從來沒有欺騙你的必要。 __________________________________________________ ●我可以選擇放棄,但我不能放棄選擇。 ●天沒降大任于我,照樣苦我心志,勞我筋骨。 ●也許似乎大概是,然而未必不見得。 ●再過一百年,就長成了參天大蔥。 ●幸福就是當你照鏡子的時候,喜歡你看到的那個人。第二篇:定語從句語法講解及練習教案學習的啊學習的武器學習的武器
第三篇:定語從句講解及練習
第四篇:定語從句講解及練習
第五篇:初中英語閱讀教學論文學習啊學習的啊學習的武器學習的武器