第一篇：Justice 正義之法書評

Christian

Zhang Yan 0131126043 Justice according to multielement

The eternal pursuit of the irreconcilable contradictions, on “freedom” and “equality”, is the inexhaustible driving force for social progress.“Multi-evolution”, a representative of a new “relativism” revived.Since the enlightenment modernism was questioned, the Western society as well as the colonies themselves has launched reflections on the modernist concept of development.Thus, the colonists launched imposing colonial liberation movements and drove away Western colonizers under the leadership of nationalist politicians.However, the colonial legacy, which is the unfinished modernism development process, is destined to be succeeded by nationalist politicians.The legacy is concretely showed in the wealth polarization, the serious imbalance in resources distribution and the contrast of the middle class of the developed cities and the traditional society of the developing countryside.What should the nationalist politicians who inherited the legacy do? There are two choices, first, to get rich together, or poor.The former policy appears in East and Southeast Asia and Latin American countries, the so-called “a few people get rich first” policy, whose positive subtext is “most people will keep a pace later”, no matter how the difficulty increases.The latter one appears in traditional Islamic countries, which went to the other extreme in the face of growing wealth gap.“Islamic fundamentalism”, which means going back to the beginning of the classical era, the “garden of Eden”, the main character of the times, was that everybody is all poor, they have no difference in addition to sex.Women all wear robes and veils, men all wear gowns and long beard there, the sole purpose is to erase the characteristic caused by different status and different income.Virtually, all these effects have the same goal, equality.Either the pursuit of common prosperity which seems illusive, or common poverty hogtying the development of people?s life, are all the respond to the principle of equality.So it?s easier to understand The Theory Of Justice.A justice, according to Aristotle's view, is “equality”.Why is the pursuit of Justice(equal), even the Bushman who lives a simple material life in Kalahari of southern Africa also knew that，“Even if a person desires a delicate knife, he doesn?t care to own it for too long, because he knows he will become the envy of others;when he wipes the knife, he will hear the whisper from the others, ?He has a wonderful knife while we have nothing?.Soon someone will ask him for a knife, because everyone wants to own it, so he sends the knife away.Their culture has consistently called for their sharing, so there has never been a man who isn't willing to share items, food or water with other tribe members, because once leaving the mutual cooperation, the Bushmen will not survive in the drought and famine of Kalahari Desert.”

“Equal”, especially materially, is the cornerstone of social, people always want to keep the same with their neighbors, not so different at least, this let people retain dignity sense on capacity and spirit.Thanks to equality, people won?t covet others? wealth or desire for the “l(fā)uxury” life, society can reserve a more harmonious atmosphere.However, differences of people's intelligence and ability exist unavoidably;humans are born with the right to pursue the wealth or status according to their capacity.But the Declaration of human rights says，“In terms of their rights, men are born and remain free and equal”, put these contradicting words together.Now that people have the rights to pursue happiness freely, they will pay for the price of the encounter of principle of equality and “freedom” one day, inevitably.It's within the scope of acceptable if the disparity in wealth and status only comes from the differences of intelligence and ability, but if disparities of wealth and status go beyond personal abilities, especially when their wealth and status achieved continuance across generations.Some people are just born with more resources than others, while others who tried their whole lives to achieve ”equality“, though, could not bridge the gap between individuals.Then how do you achieve social justice after the delicate balance between” Freedom“ and ”equality“ being broken?

Rawls?s theory of Justice, in a word, can be explained as a concept that Justice as fairness.First, we need to indicate a prerequisite, which is how the social contract appears, so that we can arrive at principles of this theory.Rawls expanded on this and he called it the ”O(jiān)riginal position“.Then we can infer a principle of Justice, ”all the social values including freedom and opportunity, income and wealth, as well as the foundation of self-esteem, should be equally distributed.Rawls's theory of Justice not so much presented a rule for the operation of Justice, rather than provide a code of ethics or a rule of contrast.Many countries still journey on the path of achieving equality, some in the pursuit of common prosperity, others adhere to common poverty.Rawls?s society seems disconnected from outside of these two extremes, but it is apparently not fair to point out the lack of operability of his theory.Countless of history(as Khmer Rouge, and pre-Open Door China)proved that pursuit of complete equality only brings the tyranny of minority.Since equality on this level cannot be achieved, we choose to allow “free” pursuit of income or wealth, but not damaging others? equal right.Nonetheless, it?s not fair to grant all the glory to “justice” as well.In the second half of the 20th century, society of the United States has experienced complex culture changes and social integration, culture became more multiple and freer, people has more ways to chase happiness whose form is more abundant rather than wealth, the field where people achieved equality has not been limited to economic and social status, and it?s on the decrease that justice has been linked to wealth and status.The ultimate goal of social transformation is always bridging the gap between wealth and status and reconstructing an equal society.Today's various social issues, all kinds of “second generation”, mother-in-law conflicts, the house price, even rumors of food hygiene, are all public responds when people are in the pursuit of “justice”.Some are sniggering with cynicism at deformed relationship because of fever for wealth and status, while some read ancient works, put on Han Chinese clothing and hide in utopia with fundamentalism.However, these actions lack constructiveness after all, most of them are helpless and useless.From the perspective of cross-cultural comparison, multiple value choice might be a better way.Adopting multi-digestion to solve the bondage of wealth and status to justice may be a new road to try.

第二篇：5人英語話劇劇本——Justice Is The Winner(正義必勝)

5人英語話劇劇本——Justice Is The Winner(正義必勝)

這個短劇講的是：搞笑的匪徒,搞笑的綁架案，不錯的劇本。人物

Bunny Cheng:

Bunny Chen Eliza Lin:

Daughter Celine Tu:

Reporter et Aside Sano Hsieh:

Small gangster(小流氓)Trent Cheng:

Big gangster(大流氓)------------------SCENE I A mother is doing exercise in the living room when the phone is ringing.And her daughter is in the school now.Mom:

Hello~ Caller:

(A boy is crying.)Ha!Your kid is here.Do you hear his voice? If you want to save your kid, prepare the ransom.Mom:

Are you crazy? I don’t have a son！!Don’t try to cheat me.Stupid guy!The mother is very angry and hung up the phone.But later… the phone is ringing again… Mom:

Hello~ Caller:

Hello~ Are you busy now? Mom:

(I recognize the voice.)You are a fraud, right? Do you want to trick me again? Is it fun? Don’t do such a boring thing, O.K.? I won’t believe you.Caller:

Really? Listen to this.(A girl is crying on the phone, ”mom, help me~ help me~)Mom:

Oh~ you are a good actor.This time is better but I still won’t fall into your trap to rob me of my money!If you call again, I will call the cop.Do you understand?(Hang up the phone more angrier.)But the voice sounds like her daughter’s and the mom is not disturbed.She decides to go to the elementary school to see her daughter.The mom got there… Mom:

Eliza~ Eliza:

Mom~ why you are here? Are you missing me? Do you come here to pick me up? Mom:

Ya~ are you happy in the school? Let’s go home.I want to tell you something on the way home.Mom tells Eliza about the phone scam and wants her to be careful from now on.SCENE II Because the mother didn’t believe the two gangsters really kidnapped her kid, the gangsters were furious.So they decided to kidnap her daughter this time.The gangsters have found the school her daughter studies in, and observed for many days.Today is the day they plan to kidnap the child.The big gangster always focuses on what he’s doing but the small gangster is usually absent-minded.Big gangster:

Hey!Concentrate！(The big gangster hit the small gangster’s head)Small gangster: Ouch!O.K.O.K.At this moment, the girl appears.Small gangster:(Check the picture.)Hey！Buddy！Look!Is that her? Big gangster:

Ha!Ha!Ha!It’s hunting time.Small gangster: I’m so excited！Oh~ what a beautiful girl.Just like a fairy.My sweetheart… Buddy do you know? I feel that I get butterflies in my stomach!Big gangster:

(Hitting the small gangster’s head again.)Hey!Wake up！Stop day-dreaming.Let’s make a move!

Small gangster: Oh~ my baby~ I’m coming！

Big gangster:

Hey！Lady！Can you do me a favor? Eliza:

Sure!What can I do for you? Small gangster:(Murmuring)This beautiful lady has a beautiful heart.Big gangster:

Sorry.Ignore what he said.Eliza:

Never mind!Big gangster:

Thanks!I want to go to Tunghai University.Do you know how can I get there? Eliza:

Oh… you should go straight until the traffic light, then turn right until you see a convenience store at the corner and turn left.Keep going straight and you would see the university.Big gangster:

Go straight until the first traffic light, turn right and we will see a supermarket at the end of the street.And…

Eliza:

No!No!No!Go straight until the traffic light, then turn right until you see a convenience store at the corner and turn left.Keep going straight and you would see the university.Small gangster: Go straight until the first traffic light, then turn left and go straight to the end of the street, then we can see the university.Eliza:

Oh, my!No!Wrong again!You two are really a stupid guy.Big gangster:

It’s too complex.I can’t remember all the directions.I’m a foreigner.And I have an important presentation there.Could you go with us, guide us there? Please~ Eliza was confused.But she is a kind person and she likes to help people.Eliza:

Umm… let me think… okay！Let’s go!Small gangster: How kind of you！My little girl.Big gangster:

Sorry.Just ignore him.Thank for your help.Eliza goes with the gangsters.In the gangsters’ car, the small gangster suddenly shows a sharp knife.And shouts, “Don’t move!” Eliza is shocked and starts screaming.Eliza:

What are you doing? Small gangster: I’m kidnapping you!

Eliza:

Oh~ I am so scared.Small gangster:(Talk to the big gangster.)Did you hear that, she is scared? Big gangster:

Ya~ we are professional.Eliza:

Not funny!I’m hungry.I want to go home!I want to go home!Small gangster: Shut up.Don’t be so noisy!Eliza keeps crying.Small gangster: You!Get out of the car!Big gangster:

(Hit the small gangster angrily!)Idiot!I have a stupid partner.(Disappointed)Eliza:

I agree!(Nod head.)Big gangster:

Don’t cry baby, I give you a lollipop.Eliza:

Thank you.How kind of you.SCENE III Mother is preparing dinner.Mom:

Eliza!Eliza!Time for dinner!I’m hungry!Hurry up!No one answers her.And she realizes there is something wrong.Mom:

Eliza, where are you? Don’t play hide and seek with me!It’s not funny.I’m hungry.As the mother is finding her daughter, the phone rings.Mom:

Hello~ this is Anderson.I’m busy finding my daughter.Don’t bother me!Big gangster:

Are you finding your daughter? Ha!Ha!Ha… she is right here.Mom:

Good job!Tell her it’s time for dinner.I’m hungry!

Big gangster:

Hey!You are clueless.I have already kidnapped your daughter, Eliza Anderson!Mom:

Hey!Buddy!Don’t trick me!Big gangster:

Sure!Listen!(The gangster takes the phone to Eliza.)Eliza:

Hello!Mom!I’m here!They are so kind.They gave me a lollipop.The gangster takes the phone away.Big gangster:

Do you believe me now? If you want your daughter to come back for dinner.You have to prepare the ransom of NT $ 20,000,000.Mom:

Too expensive!20% off.Big gangster:

Are you buying clothes? Mom:

Bargain is my hobby.Big gangster:

No negotiation you should bring the ransom to Tunghai Lake at 8:00 pm.And remember don’t call the cop.Or you will find your daughter in the lake.Mom:

O.K.See you then!At Tunghai Lake.The gangsters and Eliza are baking fish from the lake because they are hungry.At this time, the mother is coming.Mom:

Ha!(Mom shouts.)The gangsters and Eliza are shocked.And the small gangster’s fish is falling down on the floor.Small gangster: Oh,!My fish!Who’s there?

Mom:

It’s me, Bunny Anderson, Eliza’s mother, Anderson’s wife.Where is my daughter? Release my daughter.Eliza:

Hi!Mom, I’m here.Do you want to come here to eat fish? Big gangster:

Where is the ransom? Mom:

Release my daughter first!Big gangster:

Give me the ransom first!Mom:

No way!And the battle begins.Mom:

Justice is always the winner.Eliza:

Oh~ Yeah!Mom, you win!Celine:

Ha!I got it!I got it!A new…… headline.Celine:

I am at Tunghai Lake.Earlier, there was a violent fighting.A watermelon knife V.S.A B.B.Q.fork.According to the witnesses, a mother fought with the gangsters for her daughter.And the mother won.Now, let’s interview the persons involved.Celine:

Do you feel regretful? Do you feel sorry to this society? Small gangster: I……

Celine:

I…… I know.You are very sorry and regretful.How about you?(Turn to the big gangster.)Big gangster:

None of your business.(Run to the wall.)Leave me alone.Eliza:

Me!Me!

Celine:

What do you want to say? Eliza:

Uh…My mom is so cool.She came to save me!Mom:

My turn.My turn.Celine:

O.K.O.K.What do you want to say after winning the fight? Mom:

Well……

Celine:

Well, you are very happy and proud of yourself to be the winner in the battle.Mom:

Yes.And the gangsters…

Celine:

Oh, the gangsters are very stupid and silly.Mom:

Right.And they…

Celine:

They want to trick you, but…

Mom:

But… enough.I’m hungry.I want to go home with my daughter.Celine:

Next time, if you receive a phone call from a scam artist, here are the things you can do to avoid being tricked.First, stay clam and be skeptical about it.The caller hopes to fool you with a moving story, causing you to forget your good judgment.A little doubt can protect you.Second, verify the story.Call the organization to make sure the story is true.Third, report it to the police.And don’t deal with the villains on your own.One phone call will often expose a trap quickly.However, to tell the truth, the mother is really very brave.She is my idol.I want to keep her sign.This is reporter Celine reporting from Tunghia Lake for TVAS.

第三篇：閱讀教學(xué)之法

《語文課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》非常關(guān)注“課外閱讀”，增加了閱讀推薦篇目，明確規(guī)定了學(xué)生九年課外閱讀總量應(yīng)在400萬字以上，其中每個學(xué)段都有具體的量化指標(biāo)。但是，讀書是一個逐漸內(nèi)化吸收的過程，在當(dāng)今電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、卡通等“泡沫文化”充斥的時代，成年人尚難有寧靜的閱讀心境，更何況閱讀時還會碰到許多“攔路虎”（生字）的小學(xué)生了。所以，培養(yǎng)孩子的閱讀興趣，及時展示他們的閱讀成果，讓他們讀出情趣，讀出思想，讀出創(chuàng)意，就顯得格外重要。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，我采用多種方法設(shè)置豐富多彩的展示平臺，鼓勵學(xué)生積極參與，用適合自己的方法來匯報(bào)讀書成果，精心烹制了一道道讀書文化大餐，取得了良好的效果，現(xiàn)列舉如下：

一、開胃小菜――課前2分鐘“思維體操”

每節(jié)語文課前2分鐘是我們班學(xué)生的“思維體操”時間，主要有以下方式：

1.開火車。全班30名同學(xué)開火車說詞語，每次一個主題，如說成語（又可根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況增加難度分為動物成語、數(shù)字成語、顏色成語、故事成語等等，說動詞，說疊詞，說描寫景色的詞等等，還可以說句子，可以說不同主題的句子，如說外貌句，說動作句，說心理描寫句，說開頭，說結(jié)尾等，也可以說同一主題的句子，如學(xué)了“雄偉”一詞，在讀書時就注意收集帶有“雄偉”的句子，再在全班說。

2.我說你對。全班30個學(xué)生按照座位的擺放結(jié)成15對，內(nèi)容有對反義詞，對近義詞，詞語搭配，句式變換等。如老師宣布：“今天我說你對的主題是‘把字句變被字句’。”說的學(xué)生就起立出題：“小貓把老鼠吃了。”對的學(xué)生則應(yīng)聲而答：“老鼠被小貓吃了。” 3.悄悄話。形式為同桌兩兩結(jié)伴，老師宣布：“今天悄悄話的主題是‘猴子’。”同桌倆就嘴巴對著耳朵悄悄講一個“猴子”的故事，講完后，老師統(tǒng)計(jì)，誰講的故事和大家都不一樣，就獎勵他一棵“小松樹”，貼在教室里的評比欄上。這些“思維體操”，一般老師提前一個星期出示主題，讓同學(xué)們有充分的時間去讀書，去準(zhǔn)備。由于這些“思維體操”選題小，內(nèi)容專，形式靈活，競爭性強(qiáng)，富有趣味性，如同一碟碟酸辣可口的開胃小菜，深深贏得了孩子們的喜愛，為了這兩分鐘的表現(xiàn)，他們在課外更加起勁地讀書做筆記，準(zhǔn)備在課堂上“一鳴驚人”。

二、美味主食――墻壁上的“讀書論壇”

在教室的墻壁上辟一塊地方，不像評比欄高高在上，學(xué)生觸手可及，這就是我們的“讀書論壇”。論壇里可以貼摘抄類，內(nèi)容可以是課文的補(bǔ)充閱讀，如學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)《蜘蛛》一顆時，就把從網(wǎng)上下載的、報(bào)刊圖書中收集到的有關(guān)蜘蛛的資料貼出來；可以是個人的佳文推薦，如自己在閱讀時讀到的感人的故事，優(yōu)美的風(fēng)景，有趣的笑話等；還可以是自己讀書后的感受、疑問等。形式可長可短，全文照抄、片斷摘選均可。為增強(qiáng)互動性，設(shè)觀眾評價(jià)一項(xiàng)，每篇文章可以簡單地打上★做為評語，最高級別是五★，也可在后面跟貼，把自己的意見寫下來，貼在文后，論壇一星期評比一次，比誰發(fā)的帖子多，比誰的帖子★多，比誰的帖子引起的評論多，比誰讀別人的帖子多。“讀書論壇”的設(shè)立，就像每天的主食一樣必不可少，為大家提供了豐富的精神食糧。以至于學(xué)生一進(jìn)班，就先到論壇去看看，誰又發(fā)了新帖子，誰又給自己的帖子評論了，課余時間，大家就在論壇前讀啊，評啊，盡情體味著讀書的快樂。

三、豐盛大餐――“讀書匯報(bào)會”

我們一個月還開展一次“讀書匯報(bào)會”，同學(xué)們風(fēng)趣地把它稱為“我們的圣誕大餐”。內(nèi)容有“專題讀書匯報(bào)”，如要求全班同學(xué)本月共同讀一本書《皮皮魯傳》，月末老師與同學(xué)們一起深入探討書中的幾個議題作意見交流。有“綜合讀書匯報(bào)”，使不同類型的學(xué)生都能發(fā)揮自己的潛能，都能從讀書中獲得收益。例如：善于表演的同學(xué)，可以將書中的故事改編成故事劇；擅長繪畫的同學(xué)，可自編讀書小報(bào)；口才好的同學(xué)可以演講、辯論。在“綜合讀書匯報(bào)會”上，不僅展示了學(xué)生這一階段的閱讀成果，強(qiáng)化了學(xué)生繼續(xù)讀書的欲望，而且在活動中培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生良好的表達(dá)心態(tài)和交流習(xí)慣，鍛煉了學(xué)生的語言表達(dá)等綜合能力。

現(xiàn)在，看著小學(xué)二年級的學(xué)生平均讀書量已達(dá)100萬字以上；看著他們抱著一本本厚厚的《魯濱遜漂流記》《福爾摩斯探案集》等大部頭如饑似渴；看著他們用稚嫩的語言寫科幻小說、寫童話故事，一篇篇作文在報(bào)刊上發(fā)表；聽著他們說“讀書是我的最愛”的時候，我心里那個甜喲，就甭提了。

第四篇：讀書之法

1、問題：出現(xiàn)閱讀疲勞時，怎么辦？

1.可以使用番茄工作法，看40分鐘左右，休息5-10分鐘。不要讓自己的精力耗盡，一定要注意休息才能閱讀更長時間。

2.我大致記錄了閱讀不同類型書籍時集中注意力的時間，在注意力開始分散之前開始休息，然后做筆記或思維導(dǎo)圖。

2、不同種類的書的閱讀方法

簡單一點(diǎn)，拿三類比較典型的書為例，：

小說：不分類型以興趣和精彩分級1-3，1最低，?

? 1級，注意力20-30分鐘左右。2級。1–3小時，大多數(shù)書籍3個小時內(nèi)可以閱讀完第一遍，如果超過3小時，一般

分休息一下，吃些東西，看看新聞，再繼續(xù)。

? 3級。非常感興趣，而且有充分的時間情形下，能1口氣讀完。上學(xué)時看武俠小說和

科幻小說能看一整天，除了睡覺、吃飯和上廁所都在看。

專業(yè)性強(qiáng)一點(diǎn)的書（教材、專業(yè)材料）：

強(qiáng)迫自己能集中注意力20-30分鐘（具體時間要看書的類型和當(dāng)然的體力、心情）然后做筆記或思維導(dǎo)圖，在重新清晰一下思路。有時會反復(fù)讀上很多遍。連岳說過，喜歡讀專業(yè)書的男人更有魅力。

暢銷書：

不超過300頁，不過于難懂，基本會在2小時之內(nèi)閱讀完第一遍。休息，看第二遍或第三遍，寫簡評，做筆記或思維導(dǎo)圖。

3.太難解釋或?qū)I(yè)比較強(qiáng)的書籍，可以用主題閱讀的方式，一本看不明白就換別的書。

4.實(shí)在看不懂的，先跳過去。

5.準(zhǔn)備幾本不同類型的書，閱讀累了，就換種輕松一點(diǎn)的書籍。

6.如果是因?yàn)樯眢w的因素，最好停止閱讀，去看看電影、小說、玩玩游戲或者睡覺，讓自己放松一下。注意力完全無法集中的情況下，閱讀所能獲取的信息量太小，還不如休息。

3、問題：如何篩選自己要讀的書？

（1）閱讀類型：經(jīng)典和暢銷書各一半。

一半一半的說法：（在李欣頻的書中看到的）：

可以安裝一半是最新信息或是未來趨勢的書，一半是老的，經(jīng)典的書籍–往上往外跳躍，往下往里深耕。讓你的從立足點(diǎn)起，往最老以及最新的兩端延長自己 的智慧–然后從知識源頭轉(zhuǎn)換出屬于自己的原創(chuàng)想法。有些讀過的書可以安排再讀一遍，人生閱歷不同，想法也會不同。最主要的建立自己的知識架構(gòu)。

（2）閱讀方向：每3-4年左右增加一個新的關(guān)注方向。

德魯克提過一種方法非常不錯，準(zhǔn)備嘗試一下：

20歲時德魯克曾經(jīng)是法蘭克福最大的報(bào)紙金融和外交欄目的新聞記者，一個記者必須撰寫許多題材的報(bào)道，所以他決心掌握許多領(lǐng)域的知識，至少做一名勝任工作的記者。他在下午和晚上的時間學(xué)習(xí)國家關(guān)系與國際法、社會和法律制度史、歷史和金融等。

在未來的人生中，德魯克逐漸養(yǎng)成了習(xí)慣，并且能夠持之以恒。每過三四年，他就選擇一個新的學(xué)科。例如，統(tǒng)計(jì)、中世紀(jì)史、日本藝術(shù)或經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。要精通一門學(xué)科，3年時間的學(xué)習(xí)是絕對不夠的。不過，要了解一門學(xué)科，3年的時間就足夠了。

60多年來，德魯克堅(jiān)持一次選修一門學(xué)科。“這種學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣不僅為我打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的知識基礎(chǔ)，而且迫使我接觸新學(xué)科、新學(xué)說和新方法，因?yàn)槲覍W(xué)的每一門學(xué)科都有不同的假說，并且采用不同的方法論。

（3）每月清單：一半提前計(jì)劃好，一半隨機(jī).?計(jì)劃好的書都是從待讀清單找的，里面記錄一些推薦好書，每個月固定讀上幾本。?隨機(jī)的書：去圖書館、書店看到的書、下載的電子書，順手翻幾頁，如果有意思，就放在一個待讀目錄中，有時間就看看。還會準(zhǔn)備一些比較有意思的小說或相關(guān)書籍，看難懂的書看多了就找本輕松的書籍看看放松一下。

（4）篩選方法

?豆瓣友鄰和朋友推薦：在豆瓣上關(guān)注很多讀書狂和各行業(yè)的專家，從他們的書評、日記、廣播中能找一些非常不錯的推薦，然后順手加入待讀。認(rèn)識了不少愛讀書的人，看到好書會互相分享一下，然后加入待讀。

?豆列：在豆瓣能找到一些非常不錯的豆列，然后針對某個方面做些橫向和縱向的匯總，收藏加入待讀。

?書籍、雜志：在看書、報(bào)紙、雜志、新聞、Blog、微博時，經(jīng)常會推薦或搜索一些書籍，順手記錄一下，然后加入待讀。如果一本書寫得非常不錯，可以搜索一下作者，看看還有沒有相關(guān)的作品，搜索一下。

?各種排列榜：收集一些各種類型的排行榜，有需要就看看。

?知乎：關(guān)注”知乎推薦”里面的問題。

?隨機(jī)：看到電子書下載、書店或去圖書館借書時順手翻翻，有興趣就看幾本。

定期整理：每隔一段時間我會把定期收集的資料整理一下，進(jìn)一步提練一下，加關(guān)鍵字歸檔，有需要的時候找來看看。

關(guān)注方向：控制幾個長期關(guān)注方向和短期方向，盡量控制6、7類左右的書籍在方向以內(nèi)，剩下的亂看。

不同種類書籍的閱讀方法

那怎樣來讀這些書呢？怎樣讓書本上的知識真正變成自己的呢？讀書要做到五到：心到、眼到、口到、耳到、手到。“心到”就是指讀書時注意力要集中，一邊讀一邊思考；“眼到”就是指眼睛要緊盯著書本，不與別人交流；“口到”就是要讀出聲音來，還要學(xué)會把故事復(fù)述出來；“耳到”就是指耳朵要聽見自己的讀書聲；“手到”就是指手里拿好一枝筆，旁邊準(zhǔn)備一本筆記本，要及時摘抄一些好詞好句，做讀書筆記。那么，怎樣把這“五到”結(jié)合起來，取得好的讀書效果呢？下面就給大家來介紹介紹：

1、讀《十萬個為什么》、《少兒百科全書》這類百科知識方面的書，我們可采用略讀加默讀的方法。眼睛看書的速度可以快一點(diǎn)，就是抓住知識要點(diǎn)，把知識讀懂記牢就可以了。讀完后想一想自己獲得了哪些知識，然后講給自己的爸爸媽媽或者好朋友聽，這樣就能把知識記牢了。

2、讀故事類的書，同學(xué)們可以每天讀一至三則。如《安徒生童話》，翻開目錄如果有42個故事，計(jì)算一下，如果每天讀3則，14天讀完。這樣有了計(jì)劃，就要堅(jiān)持。當(dāng)然有的童話書故事少一點(diǎn)，那么差不多一個星期就可以讀完了。每天讀完后，要把故事的大概內(nèi)容講出來，講給爸爸媽媽聽，講給同學(xué)聽。這樣就鞏固了你讀的知識。

3、讀成語故事書，方法與讀童話書一樣。讀完后，我們要知道這個成語的主人公是誰，這個成語的意思是什么。另外，讀成語故事，我們要把語文書上每個單元里的成語結(jié)合起來，如果你剛好讀到了這個成語，可別忘記在上課時講給同學(xué)們聽哦！

這些故事中有很多好詞好句好段值得我們學(xué)習(xí)借鑒，所以同學(xué)們應(yīng)該把它們認(rèn)真摘抄在筆記本上。可以這樣來寫：先寫故事的題目，再在下面寫好詞好句，如果是成語，除了把這個成語寫下來，還可以把它的意思也摘抄在筆記本上。不久，你一定會發(fā)現(xiàn)你已經(jīng)讀了很多故事了，積累了很多成語了。

還可以把讀書卡片制作成各種有趣的形狀，如毛毛蟲，在每節(jié)身體里寫一個故事的名字，毛毛蟲長得越長，就說明你讀的故事越多。還可以做成蘋果樹，把故事的題目寫在蘋果里，樹上的蘋果越多，說明你讀的故事越多。.4、如果讀作文或詩歌、散文，可以采用“三誦”讀書法，即朗誦、默誦、背誦。就是把好的段落背下來，想一想可以用在平時的哪種作文中。對于一些優(yōu)秀作文，同學(xué)們還可以分類讀，比如把作文分成記事、寫人、寫景、狀物等幾類來閱讀。在閱讀同一類作文時，還可以采用比較閱讀的方法。如果是寫《秋天的校園》的兩篇作文，可以閱讀后比較敘述的順序、內(nèi)容有什么不同，哪一篇寫得更好。總之，在閱讀作文時，要學(xué)會一邊讀一邊總結(jié)歸納寫作方法，如開頭如何引入，重點(diǎn)部分如何圍繞中心來選材，一個自然段如何圍繞中心句寫，又采用什么方法來結(jié)尾，來點(diǎn)明中心。篩選數(shù)目

第五篇：淺議正義

“正義”這個詞現(xiàn)在隨處可見，報(bào)紙、電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)無不在不厭其煩地重復(fù)著這個詞。公平正義，正義通常都是和公平連起來說的。公平是什么，通俗的話語就是一碗水端平，這很多人都知道；但正義是什么，大多數(shù)人可能說不上來，沒有確切定義，唯一能夠確定的就是這是一個褒義詞語。正義，對我國民眾來說，既熟悉又陌生。

正義到底是什么？這好像用

中國詞匯闡述不了，我國傳統(tǒng)思想里也沒有關(guān)于什么是正義的更深闡述，“正義”這詞是個“舶來品”。定義其為“舶來品”，好像有點(diǎn)不雅觀，但不可質(zhì)疑的是，正義的思想源泉在西方，這也是我國民眾對正義既熟悉又陌生的真正原因。

我國的古籍如果出現(xiàn)有“正義”這詞的話，多是“正確的、正當(dāng)?shù)摹币馑迹纭妒酚洝び蝹b列傳》：“今游俠，其行雖不軌於正義，然其言必信，其行必果”，這里的“正義”屬于“正確”的意思；又如魏晉南北朝時曹植所做的《七啟》：“覽盈虛之正義，知頑素之迷惑”，這里的“正義”寓為“本質(zhì)的意義”。當(dāng)然，我國也會說“正義之人”，但這里的“正義”通常對應(yīng)的是“奸邪”，與西方所闡述的做個“正義的人”的內(nèi)涵是完全不同的。在唐朝，還不把“正義”當(dāng)名詞使用，而是當(dāng)動詞使用，又名“注疏”，是一種經(jīng)注兼釋的注釋。總的說來，正義這詞都是散落于各種古文集中，當(dāng)一個普通詞語來使用，并沒有系統(tǒng)的思想闡述正義的含義。

如果非要用一個產(chǎn)自我國的詞語來闡述相當(dāng)于西方“正義”這詞含義的話，我覺得“良心”這詞更合適。我國民眾對“良心”這個詞很熟悉，也自有其自己的一番理解。通常都說做事、做人要對得起自己的良心，好像如果良心沒有了，就不能成其為人了，自己也就不是自己了。西方的做個“正義的人”，就相當(dāng)于我國的做個“良心的人”，都是好像冥冥之中有一種約束力，約束我們應(yīng)該做正確的事情，而不是為所欲為。但“正義”和“良心”，二者還是不能完全等同。我國的思想史是以儒家思想為整個核心的，并沒有關(guān)于何謂良心的系統(tǒng)闡述，而西方整個思想史，都是以正義的討論為核心的，從而導(dǎo)致西方的“正義”的內(nèi)涵要豐富得多，這也是我們要研究學(xué)習(xí)這個詞的真正原因。當(dāng)然，并不是說我們沒有何謂良心的系統(tǒng)思想就劣，西方有正義的系統(tǒng)思想就是優(yōu)，這里沒有孰優(yōu)孰劣的問題，僅是因?yàn)槲覀儸F(xiàn)在多用“正義”這個詞，就盡力地理解它罷了。

柏拉圖用厚厚的一本《理想國》開啟了西方何謂正義的大討論。照柏拉圖的意思，為什么要做個正義的人呢，因?yàn)檎x是人心靈的德性，按照這德性行動，人才能得到真正的快樂；那如何做個正義的人呢，當(dāng)然就是“各盡其職即為正義”，就比如說上天賦予你的天賦就是打鐵技術(shù)特別好，那你如果要做個正義的人的話，就該利用這天賦努力做個鐵匠，這也是他為什么主張非要“哲學(xué)王”當(dāng)統(tǒng)治者，即使該“哲學(xué)王”不愿意也要強(qiáng)迫他做，因?yàn)檫@是他的天職，這也就是每個人的“正義”。我認(rèn)為，這里也可以看出在最初時候我國與西方育人觀的分歧：柏拉圖強(qiáng)調(diào)利用個人天賦做好本分工作就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)一個人的正義；我國孔子強(qiáng)調(diào)人與人關(guān)系的和諧，做個好鄰居，好臣子，好丈夫，好兒子，好父親等等，處理好與周邊所有人的關(guān)系時，才算做好自己，才算實(shí)現(xiàn)西方所謂的“正義的人”。

柏拉圖的學(xué)生，亞里士多德，繼承發(fā)展了柏拉圖的思想，創(chuàng)建了目的性正義的學(xué)說。舉個例子闡述下何謂目的性正義吧。有一把最好的笛子，三個人都想擁有這把笛子，一個是演奏笛子最好的人，一個是最富裕的人，一個是最有權(quán)勢的人，那這把笛子由誰擁有更合適？都會認(rèn)為由演奏笛子最好的人擁有這把笛子是更符合正義的。但為什么由演奏笛子最好的人擁有這笛子就是最符合正義的呢？因?yàn)樗梢源党龈烂畹臉非瑢θ藗儊碚f可以得到更多的享受，這是功利主義的正義觀。亞里士多德不是功利主義者，所以他的理由也不同，他認(rèn)為由演奏笛子最好的人擁有這把笛子，是因?yàn)閷Φ炎觼碚f，它的目的就是演奏最好的樂曲，所以由演奏笛子最好的人擁有這把笛子是最符合笛子的目的，所以也是最符合正義的。何謂正義，就要看分配對象的目的是什么了。這看上去很有理，但不可避免帶來兩個問題。第一個問題是笛子的目的很好理解，就是吹奏最好的樂曲，但對于復(fù)雜多變的社會，每一樣分配正義的實(shí)現(xiàn)都要求厘清分配對象的目的，那就不是簡單的事情，也容易眾說紛紜。第二個問題的出現(xiàn)是越講究目的性的正義，越擠壓自由的空間。按亞里士多德的邏輯推理，將會出現(xiàn)的局面就是最正義的社會，將會是最沒有自由選擇的社會。因?yàn)橐鰝€正義的人，就是尋找自己本身的目的，最適合這目的的才是最正義的，那如果上天賦予某人的天賦是當(dāng)個笛手，他可以成為全世界最好地笛手，但他就是不想當(dāng)個笛手，這種情形該怎么辦？正義和自由在這里竟成不可調(diào)和的主體。那實(shí)現(xiàn)正義，到底該如何做？

何謂正義的爭論繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，邊沁的“功利主義”觀點(diǎn)簡單可行，在當(dāng)時得到很多人支持，但該觀點(diǎn)容易出現(xiàn)踐踏個人權(quán)利的情形。比如說古羅馬把基

督教徒丟進(jìn)斗獸場與獅子搏斗，在功利主義者看來，這是符合正義的，即使最后基督徒被獅子撕碎，因?yàn)檫@種娛樂，使當(dāng)時大多數(shù)人感到快樂，多數(shù)人的幸福得到實(shí)現(xiàn)。自由主義者反對功利主義這種觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為人有完全支配自己的權(quán)利，包括生命權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、自由權(quán)，這三者是不可分割的權(quán)利。所以別說生命了，連國家強(qiáng)制稅收都是不合理的，因?yàn)檫@侵犯了人的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)。“給

我一個支點(diǎn)，我就可以把地球撬起”，物理學(xué)上，這個支點(diǎn)是肯定存在的，但同樣的，“給我一個支點(diǎn)，我可以把自己撬起”，這個支點(diǎn)存在嗎？如果不存在，人完全支配自己的權(quán)利應(yīng)該也不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，自由主義也陷入困境。

康德通過完美的邏輯在《純粹理性批判》論述了正義和自由的關(guān)系，人到底該如何支配自己，即通過理性，全人類共有的理性支配自己才能實(shí)現(xiàn)真正自由，這樣的自由和正義才不會不相調(diào)和。在羅爾斯的《正義論》里，則是進(jìn)一步討論了正義和平等的關(guān)系。以賽跑為例，讓賽跑者處于不同起點(diǎn)肯定是不正義的；給跑得最快的設(shè)置障礙從而實(shí)現(xiàn)真正、完全的平等，這還是不正義的；讓所有賽跑者處于同一起點(diǎn)，同時以使社會最低層能否從跑得最快者中得到利益為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如果社會最低層可以從跑得最快者中得到利益，那就是正義的，如果得不到，那就是不正義的。當(dāng)然，書中還有為什么要以社會最低層是否得益為評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做詳細(xì)闡述，本文不做詳細(xì)展開。

正義的內(nèi)涵發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)非常豐富，但也還存在各式各樣的爭論，何謂正義，每每演變成法律案件交由法院處理。正義是法律的最高理想，法律是正義實(shí)現(xiàn)的載體。做為一個法律人，沒理由不認(rèn)真探究“正義”這個詞，所以勉勵自己勉強(qiáng)寫成此文。但綜因知識有限而難免疏漏與錯誤，懇請讀者諒解了。