第一篇：名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句講解及練習(xí)

定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句講解及練習(xí)

名詞性從句

whatever與no matter what It is generally considered unwise to give a child __________ her or she wants.A.whatever B.no matter what C.whenever D.no matter when 此題應(yīng)選 A。容易誤選B。選項(xiàng)C、D顯然是錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)榫渲械?wants 缺賓語(yǔ)，而C、D兩項(xiàng)不能作賓語(yǔ)。至于C、D 的區(qū)別，可這樣描述：no matter what 只能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，而不引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。而 whatever 既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(＝anything that)，也可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句(＝no matter what)：

1.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(只用whatever)： 無(wú)論他做什么都是對(duì)的。

正：Whatever he did was right.誤：No matter what he did was right.無(wú)論他說(shuō)什么似乎都有道理。

正：Whatever he says sounds reasonable.誤：No matter what he says sounds reasonable.山羊找到什么就吃什么。

正：Goats eat whatever they find.誤：Goats eat no matter what they find.2.引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句(兩者可換用)： 無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么，我都不會(huì)相信你。

正：Whatever you say，I won’t believe you.正：No matter what you say，I won’t believe you.無(wú)論發(fā)生什么，都要保持鎮(zhèn)定。正：Keep calm，whatever happens.正：Keep calm，no matter what happens.名詞性從句的三個(gè)基本要素

要素一：引導(dǎo)詞

也就是引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。這些引導(dǎo)詞可分為三類(lèi),一是that類(lèi)，二是if / whether類(lèi)，三是疑問(wèn)詞類(lèi)。既然是引導(dǎo)詞，所以這些詞就總是位于名詞性從句的最前面。

要素二：語(yǔ)序 名詞性從句都必須與陳述句語(yǔ)序相同，即“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)”。事實(shí)上，任何一種從句，其語(yǔ)序都必須與陳述句的語(yǔ)序相同。

要素一：時(shí)態(tài)

若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)；若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句若不是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也必須用某種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。

引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句that的省略問(wèn)題

■名詞從句作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面的that常被省略，特別是在非正式語(yǔ)體中：

I suggested(that)they should drive along the coast.我建議他們沿著海岸開(kāi)車(chē)。I hoped(that)I would / should succeed.我曾希望我會(huì)成功。I know(that)he will be in time.我知道他會(huì)趕得上的。I knew(that)he would be in time.我當(dāng)時(shí)知道他會(huì)趕得上的。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa.他想他們會(huì)給他簽證。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他們會(huì)給他簽證。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。■在某些動(dòng)詞(如answer, imply)之后則一般需要用that。如： He answered that he was from Austria.他說(shuō)他是奧地利人。

She answered that she preferred to eat alone.她回答說(shuō)她愿意獨(dú)自吃。I don’t wish to imply that you are wrong.我無(wú)意暗示你錯(cuò)了。

The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair.報(bào)紙報(bào)道暗指他們有染。■在較長(zhǎng)的句子里，特別在“that從句”與動(dòng)詞隔開(kāi)時(shí)，that一般不可省略。如：

The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have the money without delay.那個(gè)商人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備出多少錢(qián)買(mǎi)我的汽車(chē)，并說(shuō)我會(huì)立即收到款。

這個(gè)that if是什么意思

這道題中的 that if 是什么意思？

She promised _________ he had enough money she would marry him.A.that B.if C.that if

D.if that 【分析】此題應(yīng)選 C，其余幾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。句子的正常詞序?yàn)?She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money.由于將條件狀語(yǔ)從句 if he had enough money 插入動(dòng)詞 promised 與其賓語(yǔ)從句之間，從而導(dǎo)致許多同學(xué)誤選。順便說(shuō)一句，本來(lái)動(dòng)詞 promise 后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的 that 是可以省略的，但是按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與其賓語(yǔ)從句之間插有其他成分時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的 that 通常不宜省略，所以此題不宜選B。又如：

She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money.她答應(yīng)要是誰(shuí)找到她兒子，她會(huì)給他一大筆錢(qián)。（句子可改為 She promised that she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.）

He said that when his wife came back he would leave.他說(shuō)等他妻子一回來(lái)，他就離開(kāi)。(句子可改寫(xiě)為 He said that he would leave when his wife came back.)Tell him that if he is at home I’ll come to see him.告訴他，如果他在家，我就去看他。(句子可改寫(xiě)為 Tell him(that)I’ll come to see him if he is at home.)

這兩道題考查名詞性從句嗎

第1題

Don’t you know, my dear friend, _________ it is you that she loves? A.who B.which C.that D.what 【分析】此題容易誤選 A或B，選 A 者認(rèn)為這是指人的，故用 who；選B者認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，兩者都是誤認(rèn)為這是定語(yǔ)從句(注意沒(méi)有先行詞)，其實(shí)此題應(yīng)選C，它引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，只是被其中的插入語(yǔ) my dear friend 隔開(kāi)罷了。其實(shí)此句也可說(shuō)成 My dear friend, don’t you know that it is you that she loves? 又如：

I think, though I could be mistaken, _________ he liked me.A.who B.which C.that D.what 答案選 C，句子可改寫(xiě)為 I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken.即 that he liked me 是動(dòng)詞 think之賓語(yǔ)。

第2題

He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.A.that B.which C.as D.because 【分析】此題容易誤選 B，誤認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。其實(shí)此題應(yīng)選 A，that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)用以修飾名詞 the news 的同位語(yǔ)從句。不少同學(xué)之所以誤選B，正是 believe it or not（信不信由你）這個(gè)插入成分惹的禍。

這道題是考查主語(yǔ)從句嗎？

這道題是考查主語(yǔ)從句嗎？要看仔細(xì)定噢！

_________ with the right knowledge can give first aid.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever 【分析】此題容易誤選B，主要受以下這類(lèi)句子的影響而形成思維定勢(shì)： Whoever says that is lying.誰(shuí)那樣說(shuō)，誰(shuí)就是在說(shuō)謊。

Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.違反本法者應(yīng)予以罰款。

Whoever comes first can get a ticket free.誰(shuí)先來(lái)誰(shuí)就可以免費(fèi)得到一張票。

以上各例中的 whoever 引導(dǎo)的均為主語(yǔ)從句，它們均可換成 anyone who，但不能換成 anyone。上面的試題從表面上看，與以上各例很相似，其實(shí)有本質(zhì)的不同，即 _________ with the right knowledge 中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以我們不能選 whoever。此題的正確答案為C，anyone 為句子主語(yǔ)，with the right knowledge 為修飾 anyone 的定語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)做以下試題：

(1)_________ with a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(2)_________ has a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(3)_________ having a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(4)_________ seen smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(5)_________ is seen smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(6)_________ smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(7)_________ smokes here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever 第(1)題選C，介詞短語(yǔ)with a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語(yǔ)； 第(2)題選B，whoever has a good education 為主語(yǔ)從句；

第(3)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)having a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語(yǔ)；

第(4)題選C，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)seen smoking here 為修飾 anyone 的定語(yǔ)(可視為 anyone who is seen smoking here 之省略)；

第(5)題選B，whoever is seen smoking here 為主語(yǔ)從句(from www.tmdps.cn)； 第(6)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)smoking here 為修飾anyone 的定語(yǔ)； 第(7)題B，whoever smokes here 為主語(yǔ)從句。

that與whether(if)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

兩者均可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句(if 通常不行)，但兩者含義不同，whether(if)表示“是否”，that 卻不表示任何含義。在它們所引出的從句中，that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether(if)則表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念。比較：

Whether he’ll come is not known yet.他是否來(lái)還不清楚。That he’ll come is known to us all.我們都知道他會(huì)來(lái)。

類(lèi)似地，動(dòng)詞doubt(懷疑)后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，由于 doubt的含義不確定，故通常用 whether(if)來(lái)引導(dǎo)其賓語(yǔ)從句，但若 doubt為否定式，則其后的賓語(yǔ)從句用 that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：

I doubt if you are honest.我懷疑你是否誠(chéng)實(shí)。

I don’t doubt that you are honest.我不懷疑你是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。

that, why 與 because 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

雖然三者均可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但 that 沒(méi)有詞義，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思；另外，雖然 why和 because 都可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。如：

The reason was that you don’t trust her.原因是你不信任她。

The fact is that they are angry with each other.事實(shí)是他們生彼此的氣。He was ill.That’s why he was sent to the hospital.他病了，所以被送到醫(yī)院來(lái)。He was sent to the hospital.That’s because he was ill.他被送到醫(yī)院，是因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>

whether 和if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

兩者均可用于及物動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，表示“是否”，常可互換。但除此(用于動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)之外，在其他情況下表示“是否”時(shí)，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、與or連用分別引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介詞后、直接與 or not 連用等等。如：

Ask him whether [if] he can come.問(wèn)他能不能來(lái)。The question is whether he can do it.問(wèn)題是他能不能做。

Answer my question whether you can help him.回答我你是否能幫助他。It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.這取決于信是否來(lái)得及時(shí)。注：在某些動(dòng)詞后(如 discuss 等)通常只用 whether。如：

We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我們討論了是否要開(kāi)一個(gè)會(huì)。

that與what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分，無(wú)意義，在賓語(yǔ)從句通常省略，但在主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中均不能省略；what除引導(dǎo)從句外，還在從句中作成分，意為“所??的(東西)”，在含義上等于“名詞+that”。如：

1.用that的例子

That she lacks experience is obvious.她缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這是顯然的。

The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time.警察獲知他那時(shí)不在場(chǎng)。He realized that she too was exhausted.他意識(shí)到她也精疲力盡。

My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country.我的意見(jiàn)是你不應(yīng)該離開(kāi)那個(gè)國(guó)家。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday.鮑勃錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為明天是一個(gè)假日。It was quite plain that he didn’t want to come.很明顯他不想來(lái)。

It is natural that they should have different views.他們看法不同是很自然的。

2.用what的例子

What(=The thing that)he said was true.他所講的是事實(shí)。What he had hoped at last came true.他希望的事終于成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。What he said is beneath contempt.他說(shuō)的話不值一理。What he says is true, possibly.或許他說(shuō)的是對(duì)的。What she saw gave her a fright.她看到的情況嚇了她一跳。What I want to say is this.我想說(shuō)的是這一點(diǎn)。I’m sorry for what I said.我為我說(shuō)的話表示歉意。That’s what I want to know.這是我想知道的。

You had better hear what I have to say.你最好聽(tīng)聽(tīng)我的意見(jiàn)。I managed to get what I wanted.我設(shè)法得到了我要的東西。

It was what he meant rather than what he said.這是他的原意而不是他的原話。There’s something in what he says.他的話有些道理。

Her interest was roused by what he said.他的話引起了她的興趣。

He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他一向清楚她不太贊成他的做法。

注：that 可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，what不能。如: Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始嗎? 學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句的應(yīng)注意的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)

1.備考主語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)

一是從句作主語(yǔ)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)；

二是主語(yǔ)從句通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，尤其是在It is +名詞 / 形容詞 / 過(guò)去分詞+that?中，或在It seems / happens that?中，或疑問(wèn)句中；

三要注意由what, whatever, whoever引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不用形式主語(yǔ)。

2.備考賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下四點(diǎn)

一是介詞后(except等除外)一般不跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，但可接疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句； 二是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句后若還有補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將that從句置于補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后； 三是當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等時(shí)，若賓語(yǔ)從句要表示否定意義，往往要通過(guò)否主句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，即所謂否定轉(zhuǎn)移；

四是雖然引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that有時(shí)可以省略，但若賓語(yǔ)從句前有插入語(yǔ)或有間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略；that在與之并列的另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句之后或者在“形式賓語(yǔ)it+賓補(bǔ)”之后時(shí)也不能省略；that從句單獨(dú)回答問(wèn)題時(shí)，that也不能省略。

3.備考表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)

一是除that, whether和疑問(wèn)詞外，as, as if, as though, because也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句； 二要注意“that’s why+結(jié)果”以及“that’s because+原因”的區(qū)別； 三是注意the reason(why / for?)is that?句式。3.備考同位語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)

一是同位語(yǔ)從句多在news, order, word(=news / order), idea, hope, suggestion, information, plan, thought, doubt, fear, belief等抽象名詞后，說(shuō)明其具體內(nèi)容；

二是同位語(yǔ)從句與所說(shuō)明的名詞有時(shí)會(huì)被謂語(yǔ)所分開(kāi)，做題時(shí)需注意；

三是引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的有that, whether和連接副詞when, where, why, how等，但絕大多數(shù)由that引導(dǎo)，注意同位語(yǔ)從句不能用which引導(dǎo)。

英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法——名詞性從句

一、名詞性從句的基本概念

在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句，包括作主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。(1)主語(yǔ)從句

就是在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ)的從句。主語(yǔ)從句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引導(dǎo)。如：

Whether he will be able to come remains a question.他是否來(lái)還是問(wèn)題。

That China is a great socialist country is well known.眾所周知，中國(guó)是一個(gè)偉大的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。

注：為避免頭重腳輕，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將主語(yǔ)從句后置。如上述第二例常說(shuō)成：

It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由連接代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不能用形式主語(yǔ)。如： What he found surprised me greatly.他的發(fā)現(xiàn)使我非常吃驚。Whoever is finished may rest.凡是做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表語(yǔ)從句

就是在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)的從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接除與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞外，還有as if，as though。如：

The question is whether he is able to do it alone.問(wèn)題是他能否單獨(dú)做這件事。It looks as if(though)it is going to snow.天好像要下雪似的。注意：要區(qū)分以下句式：

1.that’s why+結(jié)果；that’s because+原因。2.the reason why /for?is that? He is absent.That’s because he is ill.他缺席，這是因?yàn)樗×恕e is ill.That’s why he is absent.他病了，這就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)賓語(yǔ)從句

就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的從句。引導(dǎo)這賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞基本相同。如： They didn’t say which they wanted.他們沒(méi)有說(shuō)他們想要哪一個(gè)。

I am sure(that)no harm will ever come to you.我肯定你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)受傷害。I was surprised at what has happened.我對(duì)發(fā)生的事感到驚訝。

注意：當(dāng)think, believe, suppose等的疑問(wèn)式后面跟連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，習(xí)慣上將這些連接詞置于句首，即“連接代/副詞＋do you think /believe /expect＋賓語(yǔ)從句的其余部分？”如：

Who do you think is the best player this year? 你認(rèn)為今年誰(shuí)是最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)員? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放學(xué)后干什么？(4)同位語(yǔ)從句

就是在句中作同位語(yǔ)的從句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名詞的后面，說(shuō)明這些詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。同位語(yǔ)從句大多由that引導(dǎo)，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引導(dǎo)，但不能由which引導(dǎo)。如：

The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.“地球是圓的”這種觀點(diǎn)并不新鮮。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必須回答他是否同意此事這們一問(wèn)題。

I have no idea when he will set out.我不知他什么時(shí)候出發(fā)。注：有時(shí)，同位語(yǔ)從句并不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的詞的后面。如：

The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing.真相終于大白了，他原來(lái)是一只披羊皮的狼。

二、名詞性從句的基本要素 A.連接詞

就是引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)連接詞。共有四類(lèi)：

1.連詞that：只起連接作用，沒(méi)有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在賓語(yǔ)從句中可省略。2.連詞whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，還可用if。

3.連接代詞：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。4.連接副詞：when, where, why, how等，有意義，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

5.whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，意為“無(wú)論/不管??”。注意：連接詞必須位于從句的最前面。關(guān)于連接詞的用法，請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)后文。B.語(yǔ)序

必須與陳述句語(yǔ)序相同：主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如： 譯：我不知道他去哪里了。

誤：I don’t know where has she gone.正：I don’t know where she has gone.C.時(shí)態(tài)一致

若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)；若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用某種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：

She said that his father had gone to Beijing.他說(shuō)他父親去北京了。(had不能用has)注：賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)客觀真理時(shí)，可以不一致。如：

She told me that the earth goes around the sun.他告訴我地球圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。

八種賓語(yǔ)從句不省略that

引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that在下列情況下一般不省略： 1.賓語(yǔ)從句前有插入語(yǔ)。如：

We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我們希望他和我們呆在家里。

2.有間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。如： He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告訴我他要去日本。3.that在與之并列的另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句之后。如：

He said(that)the book was very interesting and that(不省略)all the children like to read it.他說(shuō)那本書(shū)很有趣，所有小孩都喜歡讀。

4.在“it(形式賓語(yǔ))+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”之后時(shí)。如：

I think it necessary that he should stay here.我們認(rèn)為他有必要留在這里。5.that從句單獨(dú)回答問(wèn)題時(shí)。如： —What did he hear? 他聽(tīng)說(shuō)了什么事？

—That Kate had passed the exam.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō))凱特考試及格了。6.在except等介詞后。如：

He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒(méi)有什么特別的毛病。

7.位于句首時(shí)。如：

That our team will win, I believe.我相信我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。8.在較為正式或不常用的動(dòng)詞(如reply, object)后。如： He replied that he disagreed.他回答說(shuō)他不同意。

賓語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

用來(lái)充作賓語(yǔ)的句子叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

He asked what you were doing last night.他問(wèn)你昨天夜晚在干什么。

I didn’t know that he was wounded in the accident.我原來(lái)不知道他在那事故中受了傷。Can you explain why he didn’t come to the party last Sunday? 你能解釋上周星期日他為什么沒(méi)有來(lái)參加聚會(huì)嗎？

在賓語(yǔ)從句中須注意：

1.that 在口語(yǔ)中常被省略，但在正式的文體中，不能省；并且它一般不能引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句，但可引導(dǎo)except, but, in 等少數(shù)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

I didn’t know(that)he was Li Lei.我不知道他就是李蕾。

I will do anything I can to help you except that I’m ill.只要我身體舒服，我愿做任何事情來(lái)幫助你。2.賓語(yǔ)從句之后帶有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分時(shí)，一般須用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把賓語(yǔ)從句放到句末，此時(shí)的that不能省。如：

The boy has made it clear that they can’t play with his toys.那個(gè)男孩已清楚的表明他們不能玩弄他的玩具。

3.動(dòng)詞advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(堅(jiān)決主張), order, propose, request, suggest(建議)等代的賓語(yǔ)從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即：(should)do的形式。

He asked that we(should)get there before nine o’clock.他要求我們?cè)诰劈c(diǎn)鐘之前趕到那兒。

The teacher advised us that we(should)not waste our time.老師勸告我們不要浪費(fèi)時(shí)間了。

4.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)須呼應(yīng)。即(from www.tmdps.cn)：

1)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)表示。如： He always says that he is our good friend.他總是說(shuō)他是我們的好朋友。

When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed.當(dāng)老師知道我們所干的事情時(shí)，他會(huì)說(shuō)我們做了一件好事。

2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用響應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)。如： He didn’t tell us he came from Shanghai.他沒(méi)有告訴我們他來(lái)自上海。He said he had read the book.他說(shuō)他讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。

3)但當(dāng)從句的內(nèi)容是客觀真理或客觀事實(shí)，而不受時(shí)間的限制時(shí)，即使主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如(from www.tmdps.cn)：

Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers.毛主席說(shuō)一切帝國(guó)主義者都是紙老虎。

When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world.我們還是小孩子的時(shí)候，人們就告訴我們說(shuō)中國(guó)在世界的東方。

同位語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

當(dāng)名詞后面所接的從句表示與名詞同位并為名詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)容時(shí)，這個(gè)從句就是同位語(yǔ)從句。如： The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all.中國(guó)加入了世界貿(mào)易組織這一消息使我們大家興奮不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon.他告訴了我們他從單車(chē)上摔下來(lái)這一真相。

同位語(yǔ)中應(yīng)注意：

1.高中所學(xué)能帶同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞不多，常見(jiàn)的有：answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：

Hw sent us a message that he won’t come next week.他送信來(lái)告訴我們說(shuō)，下周他不來(lái)了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，它適合這一工作。

2.表示“命令、建議、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名詞的同位語(yǔ)，須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如(from www.tmdps.cn)：

He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college.他已清楚的表明了他要努力學(xué)習(xí)考上大學(xué)這一愿望。

Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules.不久命令下來(lái)了，所有的人不得違犯制度。

3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句形相似而實(shí)質(zhì)不同，具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：

(1)被修飾的詞不同。同位語(yǔ)從句的前面一般是數(shù)量有限的、表示抽象意義的名詞；而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是無(wú)數(shù)的指人或物名詞。

(2)從句的作用不同。同位語(yǔ)從句表示同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容；而定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞—名詞的限制、描繪或說(shuō)明。

(3)引導(dǎo)詞的作用不同。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that是連詞，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，但不能省略；而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中擔(dān)任句子的某種成分，當(dāng)擔(dān)任定語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that可以省略。

(4)引導(dǎo)詞不同。定語(yǔ)從句不能用what, how, whether引導(dǎo)；而同位從句可以用what, how, whether引導(dǎo)(from www.tmdps.cn)。

(5)判定定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的方法。同位語(yǔ)從句可充當(dāng)同位名詞的表語(yǔ)；而定語(yǔ)從句不能充當(dāng)先行詞的表語(yǔ)。

表語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

當(dāng)一個(gè)子句充當(dāng)句子的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)子句就叫做表語(yǔ)從句。如：

My idea is that he can teach children English in this school.我的想法是他能夠在這所學(xué)校教孩子們英語(yǔ)。

My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever.我的希望是它將永遠(yuǎn)保守秘密。表語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)注意：

1.連接詞that一般不能省略，但當(dāng)主句中含動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，that可以省略。如： What I want to do is(that)I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走到身邊去感謝他。

2.當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是：advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名詞時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即：should +do。如：

My advice is that you should go to apologize to him.我的建議是你應(yīng)該去向他道歉。

主語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)指要

用來(lái)作主語(yǔ)的句子叫做主語(yǔ)從句。如：

(1)When he was born is unknown.他生于何時(shí)還不知道。

(2)What he did last night is being investigated.他昨天晚上干了些什么正在調(diào)查之中。在主語(yǔ)從句中須注意：

1.主語(yǔ)從句一般用it作形式主語(yǔ)，放在句首，而將主語(yǔ)從句放到句末。如：(1)It is possible that he has stolen the car.很可能他偷了小車(chē)。

(2)Isn’t it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他測(cè)試沒(méi)有通過(guò)，難道不奇怪嗎？

2.if引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用it作形式主語(yǔ)，放在句首，而將if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放到句末。如： It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.明天他是否去北京還不敢肯定。3.that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)，that不可省，但在句末口語(yǔ)中可省。如： That he was ill yesterday is known now.大家都已知道他昨天生了病。4.連接代詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句只能放在句首。如；

(1)Who has broken the glass is unknown.誰(shuí)打破了玻璃現(xiàn)在還不知道。(2)What he wants is all here.他所要的東西都在這里。5.主語(yǔ)從句中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式，但what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式須根據(jù)句子的意思來(lái)判斷。如(from www.tmdps.cn)：

(1)How he worked it out is still a secret.他是如何把它做出來(lái)的還是一個(gè)秘密(2)What they makes in this factory are TV sets.他們?cè)诠S里所做的東西就是電視機(jī)。

使用名詞性從句的兩個(gè)注意點(diǎn)

注意1 語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題

不管什么詞引導(dǎo)，從句的語(yǔ)序始終用陳述語(yǔ)序。如：

(1)He asked how he could find his courage.他問(wèn)道他如何才能找到他的勇氣。(2)The question is why there is little rain here.問(wèn)題是這里為什么雨水少。

注意2 連接詞的選用問(wèn)題

A．that，whether，if，as if(限用于表語(yǔ)從句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它們所引導(dǎo)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整。that 一般用于確定的語(yǔ)氣中，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，口語(yǔ)中的that可省略，而其他情況中的that一般不可省；而whether，if一般用于不確定的語(yǔ)句中。如：

(1)That he learnt English before is certain.他學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)是肯定的。(2)I don’t know whether / if he will come.我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。(3)He looks as if he knows the answer.看起來(lái)他好像知道答案。B．whether和if 1)whether可用于任何名詞性從句中，而一般只能用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。如果if引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能放在句中，而不能置于句首。如：

(1)Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter.—It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not.他來(lái)還是不來(lái)都沒(méi)關(guān)系。

(2)Do you know if / whether his words are true.你知道他的話是否真實(shí)嗎？ 2)whether可與or not連用，而if則不可以。如

(1)I’m not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties.我沒(méi)有把握他能否克服這些困難。

(2)The radio didn’t say whether it would rain or not tomorrow.收音機(jī)并沒(méi)有報(bào)道明天是否下雨。

3)若用if會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義時(shí)，則用whether。(1)Let me know whether he will come.告訴我他是否會(huì)來(lái)。

(2)Let me know if he will come.可理解為：告訴我他是否會(huì)來(lái)。也可理解為：如果他愿意來(lái)，就告訴我一聲。

4)whether可與不定式連用，而if不可以。

Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow? 明天是否去那兒，你決定了嗎？(句子中的whether不能用if替換)5)whether引導(dǎo)的從句可作某些介詞及動(dòng)詞discuss的賓語(yǔ)，而if則不可以。如：

(1)They are talking about whether they will take part in the strike.他們?cè)谡務(wù)撍麄兪欠褚獏⒓舆@次罷工。

(2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way.他們?cè)谟懻撍麄兪欠窨梢圆捎眠@種新的方法。

(以上兩個(gè)句子中的whether 不能用if替換)6)賓語(yǔ)從句若為否定句，連接詞則用if 而不用whether。如：

Do you know if he hasn’t been to Washington? 你知道他是否沒(méi)有去過(guò)華盛頓嗎？ 此句子中的If不能用whether替換。

C．連接代詞、連接副詞都作句子的成分，因此，選用時(shí)須確定從句是否缺少成分，然后再確定選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞。如：

(1)I don’t know ________ he lives.(2)I don’t know ________ he lives there.(3)I don’t know ________ he lives there by fishing.(4)I don’t know ________ he likes.根據(jù)從句里面的成分，句子(1)可填地點(diǎn)、方式等連接詞where / how；句子(2)可填that, whether / if，原因連接副詞why 或方式連接副詞how；句子(3)可填that, whether / if，原因連接副詞why；句子(4)缺少賓語(yǔ)，可填what。

名詞性從句用法詳解

一、概說(shuō)

名詞性從句，即指性質(zhì)相當(dāng)于名詞的從句，它包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。從高考的考查的實(shí)際情況來(lái)看，名詞性從句考得最多的是賓語(yǔ)從句，其次是主語(yǔ)從句，再次是表語(yǔ)從句，而同位語(yǔ)從句則很少考查。

二、名詞性從句的一般引導(dǎo)詞

1.連接詞 that 只起連接作用，沒(méi)有任何意思，也不充當(dāng)句子成分，在賓語(yǔ)從句中可省略，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)通常不省略。如：

I hope(that)you enjoy your holiday.希望你假期過(guò)得好。That he likes you is very obvious.很顯然他喜歡你。

2.連接詞 whether 也不充當(dāng)句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可換成 if，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)不能換成 if。如(from www.tmdps.cn)：

He asked whether [if] I would show him the way.他問(wèn)我是否可以給他帶路。

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否對(duì)我們有害還要看一看。(引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，不能用 if 代替 whether)3.連接代詞 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：

That’s why she wanted to leave.這就是她想離開(kāi)的原因。When we arrive doesn't matter.什么時(shí)候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。Tell me which one you like best.告訴我你最喜歡哪一個(gè)。

4.連接副詞 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意義，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。如： The question is how we should carry out the plan.問(wèn)題是怎樣執(zhí)行這個(gè)計(jì)劃。

When she’ll be back depends much on the weather.她什么時(shí)候回來(lái)在很大程度上要看天氣。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.他為什么這樣做將永遠(yuǎn)是一個(gè)謎。

三、名詞性從句的重要引導(dǎo)詞

1.what 用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句是一個(gè)十分重要的引導(dǎo)詞，它可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句，但不用于引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。它引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句有兩個(gè)意思是：一是表示“什么”，帶有疑問(wèn)意味；二是表示“?所?的”，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)先行詞后接一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。如：

I don’t know what you want.我不知道你想要什么。

I don’t know what you want is this.我不知道你所想要的是這個(gè)。2.what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)可用作限定詞，其后修飾名詞。如： I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的書(shū)都給他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身邊帶有的錢(qián)全給了我。

注：what 后的名詞可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，但通常不能是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，并且后接不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，有時(shí)可有l(wèi)ittle修飾，兩者的區(qū)別是：what+不可數(shù)名詞=所有的都，what little+不可數(shù)名詞=雖少但全部。如： What friends she has are out of the country.她有的那些朋友全在國(guó)外。We gave him what(little)help we could.我們給了他我們力所能及的幫助。

3.whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，其意分別為“所?的一切事或東西”、“任何?的人”、““?的任可人或物”等。如：

Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要這書(shū)都可拿去。I’ll do whatever I can to help him.我們將盡我們所能來(lái)挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest.買(mǎi)最便宜的。注意以下受漢語(yǔ)意思影響而弄錯(cuò)的句子： 任何人來(lái)都?xì)g迎(from www.tmdps.cn)。

誤：Who comes will be welcome./ Anyone comes will be welcome.正：Whoever comes will be welcome./ Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外，它們也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其意為“無(wú)論?”、“不管?”，其意相當(dāng)于 no matter who [what, which]。如：

Whatever happens, you must be calm.不管發(fā)生什么情況，你都必須鎮(zhèn)靜。(whatever = no matter what)He won't eat you, whoever he is.不管他是誰(shuí)，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)注：whoever 既用作主格也用作賓語(yǔ)；作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不宜用 whomever，因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中 whomever 這個(gè)已幾乎廢棄不用。

4.why 與 because 的用法區(qū)別。兩者均可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因。如： I had a cold.That’s why I didn't come.我感冒了，因此我沒(méi)來(lái)。

I didn’t come.That’s because I had a cold.我沒(méi)有來(lái)，那是因?yàn)槲腋忻傲恕?/p>

五、名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序

名詞性從句的詞序與陳述句語(yǔ)序相同，尤其注意那些由連接代詞who(m), whose, which, what 和連接副詞 when, where, why 等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不要受它們?cè)谔厥庖蓡?wèn)句中用法的影響而誤用疑問(wèn)句詞序。如：

Why was she crying? 她為什么在哭？

I don’t know why he was crying.我不知道她為什么哭。

六、名詞性從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題

1.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句若不是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也必須用某種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如： She said that she didn't want to know.她說(shuō)她不想知道。

I asked her whether she would agree.我問(wèn)她是否會(huì)同意(from www.tmdps.cn)。2.when, if 這兩個(gè)詞既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且表示將來(lái)意義時(shí)，要直接使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)；但當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句且表示將來(lái)意義時(shí)，則必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。如：

I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you.我不知道他什么時(shí)候，但當(dāng)他來(lái)的時(shí)候，我會(huì)打電話給你。

句中第一個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，故用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)意義；第二個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。

同位語(yǔ)邊緣知識(shí)歸納

一、什么叫同位語(yǔ)

當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，若其中一個(gè)句子成分是用于說(shuō)明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分的，那么用于起說(shuō)明或解釋作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位語(yǔ)。如：

Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview.勞拉·邁爾，BBC的記者，要求采訪。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.流行性感冒是一種常見(jiàn)病，無(wú)特效藥。

Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university.瑪麗是我所認(rèn)識(shí)的最聰敏的姑娘之一，她正準(zhǔn)備上大學(xué)。

Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個(gè)人是誰(shuí)? We have two children, a boy and a girl.我們有兩個(gè)孩子，一個(gè)男孩和一個(gè)女孩。

以上所舉的同位語(yǔ)例子都是同位語(yǔ)的基本形式，一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)。但有有幾種同位語(yǔ)，或由于身本結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，往往會(huì)引起誤解。現(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說(shuō)明如下，希望引起同學(xué)們的注意。

二、特殊同位語(yǔ)歸納

1.代詞we, us, you等后接同位語(yǔ) Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書(shū)嗎? They three joined the school team.他們3人參加了校隊(duì)。She has great concern for us students.她對(duì)我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你們男孩子安靜些。We girls often go to the movies together.我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。2.不定式用作同位語(yǔ)

Soon came the order to start the general attack.很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車(chē)。(to walk along?與the instruction同位)

3.-ing分詞用作同位語(yǔ)

He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck.他今晚得到一個(gè)開(kāi)卡車(chē)的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts.她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)

4.形容詞用作同位語(yǔ)

The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.目前的交易會(huì)，是有史以來(lái)規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。

He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他讀了很多書(shū)，古今中外都有。

People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.老老少少的人都來(lái)到街頭觀看游行。

【注】這類(lèi)同位語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句。如：(from www.tmdps.cn)The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.5.none of us之類(lèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語(yǔ)

We none of us said anything.我們誰(shuí)也沒(méi)說(shuō)話。

We have none of us large appetites.我們誰(shuí)飯量都不大。They neither of them wanted to go.他們兩人都不想去。

They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence.他們兩人誰(shuí)也沒(méi)能贏得她的信任。【注】注意，同位語(yǔ)并不影響其后句子謂語(yǔ)的“數(shù)”，如： 學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。(from www.tmdps.cn)正：The students each have a dictionary.誤：The students each has a dictionary.請(qǐng)比較下面一句（謂語(yǔ)用了單數(shù)，因?yàn)閑ach為句子主語(yǔ)）：

正：Each of the students has a dictionary.(from www.tmdps.cn)

6.從句用作同位語(yǔ)（即同位語(yǔ)從句）

They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。I received a message that she would be late.我得到的信息說(shuō)她可能晚到。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不實(shí)。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong.你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。

whatever, whoever, whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

1.whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

Whatever的意思是“所?的一切事或東西”，可視為what的強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)法，其含義大致相當(dāng)于anything that，whatever在從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)：

Whatever he did was right.無(wú)論他做什么都是對(duì)的。

Give them whatever they desire.他們想要什么就給他們什么。I will just say whatever comes into my mind.我想到什么就說(shuō)什么。

Goats eat whatever(food)they can find.山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes.我將學(xué)習(xí)任何我的導(dǎo)師愿意我學(xué)的東西。He does whatever she asks him to do.她要他做什么，他就做什么。Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.給我談?wù)勅魏问鼓銦赖氖隆ne should stick to whatever one has begun.開(kāi)始了的事就要堅(jiān)持下去。She would tell him whatever news she got.她得到的任何消息都會(huì)告訴他。You can have whatever allowance you like.你想要多少津貼就給你多少津貼。

2.whoever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

whoever的意思“任何?的人”，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于 anybody who。whoever在從句中可用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)： I’ll take whoever wants to go.誰(shuí)想去我就帶誰(shuí)去。She can marry whoever she chooses.她愿意嫁誰(shuí)就嫁誰(shuí)。Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要這書(shū)都可拿去。Whoever comes will be welcome.誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。

Whoever you invite will be welcome.任何你邀請(qǐng)的人都?xì)g迎。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.違反本法者應(yīng)予以罰款。I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it.請(qǐng)想要這票，我就把它給誰(shuí)。【注意】

(1)whoever既用作主格也用作賓語(yǔ)(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不宜用whomever，因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中whomever已幾乎不用)。

(2)注意以下受漢語(yǔ)意思影響而弄錯(cuò)的句子：

誤：Who wins can get a prize./ Anyone wins can get a prize.(from www.tmdps.cn)正：Whoever wins can get a prize./ Anyone who wins can a prize.誰(shuí)贏了都可以獲獎(jiǎng)。3.whichever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

Whichever的意思“?的那個(gè)人或事物”，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于 the person or the thing that。whichever在從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)：

Buy whichever is cheapest.買(mǎi)最便宜的。Take whichever you like.哪個(gè)你喜歡你就拿哪個(gè)。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪個(gè)哪個(gè)就是你的。

I’ll take whichever books you don’t want.你不要的任何書(shū)我都要。(from www.tmdps.cn)Whichever(of you)comes in first will receive a prize.無(wú)論(你們)誰(shuí)先到都可以得獎(jiǎng)。Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.我們當(dāng)中無(wú)論哪個(gè)先到家，哪個(gè)就先開(kāi)始做飯。

【注意】

whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句外，還可用于引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于no matter what(who, which)。如：

Whatever happened I must be calm.不管發(fā)生什么情況我都要鎮(zhèn)靜。

Don’t lose heart whatever difficulties you meet.一不管遇到什么困難都不要灰心。I’ll post that letter whatever Wilson says.不管威爾遜說(shuō)什么，這封信我都要發(fā)出去。He won’t eat you, whoever he is.不管他是誰(shuí)，他也不會(huì)吃了你。

Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way.不管你是誰(shuí)，都不能從這里過(guò)去。Whoever rings, tell him I’m out.不管誰(shuí)來(lái)電話，都告訴他我不在家。Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied.不管哪邊贏，我都會(huì)感到滿意。It has the same result whichever way you do it.不管你怎么做結(jié)果都一樣。Whichever you choose, they will be offended.不管你選哪個(gè)，他們都會(huì)不高興。

關(guān)系型 what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的五種用法

一、用法歸納

1.表示“??的東西或事情”：

They’ve done what they can to help her.他們已經(jīng)盡力幫助了她。He saves what he earns.他賺多少，積蓄多少。What Mary is is the secretary.瑪麗的職務(wù)是秘書(shū)。2.表示“??的人或的樣子”：

He is no longer what he was.他已經(jīng)不是以前的那個(gè)樣子。

He is what is generally called a traitor.他就是人們通常所說(shuō)的叛徒。

Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是誰(shuí)把弗雷德培養(yǎng)成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子的？ 3.表示“??的數(shù)量或數(shù)目”：

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.我們現(xiàn)在的收入是10年前的兩倍。The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation.現(xiàn)在我校學(xué)生的數(shù)量是解放前的10倍。

4.表示“??的時(shí)間”：

After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.似乎過(guò)了幾個(gè)小時(shí)他才苦笑著出來(lái)。

The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours.小女孩嚇得不敢說(shuō)話，在那兒站了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。

5.表示“??的地方”：

This is what they call Salt Lake City.這就是他們稱(chēng)為鹽湖城的地方。(from www.tmdps.cn)In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年哥倫布到達(dá)了現(xiàn)在所稱(chēng)的美洲大陸。

二、用法說(shuō)明

(1)這樣用的what相當(dāng)于“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”，所以其前不能有先行詞： 你喜歡什么就拿什么吧。

正：You can have what you like./ You can have everything(that)you like.誤：You can have everything what you like.(2)有時(shí)what 可用作限定詞，其后修飾一個(gè)名詞： I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的書(shū)都給他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身邊帶有的錢(qián)全給了我。(3)What 后的名詞可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，但通常不能是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞： 誤：I gave him what book I had.(from www.tmdps.cn)(4)What后接不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，有時(shí)可有l(wèi)ittle修飾。注意區(qū)別：what+不可數(shù)名詞=所有的都，what little+不可數(shù)名詞=雖少但全部。如：

I spent what time I had with her.我所有的時(shí)間都是與她一起度過(guò)的。

I spent what little time I had with her.我僅有的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間都是與她一起度過(guò)的。

四組名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞用法區(qū)別

1.what 與that的用法區(qū)別

兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)從句，區(qū)別是what可在從句中用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，意為“什么”或“所?的”，而that僅起連接作用，本身沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分(引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)通常可以省略)：

He doesn’t know what she likes.他不知道她喜歡什么。What you say is quite right.你所說(shuō)的相當(dāng)正確。

I believe(that)he will come to see us.我相信他會(huì)來(lái)看我們的。It’s a pity(that)he didn’t finish college.真遺憾他大學(xué)沒(méi)畢業(yè)。另外，that 可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，但 what 通常不用于引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句： I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在這兒。

2.whether與 if的用法區(qū)別 兩者的用法異同注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

(1)兩者均可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，表示“是否”，常可互換：

He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink.他問(wèn)我們是否想喝一杯。He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come.他沒(méi)有告訴我他是否會(huì)來(lái)。【注】若是引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，則只能用 if(意為“如果”)。(2)當(dāng)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常用 if 而不用 whether： I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.我不在乎天是否下雨。

【注】在個(gè)別詞語(yǔ)(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的從句否定式有時(shí)也可用 whether 引導(dǎo)： I wonder if [whether] he isn’t mistaken.我想知道他是否錯(cuò)了。(3)以下情況通常要用 whether 而不用 if： ① 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句且置于句首時(shí)：

Whether he has left, I can’t say.他是否走了，我說(shuō)不定。② 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句且放在句首時(shí)：

Whether he will come is still a question.他是否會(huì)來(lái)還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。

【注】若在句首使用形式主語(yǔ) it，而將主語(yǔ)從句放在句末，則有時(shí)也可用 if 來(lái)引導(dǎo)： It was not known whether [if] he would come.不知他是否會(huì)來(lái)。③ 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)：

The question is whether we should go on with the work.問(wèn)題是我們是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作。

【注】在很不正式的場(chǎng)合if偶爾也用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但遠(yuǎn)不如用 whether 常見(jiàn)。④ 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)：

Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.不管他同意與否，我都要那樣做。⑤ 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)：

The question whether we need it has not been considered.我們是否需要它還沒(méi)有考慮。⑥ 用于不定式之前時(shí)：

I’m not sure whether to stay or leave.我不知是留還是去。I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.我真是哭笑不得。⑦ 用于介詞之后時(shí)：

It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.這取決于信是否來(lái)得及時(shí)。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。⑧ 直接與 or not 連用時(shí)：

I will write to you whether or not I can come.我能不能來(lái)，我將寫(xiě)信告訴你。【注】若不是直接與 or not 用在一起，則有時(shí)也可用 if：

I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not.我不知他是否能贏。⑨ 在 discuss(討論)等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)：(from www.tmdps.cn)We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我們討論了是否要開(kāi)一個(gè)會(huì)。

3.that ,why 與 because的用法區(qū)別

它們?cè)谝龑?dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句中很容易混淆，區(qū)別于下：

(1)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason(原因)時(shí)，后面的表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞通常用that： The reason why he didn’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet.他昨天沒(méi)有參加聚會(huì)是因?yàn)樗€沒(méi)有回來(lái)。

【注】在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。

(2)why和 because 都可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因：

I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.That’s why I got wet all through.我既沒(méi)穿雨衣，也沒(méi)帶雨傘，所以全身都淋濕了。

I got wet all through.That’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.我全身都淋濕了，因?yàn)槲壹葲](méi)穿雨衣，也沒(méi)帶雨傘。

4.that 與 whether(if)的用法區(qū)別

從意思上看，兩者不應(yīng)該發(fā)生混淆，因?yàn)?whether(if)表示“是否”，而that 卻不表示任何含義，但實(shí)際使用時(shí)，有的同學(xué)卻經(jīng)常將其用混，并且各類(lèi)語(yǔ)法考試也常考查它。兩者的原則區(qū)別是：that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether(if)則表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念。請(qǐng)看幾道考題：

(1)______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.A.That C.Whether

B.If

D.Whenever [選C](2)______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If C.That

B.Whether D.Where [選B] 由于以上區(qū)別，所以動(dòng)詞 doubt后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常要用 whether(if)來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而不用 that，因?yàn)?doubt 表示“懷疑”，其意不肯定、不明確；但是如果它用于否定式，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句則要通常用 that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，因?yàn)?not doubt 表示“不懷疑”，其意是肯定的、明確的。如：

I doubt if [whether] he’ll come.我拿不準(zhǔn)他是否會(huì)來(lái)。I don’t doubt that he will succeed.我敢肯定他會(huì)成功。Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他會(huì)贏嗎? 【注】在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，doubt用于肯定式時(shí)其后也可接that從句，不過(guò)此時(shí)的that仍表示whether的意思：

I doubt that we’ll ever see George again.我懷疑我們是否還會(huì)見(jiàn)到喬治。(from www.tmdps.cn)類(lèi)似地，be sure后的名詞性從句通常用that引導(dǎo)，而 be not sure 后的名詞性從句則通常用whether / if 來(lái)引導(dǎo)：

I’m sure that he is honest.我肯定他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。

I’m not sure whether(if)he is honest.我不敢肯定他是否誠(chéng)實(shí)。學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句應(yīng)注意的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題

一、詞序問(wèn)題

名詞性從句總是用陳述句詞序，則不能使用疑問(wèn)句詞序，尤其是當(dāng)名詞性從句由“疑問(wèn)詞”引導(dǎo)時(shí)，不能受疑問(wèn)句的影響而誤用疑問(wèn)句詞序：

誤：I didn’t know where did he live.正：I didn’t know where he lived.我不知道他住哪兒。誤：Who will he marry remains unknown.正：Who he will marry remains unknown.他同誰(shuí)結(jié)婚還不知道。

二、時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題

由于由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和以if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義，而不能直接使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，所以許多同學(xué)容易受此影響在when和if引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。請(qǐng)看幾題：

(1)I don’t know if he ________ or not tomorrow.A.come C.will come

B.comes D.is coming 此題答案選C，句中if引導(dǎo)的不是條件狀語(yǔ)從句(if≠如果)，而是賓語(yǔ)從句(if＝是否)，句意為“我不知道明天他是否會(huì)來(lái)。”(from www.tmdps.cn)

(2)I don’t know if she ________, but if she ________ I will let you know.A.comes, comes C.comes, will come

B.will come, will come D.will come, comes 答案選 D，第一個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

(3)“When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”

A.comes, comes C.comes, will come

B.will come, will come D.will come, comes 答案選 D，第一個(gè) when 引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè) when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

另外，當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句通常要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)與之呼應(yīng)(表客觀真理時(shí)除外)： The teacher told us that he knew everything.老師告訴我們他知道一切。

The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播得快。同位語(yǔ)從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的詞語(yǔ)通常有連詞that，whether，連接代詞和連接副詞等。1.由that引導(dǎo)

We heard the news that our team had won.我們聽(tīng)到消息說(shuō)我們隊(duì)贏了。They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不實(shí)。I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.我得出結(jié)論這樣做是不明智的。

The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.那筆錢(qián)不見(jiàn)了這一事實(shí)并不意味著是被偷了。

He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.他提到了哥白尼關(guān)于地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)的說(shuō)法。

【注意1】在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.他們面對(duì)廢除這個(gè)稅的要求。They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他們表示希望她接受這筆獎(jiǎng)金。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。

The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。

The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.允許婦女參加這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)的決議通過(guò)了。

I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情。

【注意2】引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。如： He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。

2.由whether引導(dǎo)

There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否會(huì)來(lái)還不一定。Answer my question whether you are coming.你回答我的問(wèn)題：你來(lái)不來(lái)。The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.這個(gè)是對(duì)還是錯(cuò)要看結(jié)果。

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問(wèn)題。

【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。3.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)

Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始嗎? From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters.After that I went back to work in a factory.Then I had no idea what a casino was.從1985年到1990年我是地方黨部的教員。隨后我回到一家工廠工作。當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道賭場(chǎng)是什么樣的地方。

4.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)

I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。It is a question how he did it.那是一個(gè)他如何做的問(wèn)題。He had no idea why she left.他不知道她為什么離開(kāi)。You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我多著急!

二、關(guān)于分離同位語(yǔ)從句

有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以和同位的名詞分開(kāi)。如：

The story goes that he beats his wife.傳說(shuō)他打老婆。

The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息傳開(kāi)說(shuō)他中彩得了一輛汽車(chē)。

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.謠傳這里要蓋一所新學(xué)校。Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town.有傳言說(shuō)史密斯一家要離開(kāi)這座城市。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他想到可能敵人已逃離這座城市。

The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.不久命令下來(lái)，所有居民都必須撤出村子。(G31)

二、同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 1．意義的不同

同位語(yǔ)從句是用于說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語(yǔ)通常可以劃等號(hào)；而定語(yǔ)從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類(lèi)似的東西區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)：

We are glad at the news that he will come.聽(tīng)到他要來(lái)這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句)We are glad at the news that he told us.聽(tīng)到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語(yǔ)從句)2.引導(dǎo)詞的不同

what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。3.引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同

that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，要么充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語(yǔ)。

4.被修飾詞語(yǔ)的區(qū)別

同位語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。另外，when和where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)卻不一定；又如why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)則不一定：

I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來(lái)。(同位語(yǔ)從句)I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語(yǔ)從句)(from www.tmdps.cn)We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我們不明白這個(gè)問(wèn)題，為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語(yǔ)從句)The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)，原因是他生病了。(定語(yǔ)從句)表語(yǔ)從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞有連詞that, whether，連接代詞和連接副詞，關(guān)系代詞型what，以及as if, as though, because等連詞。

1.由that引導(dǎo)

The fact is that he doesn’t really try.事實(shí)是他沒(méi)有做真正的努力。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。

His sole requirement was(is)that the system work.他唯一的要求是這個(gè)制度能起作用。My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的意見(jiàn)是我們馬上就開(kāi)始做準(zhǔn)備工作。2.由whether引導(dǎo)

The question is whether the film is worth seeing.問(wèn)題是這部電影是否值得看。【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。3.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)

You are not who I thought you were.你已不是我過(guò)去所想像的人。

The problem is who we can get to replace her.問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。The question is who(m)we should trust.問(wèn)題是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)相信誰(shuí)。

What I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道的是我們應(yīng)走哪條路。4.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)

The problem is how we can find him.問(wèn)題是我們?nèi)绾握业剿hat was when I was fifteen.這是我15歲時(shí)發(fā)生的事。That’s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇見(jiàn)她的地方。That’s why he didn’t come.這就是他沒(méi)有來(lái)的緣故。

That’s why I object to the plan.這就是我反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃的原因。That’s where you are wrong.這就是你不對(duì)的地方。5.由關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)

That’s what I want to stress.這是我想強(qiáng)調(diào)的。That’s what we are here for.我們來(lái)這里就為了這個(gè)。

Fame and personal gain is what they’re after.他們追求的是名利。He is no longer what he was.他已經(jīng)不是以前的他了。6.由as if / as though引導(dǎo)

It isn’t as if you were going away for ever.又不是你離開(kāi)不回來(lái)了。

Now it was as though she had known Millie for years.現(xiàn)在好像她認(rèn)識(shí)米莉已有好多年了似的。

It is not as though we were poor.又不是我們家里窮。7.由because引導(dǎo)

It is because I love you too much.那是因?yàn)槲姨珢?ài)你了。

That’s because you can’t appreciate music.這是因?yàn)槟悴荒苄蕾p音樂(lè)。

If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall night.如果我有點(diǎn)困，是因?yàn)橐灰箾](méi)睡。It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class.這是因?yàn)槲以谏险n中替約翰傳紙條給海倫。

【注意】because 可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但與之同義的since, as, for等也不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。

二、連詞that的省略問(wèn)題

引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that通常不省略，但在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中有時(shí)也可省略： My idea is(that)we should do it right away.我的意見(jiàn)是我們應(yīng)該馬上干。The trouble is(that)he is ill.糟糕的是他病了。(from www.tmdps.cn)賓語(yǔ)從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

賓語(yǔ)從句通常由連詞that和whether(if)、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)： 1.that引導(dǎo)

We believe that he is honest.我們相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。

The doctor insists that I give up smoking醫(yī)生堅(jiān)持要我戒煙。I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。

We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain.從他的信里我們了解到他在西班牙。The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days.賣(mài)方要求5日內(nèi)付款。2.whether / if引導(dǎo)

I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及時(shí)到。I didn’t know whether they liked the place.我不知道他們是否喜歡這個(gè)地方。I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it.我要看看我是否能勸他接受。I asked her whether she agreed.我問(wèn)她是否同意。

He enquired if her parents spoke Spanish.他問(wèn)她父母是否講西班牙語(yǔ)。I wonder if it’s large enough.我不知道它是否夠大。She didn’t say if he was still alive.她沒(méi)說(shuō)他是否還活著。3.連接代詞引導(dǎo)

I don’t know who [whom] you mean.我不知道你指誰(shuí)。Please tell me which you like.告訴我你喜歡哪一個(gè)。I’Il do whatever I can do.我將做我所能做的事。You can take whichever you like.你愛(ài)拿哪個(gè)就拿哪個(gè)吧。

We’ll do whatever we can to save him.我們將盡我們所能來(lái)挽救他。Take whichever seat you like.你要坐哪個(gè)座就坐哪個(gè)座位。Give it to whoever you like.你把它愛(ài)給誰(shuí)就給誰(shuí)。

You don’t know what you are talking about.你在說(shuō)什么，你自己也不知道。Tomorrow at this time we’ll know who is elected.明天這時(shí)候我們就會(huì)知道誰(shuí)當(dāng)選了。4.連接副詞引導(dǎo)

He asked why he had to go alone.他問(wèn)他為什么必須一個(gè)人去。You don’t know when you are lucky.你身在福中不知福。I asked how he was getting on.我問(wèn)他情況怎樣。He knows where they live.他知道他們住哪里。

Have you found out how wide the ditch Was? 你了解到那條溝有多寬嗎? I’d like to know when they will let him out.我很想知道他們什么時(shí)候會(huì)放他出來(lái)。We didn’t know why he had answered in that fashion.我們不明白他為什么這樣回答。3.關(guān)系代詞what引導(dǎo)

She has got what she wanted.她要的東西得到了。

I want to tell you what I hear.我想把聽(tīng)到的情況告訴你。He could not express what he felt.他無(wú)法表達(dá)內(nèi)心的感受。They did what they could to console her.他們盡量安慰她。

They thought they could do what they liked with him.他們以為他們可以對(duì)他為所欲為。【注意】有時(shí)介詞后可接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句(但介詞后通常不接that和if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句)： From what you say, he is right.根據(jù)你所說(shuō)的，他是對(duì)的。有極個(gè)別介詞(如but, except)可接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：

She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.她對(duì)他什么都不記得，只記得他的頭發(fā)是黑的。

比較下面兩句用what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，它們的意思不一樣：

He began to think about what he should do.他開(kāi)始考慮應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣做。

二、賓語(yǔ)從句與形式賓語(yǔ)it 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句后跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常在賓語(yǔ)從句處使用形式賓語(yǔ)it，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)從句移至句末：

I think it best that you should stay here.我認(rèn)為你最好住這兒。

He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married.他還沒(méi)宣布他何時(shí)結(jié)婚。She found it difficult to answer the question.她發(fā)現(xiàn)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題很困難。He feels it his duty to hetp others.他認(rèn)為幫助別人是他的責(zé)任。He thought it best to be on his guard.他認(rèn)為他最好還是要警惕。

He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every session.他規(guī)定自己在議會(huì)每次開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)至少發(fā)一次言。I find it interesting talking go you.我覺(jué)得同你談話很有意思。

I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.我認(rèn)為考試作弊是不對(duì)的。

三、連詞that的省略問(wèn)題

引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that 通常可以省略：

She said(that)she would come to the meeting.她說(shuō)過(guò)要來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)的。I promise you(that)I will be there.我答應(yīng)你我會(huì)去。I hoped(that)I would / should succeed.我曾希望我會(huì)成功。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa.他想他們會(huì)給他簽證。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他們會(huì)給他簽證。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。

Everybody knows(that)money doesn’t grow on trees.眾所周知，金錢(qián)是不會(huì)從樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的。

I suggested(that)they should / shouldn’t drive along the coast.我建議他們沿著 / 不要沿著海岸開(kāi)車(chē)。

【注】有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可位于句首，此時(shí)that不可省略： That she is a good girl I know.她是一個(gè)好姑娘，我是知道的。

四、賓語(yǔ)從句與否定轉(zhuǎn)移

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 后接一個(gè)表示否定意義的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其否定通常轉(zhuǎn)移到主語(yǔ)：

I don’t suppose that it is true.我認(rèn)為那不是真的。

I don’t imagine that he will come.我想他不會(huì)來(lái)的。(from www.tmdps.cn)I don’t think we need waste much time on it.我想我們不必在這上面花太多時(shí)間 We didn’t think we’d be this late.我們沒(méi)想到我們會(huì)到得這么晚。I don’t suppose I’ll trouble you again.我想我不要再麻煩你了。

主語(yǔ)從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

主語(yǔ)從句通常由連詞that和whether、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)。1.that引導(dǎo)

That he is still alive is a wonder.他還活著，真是奇跡。That we shall be late is certain.我們要晚了，這是確定無(wú)疑的。

That he should have ignored the working class was natural.他忽視工人階級(jí)是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation.她還活著是使人感到寬慰的。

That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.她成為畫(huà)家可能是受她父親的影響。

That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.你將來(lái)倫敦是好久以來(lái)我聽(tīng)到的最好消息。

That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village.她被挑選上，在她村 子里引起很大轟動(dòng)。

2.whether引導(dǎo)

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否對(duì)我們有害還要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem.他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。3.連接代詞引導(dǎo)

Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet.兩強(qiáng)相爭(zhēng)勇者勝。Whichever(of you)comes in first will receive a prize.無(wú)論(你們)誰(shuí)先到都可以得獎(jiǎng)。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪個(gè)哪個(gè)就是你的。4.連接副詞引導(dǎo)

When we arrive doesn’t matter.什么時(shí)候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。How it was done was a mystery.這是怎樣做的是一個(gè)謎。

How this happended is not clear to anyone.這件事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰(shuí)也不清楚。How many people we are to invite is still a question.邀請(qǐng)多少人還是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。Where I spend my summer is no business of yours.我在哪里過(guò)暑假不關(guān)你的事。5.關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)

What we need is money.我們需要的是錢(qián)。

What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是這一點(diǎn)。What’s done is done.事已成定局。

What he says is not important.他說(shuō)的話并不重要。

What I am telling you is mere impressions.我和你說(shuō)的都不過(guò)是一些印象而已。What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water.為河水增色的是水里的荷花。

What you need is a good-sized canvas bag.你需要的是一個(gè)比較大的帆布袋。

What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal.我擔(dān)心的是他們把他帶到葡萄牙去。What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot.給我很深印象的是他們都受過(guò)很多苦。

二、主語(yǔ)從句與形式主語(yǔ)it 有時(shí)為了考慮句子平衡，通常在主語(yǔ)從句處使用形式主語(yǔ)it，而將真正的主語(yǔ)從句移至句末。這分三種情況：

(1)對(duì)于以連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，通常用形式主語(yǔ)代主語(yǔ)從句： It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遺憾他沒(méi)來(lái)。

It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It’s vital that we be present.我們出席是至關(guān)重要的。

It was intended that you be the candidate.大家的意圖是讓你當(dāng)候選人。It is important that this mission not fail.這項(xiàng)使命不失敗至關(guān)重要。It is essential that a meeting be convened this week.本周開(kāi)一次會(huì)非常重要。It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.廢除這個(gè)稅是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

It’s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs.竟有這么多人失業(yè)這是不公平的。It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it.她竟未談及此事令人驚訝。It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request.他們竟然拒絕我的請(qǐng)求，這是不可思議的。

That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.他們拒絕在請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?shū)上簽字這是需要很大勇氣的。

(2)對(duì)于以連接代詞(副詞)引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，可以使用形式主語(yǔ)代主語(yǔ)從句，也可直接在句首使用主語(yǔ)從句：

Whether they would support us was a problem.他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。It was a problem whether they would support us.他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good.它對(duì)我們是利是害，還得看看再說(shuō)。

(3)對(duì)關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，通常直接將主語(yǔ)從句放在句首。如： What we need is money.我們需要的是錢(qián)。

What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是這一點(diǎn)。有時(shí)也可將助用形式主語(yǔ)。如：

It is clear enough what he meant.他是什么意思很清楚。(4)如果句子是疑問(wèn)句，則必須用帶形式主語(yǔ)it的結(jié)構(gòu)：

Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父親，是真的嗎？ How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又遲到了？(from www.tmdps.cn)

三、連詞that的省略問(wèn)題 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連詞that 有時(shí)可省，有時(shí)不能省，其原則是：若that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句直接位于句首，則that不能省略；若that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主語(yǔ)it，則that可以省略：

That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity.很遺憾你沒(méi)去聽(tīng)報(bào)告。(that不可省)It was a pity(that)you didn’t go to the talk.很遺憾你沒(méi)去聽(tīng)報(bào)告。(that可省)定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ) 1.定語(yǔ)從句：

定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱(chēng)為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，絕對(duì)沒(méi)有WHAT；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：

①連接作用，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

②代替主句中的先行詞，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整個(gè)主句。

③在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一句子成分。

注：關(guān)系代詞有主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)之分。一般whom作為賓語(yǔ)。3.定語(yǔ)：

定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ)）或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用‘??的’表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任，此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語(yǔ)。

4、先行詞：

被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱(chēng)為先行詞。[編輯本段] 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句舉例

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1、who, whom, that

這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：

(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）

(2)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）

2、Whose 用來(lái)指人或物

(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物，它還可以同of which互換，指人的時(shí)候也可以用of whom 代替）

(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車(chē)壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。

(2)Please pass me the book whose(of which)color is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。

3、which, that

它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如：

(1)A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語(yǔ)）

(2)The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）限定性定語(yǔ)從句

一、關(guān)系代詞（在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)）

1.that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略關(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)也可以省略。[eg：This is the book（which）you want.]

2而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ)，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置

3.代表物時(shí)多用which，但在下列情況中用that而不用which：

a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時(shí)；

b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)，這時(shí)的that常被省略；

c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)；

d)先行詞就是序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)時(shí)；

e)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)；

f)整個(gè)句中前面已有which時(shí)；

g)當(dāng)先行詞為物并作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。

4.who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人，分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)

5.whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí), 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣。

二、關(guān)系副詞（在句中作狀語(yǔ)）

關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配)

when=during/ on/ in/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配)

1.where是關(guān)系副詞，用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句。

2.when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間［注］值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間“time“一詞的定語(yǔ)從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)。

By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。

3.當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來(lái)引導(dǎo)

There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.這里有人要和你說(shuō)話。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分

2.當(dāng)先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的，例如：

3.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。

4.有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞

5.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.；

p.s: which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句其后不可省略成分，as可以 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1.who指人在從句中做主語(yǔ)

(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.在踢足球的男孩們是一班的.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天，我?guī)椭艘粋€(gè)迷路的老人.2.whom指人

在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，常省略。（注：who和whom已無(wú)太大區(qū)別，基本可以通用。唯一區(qū)別是who可以做主語(yǔ)而whom不可以。）

如果是在從句中作主語(yǔ)就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.他就是那個(gè)有英語(yǔ)書(shū)的男人.3.whose通常指人，也可指物

在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。4.which指物

在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。5.that指人時(shí)

相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。

在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。

Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1.when指時(shí)間

在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

(1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2)The time when we got together finally came.2.where指地點(diǎn)

在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)

(1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3.why指原因

在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)

(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換

(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 介詞和關(guān)系代詞

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。

2）that前不能有介詞。

3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的”介詞+關(guān)系詞“結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換。

This is the house in which（where）I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which（when）you joined our club?

This is the reason for which（why）he came late.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)

當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用whick/whom即“介詞+which/whom”且不能省略。但當(dāng)介詞位于末尾時(shí)可用that/whick/who/whom.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，且可以省略。例如：

(1)The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略

= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略

(2)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine(that/which)you asked for.= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(3)We’ll go to hear the famous singer(whom/that/who)we have often talked about.= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：

1.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T＝正確)

F This is the watch for which I am looking.(F＝錯(cuò)誤)

2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose

(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

(2)The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.(T)

3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞 關(guān)系代詞

關(guān)系代詞（一般情況下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在從句做主語(yǔ)，謂動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但是不能做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。

which指物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；

who在從句中作主語(yǔ)；

whom在從句中賓語(yǔ)；

where在從句中修飾表地點(diǎn)的名詞，做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)；

when在從句中通常修飾表時(shí)間的名詞，做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；

why在從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)，先行詞通常是”reason“

有時(shí)why也可用for+which代替。

例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 先行詞 從句

定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞

As 的用法例

1.the same? as；such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。

I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ)；

例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。

一、“as / which” 特殊定語(yǔ)從句的先行成分

1.形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分, 具有形容詞意義的介詞短語(yǔ)也可以充當(dāng)先行成分，如：

My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用who / whom.2.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)先行成分。

這種動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，它們?cè)趶木渲芯鸵话阌邢薅ɑ蚍窍薅ㄐ问降奶娲鷦?dòng)詞do和as / which一起代替。do可以出現(xiàn)，也可以不出現(xiàn)，但不能用其它動(dòng)詞代替。

3.句子作先行成分。

這句子可以是整個(gè)主句也可以只是主句中的一個(gè)從句。有時(shí)是連續(xù)幾個(gè)句子，有時(shí)甚至可以是一個(gè)完整的故事。

二、“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置

由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：

1.形容詞做先行成分時(shí)：形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)（含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后。

2.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí)：動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí)，“as / which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當(dāng)從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時(shí)，“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句可以移至句子之首。

3.句子作先行成分時(shí)：“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語(yǔ)，“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句與否定詞的相對(duì)位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同的意義。由于“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句具有這一特點(diǎn)，所以有時(shí)它的位置不能隨便移動(dòng)。在非正式的文體里，“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句可以出現(xiàn)在先行成分之中。

三、“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)義功能

一般說(shuō)來(lái)，as與which的語(yǔ)義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時(shí)，它們的語(yǔ)義功能則有差異。

1.表示結(jié)果

表示結(jié)果的特殊定語(yǔ)從句與其先行成分之間存在著一定的因果關(guān)系，從句中往往使用有結(jié)果意義的詞，如動(dòng)詞result, make, enable, cause和形容詞interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。

2.表示評(píng)注

表示評(píng)注的特殊定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其先行成分所述事實(shí)的正確性有肯定的傾向，它通常與那些表示客觀事實(shí)，普遍真理或某種習(xí)性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規(guī)律”、“眾所周知”或“經(jīng)常發(fā)生”等意義的詞語(yǔ)，如natural, known to all, usual等。

3.有無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義

“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句具有狀語(yǔ)意義（主要是方式狀語(yǔ)意義），而“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句則無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義。“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)意義要求它在語(yǔ)義上與其先行成分的語(yǔ)義保持一致，“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句則不受這種限制。

四、關(guān)系代詞as與which的句法功能

1.as / which 在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。

as作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為連系動(dòng)詞（主要是be, seem），主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為usual、a rule、a matter of fact等時(shí)，系動(dòng)詞be習(xí)慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動(dòng)詞作“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（其中助動(dòng)詞be常略），不及物的行為動(dòng)詞在“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作謂語(yǔ)的極少，常見(jiàn)的有happen一詞。如：

Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不限，主動(dòng)被動(dòng)皆可，只是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be省略。

2.as和which都可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ)。

3.as和 which在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：

We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句中可以主謂倒裝，“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝。

如果先行成分不是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用as。如：

He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4.which在特殊從定語(yǔ)句中作定語(yǔ)。

which可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾fact, matter, thing 等名詞。這些名詞代表先行成分表達(dá)的意義，有時(shí)將其略去句義仍然完整。as不能作定語(yǔ)。如：

I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.關(guān)系代詞that 的用法

(1)不用that的情況

(a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。

(b)介詞后不能用。

(2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

(b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。

(c)先行詞有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修飾時(shí)，只用that。

(d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that,不能用which。.(e)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

(f)先行詞指物，在主句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)．

(g)為了避免重復(fù)．

(h)先行詞是the way或the reason時(shí)，that可作關(guān)系副詞，也可省略

(i)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who /which時(shí) 難點(diǎn)分析

（一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的幾種情況

1、當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修飾時(shí)

注意1：部分時(shí)候that可以省略，如部分例句將that用括號(hào)括住。

注意2：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who

2、當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾

3、當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)

4、當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only，the same,the last 修飾時(shí)

當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who

5、當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)

6、當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)

7.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做表語(yǔ)

8.當(dāng)在there be句型中，通常情況下用that，不用which

（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：

1、As和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。

2、as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如??，正像??”的意思

注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which。

3、當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as

注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同

注意：定語(yǔ)從句such?as ?與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句such? that?的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)；that在結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中不做成分

(三）以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。

(四)but有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

There are very few but understand his idea。(but= who don’t)

［定語(yǔ)從句］介詞+關(guān)系詞

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系副詞不能省略。

2）that前不能有介詞。

3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的”介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。

第五章：狀語(yǔ)從句

狀語(yǔ)從句指句子用作狀語(yǔ)，起副詞作用的句子。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)的分類(lèi)，我們將狀語(yǔ)從句分為九種：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較狀語(yǔ)從句。

第一節(jié)：狀語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)

1.時(shí)間主狀語(yǔ)從句。

常用關(guān)系詞：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊關(guān)系詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner ? than, hardly ?when, scarcely ? when a.I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.b.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.c.The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard.d.No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain.e.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2． 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 常用關(guān)系詞：where 特殊關(guān)系詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere a.Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.b.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3． 原因狀語(yǔ)從句

常用關(guān)系詞：because, since, as, for 特殊關(guān)系詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.a.My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.b.Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.c.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.d.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4． 目的狀語(yǔ)從句

常用關(guān)系詞：so that, in order that 特殊關(guān)系詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that a.The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.b.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5． 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

常用關(guān)系詞：so ? that, such ? that, 特殊關(guān)系詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, a.He got up so early that he caught the first bus.b.It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.c.To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.6． 條件狀語(yǔ)從句

常用關(guān)系詞：if, unless, 特殊關(guān)系詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that a.We’ll start our project if the president agrees.b.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.c.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7． 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

a.常用關(guān)系詞：though, although, even if/even though 特殊關(guān)系詞： as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while(一般用在句首)，no matter ?，in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, whether.a.Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.b.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.c.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.d.He won’t listen whatever you may say.8． 比較狀語(yǔ)從句

常用關(guān)系詞：as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較)特殊關(guān)系詞：the more ? the more ?;just as ?，so?;A is to B what /as C is to D;no ? more than;not A so much as B a.She is as bad-tempered as her mother.b.The house is three times as big as ours.c.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.d.Food is to men what oil is to machine.9． 方式狀語(yǔ)從句

常用關(guān)系詞：as, as if, how 特殊關(guān)系詞：the way(也可以認(rèn)為是in the way that-同位語(yǔ)從句)a.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.b.She behaved as if she were the boss.c.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.第二講：幾種容易與狀語(yǔ)從句混淆的其他從句

由于有些狀語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞和其他從句的關(guān)系詞一樣，所以學(xué)生在使用時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。本講主要講解幾種容易混淆的從句。

1.if 和whether的區(qū)別。

首先我們看看這兩個(gè)關(guān)系詞所能引導(dǎo)的從句。

① if.它通常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)：條件狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。

② whether用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句, 同位語(yǔ)從句和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

那么，我們就可以看出，它們兩個(gè)詞的共同之處就是：都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，換句話說(shuō)，在賓語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)可以替換。

2.no matter+疑問(wèn)詞和疑問(wèn)詞+ever 的區(qū)別。首先我們看看這兩個(gè)關(guān)系詞所能引導(dǎo)的從句。

① no matter+疑問(wèn)詞通常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。② 疑問(wèn)詞+ever用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性同居。

那么，我們就可以看出，它們的共同之處就是：都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，換句話說(shuō)，在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中可以替換。

He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was.(天津 2005)A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 分析：答案為A.however。這道題為什么不在B.no matter后面加how呢？從句意看出，這是一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，however和no matter how都能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以不能在B.no matter后面加how，不然它也能選。

3.介詞，副詞和關(guān)系詞的區(qū)分。

這種結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵就是要弄清楚詞性，以及他們各自的功能。介詞：后面跟賓語(yǔ)從句；

副詞：不能在句子中作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)句子，除非是具有引導(dǎo)功能的關(guān)系副詞； 關(guān)系詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。

下面列舉幾組容易混淆的例子： ① despite和although.盡管兩個(gè)詞在意思上都有“雖然，盡管”的意思，但是despite為介詞，although為關(guān)系詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

a._____ what he achieved in medicine, he reminded modest.A.Despite.B.Although.C.If D.Even.分析：由于what he achieved in medicine.為一名詞性從句，由what引導(dǎo)，因此它前面就不能再出現(xiàn)其他的關(guān)系詞。所以排除B.Although，C.If，Even為副詞，不能引導(dǎo)句子，所以答案為A.Despite。b.______ young, he has experienced what others has not experienced.A.Despite.B.Although.C.If D.Even.分析：young為形容詞,不能跟在介詞之后，所以排除A.Despite，根據(jù)句意選擇B.Although。為什么排除C,D在以后的章節(jié)有詳細(xì)講解。② but和yet的區(qū)別。

這兩個(gè)詞在意思上都有“但是”的意思，但是如果用在兩個(gè)句子中間but用作連詞，yet可以認(rèn)為是副詞。

Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.分析：although為一關(guān)系詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明此句為一主從復(fù)合句，假如橫線上填入but那就說(shuō)明此句為一并列句，那么到底是什么句子呢？所以只能用yet.③ when和suddenly的區(qū)別。

When引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以表示“突然”，suddenly也有突然的意思，但是它只是一個(gè)副詞，不能引導(dǎo)從句。

One day, he was on a flight ______ the plane crashed.從句系的形式來(lái)看，橫線后面為一句子，所以此處必須選一關(guān)系詞，所以只能用when。

④ in order to和in order that, because of 和because, in case of和in case, for fear of 和for fear。

這幾組短語(yǔ)前面的都不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，后面的用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。

John may phone tonight.I don't want to go out_____ he phones.(2000春季招生)A.in order B.in order that C.in case D.in case of 分析：橫線后是從句，所以排除A，D。根據(jù)句意C.in case。

第三講：狀語(yǔ)從句選擇關(guān)系詞的公式

高中階段的狀語(yǔ)從句比較簡(jiǎn)單。從高中水平來(lái)講：缺少狀語(yǔ)部分的句子，無(wú)論是主句還是從句，它們都是完整的句子（完整句子的概念在第一章有詳細(xì)講解）。因此，狀語(yǔ)從句的選詞公式為： 1.判斷主從句是否完整，如果完整即為狀語(yǔ)從句。

2.根據(jù)句意個(gè)關(guān)系詞的意思和功能選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。

第三講：實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1.After the war, a new school building was put up _____there had once been a theatre.(全國(guó)卷 1996)A.that B.when C.which D.where 2.______, mother will wait for father to have dinner together.(全國(guó)卷 1997)A.However late is he B.However late he is C.However is he late D.However he is late 3.Why do you want a new job ___you’ve got such a good one already?(全國(guó)卷 1998)A.that B.where C.which D.when 4.—I’m going to the post office.—____you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(全國(guó)卷 1999)A.As B.While C.Because D.If 5.____you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.(全國(guó)卷 1999)A.Now that B.After C.Although D.As soon as 6.You should make it a rule to leave things ____ you can find them again.(全國(guó)卷 1999)A.when B.where C.there D.which 7.We’ll have to find the job, _____.(全國(guó)卷 1999)A.long it takes however B.it takes however long C.long however it takes D.however long it takes 8.Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ____I could answer the phone.(全國(guó)卷2000)A.as B.since C.until D.before 9.The WTO cannot live up to his name ___it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(全國(guó)卷 2000)A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though 10.John may phone tonight.I don't want to go out_____ he phones.(2000春季招生)A.as long as B.in order that C.in case D.so that 11.It is generally believed that teaching is ______ it is a science.(全國(guó)卷 2001)A.an art much as B.much as an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as 12.The men will have to wait all day ______the doctor works faster.(2001春季招生)A.if B.unless C.where D.that 13.-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?-Yes, I gave it to her ____I saw her.(2001春季招生)A.while B.the moment C.suddenly D.once 14._____ can you expect to get a pay rise.(2001春季招生)A.With a hard work B.Although work hard C.Only with hard work D.Now that he works hard 15.John shut everybody out of his kitchen ____he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.(全國(guó)卷2002)A.which B.when C.so that D.as if 16.He was about to tell me the secret _______ someone patted him on the shoulder.(2002上海)A.as B.until C.while D.when 17.We were in ____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.(2003上海)A.a rush so anxious B.a such anxious rush C.so an anxious rush D.such an anxious rush 18.A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity ____ he reaches the end of the story.(2003上海)A.when B.unless C.after D.until 19.—Dad, I've finished my assignment —Good, and ____ you play or watch TV, you mustn't disturb me.(2003上海)A.whenever B.whether C.whatever D.no matter 20.Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ___ her boss could read it first thing next morning.（2003安徽）

A.so that B.because C.before D.or else 21.Mr.Hall understands that ___ math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students.（2003安徽）

A.unless B.since C.although D.when 22.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _______ it got worse.(2003北京)A.until B.when C.before D.as 23._______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.(2003北京)A.Even though B.Unless C.As long as D.While 24.—Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? —Yes.He had never praised him_____ he became one of the top students in his grade.(2003春季招生)A.after B.unless C.until D.when 25.Don’t be afraid of asking for help ____ it is needed.(全國(guó)卷2003)A.unless B.since C.although D.when 26.You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.(重慶 2004)A.whenever B.wherever C.whatever D.however 27.Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.(全國(guó)卷2004-1）A.because B.so that C.even if D.as 28._____you call me to say you’re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(全國(guó)卷2004-2)A.Though B.Whether C.Until D.Unless 29.Several weeks had gone by ______I realized the painting was missing.(全國(guó)卷2004-4)A.as B.before C.since D.when 30._____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.(2004 浙江)A.While B.Since C.As D.If 31．We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started.(北京 2004 春季招生)A.when B.while C.until D.before 32._______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.(北京 04 春季招生)A.As long as B.As far as C.Just as D.Even if 33.It was evening______ we reached the little town of Winchester.(天津 2004)A that B until C since D before 34.I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.(江蘇 2004)A.While B.Since C.Before D.Unless 35.—Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.(福建 2004)A．since B．a(chǎn)fter C．before D．when 36.You should try to get a good night’s sleep much work you have to do.(湖北 2004)A．however B．no matter C．a(chǎn)lthough D．whatever 37.We were told that we should follow the main road we reached the central railway station.(遼寧 2004)A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever 38.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.（上海2004）

A.when B.while C.since D.once 39.Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses _________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.（上海2004）

A.because B.through C.unless D.if 40.________, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.(上海04 春季招生）

A.However the story is amusing B No matter amusing the story is C.However amusing the story is D.No matter how the story is amusing 41.It is known to all that you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.(全國(guó)卷2005)A．unless B．whenever C．a(chǎn)lthough D．if 42.I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s __________ I have to wait.(全國(guó)卷2005-3)A.in case B.so that C.in order D.as if 43.He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was.(天津 2005)A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 44.He transplanted the little tree to the garden ____ it was the best time for it.（上海2005）

A.where B.when C.that D.until 45.Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____ they are different from your own.(湖南 2005)A.until B.even if C.unless D.as though 46.The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him ____ I did.(湖南 2005)A.as much as B.as long as C.as soon as D.as far as 47.You must keep on working in the evening, you are sure you can finish the task in time.(安徽 2005)A.as B.if C.when D.unless 48.That was really a splendid evening.It’s years I enjoyed myself so much.(安徽 2005)A.when B.that C.before D.since 49.I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea.(北京 2005)A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that 50.It is almost five years we saw each other last time.（北京 05 春季招生）A.before B.since C.after D.when 答案和分析：

1.主句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-完整，從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.where。2.主句為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)however的用法，它修飾形容詞或副詞，用在所修飾的詞之前，根據(jù)句意為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.However late he is。3.主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從為句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.when（盡管）。

4.主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句肯定為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.While。

5.主語(yǔ)為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為原因狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.Now that。

6.主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.where。

7.主語(yǔ)為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓-完整，所以從句為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.however long it takes。

8.主語(yǔ)為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以從句為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.before。

9.主句為主謂賓-完整，從句為主謂賓-完整，所以從句為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.if。

10.主句為主謂賓機(jī)構(gòu)-完整，從句為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)-完整，所以為狀語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意為條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.in case。以下只做簡(jiǎn)單分析：

11.這道題考察as much?as的用法，結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，不能簡(jiǎn)單地將其翻譯為“和?一樣多”，但它是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的比較結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，是as用在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中比較簡(jiǎn)單的一種。從近年高考試題來(lái)看，這種結(jié)構(gòu)出道這種程度也算是夠難的。這道題的真正意思是：人們普遍認(rèn)為教書(shū)不但是一門(mén)科學(xué)更是一門(mén)藝術(shù)。如果理解這種用法，這道題就非常簡(jiǎn)單了，答案為D.as much an art as。12.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.unless。13.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.the moment。

14.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以C.Only with hard work。15.目的狀語(yǔ)，所以C.so that。16.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，D.when（突然）。

17.so 和such的區(qū)別，所以D.such an anxious rush。18.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.until。19.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.whether。20.目的狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.so that。21.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.although。22.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.before。23.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.As long as。24.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.until。25.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.when。26.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.whenever。27.目的狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.so that。28.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.Unless。29.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.before。30.原因狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.Since。

31.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.when。when suddenly可以認(rèn)為是固定搭配。

32.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，as far as I can see 固定搭配，“以我來(lái)看?”,所以B.As far as。33.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D before。34.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.While 35.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C．before。36.讓步主語(yǔ)從句，所以A．however。37.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B．until。38.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.when。39.原因狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.because。

40.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以C.However amusing the story is。41.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A．unless。42.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.in case。43.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以A.however。44.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.when。45.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，所以B.even if。

46.比較狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯：我越想他，我就越能找出更多和以往一樣愛(ài)他的理由，所以A.as much as。47.條件狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.unless。

48.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯：那是多么美好的一個(gè)夜晚啊！好多年都沒(méi)有這種感覺(jué)了，所以D.since。49.目的狀語(yǔ)從句，所以D.so that。

50.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯：從上一次我們見(jiàn)面到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5年了（我們5年沒(méi)見(jiàn)面了），所以B.since。

第二篇：復(fù)合句(定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句)教案

復(fù)合句（定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句）

定語(yǔ)從句

考點(diǎn)一 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1．whose是一個(gè)表示所屬關(guān)系的詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，of which可以代替whose指物，詞序一般是名詞＋of which或of which＋名詞。of whom 可以代替whose指人，詞序是名詞＋of whom。

2．which，that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that；which代指前面整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容。

3．who，whom，that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。

考點(diǎn)二 介詞提前了的定語(yǔ)從句

1．與定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成搭配。2．與定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞構(gòu)成搭配。

3．of＋which/whom表示所屬關(guān)系。(表所屬關(guān)系也可用whose)考點(diǎn)三 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1．關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，when指時(shí)間，where指地點(diǎn)，why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。

2．先行詞是時(shí)間名詞或地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，如果在從句中不作狀語(yǔ)，則不能用when或where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而要用which/that。

考點(diǎn)四 先行詞為point, situation, case等的定語(yǔ)從句

point，situation，case，activity等，從表面上看它們不是表地點(diǎn)的，但卻表示類(lèi)似地點(diǎn)的意義，因此它們作先行詞時(shí)，如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，那么這個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞要用where；如果不作狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。

名詞性從句

考點(diǎn)一 主語(yǔ)從句

主語(yǔ)從句在主句中作主語(yǔ)，位于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，但多數(shù)情況下由it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句子的后面，其句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：It＋be＋n./adj.＋that/whether/why/when＋從句。考點(diǎn)二 同位語(yǔ)從句

1．同位語(yǔ)從句常放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt 等名詞的后面，是對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步的解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明前面名詞的具體含義。2．同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)前面名詞的內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步的解釋、說(shuō)明，引導(dǎo)詞只起引導(dǎo)作用，不在句中作任何成分，一般不可省略。定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)前面名詞進(jìn)行修飾、限制，引導(dǎo)詞在句中作一定的句子成分。考點(diǎn)三 表語(yǔ)從句

表語(yǔ)從句在句中作表語(yǔ)，位于主句的系動(dòng)詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連詞有that，whether，as if；疑問(wèn)代詞有who，what，which；疑問(wèn)副詞where，why，when，how等。考點(diǎn)四 “疑問(wèn)詞＋ever”與“no matter＋疑問(wèn)詞”的區(qū)別

“疑問(wèn)詞＋ever”與“no matter＋疑問(wèn)詞”雖然都有“無(wú)論……”的意思，但是用法有區(qū)別：“疑問(wèn)詞＋ever”既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句也可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，而“no matter＋疑問(wèn)詞只能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。

狀語(yǔ)從句

考點(diǎn)一 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

1．表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句可以由when，whenever，as，while，before，until，ever since，as soon as等詞引導(dǎo)。

【溫馨提示】when可表原因，意為“既然”。

How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen? 既然你什么也聽(tīng)不下去你怎么期望學(xué)東西呢？

2．a(chǎn)s soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the instant，no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...和once(一……就……)這些從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句的動(dòng)作隨即就發(fā)生，常譯為“一……就……”。從句中用一般時(shí)態(tài)代替將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。

3．no sooner...than和hardly...when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去時(shí)。若把no sooner, hardly提到句首，主句須倒裝。考點(diǎn)二 條件狀語(yǔ)從句

1．通常由if，unless如果不，除非，as(so)long as 只要，in case “結(jié)果，萬(wàn)一”等連詞引導(dǎo)。2．由on condition(that)；provided(that)；providing(that)(假若；倘使)；supposing(that)等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。考點(diǎn)三 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

1．通常由連詞where和wherever引導(dǎo)，從句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。2．地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句在句首時(shí)常兼有抽象條件意味。Where there's a will，there's a way.有志者事竟成。考點(diǎn)四 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

1.由although，though，as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句although和though同義，用法基本相同。前者較正式，多置于句首；后者較通俗、口語(yǔ)化。

【溫馨提示】 as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)序要倒裝。Child as he is, he knows a lot.盡管他是個(gè)孩子，但是他知道得很多。

2．even if, even though表示“即使，縱然”，有退一步設(shè)想的意味，多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。3．whether(...or)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，提供兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的假設(shè)。4．由疑問(wèn)詞＋ever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。考點(diǎn)五 原因狀語(yǔ)從句

原因狀語(yǔ)從句常用because, since, as, for引導(dǎo)，還可用now that(既然)，considering that...(考慮到……)，not that...but that(不是因?yàn)椤且驗(yàn)?等引導(dǎo)。考點(diǎn)六 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句由so that, so...that, such that, such...that等詞引導(dǎo)。

復(fù)合句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1.The school shop, ________ customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.A.which

B.whose

C.when

D.where 【解析】答案：B 句意：這家校內(nèi)商店放假時(shí)關(guān)門(mén)，它的顧客主要是學(xué)生。考查定語(yǔ)從句。本句沒(méi)有并列連詞也沒(méi)有從屬連詞，故可判斷逗號(hào)后面是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；本句先行詞是the school shop，還原到從句后為：The school shop’s customers are mainly students.因此選B，用whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中作定語(yǔ)。

2.The old town has narrow streets and small houses ________ are built close to each other.A.they

B.where

C.what

D.that 【解析】答案：D 句意：這個(gè)古老的小鎮(zhèn)擁有建造得彼此靠得很近的狹窄街道和小房子。本題考查定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞是narrow streets and small houses，還原到從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以用關(guān)系代詞that。A和C不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；B是關(guān)系副詞，不能作主語(yǔ)。3.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of ________ she spoke fluently.A.who

B.whom

C.which

D.that 【解析】答案：C 句意：Julie擅長(zhǎng)德語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)和俄語(yǔ)，所有的(三門(mén)語(yǔ)言)她都說(shuō)得很流利。先行詞為German，F(xiàn)rench，Russian，代入定語(yǔ)從句后為：She spoke all of the three languages fluently.由此可見(jiàn)，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作of的賓語(yǔ)，先行詞指“物”，且介詞提前，故用which。4.Mother bought many tomatoes from the market two days ago, ________ some have gone bad due to the bad weather.A.of those

B.from which

C.of which

D.in which 【解析】答案：C 考查定語(yǔ)從句。此處表示“其中的一些西紅柿”，故用“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

5.As a teacher, I seldom give my students so difficult a problem ________ they cannot work out.A.that

B.if

C.in order that

D.as 【解析】 答案：D 句意：作為老師，我很少給我的學(xué)生難以解決的問(wèn)題。先行詞為so difficult a problem，代入定語(yǔ)從句后為：They cannot work out so difficult a problem.由此可見(jiàn)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。“so或such＋名詞”作先行詞、且先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，需用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。本題易誤選為A項(xiàng)，用that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，但狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)是完整的，所以，如選A項(xiàng)，題干應(yīng)該為：As a teacher，I seldom give my students so difficult a problem that they cannot work it out.作為老師，我很少給我的學(xué)生如此難的問(wèn)題以至他們不能解決。

6.It is still under discussion ___ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A.whether

B.when

C.which

D.where 【解析】答案：A 本題考查名詞性從句。句意：那個(gè)舊公交車(chē)站是否應(yīng)該被一家現(xiàn)代化賓館所取代仍在討論中。“It”作形式主語(yǔ)，“________ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”作真正的主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句意及題干中的“or not”可知答案為whether，“whether...or not”在名詞性從句中意為：是否。

7.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do ________ it takes to save her life.A.whichever

B.however

C.whatever

D.whoever 【解析】答案：C 句意：她對(duì)我們彌足珍貴。我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好盡一切努力挽救她的生命。這里的whatever既作take的賓語(yǔ)，也引導(dǎo)do后的賓語(yǔ)從句。

8.Being angry is OK, but knowing how to tell someone ________ made you angry is important.A.that

B.which

C.why

D.what 【解析】答案：D 考查名詞性從句。句意：生氣沒(méi)什么，但是知道如何告訴別人什么導(dǎo)致你生氣是很重要的。tell someone之后是賓語(yǔ)從句，且從句缺少主語(yǔ)，因此空處填what。9.In recent years, there has been a heated argument about ________ it is necessary for children to learn English from an early age.A.whether

B.if

C.what

D.that 【解析】答案：A 考查賓語(yǔ)從句。空白處在介詞about之后，表示“是否”之意，且在介詞之后引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，只能用whether，介詞后通常不用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。

10.The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was aware ________ she had gone.A.that where

B.of the place which

C.of what

D.of where 【解析】答案：D 句意：全家人都為詹妮擔(dān)心，因?yàn)闆](méi)人知道她去哪里了。be aware of知道，為固定搭配；where引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。

11.He had no sooner finished his speech ________ the students started cheering.A.since

B.as

C.when

D.than 【解析】答案：D 本題考查固定句式。句意：他剛做完演講，學(xué)生們就開(kāi)始?xì)g呼起來(lái)。no sooner往往與than連用，意為：一……就……。故答案為D項(xiàng)。

12.As is reported, it is 100 years ________ Qinghua University was founded.A.when

B.before

C.after

D.since 【解析】答案：D 考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，自從清華大學(xué)成立已經(jīng)有100年了。這里用句式“It be＋一段時(shí)間＋since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句”表示“自從……(到現(xiàn)在)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”。

13.No matter how ________, it is not necessarily lifeless.A.a desert may be dry

B.dry a desert may be C.may a desert be dry

D.dry may a desert be 【解析】答案：B 本題考查讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：無(wú)論沙漠可能會(huì)多么干燥，那里也未必沒(méi)有生命。“no matter how＋形容詞/副詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B項(xiàng)符合要求。

14.Having checked everything, he sat down to do his homework, ________ he heard a lightening strike the electricity pole in the backyard.A.for

B.when

C.or

D.but 【解析】答案：B 考查連詞。句意：檢查了所有的東西之后，他坐下來(lái)開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作業(yè)，這時(shí)他聽(tīng)到閃電擊中了后院的電線桿的聲音。此處用when表示“這時(shí)”。

15.If you are traveling __ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.A.in which

B.what

C.when

D.where 【解析】答案：D 句意：如果你正在一個(gè)風(fēng)俗迥異的地方旅行，請(qǐng)入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句；A項(xiàng)in which在定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，缺少先行詞，所以不正確。16.--Could you please cut the price a little?--Er...________ you buy more than ten.A.even if

B.so long as

C.in case

D.as soon as 【解析】答案：B 句意：— 你能降一點(diǎn)價(jià)嗎？— 呃……只要你買(mǎi)十個(gè)以上。so long as只要；even if即便，即使；in case以防萬(wàn)一；as soon as一……就……。

17.It was foolish of you to take a taxi ________ you could easily walk there in five minutes.A.though

B.as long as

C.so that

D.when 【解析】答案：D 考查連詞。句意：你五分鐘就可以走到那兒的，可你還打的去，真是太傻了。根據(jù)語(yǔ)意可知此處用when引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“既然，考慮到”。though意為“盡管，雖然”；as long as意為“只要”；so that意為“為了”，都不符合題意。18.________ one is fully prepared, out door sports can sometimes mean injuries.A.Until

B.Because

C.When

D.Unless 【解析】答案：D 考查連詞辨析。句意：要是沒(méi)有充分準(zhǔn)備的話，戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)意味著受傷。根據(jù)語(yǔ)意選D項(xiàng)，表示“如果不……；除非……”。

19.There she was, standing exactly ________ I had left her, crying bitterly.A.when

B.that

C.where

D.in which 5 【解析】答案：C 考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：她就站在我剛才離開(kāi)她的那個(gè)地方悲痛地哭。where I had left her是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。

20.The new teacher was so well organized that she began ________ we stopped yesterday so that no point was left out.A.when

B.in which

C.how

D.where 【解析】答案：D 考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：這位新老師條理非常清楚，她從我們昨天停止的地方開(kāi)始，沒(méi)有遺漏要點(diǎn)。where we stopped yesterday是狀語(yǔ)從句。21.--Could you do me a favour?

--It depends on ________ it is.A.which

B.whichever

C.what

D.whatever 【解析】答案：C what在此導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，what在賓語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ)，句意為：這要看是什么(即這要看你要我?guī)褪裁疵?。

22.________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A.No matter what

B.No matter which

C.Whatever

D.whichever 【解析】答案：D 從句意上看，應(yīng)一個(gè)表示“無(wú)論哪一個(gè)”的選項(xiàng)，因此B和D比較合適，但No matter which只用于引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，不用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，故不能選B。23.--It’s thirty years since we last met.--But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________ we got lost on a rainy night.A.which

B.that

C.what

D.when 【解析】答案：B that在此引導(dǎo)同位=語(yǔ)從句，修飾名詞the story。此題的難點(diǎn)是，其中插入了believe it or not，使問(wèn)題變得復(fù)雜了。

24.See the flags on top of the building? That was ________ we did this morning.A.when

B.which

C.where

D.what 【解析】答案：D what在此引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)what在表語(yǔ)從句中用作動(dòng)詞did的賓語(yǔ)，其意相當(dāng)于did the thing that。

25.A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.A.if

B.when

C.that

D.which 【解析】答案：C that在此引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，修飾名詞thought。此題的難點(diǎn)是，名詞thought與修飾它的同位語(yǔ)從句被分離開(kāi)了。

26.The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.6 A.which was

B.it was

C.which were

D.them were

【解析】答案：C 容易誤選A 或B, 將A、B 中的 which和 it 誤認(rèn)為是其后句子的主語(yǔ)。around which were high mountains是一個(gè)由 “介詞+which” 引出的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而在該從句中，主語(yǔ)是 high mountains, around which是表語(yǔ)，所以句子謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)were，而不是用單數(shù) was。

請(qǐng)做下面一組題（答案均為C）：

（1）Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.A.which is

B.it is

C.which are

D.them are（2）The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.A.which are

B.it is

C.which is

D.them are（3）Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurant where we can have Chinese food.A.which are

B.it is

C.which is

D.them are 27.A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”

A.that

B.which

C.where

D.what

【解析】答案：C 容易誤選 B，認(rèn)為around 是介詞，選which用以代替前面的名詞hospital, 在此用作介詞 around 的賓語(yǔ)。以上語(yǔ)法分析并不算錯(cuò)，但問(wèn)題是，照此分析，此句的意思即為：有沒(méi)有這樣一個(gè)醫(yī)院，我在它的附近可以買(mǎi)藥治我的手傷？這樣的語(yǔ)境顯然有點(diǎn)不合情理，因?yàn)槿藗兺ǔＪ窃卺t(yī)院里面治傷，而不是在醫(yī)院附近治傷。此題選 C的理由是：句中的 around 不是介詞，而是副詞, 意為 “在附近”；其后的 where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句用以修飾其前的地點(diǎn)名詞 hospital, 句意為：附近有沒(méi)有一家醫(yī)院，我可以去買(mǎi)藥治我的手傷？ 28._____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What

【解析】答案：B 容易誤選 A，認(rèn)為此處應(yīng)填一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ)。as 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。比較下面一題：

_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What

此題答案選 A，it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的 that 從句。再比較下面一組題，其中第（1）題選 B，第（2）題選 D：

7（1）______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A.Which

B.As

C.That

D.It（2）______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A.Which

B.As

C.That

D.It 29.Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 【解析】答案：A which 在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)。

30.Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.A.where

B.when

C.that

D.which 【解析】答案：A where 在定語(yǔ)從句中用作狀語(yǔ)。

附加題

1.David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.A.that

B.who

C.as

D.whom 【陷阱】此題容易誤選A，許多同學(xué)一看到題干中的such，再聯(lián)系到選項(xiàng)中的 that，便認(rèn)為這是考查such…… that ……句式。況且，這樣理解意思也還通順。最佳答案為C, 不是A, 因?yàn)樵趕uch…… that ……（如此……以至……）結(jié)構(gòu)中，that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，并且 that 在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，若在上句填入 such …… that ……，句末的動(dòng)詞 like 缺賓語(yǔ)。選C 的理由如下：as用作關(guān)系代詞，用以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾其前的名詞 boy，同時(shí) as在定語(yǔ)從句中用作動(dòng)詞 like 的賓語(yǔ)，句意為 “所有老師都喜歡的一位好男孩”。有的同學(xué)可能還會(huì)問(wèn)，假若選A, 能否將其后的 that 視為引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞呢？不能，因?yàn)楫?dāng)先行詞受到 such 的修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 as 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而不用that。比較下面一題，答案為A, 因?yàn)?like 后有自己的賓語(yǔ) him。David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.A.that

B.who

C.as

D.whom 請(qǐng)?jiān)僮鲆韵略囶}（答案選D）：

It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.A.like

B.that

C.which

D.as 2.The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which

【陷阱】容易誤選 C, 用 them 代指 the buses。最佳答案是D。most of which were already full為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 the buses。類(lèi)似地，以下各題也選D。

8（1）His house, for _______ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which（2）Ashdown forest, through _______ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which

（3）This I did at nine o’clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which 類(lèi)似地, 以下各題選 whom, 不選 them:（4）George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.A.that

B.him

C.them

D.whom

（5）Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.A.that

B.who

C.them

D.whom（6）I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.A.that

B.who

C.them

D.whom 3.He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who

【陷阱】容易誤選 B，用 them 代指 students。最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。假若在many of ……的前面加上連詞and，則選答案B.比較以下各題（答案均選A）:（1）He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that

（2）He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.A.them

B.which

C.what

D.that（3）He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who（4）He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of ____ knew anything about the other.A.them

B.whom

C.which

D.who 4.He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who

【陷阱】容易誤選 A, 認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。最佳答案是B, 這不是非限制性定語(yǔ)從 句，而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榭崭窈蟮膭?dòng)詞 invited并不是一個(gè)完整的謂語(yǔ)，而是一個(gè) 過(guò)去分詞。當(dāng)然，假若在 invited前加上助動(dòng)詞 were, 則是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 答案

便應(yīng)選A。比較：

（1）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that 答案選B, none of them carried out in their work是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，carried out 為過(guò)去分詞。

（2）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _____ were carried out in their work.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that 答案選A, none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，注意與上例比較 句中多了一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞were.（3）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of __ were carried out in their work.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that

答案選B, 由于兩句之間增加了一個(gè)并列連詞but, 使得該句成了一個(gè)并列句。

5.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents seated together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 【陷阱】容易誤選, 認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。最佳答案是A。與上面一題相似，their parents seated together joking不是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榭崭窈?的動(dòng)詞seated不是謂語(yǔ)，而是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞，因?yàn)?seat 作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，是及物動(dòng)詞。比較以 下相似題：

（1）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 選B。whose parents were seated together joking 為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)槠浜笥型暾闹^語(yǔ) were seated.（2）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 選A。因?yàn)榫渲杏胁⒘羞B詞and, 整個(gè)句子為并列句。

（3）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 選A。their parents sitting together joking 為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

（4）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents sat together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 10 選B。whose parents sat together joking 為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)榫渲杏型暾闹^語(yǔ)sat。（5）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 選B。whose parents were sitting together joking為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)榫渲杏型暾闹^語(yǔ) were sitting。

6.If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.A.as

B.which

C.what

D.that

【陷阱】容易誤選A 或B, 認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。正確答案為D，注意逗號(hào)前是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，逗號(hào)后是該狀語(yǔ)從句的主句，that在此代表前文所述的情況，用作主句的主語(yǔ)。類(lèi)似地，下面幾道題也選 that, 而不選 which：（1）If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.A.as

B.which

C.and it

D.that（2）If you want a double room, _____ will cost another￡15.A.as

B.which

C.what

D.that（3）Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.A.that

B.which

C.and it

D.so（4）When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.A.as

B.which

C.what

D.that 7.She says that she’ll never forget the time _ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 【陷阱】容易誤選B, 機(jī)械地認(rèn)為時(shí)間名詞后必須用關(guān)系副詞when，地點(diǎn)名詞后用關(guān)系副詞 where.正確答案為A.在時(shí)間名詞和地點(diǎn)名詞后是否用關(guān)系副詞要看它在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，若用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系代詞；若用作狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系副詞。上面一題中的動(dòng)詞 spent缺賓語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 which或that。比較下面一組題：（1）She says that she’ll never forget the time _______ she works as a secretary in our company.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 選B。由于空格后的句子不缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，所以選關(guān)系副詞when。（2）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 選A。which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作動(dòng)詞 bought 的賓語(yǔ)。

第三篇：名詞性從句講解

名詞性從句講解

在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫做名詞性從句。它包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。歷屆高考試題名詞性從句考查的焦點(diǎn)主要有以下5個(gè)方面 1.考查名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題

2.考查引導(dǎo)詞that與what的區(qū)別

3.考查it在名詞性從句中作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)的用法

4.考查whether與if的區(qū)別

5.考查名詞性從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣問(wèn)題 語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)剖析

一、名詞性從句

主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句，在整個(gè)句子中所起的作用，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。因此，這四種從句通稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類(lèi)：

連接詞：that, whether, if（不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分）

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.連接副詞：when, where, how, why 1.主語(yǔ)從句

作句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無(wú)詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說(shuō)什么，還不清楚。It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒(méi)有宣布。

有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語(yǔ)it代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首，而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名詞 + that從句

（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從句（3）It + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 + that從句

（4）It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + that從句 It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that?

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that ? It is said(reported, believed, known, etc.)that? It does not matter(seems,appears etc)? 2.賓語(yǔ)從句

名詞句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可略，且并列句之間由and連接。He has told me(that)he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。He found(that)he lost himself in the forest and that he had no way to dicide the right directions.他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在樹(shù)林里迷路了，而他又無(wú)法確定正確的方向。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、insist, desire,等表示要求、命令、建議、等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。

I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。2.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。3.用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句實(shí)為一般疑問(wèn)句，其主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)；b.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；

c.引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；

d.從句后有“or not”時(shí)；

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒(méi)有生命是個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題。Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢(qián)。

4.注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用 不同時(shí)態(tài)。

I know(that)he will study English next year.（從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)）

當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（could, would除外），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America． Our teacher told us that the earth runs around the sun

5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語(yǔ)從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健＜磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲小e don’t think you are here.我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。3.表語(yǔ)從句

在句中作表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。

The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如： The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4.同位語(yǔ)從句

同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。

試比較下面兩個(gè)例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life ？（that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）

第四篇：名詞性從句講解

名詞性從句與高考試題

名詞性從句的界定與分類(lèi)：

名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句中的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此，名詞性從句可分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。從屬連詞that, if, whether;

連接代詞who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose;連接副詞where, when, why, how。

其中, 從屬連詞只起連接作用, 在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用, 在從句中又充當(dāng)一定的成分.名詞性從句均不能用逗號(hào)和主句分開(kāi)。

一、主語(yǔ)從句：

定義：一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)從句就叫主語(yǔ)從句。

二、主語(yǔ)從句的表現(xiàn)形式： １.由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句：

a.Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.b.That light travels in straight line is known to all.２.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句： a.What we need is more time.b.Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.c.Whoever comes will be welcome.３.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句：

a.When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced ． b.Where he has been is still a puzzle.c.How much water is flowing can be measured easily.三、關(guān)于形式主語(yǔ) it

主語(yǔ)從句放在句首往往顯得頭重腳輕，不太平衡，因此，在大多數(shù)情況下都是在主語(yǔ)的位置上用一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ) it，而把主語(yǔ)從句移到句未去。

關(guān)于形式主語(yǔ) it: 以 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，把主語(yǔ)從句后置的常用句型有：（1）It + be + 形容詞 + that/wh-從句

It is quite clear that Tom was fond of music.（2）It + be + 名詞 + that/wh-從句

It is a pity that she has made such a foolish mistake.可應(yīng)用于此句型的名詞還有fact / shame / honor / question等。（3）It + be + 過(guò)去分詞 + that/wh-從句

It’s not yet decided that when the test will be given.（4）It seems, happens 等不及物動(dòng)詞 + that/wh-從句 It happened that I didn’t take any money with me.但以下情況往往必須用it作形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句一般不能放在句首。a.It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.b.It’s said that the highway will be open to traffic next year.c.Is it likely that it will snow in the afternoon? 練習(xí)：

1． ____ you don't like him is none of my business．（92上海）A．What B．Who C．That D．Whether A．What B．That C．This D．Which

2． ____ she couldn't understand was _____fewer and fewer students showed interests in her lessons．（2000上海）

A．What；why B．That；what C．What；because D．Why；that

3． ____has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising．（99上海）A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever

4． ____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have．（NMET96）A．What；what B．What；that C．That；that D．That；what

5． ____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather．（NMET96）A．If B．Whether C．That D．Where

6． ____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．（MET93）A．What B．That C．The fact D．The matter 二, 表語(yǔ)從句：

定義：一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的表語(yǔ)，這個(gè)從句就叫作表語(yǔ)從句。可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有 be, look, remain, seem 等。

1.The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.2.The question remains whether we can win the people.3.That’s just what I want.4.This is where our problem lies.5.The difficulty is how I can help smokers kick their habit.值提注意的是：

1.表語(yǔ)從句的表現(xiàn)形式除了用從屬連詞，連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)以外，還可以由as, as if ,as though引導(dǎo).Things were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.2、另外還要注意以下常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

The reason why…is that …(而不用 because。)It(this, that)is because…

The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard.It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.練習(xí)：

1.What the doctors really doubt is____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．

A．when B．how C．whether D．why

2.—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week． —Is that ____ you had a few days off？（NMET99）A．why B．when C．what D．where

3.Go and get your coat．It's____ you left it．（MET92）A．there B．where C．there where D．where there

4.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella．____I got wet all through．（98上海）A．It's the reason B．That's why C．There's why D．It's how 三，同位語(yǔ)從句：

定義：在復(fù)合句中，用作同位語(yǔ)的從句稱(chēng)為同位語(yǔ)從句。

同位語(yǔ)從句一般由 that, whether 等連詞引導(dǎo)，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名詞的后面，說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。

l.The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.2.I have no idea when he will be back.3.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.4.He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。

試比較下面兩個(gè)例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）

練習(xí)：

1.Information has been put forward____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities．（2001上海）

A．while B．that C．when D．a(chǎn)s

2.______ is no possibility _______.Bob can win the first prize I the match.(上海2001春)A、There;that B、It;what C、There;whether D、It;whether 四，賓語(yǔ)從句

定義：一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ)，這個(gè)從句就叫作賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞的賓詞，介詞的賓語(yǔ)，某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ)以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。1．及物動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句：

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.I wonder why she refused my invitation.2．介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句：

I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.The teacher is satisfied with what she has said.3．某些形容詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句：

I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us.關(guān)于形式賓語(yǔ)it

We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.練習(xí)：

1.When you answer questions in a job interview，please remember the golden rule：Always give the monky exactly____ he wants．（2002年春季上海）A．what B．which C．when D．that

2.—I think it's going to be a big problem ． —Yes，it could be．

—I wonder ____ we can do about it．（2002春季北京、安徽、內(nèi)蒙古）A．if B．how C．what D.that

3.A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do．（NMET2001）A．how B．a(chǎn)fter C．what D．when

4.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster____ he had done the day before． A．that B．how C．where D．what

5.These wild flowers are so special that I would do ____ I can to save them（2000春季北京、安徽）A．whatever B．that C．which D．whichever

6.Eat ____ cake you like and leave the others for ____ comes in late．（2000春季上海）A．a(chǎn)ny；who B．every；whoever C．whichever；whoever D．either；whoever

7.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants．（NMET97）A．however B．whatever C．whichever D．whenever

8.Sarah hopes to become a friend of ____shares her interests．（95上海）A．a(chǎn)nyone B．whom ever C．whoever D．no matter who

學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1.在名詞性從句中，疑問(wèn)句要用陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如：

Someone is ringing the doorbell．Go and see ____．（2000上海）A．who is he B．who he is C．who is it D．who it is Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？（MET90）

A．where Alice had put B．where had Alice put C．where Alice has put D．where has Alice put

You can't imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents．（94上海）A．how they were excited B．how excited they were C．how excited were they D．they were how excited

2.動(dòng)詞 doubt 用在疑問(wèn)句或否定句時(shí)，其后賓語(yǔ)從句常用 that 作連接詞；用在肯定句時(shí)，連接詞用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。

Do you doubt that he will win ? I don't doubt that your proposition is wrong.He doubt whether I know it.3.否定轉(zhuǎn)移問(wèn)題。在主句為第一人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)后跟 think , believe , suppose , expect , guess , imagine 等動(dòng)詞時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的否定形式應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ? 4.主謂一致問(wèn)題。

What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world． What I bought were three English books． 5.語(yǔ)氣問(wèn)題

a.在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，that從句常用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)

I suggest we(should)set off at once.b.在It is ＋過(guò)去分詞＋that的主語(yǔ)從句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested，required等。It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening． c.在表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中。

The suggestion that the mayor(should)present the prizes was accepted by everyone．

d.在It is（was）＋形容詞＋that從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即（should ＋）動(dòng)詞原形，表示建議或不滿、驚奇等情緒。常用于此類(lèi)的形容詞有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。It is necessary that a college student ________ at least a foreign language．（上海1993）

A．masters B．should master C．mastered D．will master 6．What引導(dǎo)名詞從句的特殊含義:

What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．

(what為“所……的事”，相當(dāng)于“the thing that．．．；all that．．．；everything that．．．”)After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．

A．what B．when C．that D．which

He is not what he was a few years ago． Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

第五篇：名詞性從句和定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)對(duì)比練習(xí)

出題審題:xxm 使用時(shí)間 3.31

定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句對(duì)比練習(xí)

一 定語(yǔ)從句填空題

1.Many countries are now setting up national parks_____ animals and plants can be protected 2.The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _____ lives were affected.3.Happiness and success often come to those ____are good at recognizing their own strengths.4.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，_____he remember starting as early as his childhood.5.He may win the competition，in________ case he is likely to get into the national team.6.________ is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.7.Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________they live.8.We have launched another man-made satellite，_______is announced in today's newspaper.9.When I arrived Bryan took me to see the house ________I would be staying.10.John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of ______ are family members.I.定語(yǔ)從句與其他相似易混結(jié)構(gòu)比較

1.定語(yǔ)從句與并列結(jié)構(gòu)

1)She won the first prize in the speech contest and___________ surprised us.A.which B.it C.as D.who

2)She won the first prize in the speech contest, ___________ surprised us.A.which B.whom C.them D.what 2.定語(yǔ)從句與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

1)This is such an interesting book ___________ all of us want to read.A.as B.which C.that D.what

2)This is such an interesting book ___________ all of us want to read it.A.as B.which C.that D.what 3.定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

1)He advised me to live _______________ the air is fresher.A.in where B.in which C.the place where D.where

2)He advised me to live in the place ____________ the air is fresher.A.in where B.in that C.where D.which 4.定語(yǔ)從句與主語(yǔ)從句

1)____________ is known to everyone that Taiwan is part of China.A.As B.Which C.It D.What

2)____________ is known to everyone, Taiwan is part of China.A.As B.Which C.That D.What

3)____________ is known to everyone is that Taiwan is part of China.A.As B.Which C.That D.What

4)____________ Taiwan is part of China is known to everyone.A.As B.Which C.That D.What 5.定語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句

1)Our teacher did all _____________ he could to help them.A.which B.that C.what D.it

2)Our teacher did _____________ he could to help them.A.which B.that C.what D.it 6.定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句

1)The fact ___________ she told me yesterday is very important.A.which B.that C.what D.it 2)The fact __________ she hasn’t known the result of the examination is clear.A.which B.that C.what D.it 7.定語(yǔ)從句與表語(yǔ)從句

1)Is this factory ____________ you visited a few days ago? A.where B.that C.what D.which 2)Is this the factory ______________ the exhibition was held? A.where B.that C.which D.what 3)Is this place ______________ you visited two weeks ago? A.that B.which C.the one D.where 8.定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)

1)It is the place _____________ they lived before.A.where B.that C.what D.which 2)It is in the place ___________ they lived before.A.where B.that C.what D.which 9.定語(yǔ)從句與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) * 1)There are lots of people in the reading room, most of _____________ with their heads bent over their books.A.whom B.them C.that D.which

2)There are lots of people in the reading room, most of _____________ bent their heads over their books.A.whom B.them C.that D.which

3)The car ran into a crowd of children, ____________ to hospital immediately.A.two of whom sent B.two of whom are sent C.two of them sent II． 翻譯

1． 我們什么時(shí)候會(huì)召開(kāi)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還沒(méi)有被決定。

（主語(yǔ)從句）It has not been decided ___________________________________________________________.2．我父母的夢(mèng)想是我能夠去一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)。

My parents’ dream was ___________________________________________________________(表語(yǔ)從句)3.我不知道他什么時(shí)候會(huì)回來(lái)。（同位語(yǔ)從句）I have no idea ____________________________________________________________________

4.該項(xiàng)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該被停止這個(gè)建議明天要在會(huì)上進(jìn)行討論。（同位語(yǔ)從句）The suggestion ______________________________________ will__________________________ in the meeting tomorrow.5．眾所周知，劉翔是點(diǎn)燃奧運(yùn)圣火的人。（it 做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句）It is known to all _________________________________________________________________________.6.這就是交通事故發(fā)生的那個(gè)地方。（表語(yǔ)從句或者定語(yǔ)從句）

This is ______________________________________________________________________________.7.我想說(shuō)的是我對(duì)你很失望.(主語(yǔ)從句+表語(yǔ)從句)

III.比較 Group 1: 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 1．用 what / who(whom)填空（在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),那么從句必然成分不全）

1.I doubt _________ will be the leader of the team.I wonder ____________ he did yesterday.She asked __________ he spent the summer holiday._____________ he lives is unknown to me.Group 2: The problem is __________ will be used to make the plane.My doubt is ____________ she ordered to finish this task.He can’t tell __________ he did so.My question is _____________ we will hold the meeting.2．用 where/ when/ why/ how 填空（從句主,謂,賓齊全，只可添加狀語(yǔ)）

1._____________ she is a rich woman is known to us.2.___________ the teachers say has a great impact on us.3.There is much chance _______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.4.Word came____________ China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct.15, 2003.5.The story goes _____________ the king was killed with an arrow by his niece.Group3: if/whether

Everything depends on____________ we have enough money.Please tell me _____________ you will come or not.I’ll go there ____________ time permits.Group4:

1.He differs from other children in _____________ he is strong-willed and generous.2.No one really knows exactly when the first people arrived in _____________we now know as California.Group5: 1.______ will preside the meeting has not been decided.2.________ breaks the law ought to be punished.3.They think ______________ has a lot of knowledge will make more money in the future.4.Parents shouldn’t give _____________ their children ask for.5.This is ____________ I want to tell you.Group 6: Subjunctive Mood in the noun clauses.1.It’s important/ strange/necessary/natural that …(should)… 2.It’s suggested/advised/recommended that …(should)… 3.He made a suggestion that …(should)…

4.He insisted/recommended/advised that …(should)….IV.改錯(cuò)

1.The house which he lives needs repairing.2.The fact which the fields will be flooded is worrying the farmers.3.Those have finished their homework may leave the classroom now.4.This is the very book which I want to read.5.This is the third film which has been shown in our school this term.6.Tony failed again in the driving test, what made him so upset.7.I’ll do everything which I can to help you.8.The old woman was shocked by that had happened to her daughter..9.Finally they arrived at that we now call a theme park.10.The manager tried to make it clear the job was supposed to be finished before Christmas.11.I wonder that the old woman can recognize her son after being separated for 20 years.12.That worries me most is that we haven’t got enough time to work on this project.13 He didn’t pass the exam makes his parents sad.14.This is that I came to the party so late.15.How difficult it is, I will have a try.16.What the teachers say sound great.