第一篇：考研英語之新東方寫作強化必背

小作文

1、十大必背范文之一：08真題：道歉+建議信 Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there.Write him a letter to 1）make an apology, and

2）suggest a solution Dear Bob: I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when I left Canada.I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully.Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD enormously.I can either send it to you by express mail or alternatively compensate you at a reasonable price.If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience.I really hope you will accept my sincere apology.Faithfully yours

Li Ming 親愛的鮑勃：

我寫此信的目的是為了向你道歉。在離開加拿大時，我忘了把那盤披頭士樂隊的CD還給你。走的時候太匆忙了，我把所有東西都塞到行李中，沒有仔細檢查。當時要是多加注意的話，就不會犯這種低級錯誤了。

因為我知道你特別珍愛那盤CD，所以一定要想辦法解決這個問題。我可以寄快遞包裹給你，也可以按合理的價格賠償你的損失。如果你不介意的話，我也可以在下次去加拿大的時候把它給你帶回去。

請在方便的時候盡快讓我知道你傾向哪一種解決方案。希望你能接受我真誠的道歉。

您真誠的

李明

2、十大必背范文之二：2009真題：建議信/致編輯信（=短議論文）教材115頁 Directions: Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.“White Pollution” is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s)of your local newspaper to 1)give your opinions briefly, and

2)make two or three suggestions.Dear Editors:

I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest.It is my view that limiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance.To crack this hard nut, I would like to propose several practical recommendations as follows.First and foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags.In addition, we should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags.Last but not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department stores or supermarkets.I hope you will find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discuss this matter to further details.Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely，Li Ming 尊敬的編輯：

多年來我一直懷著極大的熱情與興趣閱讀貴報。我認為限制使用一次性塑料袋非常重要。

為解決這個難題，我想提出如下幾個實用的建議。首先，我們急需禁止免費使用一次性塑料袋。其次，我們應該開發塑料袋的替代品，如紙袋或布袋。最后，商場或超市應以更高的價格提供塑料袋。

我希望您覺得上述建議有益，同時希望進一步討論這一問題。十分感謝您對我的建議給予及時的關注。

您真誠的

李明

3、十大必背范文之三：2010英語

（二）真題：感謝信 Directions: You have just come back from the U.S as a member of Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to 1）express your thanks to his/her warm reception, 2）welcome him/her to visit China in due course.Dear Bob:

I have just arrived at my home from the airport.As I sit behind the desk, I just want to write a letter to you.I am grateful for your warm reception in this cultural exchange program.You and your family gave me a deep impression.The program is one of the most wonderful memories in my life.In once talk you said you want to travel in China.Well, you will be welcomed and it will be my pleasure to be your guide.By the way, send me a list and write down the places where you would like to visit.Please give my best regards to your family.(110 words)

Sincerely yours

Zhang Wei 親愛的鮑勃：

我剛從機場回到家里。我在書桌前坐下就想給你寫這封信。在這次文化交流項目中，非常感謝你的熱情接待。你和你的家人給我留下了深刻的印象。這個項目是我一生中最美好的回憶之一。

你曾經說過你想來中國旅行。那么，非常歡迎，而且我很榮幸做你的導游。順便說一句，給我寄一張清單，寫下你想去的地方。

請向你的家人致以誠摯的祝福。

你真誠的

張偉

4、十大必背范文之四：2011真題：推薦信 Directions: Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1)recommend one of your favorite movies and 2)give reasons for your recommendation.Dear Neo: I’m so glad to hear from you.How have you been theses days?

In your last letter, you talked about movies you love.I agreed with you that Matrix is a great movie.Guess what? If you lose some weight, you’ll be as cool as “Neo” in the film!

Anyway, here is one of my favorite movies that I would like to recommend to you.The title of the movie is The Legend of 1900 and there’re some reasons for my recommendation.Firstly, the director is very famous and respected all over the world.Its story is very moving and its hero is a very talented pianist named “1900”.More importantly, the sound track of the movie is extraordinarily beautiful.I know you like music and you are learning to play piano.I hope you’ll enjoy the movie and learn something about playing piano.I am looking forward to your reply.Take care!

Yours, Li Ming 利奧：

很高興收到你的來信。近來過得怎么樣？

在上封信里，你提到了喜愛的電影。我也認為《黑客帝國》是一部偉大的電影。你猜怎么著？如果減點肥的話，你會像電影里的“利奧”一樣酷。

無論如何，我想給向推薦我最喜愛的一部電影。電影的名字是《海上鋼琴師》，推薦原因如下。首先，這位導演全球聞名，并且受人敬重。它的故事非常感人，主人公是名叫“1900”的一位天才鋼琴師。此外，電影的音效尤其優美。我知道你喜歡音樂，而且你正在學習彈鋼琴。希望你喜歡這部電影，并且從中學習一些鋼琴技巧。期待著你的回信。保重！

李明

5、十大必背范文之五： 2011英語

（二）真題：祝賀+建議信 Directions: Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university.Write him/her a letter to: 1)congratulate him/her, and 2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Dear Li Ming: I’m so glad to hear that you have received the offer from Beijing University.Congratulations!There’s nothing surprising——I remember seeing how hard you have been working since childhood.Now you have the opportunity to learn physics, which you have a huge interest in, in one of the best universities in China.I feel extremely happy for you.Well, I want to share some reminders for university life with you.First of all, don’t forget your study.Second, take some time to know yourself well and make your own decisions.Third, enjoy your life as long as it’s under your control.I hope you will have a wonderful time!

Yours Zhang Wei 李明：

很高興得知你收到了來自北京大學的錄取通知。祝賀你！沒什么好奇怪的——我現在還記得你童年以來一直在多么努力地學習?，F在你終于有機會在中國最好的大學之一學習物理學，你有強烈興趣的專業。我格外為你高興。

下面，我想和你分享一些大學生活的建議。首先，別忘了學習。其次，花點時間好好了解自己，自己做出決定。第三，只要你能掌控，盡可能享受生活。希望你過得開心。

張偉

6、十大必背范文之六： 2012真題：歡迎+建議信（教材121頁）Directions: Some international students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to 1)extend your welcome and 2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.Dear Friends: On behalf of the Students’ Union of Beijing Foreign Studies University, I would like to extend our heartfelt welcome to all of the overseas students from all over the world to study in our university.It is my great pleasure to offer you several practical suggestions.In the first place, life in this prestigious university perhaps is not as easy as you have expected.You may be tightly bound by continual classes, abundant homework and exams.Then, be prepared for the hectic life here.In the second place, in spite of all those burdens, various extracurricular activities such as sports meets, speech contests, social gatherings still will provide ample opportunity to make friends.So, enjoy your life in this esteemed institute!All in all, although there is a lot of pressure, the time you spend on our campus will be worthwhile in your whole life.Hope you like it here!

Yours sincerely

Li Ming 親愛的朋友們：

我謹代表北京外國語大學學生會，向來我校學習的留學生表達衷心的歡迎。

我很榮幸地向你們提出一些實用的建議。首先，這所著名學府的生活也許不像你們所設想的那么輕松。你們可能會陷入面臨繁重的課程、大量的作業和考試。因此，做好準備迎接這里的繁忙生活吧。其次，盡管有以上負擔，運動會、演講比賽、聯誼會等各種各樣的課外活動仍會提供大量結交朋友的機會。所以，盡情享受這所著名大學里的生活吧！

總之，盡管有很多壓力，但你們在我們校園里度過的時光仍將是你一生中一段有意義的歲月。希望你們喜歡這里！

您真誠的

李明

7、十大必背范文之七： 2012英語

（二）真題：投訴信（教材122頁）Directions: Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day.Write an email to the customer service center to 1)make a complaint, and 2)demand a prompt solution.Dear Sir or Madam: I bought an electronic dictionary from your online store on January 1st, but I found it has some problems after using it for a short period of time.To begin with, the battery needs recharging after a mere 2 hours of use.This means that I need to carry my charger with me when I go out for a day.In addition, the buttons on the electronic dictionary are so small that it is nearly impossible to type anything with them.Personally, I find this to be completely unacceptable.Therefore, I would like to either change the electronic dictionary for another model that works well or a full refund.Your help is greatly appreciated.Yours sincerely

Zhang Wei 尊敬的先生或女士：

1月1日我在貴網店購買了一部電子詞典，但在使用了一段時間之后，我發現它有一些問題。

首先，在僅僅使用兩小時之后，電池就需要充電。這就意味著當我出門一天時，就需要隨身攜帶充電器。此外，這部電子詞典的按鍵如此之小，以至于幾乎無法通過鍵盤輸入任何東西。對我個人而言，我認為這一點完全不能接受。

因此，我希望要么為我換一個能運行正常的型號，要么全額退款。非常感謝您的幫助。

您真誠的

張偉

8、十大必背范文之八：2010英語

（一）真題： Directions: You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization.The notice should include the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice.Use “ postgraduate association ” instead.(10 points)

Notice Volunteers are needed for the International Conference on Globalization to be held on this campus in early July.Basic requirements are familiarity with the theme of the conference and proficiency of English.Other requirements include interpersonal communication ability, familiarity with our city in terms of its tourist attractions and its history, proper manners, and sense of responsibility.Priority and preference will be given to those experienced, either in international conference or in other similar activities.Call 86754321 or send messages to postgr_ass@ccc.edu.cn for an application and for information on the interview.Enquiries are encouraged but visits declined.（97 words）

The Postgraduate’s Association

告示

七月初將于本校舉行關于全球化的國際研討會，現招募志愿者?；疽笫鞘煜け敬螘h的主題以及精通英語。其他要求包括人際溝通能力、熟悉我市的景點及歷史，舉止適當，有責任感。優先考慮參加過國際會議或其他類似活動的有經驗者。

申請職位以及咨詢面試相關信息，請致電86754321或發送郵件到postgr_ass@ccc.edu.cn。歡迎垂詢，謝絕來訪。

研究生會

9、十大必背范文之九：備忘錄/報告： Directions: The environmental protection club is going to organize some activities with the theme of “Creating Green Culture and Building Low-Carbon Campus”.As the club leader, you will write a memo to the members to explain the importance and arrangements of those activities.Do not sign your own name.Use “Li Ming” instead.To: All club members From: Li Ming Date: January 19, 2013 Subject: Creating Green Culture and Building Low-Carbon Campus We are going to launch a series of activities to promote low-carbon lifestyle, or more specifically to advocate energy efficiency, waste minimization and recycling.This green lifestyle is a potential recipe for a healthier and more habitable environment and highly recommendable to every person.To attract more schoolmates to accept this low-carbon lifestyle, we will hold lectures to introduce the new life concept, make broadcast programs to record low-carbon experience around us and host an exhibition of fruits of recycling to encourage students to make the best use of old stuff.In addition, we will hand out leaflets to every dormitory, recommending students to switch off unused lights and other electrical equipments, recycle paper, batteries and plastic bottles, and travel by bicycle, bus or subway.All members are required to take part in those above activities.Other creative thoughts and brilliant ideas about activity plan will be encouraged.(148 words)致：全體成員 自：李明

日期：2013年1月19日

主題：創建綠色文化，建設低碳校園

我們將舉辦一系列推廣低碳生活的活動，更準確的說，就是推廣有效利用能源，減少浪費和回收利用。綠色生活是實現更健康更宜居環境的訣竅，應該推薦給每個人。

為了吸引更多的校友接受低碳生活，我們將舉辦講座介紹新的生活理念，制作廣播節目記錄我們身邊的低碳經歷并且舉辦回收成果展覽以鼓勵學生利用舊東西。另外，我們將向各寢室發放傳單，以建議同學關掉不用的電燈、電器；回收紙、電池和塑料瓶；乘自行車、公交、地鐵出行。

所有成員要求參加上述活動。大家可以提出其他關于活動計劃的創意和好點子。

10、十大必背范文之十：經濟類摘要（教材98頁）

Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)摘要：summary, thesis

經濟全球化的主要原因

第一段：20世紀50年代初以來，經濟全球化獲得迅猛發展。簡單歸納，其原因主要包括以下幾個方面： 第二段：全球化的技術基礎。科技進步為全球化快速發展提供了物質基礎和技術手段?？萍几锩墙洕蚧l展的最根本的物質基礎和動力，歷史上歷次科技革命都促進了社會生產力的飛躍發展，同時也促進了整個世界的融合。20世紀50年代以電子技術和信息技術等為主要 標志的新的科技革命的興起，使科技日益成為社會生產力發展的先導，成為影響生產力發展的至關重要的因素?？萍贾R在社會生產的各個領域中得到廣泛傳播和運用，勞動者的智能和技能得到進一步的開發，創造出越來越多的物質和精神財富，極大地促進了世界生產力的發展，生產社會化程度日益提高，國際分工日益深化，各國經濟以此為基礎緊密相聯,世界經濟進入一個全新的繁榮時期。同時，新科技革命使得科技成果積累的速度大大加快，新材料、新產品不斷涌現，大量高技術產業不斷產生，在世界范圍內促進了產業結構的調整和轉移，新的產業布局開始形成,以信息技術和產業為主導，以高新技術為基礎的新興產業部門也蓬勃興起并迅速發展，快速取代了傳統產業而逐漸成為經濟的主導部門推進的重要動力源。

第三段：全球化的經濟基礎。市場經濟體制的強勢地位不斷增強，跨國公司的突飛發展，國際經濟組織的不斷完善為經濟全球化奠定了堅實的經濟基礎。

第四段：首先，市場經濟體制成為世界各國發展經濟的首選。20世紀80 年代末至90年代初，世界形勢發生了重大變化，東歐劇變，蘇聯解體, 40多年的冷戰格局最終結束。冷戰結束后，國際形勢總體上走向緩和。各國紛紛把發展經濟列為首要目標，普遍擴大了對外開放，和平與發展成為當今時代的兩大主題。前蘇聯和東歐國家先后走上了向市場經濟過渡的軌道，改行自由市場經濟，并積極致力于融入西方經濟體系。中國在長期的實踐中，也逐漸認識到計劃經濟的不足和弊端，自1978年起開始實行以市場為導向的、全面的經濟改革，大力推行對外開放，努力實現同世界經濟的接軌，目前已成為世界經濟的重要組成部分。這一切都說明，市場經濟體制已成為不同制度、不同發展層次國家的共同選擇，市場經濟已基本實現了全球化，經濟全球化是以市場為基礎的，沒有市場經濟就沒有生產要素在國際間的自由流動，就談不上經濟全球化。

第五段：其次，力量不斷壯大的跨國公司成為經濟全球化的中堅力量?？鐕臼且员緡鳛榛?，通過對外直接投資，在世界各地設立分支機構和子公司，從事國際化生產和經營的企業?？鐕緫{借其雄厚的經濟實力和靈活的經營戰略，以全球為工廠，以它所在的各個國家為車間，在全球范圍內充分利用各地的優勢組織生產和流通，通過自己廣泛的經營活動，實現了商品和資本等生產要素在全球范圍內的整合，促進了生產在國家間的水平分工和垂直分工，使之密切聯系在一起，從而為經濟全球化的發展打下了堅實的微觀基礎，并成為經濟全球化的主要推動力量和主要載體。

第六段：最后，國際經濟組織是經濟全球化發展的組織保障。二戰結束以后，生產力的不斷提高，生產力的國際化使得越來越多的商品、資本、勞動進入國際交流.各國的國際分工和相互依賴性不斷增強。這種日益增強的經濟聯系要求突破原有的國家間的障礙，實現全球范圍內的更高層次的經濟合作，這就要求有超脫于國家之外的國際經濟組織發揮重要作用。戰后，國際經濟日益明顯，國際經濟協作不斷加強。在當今國際經濟關系中，世行、世貿組織、國際貨幣基金組織等世界性經濟組織的調節作用越來越大，而且還出現出進一步增強的趨勢。世貿組織（WTO）所制定的關于貿易、投資等方面的制度和規則，成為規范全球經濟運行，創造自由、公平競爭環境的統一制度和規則，作為世界金融領域的重要國際組織，即國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）和世界銀行(WB)也在國際金融全球化進程中扮演了重要的角色。這些國際經濟組織的成立使得國際貿易和國際金融運行有了統一的規則，對成員國的經貿活動和經濟行為起著協調和規范作用。這些都為經濟全球化的發展起著制度保障作用。（1590字）中文摘要

20世紀50年代初以來，經濟全球化獲得迅猛發展。簡單歸納，其原因主要包括以下幾個方面。全球化的技術基礎?？萍歼M步為全球化快速發展提供了物質基礎和技術手段。全球化的經濟基礎。首先，市場經濟體制成為世界各國發展經濟的首選。其次，力量不斷壯大的跨國公司成為經濟全球化的中堅力量。最后，國際經濟組織是經濟全球化發展的組織保障。（155字）

Main Reasons of Economic Globalization Since the early 1950s, economic globalization has been developing rapidly.Briefly speaking, its reasons mainly include the following ones.The first reason is the technical foundation of economic globalization.Advancements in science and technology have provided the material basis and the technical means for the rapid development of globalization.The second reason is the economic foundation of globalization.Firstly, the market economy has become the first choice of promoting economy for every country in the world.Secondly, multinationals which are expanding continuously have become the center of economic globalization.Lastly, international economic organizations have been the organic safeguards for the development of economic globalization.(104 words)

大作文

1、十大必背范文之一： 2000年考研真題（教材159頁）Directions: A.Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in at least 150words.B.Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.C.Your essay should meet the requirements below: 1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter measures.第一段：As is shown in the pictures, with the rampancy of commercial fishing, the number of fish has dramatically shrunk.In the first picture, we learn that the year 1900 witnessed a quite encouraging scene of world fishing.There were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat.On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish swimming freely but many fishing-boats sailing in the sea.It is apparent that a disastrous change has occurred.第二段：The purpose of the pictures is to tell us that due attention has to be paid to the reduction of ocean resources.Owing to the over-exploitation of marine resources, the number of fish has declined at an accelerating rate.If we let this situation continue as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the future.By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.第三段：Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to reverse this disturbing trend illustrated in the above pictures.For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing.For another, we should cultivate the awareness of people that the ocean resources are of great significance to us.Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources.Also, I believe that we humans can surmount this difficulty, and we will have a brilliant future.如圖所示，隨著商業捕魚的泛濫，魚的數量已經顯著下降。在第一幅圖中，我們可以看到在1900年，世界捕魚業是鼓舞人心的，畫面上有很多魚，只有一艘漁船。而在第二幅圖中，在1995年，只有一條魚在游動，但有很多漁船在海上航行。顯而易見，災難性的變化已經發生。

這組畫的目的是告訴我們應該對海洋資源的減少給予充分重視。由于海洋資源的過度開發，魚的數量已經明顯下降。如果聽任這種情況發展，我們不知道魚的未來在哪兒。到那時，我們的環境將會遭受巨大的破壞。

因此，我們急需采取嚴厲措施扭轉圖畫中所示的令人困擾的趨勢。一方面，我們應該呼吁各級政府制定嚴格的法律來控制商業捕魚。另一方面，我們應該增強人們的意識：海洋資源對我們非常重要。只有這樣才能保護我們的海洋資源。同時，我相信我們人類能夠克服這個困難，并將擁有美好的未來。

2、十大必背范文之二：2005年真題 Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it..圖畫描述：This picture reveals a not-uncommon phenomenon of how elders are treated by their grown-up children in some of the families in China.When they are too old to take care of themselves, the elders become burdens to be kicked around by their sons and daughters like a football, a pitiful and unjust sight that will arouse indignation among many Chinese.意義闡釋：As a nation renowned in the world for many of its virtues, the Chinese people have been practicing filial piety throughout history.Many much-told stories reiterate this time-honored virtue of loving and respecting the elders, like the story of Tiying in the West Han Dynasty who risked her life in order to save her wronged father from corporal punishment.Those who try every means to avoid their duties of looking after their elders should bear in mind that they are much indebted to their parents for their birth and growth.Without the loving care and unrelenting work of their parents, how could they have grown up healthily and successfully? How could it be possible for them to go about without the pricks of conscience? 建議措施：Everyone of us should live up to the virtues passed down to us by our ancestors.Only in this way can we be worthy of the name of a Chinese.(214 words)

這幅圖畫反映了一些中國家庭中普遍存在的現象——子女成年后如何對待他們的父母。當父母年齡太大，不能照顧自己的時候，他們就成了負擔，被自己的子女們像足球一樣踢來踢去。這是一種不公正的可鄙現象，引起了很多中國人的憤慨。

作為一個以很多美德聞名于世的民族，中國人民自古以來一直奉行孝道。許多廣為傳頌的故事反復強調了這種歷史悠久的愛老敬老的傳統，如西漢時緹縈舍身營救蒙冤的父親免于肉刑的故事。那些千方百計逃避照顧雙親的責任的子女們應該牢記，他們在出生和成長的過程中虧欠父母太多了。沒有父母關懷備至的照料和不懈的工作，他們怎能健康成長并且取得成功？他們怎能虐待父母而不受到良心的譴責？

我們每個人都應該遵守從祖先那里傳承下來的美德。只有這樣我們才能無愧為中國人。

3、十大必背范文之三：2006年真題 Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should 1)describe the photos briefly;2)interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and 3)give your point of view.圖畫描述：As is vividly depicted in the photos above, Beckham, the smart British football superstar, is enjoying a striking popularity among the adolescents.In the first picture, Beckham’s name appears on a young man’s face.The caption indicates that worship for the idol is written on the face.In the second photograph, another young person is doing Beckham’s chic hairstyle in a barbershop.We are informed that he is spending 300 yuan imitating his idol’s haircut.意義闡釋：Undoubtedly, the pictures have subtly reflected the social phenomenon that idol worship is prevalent among the teenagers nowadays.Beckham represents the image of sport hero whose handsome appearance and unparalleled football skills are passionately adored by all the sports fans.Likewise, several teenage girls won their fame overnight in The 2005 Super Girl Contest in China, which provoked nationwide noisy debates on the value and harm of admiring these idols.Briefly speaking, young people are inclined to idolize the people who excel in appearance, intelligence or talent.建議措施：Hence, idolatry, the thought-provoking social phenomenon, is a double-edged sword which can exert profound influence on the growth of young people.If we simply worship the idols by imitating their hairstyle or pursuing fashions unreasonably, the obsession will certainly waste us a great deal of time and money, endangering the efficiency of our work.On the contrary, we will lead a positive and fruitful life if we endeavor to improve ourselves by bridging the gap between our models and us.Accordingly, the latter attitude should be adopted to direct our way of life.(255 words)以上的照片生動地顯示出來，相貌英俊的英國足球巨星貝克漢姆在年輕人中廣受歡迎。在第一張照片中，貝克漢姆的名字出現在一個年輕人的額頭上。文字表明：對偶像的崇拜寫在了臉上。在第二張照片中，這個年輕人正在理發店中做貝克漢姆的時髦發型。我們得到的信息是他正花300元來模仿偶像的發式。

毫無疑問，照片巧妙地反映了這樣一個社會現象：偶像崇拜目前在青年人中非常盛行。貝克漢姆代表了體育界英雄的形象，他的英俊外表以及高超的球技正是球迷們熱情追捧的。同樣，2005年中國舉辦的“超級女生”大賽中，幾個十幾歲的女孩一夜成名。圍繞著崇拜這些偶像的意義和危害，這個事件激起了全國性的爭論?？傊嗄耆送菀壮绨菽切┰谕獗?、才華和特長方面極其出色的人。

在我看來，偶像崇拜這個發人深思的社會現象，其實是把雙刃劍，可以深刻影響青年人成長。如果我們只是靠模仿偶像發型或追逐時尚的方式來崇拜他們，這種癡迷將必定浪費我們大量的金錢和時間，影響我們的工作效率。相反，如果我們靠彌補我們和榜樣之間的差距來努力提高自己，我們就會過一種積極和收獲顯著的生活。因此，我們應當采取后面一種態度來指引我們的人生。

4、十大必背范文之四：2007年真題 Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly, 2)explain its intended meaning, and then 3)support your view with an example/examples.圖畫描述：As we can see from the picture, a football match is going on.On guarding the goal, the man on the left seems to be keeping a “huge one” that is easy and inevitable for a goal, while the person on the right hesitates to kick the ball with an illusion about the “huge keeper”.It is obvious that both of them exaggerate the difficulties in front of them.意義闡釋：This picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is not uncommon in China now.The young always give up because the problem is beyond their ability to cope with.Superficially, it seems to be somewhat reasonable, but when weighing in the mind, we find there is an apparent tendency underlying this phenomenon: the lack of confidence.Firstly, it is well-known that we exist in a dynamic world with various difficulties.We can do nothing but face them.Secondly, attitude is the key point to take the first step.Assuming bravery and confidence to solve the problem, you will find the question is not as “huge” as you imagine.Take us for example, the entrance exam for graduate students even seems to be a horrible monster before us.Some people give up, some persist.So, with confidence and the right assessment of the difficulties, try and exert our strength, and then we will overcome all problems.On the whole, I believe we young people should face the difficulties in right manner.And nothing is impossible, just do it.(243 words)如圖所示，一場足球賽正在進行。左邊的人似乎在守一個對于射門輕而易舉、不可避免的“大門”，而右邊的人由于擁有關于“巨大守門員”的幻覺，踢球很猶豫。顯而易見，他們兩個人都夸大了面前的困難。

這幅圖畫確實反映了一個目前在中國很普遍同時發人深思的社會現象。由于問題超出他們應對的能力，年輕人總是放棄。表面上看，這幅圖畫似乎有一些道理，但當我們仔細思考時，我們就會發現在這個現象之下有一個明顯的趨勢：缺乏自信。首先，眾所周知，我們生活在一個充滿各種困難的多元化世界。我們別無選擇，只能面對。其次，態度是采取第一步的關鍵。擁有勇氣和信心來解決問題，你就會發現問題并非你想象的那么“嚴重”。以我們自己為例，研究生入學考試似乎是我們面前的一個可怕的怪物。有些人放棄了，而有些人則堅持了下來。因此，擁有信心和對困難的正確估計，并且竭盡全力，我們就將解決所有的問題。總而言之，我認為我們年輕人應該以正確的方式面對困難。世上無難事，只怕有心人。

5、十大必背范文之五：2008年考研真題 Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly, 2)explain its intended meaning, and then 3)give your comments.圖畫描述：As is vividly depicted in the picture, two disabled men are running fast through teamwork although each of them has only one leg.Obviously, it is teamwork that makes it possible for them to go anywhere they want to.意義闡釋：Simple as it is, what the picture conveys to us is thought-provoking.With the development of economy and society, competition is increasingly fierce.It is impossible for anyone to finish a work all by himself.Hence, people in mounting numbers put great emphasis on teamwork.In fact, it has been universally acknowledged that the ability of teamwork is the most essential qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess.歸納結論：Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take some measures to enhance the sense of teamwork in our society.We should bear in mind that teamwork is of great significance to both our society and ourselves.Every one should have the ability of teamwork.Only in this way can we achieve success and only in this way can our society become more harmonious to live in.(176 words)如圖畫中生動所示，盡管每人只有一條腿，但是兩個殘疾人通過團隊合作正在快速奔跑。顯而易見，正是合作才使得他們走南闖北成為可能。

盡管這幅圖畫很簡單，但它向我們表達了發人深省的含義。隨著經濟和社會的發展，競爭日漸激烈。任何人都無法完全獨立完成一份工作。因此，越來越多的人開始重視團隊合作。事實上，人們公認合作的能力是想要獲得成功的人都應該具備的最重要的素質。

因此，我們迫切需要采取措施來提高人們的合作意識。我們應該牢記合作對于社會和自身都非常重要。每個人都應擁有合作的能力。只有這樣我們才能獲得成功，而且只有這樣社會才能變得更加和諧。

6、十大必背范文之六：2009年真題 Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly，2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)give your comments.圖畫描述：As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, a large number of people are surfing on line within a stretching spider web, either to entertain themselves or to meet the work's needs.Unfortunately, it seems rather ironic to present people separated from each other by the spider web when they attempt to communicate.Undoubtedly, the spider web serves as a symbol of Internet, both connecting people and isolating them from each other.意義闡釋：The metaphorical and impressive portrayal has subtly revealed the duality of the relationship between man and Internet.On the one hand, there is no denying that Internet is currently one of the most efficient media used for interpersonal communication.As a college student, I get on line every day to discuss news with other people on BBS, to study English by registering for web courses, to chat freely through MSN Messenger with my friends.But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain face-to-face contact with their friends and colleagues.Once indulged in the fictitious world, people feel reluctant to approach others and to concentrate on real life.That's why some people have lost the skill of direct contact and get alienated from others.歸納結論：Hence, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence.After all, Internet is invented to connect you and me, and to bring conveniences to our life rather than set a barrier to keep people beyond reach.(249 words)這幅漫畫象征性地闡釋了無論是為了自我娛樂還是適應工作的需求，很多人在一個拉伸的蜘蛛網之內網上沖浪。然而，看來相當諷刺的地方是，這幅圖呈現了他們在試圖互相交流的同時，卻被蜘蛛網彼此隔開。毫無疑問，這個蜘蛛網作為互聯網的一種象征，既連接了人們，又使他們彼此隔離。

這幅比喻并使人印象深刻的圖畫象征性揭示了人與互聯網之間的雙重關系。一方面，不可否認網絡目前是用于人際交流的最高效媒介之一。作為一名大學生，我每天上網與他人在BBS上討論新聞，通過注冊網絡課程來學習英語，借助MSN和我的朋友們免費聊天。但另一方面，很多人承認他們太沉迷于網絡而不愿與朋友和同事保持面對面接觸。一旦沉迷于這種虛幻世界，人們不愿接近他人并關注現實生活。這就是一些人喪失了直接溝通技能并與他人疏遠的原因。

因此，我們很有必要以一種合理的方式使用互聯網，避免過度沉迷。畢竟，人們發明互聯網是為了連接你和我，為我們的生活帶來方便，而非設置障礙使人彼此疏遠。

7、十大必背范文之七：2010年真題（教材176頁）Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly，2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)give your comments.文化“火鍋”，既美味又營養

畢昇、老舍、莎士比亞、愛因斯坦、儒、佛、道、仁、禮、啟蒙、人本、后現代、解構、京劇、功夫、梁祝、天鵝湖

圖畫描述： As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, there is a boiling hot pot containing various ingredients of multi-cultures.These pluralistic cultures can be categorized as celebrities home and abroad as Bi Sheng, Lao She, Shakespeare and Einstein, philosophical concepts as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, benevolence, ritual, humanism, enlightenment, post-modernism and deconstruction, as well as performing arts as Peking Opera, kung-fu and Swan Lake.We are informed that the cultural “hot pot” is both delicious and nutritious.意義闡釋： The purpose of the cartoonist is to show us that instead of being outdated and of little value in a rapidly modernizing world, cultural blending should be encouraged and maintained.On the one hand, mosaic cultures are part of the universal heritage of humanity and they are powerful means of bringing together diverse peoples and social groups.Consequently, cultural integration has become indispensable as a means of promoting further culture development and maintenance.On the other hand, for China and many other rapidly developing countries, there is a danger that age-old customs and traditions may become lost in the shadows of modernization.If kung-fu, Peking Opera or Swan Lake Ballet ever perished from the earth, it would be a tragedy of immeasurable proportions.歸納結論： In my view, multi-cultures can be kept alive by the people with the time to do so, and is extremely vital in ensuring a community’s future development and prosperity.As a consequence of successful commercialization efforts, unwavering government support and growing interest overseas, the future of cultural blending looks brighter and more secure than ever before.(254 words)如圖象征性所示，一只沸騰的火鍋中擁有諸多多元文化元素。這些多元文化可分為畢昇、老舍、莎士比亞、愛因斯坦等國內外名人，佛、道、儒、仁、禮、啟蒙、人本、后現代、解構等哲學概念，以及京劇、功夫、《天鵝湖》等表演藝術。文字說明顯示：“文化‘火鍋’，既美味又營養?！?/p>

畫家的目的是告訴我們，在迅速現代化的世界里，文化融合并未過時或失去價值，相反還應受到鼓勵和保護。一方面，多元文化作為全體人類遺產的一部分，是將不同人群和社會群體融合的有力方式。因此，文化融合作為促進文化發展和保護的一種方式，已經不可或缺。另一方面，對于中國

和其他快速發展的國家來說，古老的習俗和傳統面臨著在現代化陰影里消失的危險。如果京劇、功夫或《天鵝湖》從地球上消失，那將是不可估量的損失。

在我看來，如果人們能為多元文化花費時間的話，那么它就能夠長存。這對確保將來社會的繁榮和發展至關重要。由于成功的商業化努力、政府堅定不移的支持和不斷增長的海外興趣，多元文化的將來會比過去任何時候都明朗、安全。

8、十大必背范文之八：2011年真題（教材180頁）Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly，2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)give your comments.旅程之“余”

圖畫描述：As is subtly portrayed in the cartoon, two tourists are taking sightseeing on a small boat while discarding their picnic leftovers casually into a lake.Unfortunately, the lake is already littered and teamed with flow rubbish like plastic containers, fish-bones, banana peel, watermelon rind, bottles, tins, food wrappings, and so on.And below the drawing, there is a topic which says: “after” the travel or “me” in the travel.意義闡釋：From the portrayal, we can conclude that the painter wants to convey such a message: a good many scenic spots are flooded with visitors, who spoil the beauty of nature by creating and leaving behind God-knows-how-much trash.On the one hand, tourism, as a multibillion-dollar business, is booming everywhere.Some people, laboring under the belief that tourism serves as an engine of economic growth, seem to ignore its negative effects on the environment.Nevertheless, these are not concerns that we can shrug off lightly.On the other hand, tourism has exerted great pressure on the environment we are living in: water is polluted, the ecological system is disturbed, and natural resources have been excessively used.建議措施：Undoubtedly, tourism could not be banned in any country as it does help to shore up the economy in places which have few sources of income.The significant point is that the unchecked growth of the travel business may render the development of an economy unsustainable.It is high time that we enhanced people's awareness to rectify this by taking the environmental protection into consideration.如圖所示，兩名游客正在一艘小船上觀光，同時把野餐的剩余垃圾隨意丟入湖中。不幸的是，湖中已經堆滿了漂浮的塑料盒、魚骨、香蕉皮、西瓜皮、瓶子、罐頭、食品包裝等各色垃圾。在圖畫下方，有個小標題寫明：旅程之 “余”。

從漫畫中，我們可以得出結論，畫家想要表達這樣一種信息：成群的游客涌入眾多景點，制造并丟棄了大量的垃圾，影響了自然之美。一方面，旅游業作為一項產值數十億美元的產業，正在世界各地迅猛發展。有些人認為旅游業是經濟發展的引擎，似乎忽視了其對環境的負面影響。然而，我們必須充分關注這一問題。另一方面，旅游業已經對我們生存的環境造成了巨大的壓力：水受到污染，生態平衡遭到破壞，自然資源被過度開發。

毫無疑問，由于對那些幾乎沒有其他收入來源的地區而言，旅游業確實有助于發展經濟，因此任何國家都無法禁止旅游業。但重要的是，旅游業毫無節制的發展可能使得經濟發展不可持續。是時候加強人們的意識，通過多加考慮環境保護因素，來改變這一現狀了。

9、十大必背范文之九：2012年真題（教材184頁）Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly.2)explain its intended meaning, and 3)give you comments.圖畫描述：As is symbolically demonstrated in the cartoon, two individuals respond to the same event in completely diverse ways.The person on the left airs his dissatisfaction and disappointment when a bottle is overturned, while the man on the right is hurry to raise it up, with a sweet smile on his face.We are informed that various folks take different attitudes toward the same scene.意義闡釋：The aim of the portrayal is to illustrate that keeping optimistic is of utmost significance to both our society and our life.In the first place, optimism brings us creative power into play, arouses our enthusiasm for work and helps us overcome difficulties.In other words, with pessimism, achievements can hardly be made.In the second place, keeping optimistic gives us light when we are in dark and encouragement when we are dismayed.It is optimism, rather than genius and extraordinary abilities, that inspires us to finish the arduous task.With optimism, the goal we set can be reached, and the hard nut can be cracked.歸納結論：In conclusion, being optimistic enables people to behave wisely, kindly and confidently, and it is also crucial for any individual’s, in terms of both character and competence.如圖所示，兩個人對同一件事情的反應截然相反。瓶子倒后，左邊的人表達了不滿和失望，然而右邊的人卻面帶微笑，急著把它扶起來。我們由此得知，不同的人對同一事物態度不同。

這幅漫畫的目的是闡明保持樂觀對于我們的生活至關重要。首先，樂觀能使我們發揮創造力，點燃我們對工作的激情，并幫助我們克服困難。換言之，悲觀時，我們很難取得任何成績。其次，在我們身處黑暗，樂觀能給我們帶來光明；當我們灰心沮喪，樂觀能給予我們鼓勵。是樂觀而不是天才或卓越的才能，在激勵我們完成艱巨的任務。擁有樂觀，我們才能實現設定的目標，克服難題。

總之，樂觀能使人行事睿智、仁慈、自信，它也是個人性格和能力培養中不可缺少的部分。

三、圖表作文：

十大必背范文之十：2006 MBA真題（教材198頁）Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following diagram.Describe the diagram and analyze the possible causes.You should write at least 150 words.1998-2004年全國工程碩士招生錄取人數

（工程碩士：Master of Engineering）招生 recruitment 錄取 enrollment

圖表描述：The diagram above clearly illustrates that dramatic elevation has occurred in the recruitment of Master of Engineering(ME)in the past seven years.According to the statistics given above, we may conclude that the recruitment of ME was on a steady rise from 1998 to 2004.In 1998, the number was at a low level, only about 2,500.Surprisingly, it reached to more than 35,000 in 2004 within no more than seven years.原因列舉：Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned changes may be summarized as follows.First and foremost, China has become particularly active in manufacturing, which leads to the increasing demand of qualified engineers.In addition, the development of job market on the whole cannot keep pace with the expansion of college graduates, which obliges a large number of students to stay on campus for another three years to get better prepared for their career.Last but not least, working pressure is another reason.Taking all these factors into account, we may predict that with speedy development of our society, the number of recruitment of ME will keep growing in the forthcoming decade.建議措施：On the other side of the coin, however, this tendency may bring about a good many problems, such as the waste of talent.It is necessary for us to take effective measures to ensure this situation doesn’t get out of hand, and encourage students to choose majors in which theoretical knowledge and practical skills will be demanded in the job market.(246 words)上述圖表清楚揭示了過去七年工程碩招生錄取人數急劇增長。根據上面給出的數據，我們可以得出結論：從1998到2004年，工程碩士招生錄取人數穩步增長。在1998年，招生人數較少，只有大約2500人。令人驚訝的是，到2004年招生人數在不到七年的時間里達到3.5萬人以上。

促成上述變化的一些主要原因可以概括如下。首先，中國在制造業方面已經變得異?；钴S，這使得對高素質工程師的需求增長。此外，就業市場的總體發展無法跟上大學畢業生人數的增加，這促使很多學生在校園里再呆三年時間，為就業做更好的準備。最后，工作壓力是另外一個原因。考慮到所有這些因素，我們可以預計：隨著社會的迅速發展，工程碩士的招生人數在未來十年將會繼續增加。

第二篇：考研英語作文新東方內部必背50篇

01 The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.01音樂的語言

畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以觀賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由 演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業歌手和職業演奏者，所以職業歌手和職業演奏者肩上的擔子可謂不輕。

一名學音樂的學生要想成為一名演奏者，需要經受長期的、嚴格的訓練，就象一名醫科的學生要成為一名醫生一樣。絕大多數的訓練是技巧性的。

音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演員相當的水平。歌手們每天都練習吊嗓子，因為如果不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲

帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習的則是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用 右手前后拉動琴弓--兩個截然不同的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協調。鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。

給鋼琴調音是調音師的職責。但調音師們也有他們的難處：他們必須耐心地調理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓

音錘發出的聲音象是打擊樂器，而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理 是學生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發音之道。他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。

藝術家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。

02 Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.上學與受教育 在美國，人們通常認為上學是為了受教育。而現在卻有人認為孩子們上學打斷了他們受教育的過程。這種觀念中的上學與受教育之間的區別非常重要。

與上學相比，教育更具開放性，內容更廣泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何場合下進行，在淋浴時，在工作時，在廚房里或拖拉機上。

它既包括在學校所受的正規教育，也包括一切非正規教育。傳授知識的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機里進行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科學家。上學讀書多少有點可預見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的發現。與陌生人的一次隨意談話可能會使人認識到自己對其它宗教其實所知甚少。人們從幼時起就開始受教育。因此，教育是一個內涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上學之前就開始了。

教育應成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上學卻是一個特定的形式化了的過程。在不同場合下，它的基本形式大同小異。在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一 時刻到達學校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授知識，使用大致相同的教材，做作業，考試等等。

他們所學的現實生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運作，往往受到科目范圍的限制。例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒法弄清楚他們社區里政治問題的真情，也不會了解到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。

學校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的限制的。

03 The Definition of “Price”

Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system” of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.“價格”的定義價格決定資源的使用方式。價格也是有限的產品與服務在買方中的配給手段。美國的價格系統是復雜的網狀系統，包括經濟生活中一切產品買賣的價格，也包括名目繁多的各種服務，諸如勞動力、專職人員、交通運輸、公共事業等服務的價格。

所有這些價格的內在聯系構成了價格系統。任何一種個別產品或服務的價格都與這個龐大而復

雜的系統密切相關，而且或多或少地受到系統中其它成份的制約。如果隨機挑選一群人，問 問他們如何定義“價格”，許多人會回答價格就是根據賣方提供的產品或服務，買方向其付出的錢數。換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認同的產品或服務的貨幣量。該定義就其本身來說自有

其道理。

但要獲得對價格在任何一樁交易中的完整認識，就必須考慮到大量“非貨幣”因素的影響。買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質量和 數量，交易的時間、地點，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優惠，對交易物的質量保證、交貨條款、退賠權利等等。

也就是說，為了能估算索價，買賣雙方必須通曉構成交易物價格的通盤細節。

04 Electricity

The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.電當今時代是電氣時代。人們對電燈、收音機、電視和電話早已司空見慣以致很難想象沒有它們生活會變成什么樣。

當停電時，人們在搖曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索；因沒有紅綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導致食物變質。人們只是在兩個世

紀前一點才開始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經歷過了數百萬年?？茖W家不 斷發現許多生物世界里可能有益于人類的關于電的有趣秘密。所有生物細胞都會發出微小的電脈沖。

當心臟跳動時，把它發出的脈沖記錄下來就成了心電圖，這可讓醫生了解心臟的工作狀況。

大腦也發出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。

許多生物細胞發出的電流都是極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測量。但一些動物的某些肌肉細胞能轉化成一個個發電機，以致完全失去肌肉細胞的功能。這種細胞大量地連接在一起時產生的效果將是非常令人吃驚的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。它可以在水中發出相當于800伏特電

壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有120伏特)。在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細胞都專門用來發電，而且發出的電流的強度大約和它身體的長度成正比。

05 The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.戲劇的起源關于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人接受的理論假設認為戲劇從儀式演化而來。

這個觀點是這樣進行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節的變化都看成是不可預料的。他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、令人恐懼的力量。那些似乎帶來了滿意結果的手段就被保留下來并且重復直到這些手段固化為不變的儀式，最后產生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。隨著時間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術和戲劇提供了素材。

認為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、面具和服裝幾乎經常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個合適的地點；如果不是整個社區共同參加演出，經常在“演出區”和“觀眾席”之間劃分出明顯的分界。

另外，儀式中還有演員，而且宗教領袖通常承擔演出任務，因為在儀式的執行中避免錯誤的發生被認為有相當大的重

要性；他們經常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動物或超自然的生靈，用動作 來表演以達到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰斗的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復活。最后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分離了出來。

另一個追溯戲劇起源的理論認為它來自人們對敘述故事的興趣。根據這個觀點，故事(關于狩獵、戰爭或者其它偉績)是逐漸豐富起來的。

首先通過一個講解人來運用模仿、表演和對話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一個與之緊密相關的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節奏感的和體操式的那一類，或者是對動物動作和聲音的模仿。

06 Television

Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visio: sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with

broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.電視電視--以快速變化與發展為標志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現代技術，正在步入一個極端復雜化與多樣化的新時代。

這個時代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關鍵在于電視技術與計算機技術的結合?！半娨暋边@個詞

來源于希臘語詞根(tele：遠)和拉丁語詞根(vision：景象)，可以從字面上理解為來自遠處的景象。

簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個復雜的電子系統，電視能夠將一幅 圖像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上)轉換成能經過導線或電纜發送出去的電子脈沖信號。

當這些電子脈沖信號被輸入一部接收機(電視機)時，就可以用電子學的方法把脈沖信號重新恢復成同一幅圖像。但是，電視不僅僅是一個電子系統，它還

是一種表達工具和傳播渠道。因此，電視成了一個對其他人發生影響的強大工具。電視這個領域可以根據其發射方式分為兩類。第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號的寬帶無線電波發射展現在大眾面前；第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發射技術來滿足個人以及某些特殊

利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。我們熟悉廣播電視，因為廣播電視已經以類似目前的方式存在了大約37年。

在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由ABC、NBC、CBS這些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。這些 廣播業的巨頭實際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對電視的理解。我們漸漸把顯像管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個生動的媒介的被動觀眾。

07 Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.安德魯?卡內基被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯?卡內基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業。在這個過程中，他變成了美國最富有的人之一。

他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產品的能力，部分來自于經濟蕭條時期的擴充策略。在蕭條時期，他的多數對手都在縮減投資?？▋然J為個 人應該通過努力工作來獲得進展，但他也強烈地感到有錢人應該運用他們的財富來為社會謀取福利。他反對施舍救濟，更愿意提供教育機會，使別人自立。

卡內基經常說：“富有著死去的人死得可恥?！彼麑ι鐣妮^重要的貢獻都以他的名字命名。這些貢獻包括匹茲堡卡內基學校。

這個學校有一個圖書館，一個美術館和一個國家歷史博物館；他還創立了一所技術學校，這所學校現在是卡內基梅隆大學的一部分；其他的慈善捐贈有為促進國家間了 解的“卡內基國際和平基金”，為科學研究提供經費的華盛頓卡內基學院以及給各種藝術活動 提供活動中心的卡內基音樂廳。安德魯?卡內基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。由于他超過五百萬美元的捐款，2500 個圖書館得以建立起來，遍布在美國各地的小村鎮，形成了我們今天還在享用的公共圖書館系統的核心。

08 American Revolution

The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely

on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.美國革命美國革命其實并不算是一場革命，因為它并未導致完全的和徹底的變化。這 次革命并不是對政治和社會框架的一次突然和猛烈的顛覆，象后來在已經是獨立國家的法國和俄國所爆發的革命那樣。

革命帶來了重大的變化，但并非翻天覆地，所發生的只是進化的加速，而不是一場徹底的革命；在沖突期間，人們仍然上班、做禮拜、結婚、玩耍。多

數人并沒有受到實際戰斗的嚴重影響。許多較閉塞的社區對這場戰爭幾乎一無所知。美國獨立戰爭宣布了三個現代國家的誕生，其中一個是加拿大。

加拿大的第一大批講英語的流入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者，這些人從美國逃到了加拿大。另一個國家是澳大利 亞，因為美國不再是容納罪犯和欠債者的國度了，澳大利亞就變成了一個懲治罪犯的殖民地(注：獨立戰爭前，英國政府將罪犯流放到美國)。第三個國家就是美國，它完全建立在共 和原則基礎上。即使政治上的顛覆也不如人們可能想象的那樣具有革命性。在一些州，特別是康涅狄格和羅德島，戰爭基本上只是承認了已經存在的殖民地的自治。四處被驅逐的英國官員都被本土的統治階級所替代，這個統治階級迅速地以地方權力機關來替代國王和議會。

09 Suburbanization

If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was

developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.郊區的發展如果“郊區”指的是比已建好的城市內部發展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶，那么郊區化可以說始于1825年至1850年工業化城市出現期間。

在這之前，城市只是高度密集的小聚居群。在其中，人們步行走動，商品靠馬車來運送。但是建于18世紀三四十年

代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近，被工作機會吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住房。

漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人

聚居區，包圍了工廠。作為對這種侵蝕的自衛，也為了擴大它們收稅的地域范圍，城市吞并了工業化的臨近地帶，比如1854 年費城的城區就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區。相似的城市化也發生在芝加哥和紐約。今天很多美國的大城市其實就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區而

變成大都會的。隨著工業化的加速發展，城市里出現了嚴重擁擠和相伴而來的社會壓力。當 1888年第一條商業上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時，壓力開始接近危機的程度。幾年之 內，馬車就被廢棄了，電車網相互交織連接著各個重要的城區，從而形成了一種郊區化的潮流，即密集的工業城市轉變成了分散的都市。

此時城市中產階級的出現進一步加強了第一波大規模郊區化。這些中產階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區的開發者滿足了他們的愿望。Types of Speech

Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.語言的類型標準用法包括那些為使用這種語言的大多數人在任何場合下理解、使用和接受的詞和短語，而不論該場合是否正式。

這些詞和短語的意義已很確定并被列入了標準詞典中。相反，俗語是指那些幾乎所有講這種語言的人都理解并在非正式的口頭或書面中

使用，卻不適用于更正規的一些場合的詞和短語。幾乎所有的習慣用語都屬于俗語，而俚 語指的是為很多講這種語言的人理解但大多數人不把它們列入好的、正式用法之內的詞和短語；俗語甚至俚語都可能在標準字典中查到，但是字典中會標明它們的性質。

俗語和俚語詞匯的應用都是口頭較多、筆頭較少。俗語用法經常地被接受為標準用法。一些俚語也變

成了標準用法，但另外一些俚語只經歷了短暫的流行，而后就被棄之不用了。有時候，多數人從來不接受某些俚語，但是他們把這些俚語保存到集中記憶中。

每一代人似乎都需要獨有的一套詞匯來描述熟知的物體和事件。很多語言學家指出，大量俚語的形成需要三個 文化條件：第一，對社會中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一個由大量子群構成的多樣化人口； 第三，各子群與多數人口之間的聯系。最后需要提到的是，“標準語”、“俗語”和“俚語”這些術語只是對研究語言的專家才有用的抽象標簽。

不論何種語言，只會有很小一部分使用者 能夠意識到他們是在使用俗語或俚語。講英語的多數人能夠在適當的場合中選擇使用所有這三種語言類型。Archaeology

Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline.Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we livespace.With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago.Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessingworks of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however,“ the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.博物館從波士頓到洛杉機，從紐約到芝加哥、到達拉斯，所有的博物館或者正在籌劃、建造或

者正在完成大規模的擴建計劃。這些計劃或者已經根本性地改變了博物館門面與展廳的設計，或者預期在不久的將來會這樣做。

單單在紐約市，六個主要機構或者已經向空中和周圍擴展，或者正準備這樣做。大家一致行動的原因是復雜多樣的，但其中的一個因素是普遍考慮的空間問題。隨著收藏品的增多，也隨著博物館的需要和功能的變化，空間已經變成了一項非常珍貴的商品。在我國，也許沒有任何其他地方比費城藝術博物館更符合這個事實。

這個博物館幾十年來一直需要額外的空間，十年前進行了最后一次重大的翻新。由于空間 緊缺，該藝術博物館在考慮購買與受贈藝術品已越來越謹慎，有時甚至放棄增強藝術收藏的 機會。由于博物館的空間問題，將藝術品脫手或者說賣掉已經有了新的重要意義。博物館 館長們被迫巧妙輪換利用陳列館的空間，輪流著把一些藝術杰作向公眾展出，而把另一些送 入存儲室中。雖然對額外的陳列室和存儲室空間需要很明顯，但據費城藝術博物館經理講： “博物館還沒有在未來十五年打破這個束縛的計劃?！? Skyscrapers and Environment

In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized.Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power.In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.The heat loss(or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain.However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too.If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.摩天大樓與環境

60年代后期，許多北美人把注意力轉向了環境問題，那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到了廣泛的批評。

生態學家指出，城市中密集的高層建筑經常給公共交通與停車場的承載能力造成過重的負擔。摩天大樓還是電能的過度消費者與浪費者。最近的某一年，紐約市摩

天寫字樓1，700萬英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的最高日需求量提高了120，000千瓦。這 些電能足以供紐約的整個奧爾巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大樓特別地浪費。通過半 英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失(或增加)的熱量是典型的加入絕緣板的石墻所允許的熱量損失(或增加)的十倍以上。

為了減輕取暖設備或空調設備的壓力，摩天大樓的建造者們已經開始使用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，來減少強光照射和熱量的

增加；但是，鏡面的摩天大樓會提高周圍空氣的溫度并會對附近的建筑物產生影響。摩天大樓也對城市的衛生設施造成了沉重的壓力。

單單紐約市的二個世界貿易中心大樓如果完全被占滿的話，每年就會產生2，250，000加侖的污水。這相當于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這

樣大的城市一年所產生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市擁有109，000人口。A Rare Fossil Record

The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.罕見的化石記錄胚胎與幼體被保存下來在化石記錄中是少見的事情。微小纖細的骨骼通常在石化前就被食腐肉的動物拆散了，或者被風化作用破壞掉了。魚龍比起陸地的動物有更大的幾率被保存下來，因為它們作為海洋動物常生活在腐蝕性較小的環境中。但是它

們的石化需要一系列因素：軟組織的腐爛速度緩慢，很少被其他動物殘食，缺少混雜、沖走小骨頭的快速水流和波浪，以及相當快地被掩埋。

當這些因素存在時，某些地區就會變成一個充滿保存完好的魚龍化石的寶庫。在德國獲爾茲梅登，那兒的沉積物給人們提出了一個有趣的分析案例。

人們在黑色的、含瀝青的海洋頁巖中發現了約19，000年前沉積下來的魚龍化石。

幾年時間內，在這些巖石中取得了數以千計的海洋爬行動物、魚類以及無脊椎動物的標本。它們的保存質量非常的好，但更令人稱奇的是保存下來的育有胚胎的魚龍化石數目。在獲爾茲梅登附近一個小地區的六個不同的頁巖層中分別發現了育有胚胎的魚龍 化石。這表明大量的魚龍經年累月重復使用一個特定的地點。那些胚胎已經發育得相當完整了。比如，它們的蹼槳已經完全形成了。

有一個標本甚至被保存在產道中。而且，那塊頁巖包含著很多在20到30英寸之間的新生幼體的化石。為什么在其他地方那么稀少的懷

孕雌獸和幼體在獲爾茲梅登卻那么多呢?因為其保存質量幾乎舉世無雙，采集工作的進行一直是一絲不茍的。

大家都認識到這些化石的價值極其珍貴，但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題：為什么在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現即將臨產的懷孕魚龍群呢? The Nobel Academy

For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.”

The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.諾貝爾委員會

過去的82年里，瑞典的諾貝爾委員會決定了誰將獲得諾貝爾文學獎，因此也就決定了誰將從偉大或近乎偉大榮升為不朽。

但在今天，該委員會卻遭到了評選委員會內外的猛烈批評。批評者們爭論說：“評選獲獎者時，起作用更大的不是真實的寫作能力，而是該委員

會以及瑞典特有的內部政治。按照瑞典兩家主要報紙之一的文化版編輯IngmarBjorksten 的說法，該文學獎仍然是”人們所說的一種非常瑞典式的做為：反映瑞典口味“。對于其評選 過程中目光短淺的指責，該委員會辯護說，該委員會與世界幾大文學之都相距遙遠，實際上使該委員會免受外來的干擾。

這也許是對的，但批評者們反駁說，也正因為相距如此遙遠，該委員會才不能準確地把握文學界的真正趨勢。盡管對評選程序存在著關注，該文學獎將繼

續作為世人最為推崇的文學的標志而存在，并將繼續是作家們難以達到卻又會不斷追逐的目標。

如果不考慮其他因素，而僅僅考慮與之俱來的經濟利益，該獎也將繼續為人所渴求： 這不僅因為該獎本身就是一筆可觀的現金收入，而且該獎還將極大地增加一個作家的著作的銷量。

16.the war between Britain and France

In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties.Britain built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO)guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths;France was predominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.英法戰爭

在18世紀后期，戰爭爆發于歐洲大陸的幾乎每一個角落，在中東、南非、西印度群島、拉丁美洲亦都是如此。

然而實際上，在這一時期只有一場主要的戰爭，那就是英法之間的戰爭。所有其他戰爭都服從于這一更大的爭端，至少是與這兩個對手的目標和戰略有某些關聯。

法國力圖統治整個歐洲，而英國的自主及其力圖在整個歐洲大陸挫敗拿破侖的種種

努力都是法國實現這一目標的障礙。英國通過條約建立了聯盟(和今天北約的概念沒有什么不同)以保證英國插手所有歐洲的主要爭端。

這兩個對頭并不是一對好對手，因為他們的力量極不均衡：法蘭西在陸地上稱王，英格蘭則

在海上稱霸。法國人明白，如果不能擊敗英

國海軍，他們勝利的唯一希望就是讓歐洲的所有港口都對英國艦船關閉。于是，法國將其 軍事占領從莫斯科延伸到里斯本，從尤特蘭延伸到卡拉布里亞，企圖以此來制服英國。所 有這些行動包含著巨大的風險，因為法國并不具備足夠的軍事資源，來控制這么多地盤，同時又能保護自己，維持國內的秩序。法國戰略家們的算盤是，其海軍若擁有

150艘軍艦，則將足以擊跨英國海軍。這樣的武力將使法國對英國具有3比2的優勢。這種優勢被認為是

必不可少的，因為英國人具有超群的海上技能和技術，并且打的是一場防御戰爭，使它能以少勝多。

拿破侖從未忘卻他的目標，因為英國是他統治全歐的最后一個重大的障礙。隨著他的力量越來越靠近這個目標，拿破侖變得越來越不耐煩起來，開始策劃立即攻擊。

17.Evolution of sleep

Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved?

Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.睡眠的進化 睡眠是古老的。從腦電圖上看，我們人類和所有靈長目動物以及幾乎所有的哺乳動物和鳥類都一樣需要睡眠；甚至爬行類動物也有睡眠。有證據顯示，有夢睡眠和無夢睡眠這

兩種類型的睡眠取決于該動物的生活方式。從統計上看，食肉動物比被捕食動物有更多的有夢睡眠，而被捕食動物更多地無夢睡眠。

動物在有夢睡眠時，被有效地解除動作能力，并且對外界刺激缺乏反應。無夢睡眠則要淺得多。我們都看到過貓和狗在顯然的酣睡中，有一點響動耳朵就會豎起來。被捕食動物很少有深度的有夢睡眠，這看來顯然是自然選擇的結果。

而且這一點是有道理的：當睡眠高度進化以后，愚笨的動物比聰明的動物更少在深度睡眠狀態下喪失動作能力。

但是動物為什么要進入深度睡眠呢?為什么這樣的無動作狀態也會進化出來呢?海豚、鯨魚以及水生哺乳動物睡眠都極少，這一事實可以給睡眠的根本

功能提供有用的線索。海洋中是沒有藏身之處的。會不會是這樣，睡眠不但不增加動物受傷害的可能性，反而是減少了這種可能性呢?佛羅里達大學的Wilse Webb和倫敦大學的RayMeddis認為情況就是如此。可以想像得出，在危險的時刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自動保

持安靜的動物，會不由自主地變得動彈不得。這一點在食肉動物的幼獸身上表現得特別明顯。這是一個很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正確的。

18.Modern American Universities 胖胖：）

Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.The notion of major fields

of study emerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.現代美國大學

19世紀50年代以前美國有一些小的學院，大多數成立于殖民時期。它們是與教會掛 鉤的小機構，主要目的是培養學生的道德品行。當時在歐洲各地，高等教育機構已經發展起來，用的是一個古老的名稱--大學。德國已經發展出一種不同類型的大學。德國大學關心的主要是創造知識和傳播知識，而不是道德教育。從世紀中葉到世紀末，有9000多名美

國青年因不滿國內所受的教育而赴德深造。他們中的一些人回國后成為一些知名學府--哈佛、耶魯、哥倫比亞的校長并且把這些學府轉變成了現代意義的大學。新校長們斷絕了和教會的關系，聘請了新型的教職員，聘用教授根據的是他們在學科方面的知識，而不是正確的信仰和約束學生的強硬手段。

新的原則是大學既要傳播知識也要創造知識。這就需要由學者型老師組成教工隊伍?？克烙浻脖澈妥鼍毩晛韺W習的方法變為德國式的講解方法。德

國式的講解就是由教授講授自己的研究課題。通過研究生性質的學習可以獲得表明最高學術造詣的古老的德國學位--博士學位。

隨著討論課制度的建立，研究生們學會了提問、分析以及開展他們自己的研究。同時，新式大學學校規模和課程設置完全突破了過去那種只

有數學、經典著作、美學和音樂的狹窄課程表。哈佛大學的校長率先推出選課制度，這樣 學生們就能選擇自己的專業。主修領域的概念也出現了。新的目標是使大學對實際社會更有用。

密切關注著社會上的實際需求，新的大學著意培養學生解決問題的能力。工程系學生 成為新式教育體制下最典型的學生。學生們還被培訓成為經濟學家、建筑師、農學家、社會工作人員以及教師。

19.children’s numerical skills 怎么還是胖胖：）

people appear to born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second enter a second-grade

mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children were observed as they slowly grasped-----or, as the case might be, bumped into-----concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers------the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate

兒童的數學能力

人似乎生來就會計算。孩子們使用數字的技能發展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓人想象有一個內在的精確而成熟的數字鐘在指導他們的成長。孩子們在學會走路和說話后不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準確布置桌子--五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個湯匙、一把叉 子。很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個湯匙、五把叉子。沒有多久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來總共是15把銀餐具。

如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他們又轉向減法。有一種設想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島

上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學二年級的數學課，而不會碰到任何智力調整方面的大麻煩。當然，事實并沒有這么簡單。

本世紀認知心理學家的工作已經揭示了智力發展所依賴的日常學習的微妙形式。他們觀察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認為理所當然的概念的

過程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過程。他們也觀察到孩子們拒絕承認某些常識的情況。比如：

孩子們拒絕承認當水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細而長的瓶子中時，水的數量沒有變化。心理學家們而后又展示一個例子，即：讓孩子們數一堆鉛筆時，他們能順利地報出藍鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數目，但卻需誘導才能報出總的數目。此類研究表明：數學基礎是經過逐漸努力后掌握的。

他們還表示抽象的數字概念，如可表示任何一類物品并且是在做比擺桌子有更高數學要求的任何事時都必備的一、二、三意識，遠遠不是天生就具備的。The Historical Significance of American Revolution

The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one

intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a “tyrannical” government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.美國革命的歷史意義歷史的進程是如此錯綜復雜，人類行為的動機是如此令人費解，以至于想把那些時間跨 度大，涉及人數多，空間范圍廣的事件描述成為一個智者或一場社會運動的表現的企圖是危險的。

然而以托馬斯?杰弗遜登上總統寶座為高潮的那一段歷史過程可以被視為一個特殊的例子。在這段歷史時期里不僅誕生了新的生活方式，而且民族主義成為了一種新的生活方式。美國獨立戰爭成為聯結17世紀現代英格蘭的自我意識和18 世紀末現代歐洲的覺醒的紐帶。歷史的行程需要跨越大西洋，這看起來似乎有些奇怪，但卻只有在北美殖民地為民權和自由的斗爭才能導致新國家的建立。

這里，反對”暴政“的民眾起義的成果不僅是獲得一個包含更多自由的憲法，還包括了一個依照人民的意愿誕生在自由中的國家的成長。這

個國家不是基于血緣、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美國，第一次一個國家的誕生 不是發生在歷史模糊的過去，而是在全世界人們的眼前。The Origin of Sports

When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals – past, present, and future.Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh(or so it seems)to the point of delighted exhaustion.Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature.In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally

permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action.Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life.This is a grand conception that excites and provokes.The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments----liturgy, literature, and law----can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children.Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.體育的起源體育運動開始于何時?如果體育運動的本質就是游戲的話，我們就可以宣稱體育運動比

人類古老，因為正如我們所觀察到的，野獸也進行嬉戲。狗和貓會扭抱玩球，魚和鳥翩翩起舞，猿類會進行一些簡單的、愉快的游戲。

雀躍的幼兒，捉迷藏的學童和成年摔跤者展示出人與動物界的有力的跨越世代與物種的永恒的聯系--特別是幼獸，它們翻筋斗、追逐、奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起來是)，直到愉快地精疲力盡。他們的玩耍，同我們的 一樣，似乎并沒有別的目的而只是給游戲者以愉悅，暫時把我們從嚴肅生活的痛苦中拉出來。一些哲學家稱我們的嬉戲是我們本質中最崇高的部分。

依他們這些隨意性很大的見解，游戲無害而且實驗性地允許我們的創造力、幻想和想象發揮作用。游戲讓人們從永不間斷亦

不可避免的生活悲劇-與乏匱和衰退進行的枯燥抗爭中得到一種解脫。這是一個令人興奮、給人啟發的偉大見解。

這種見解的持有者宣稱，我們的最高成就如宗教典禮、文學、法律的起源可以追溯到游戲的沖動。但令人不解的是我們看到只有幼獸和小孩子才最純粹地享

受著這種沖動。從這種比較豁達和非宿命的人性觀來看，我們的運動是超時代、跨物種的輝煌的創造。

22.Collectibles

Collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since ancient times.Whereas some objects have been collected for their usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone.In the United States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range from traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic books.Interest in collectibles has increased enormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their value as investments.Especially during cycles of high inflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current market values.In general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event that cash is needed.Some examples of the most stable collectibles are old masters, Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver，porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period furniture.Other items of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic books.These relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-term investments.Once a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at a fairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiastic collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that become increasingly more difficult to locate.收藏品

從古代開始，收藏品就是文化的一部分。一些物品因它們的有用性被收藏，而另一些則純粹因為它們的美被收藏。

在美國，當今流行的收藏品種類從傳統物件，如郵票、硬幣、珍本書籍、藝術品，到更近期一些的有趣的東西，如布娃娃、瓶子、壘球卡、連環漫畫冊。

對收藏品的興趣在過去十年中大大地增長，部分原因是一些收藏品顯示出了它們的投資價值。

尤其在高通貨膨脹時期，投資者盡量購買那些至少會保持他們現有市場價值的有形資產。一般來說，最傳統的收藏品受青睞，因為它們多年后仍保持其價值。

它們擁有完善的拍賣市場，在需要現金的時候最容易被賣掉。一些最穩當的收藏品是古老的畫作、中國陶

器、郵票、硬幣、珍本書籍、古代珠寶、銀器、瓷器、著名藝術家的作品、親筆簽名和有時代特征的家具。

其它更近期的物品有舊唱片、舊雜志、明信片、壘球卡片、彩色玻璃、布娃娃、早期汽車、古瓶和連環畫冊。作為短期投資這些相對說來較新穎的收藏品的確可能

更快地增值，但作為長期投資則可能不能保值。一旦一件收藏品有了它第一次交易，它便 以一個相當穩定的比率增值，這個增值率受到越來越多的熱情的收藏者的支持，他們為有限的而且越來越難找到的收藏品而競爭。Ford

Although Henry Ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s standards.Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time.In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts.In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted.The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants.Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts.The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions.Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing.He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the product.In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability.Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.亨利?福特盡管亨利?福特的名字和大生產的概念相連，但他在勞工保護上得到同樣的贊譽，因為

他早在1913年便實行了用今天的標準來衡量依然是先進的標準。安全措施得到改進，日工作時間從當時普遍的10或12小時減少到8小時。

為了適應更短的日工作時間，整個工廠從雙班變成了三班。而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫療得以制度化。福特汽車公司是最早建

立技術學校來培訓專門技工和為移民開設英語學校的工廠之一。公司甚至為雇傭殘疾人和 有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受廣泛稱贊的革新是實行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻礙工會的發展。

福特從效率和利潤分享的角度來解釋這項新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個事實，他的員工可以買他們生產的汽車--這實際上是為其產品另開辟了一個市場。為了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個得體的家庭并顯示出良好的個人習慣，包括節制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評福特過多地干涉

了員工的私人生活，但毫無疑問，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時代，亨利?福特卻幫助了許多人在美國扎下根來。

24．Piano

The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries---the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.The clavichord’s tone was metallic and never powerful;nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music.The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy(though musicologists point out several previous instances of the

instrument).This instrument was called a piano e forte(sort and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility;its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head.The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.鋼琴

鋼琴的家系可以追溯至15至16世紀早期的鍵盤樂器，包括小型撥弦琴、洋琴和維金娜琴。17 世紀時風琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員。這種至高無上的地位一直為它們所保持，直到18世紀末期鋼琴將它們取代。

敲弦古鋼琴的音調有金屬的音質，缺乏雄勁。然而由于它的音調變化多，許多作曲家發現對于親切的室內樂是一種得體的樂器。

人們最喜歡用具備明快有力音調的撥弦古鋼琴來配合當時小型管弦樂團的低音樂器以及在演奏會上演奏。但它的音調難以變化，除非使用機械或構件裝置。18 世紀早期的意大利，鋼琴在一位撥琴鋼琴制造者手中得到完善(盡管音樂理論家們指出有更早的例子)。這種樂器被稱為pianoeforte(意大利語，柔和而響亮的)，以顯示它有力的多樣性。演奏者用一個頭部帶皮氈的彈擊樂錘敲擊琴弦。更早的這種樂器之上的金屬絲要重得多。從此，持 續到19世紀的一系列機械上的改進，包括引入踏板以維持音調或使其柔和，改善金屬框架，以及使用最佳性能的鋼絲，最終產生了一種具備無數音調效果的樂器。

這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響，從明快流暢的吟唱的音調到尖銳的打擊樂器的清晰動人的恢宏氣勢。

NOTE: Musical Instruments 1.The strings(弦樂)1)plectrum: harp, lute, guitar, mandolin;2)keyboard: clavichord, harpsichord, piano;3)bow: violin, viola, cello, double bass.2.The Wood（木管）—winds : piccolo, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, English horn;3.the brass（銅管）: French horn, trumpet, trombone, cornet, tuba, bugle, saxophone;4.the percussion（打擊組）: kettle drum, bass drum, snare drum, castanet, xylophone, celesta, cymbal, tambourine.25.Movie Music

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.From the very beginning，music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment;when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes.At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films;an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments.In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as “ pleasant”, “sad”, “lively”.The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.電影插曲

盡管我們習慣于將1927年以前的電影稱為”無聲電影“，但是就無聲這個詞完整的意義 上來說，電影從未真正的無聲過，從最初開始音樂就被視為必不可少的伴奏。當盧米埃爾的電影在1896年2 月美國首屆影片公映展覽上放映的時候，影片便用當時的流行曲臨場鋼琴伴奏。最初，這些音樂伴奏與電影沒有什么特別的關系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很

短的時間內，為一部莊重的影片演奏快活的音樂所產生的不協調感變得顯而易見，因此鋼琴家們開始注意將自己的作品與影片的情調結合起來。

隨著影劇院在數量上與重要性上的不斷增長，在一些場合，除了鋼琴師外，還要加上小提琴師，或許還有一位大提琴師。較大 的影劇院里還組成了小型的管弦樂隊。在很長的時間內，為各部影片選擇配樂完全掌握在 樂隊指揮或隊長手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品味，而是擁有一個大的音樂作品的個人收藏。

因為直到電影上映的前一天晚上樂隊指揮才能看到影片(如果這個指揮真正有幸能夠看到影片的話)，音樂安排通常是在非常匆忙的情況下臨場進行的。為了解

決以上的困難，電影發行公司開辦了為音樂伴奏印制提示單的業務。例如1909年愛迪生公 司開始將一些諸如”喜悅的“、”悲傷的“、”活潑的“之類表明影片情調特征的提示與影片一起發行。

這些提示逐漸變得更加具體，并且出現了包括影片情調說明、適用樂曲名稱和樂曲轉換點等內容的配樂說明單。某些影片擁有專門為其創作的音樂。

這些早期特創樂譜中最著名的便是為D.W.格雷夫斯1915年上映的影片《一個國家的誕生》所創作的音樂。Note: 美國通俗音樂分類： 1．Jazz;1)traditional jazz----a)blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday

b)ragtime(切分樂曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin c)New Orleans jazz(= Dixieland jazz)eg: Louis Armstron d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.e)bop(=bebop, rebop)eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.2)modern jazz------a)cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士樂。Eg: Kenny G.b)third-stream jazz.Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis.c)main stream jazz.d)avant-garde jazz.e)soul jazz.Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald f)Latin jazz.2.gospel music 福音音樂，主要源于Nero spirituals.Eg.Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Country and Western music.Eg.John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc.4.Rock music-----------a)rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US), the Beatles(UK.)

b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.c)punk rock d)acid rock

e)rock jazz eg: M.J.McLaughlin

f)Jurassic rock 5.Music for easy listening(i.e.light music)

26.International Business and Cross-cultural Communication

The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication.Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement.It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal.It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further.The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position.Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator.Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals.Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits.In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.國際商業和跨文化交流國際貿易和海外投資的增加產生了對具有外語知識和跨文化交流技巧的經理的需求。

然而，美國人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓練，因此沒有在國際談判中象他們的外國對手一樣成功。談判是為了達成協議而反復交流的過程。它包括說服和妥協。

但是為了去進行說服和妥協，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說服人和怎樣達成妥協。在國外的國際商務談判中，美國人被視為富有和不帶個人情感。

在外國談判者看來，似乎美國人代表著一個龐大的擁有數百萬資財的大企業，不用進一步地討價還價就能出得起價錢。

美國談判者的角色變成了一個沒有個人感情的信息及現金的供應者。對在國外的美 國談判者的研究中，我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個特點，或許證實這個已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個特點是美國談判者的直截了當和缺乏耐心。

此外，美國談判者經常堅持實現短期目標，而外國的談判者會珍視建立談判者之間的聯系并愿意為長期利益投入時間。

為了鞏固這種聯系，他們會選擇非直接的交流而不計較投入用于了解對方的時間。明顯地，價值觀的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結果和談判者的成功與否。

美國人要在國際商務談判中扮演更為有效的角色，他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。

27.Scientific Theories

In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory.If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported.If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further.There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments.Facts by themselves are not science.As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”

Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to the problem are formulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown.It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts.The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses.Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction.When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.科學理論

在科學中，理論是對所觀察到的相關事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個虛構的模型，這個模型幫助科學家構想所觀察到的事件是如何發生的。分子運動理論便是我們能找到的一個很好的例子。

在這個理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運動的小顆粒組成。一個有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過去的觀測，還有助于預測那些未被觀測到的事件。一個理論公開

后，科學家們設計實驗來檢驗這個理論。如果觀察證實了科學家的預言，這個理論則得到了驗證。如果觀察不能證實科學家的預言，科學家就必須進一步的研究?；蛟S是實驗存在錯誤，或許是這個理論必須被修改或拋棄。科學家除了收集信息和操作實驗外還需要想象能力和創/造性思維。事實本身并不是科學。

正如數學家喬斯?亨利?波恩克爾所說：”科學建立在事實之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實的收集不能被稱作科學，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。

“多數科學家通過找出別的科學家在一個特定問題上的所知來開始研究。在收集了已知事實之后，科學家開始了研究中需要相當想像力的部分。他們爾后擬訂

對這個問題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱為假設。在某種意義上，任何假 設都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學家的思維超越已知事實。科學家計劃實驗、計算、觀測以檢

驗假定。若沒有假設，進一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當假設被證實了，就成為理論的一部分。

28.Changing Roles of Public Education

One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools.In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate---every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950.The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food.The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945.Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.Therefore in the 1950’s and 1960’s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently, the “ custodial rhetoric” of the 1930’s and early 1940’s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.公共教育的角色變化一項重要的、有可能促使人們對公共教育的角色的看法發生轉變的社會發展是本世紀五

六十年代的生育高峰對學校的影響。在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大蕭條中，美國經歷了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年齡在15 歲至45歲的婦女生下大約118個存活嬰兒，1930年89.2個，1936年75.8個，1940年80個。隨著二戰帶來的持續繁榮以及隨之而來 的經濟增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人更早地結婚成家，而且比前輩養育更大的家庭。

1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年達106%，1955年達118%。對于生育高峰，經濟有可 能是最重要的決定因素，但它并不是唯一的解釋。不斷受到重視的家庭觀念也有助于解釋出生率的上升。到40 年代中期為止，這些生育高峰出生的孩子們開始源源不斷地進入小學一年級。到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。公共教育系統突然感到不堪重負了。

由于戰時和戰后的狀況，使得學齡兒童人數增加，這些狀況使得學校面對這股洪流更加措手不及。戰時經濟意味著在1940年到1950 年間幾乎沒有建立新學校。而且，在戰時和隨后的經濟增長時期，大量的教師離開崗位去別處從事報酬更為優厚的工作。因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰沖擊著陳舊而不完備的學校體系。這樣一來，30年代以及40年代早期，”監護理論“就不再有意義了。也就是說，通過使16 歲以上的年輕人留在學校不進入勞動力市場的做法再也不是教育機構的優先考慮了。因為教育機構不再能找到場地和教師來教育那些更小的5-16 歲的孩子。隨著生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士對教育的興趣和焦點，不可避免地轉向了更低的年級和基礎的學術技能和學科上。

這個系統不再有濃厚的興趣給較年長的年輕人提供非傳統的新式的和額外的服務。Telecommuting

Telecommuting--substituting the computer for the trip to the job----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child;she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and

family.Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management too must separate the myth from the reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.電子交通

電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對各種各樣的辦公室工作問題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。

對工作者來說，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時間浪費在交通上和有助于解決照看小孩的矛盾。

對管理者來說，電子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通過省去辦公室與家之間的來回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨處的時間來完成需要高

度集中精神的任務，為管理者提供靈活的時間安排。在一些地區，如南加利福尼亞和西雅 圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵公司開始電子交通計劃以減少交通高峰時的塞車和提高空氣質量。但這些益處也來之不易。

要使電子交通成功需要仔細的計劃并且理解電子交通的現實狀況和流行的想象之間的區別。許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。一位電腦程序設計

員從紐約市搬到了寧靜的阿第倫達克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯系。一位經理一 周三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作；一位會計師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話調制解調器的接頭，在同醫生通話之余完成辦公室工作。這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對現實有限的反映。電子交通者很快發現在同一時間專注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在

某個年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。如果家長要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。管理階層必須把現實同神話分開。

雖然傳媒對電子交通投入了極大的關注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實際情況而不是技術的可能性促成電子交通的安排。

這就是為什么盡管有廣泛的報導，具有在家工作項目或行動綱領的公司數目依然很少的部分原因。The origin of Refrigerators

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.This had become possible because a new household

convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job.Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track.He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center.When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.冰箱的由來

直到19世紀中期，”冰箱“這個名詞才進入了美國語言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發展而發展。

冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。內戰(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車，同時也進入了民用。

甚至在1880年前，半數在紐約、費城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一

在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進入家庭使用，因為一種新的家庭設備，冰箱，即現代冰箱的前身，被發明了。制造一臺有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡單。

19世紀早期，關于對冷藏科學至關重要的熱物理知識是很淺陋的。認為最好的冰箱應該防止冰的融化這樣一個

普遍的觀點顯然是錯誤的，因為正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。早期為節省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來，使得冰不能發揮它的作用。直到近19 世紀末，發明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環的精確平衡。但早在1803年，一位有發明天才的

馬里蘭農場主，托馬斯?莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個農場，離華盛頓約20英里，那里的喬治鎮村莊是集市中心。

當他用自己設計的冰箱運送黃油去市場時，他發現顧客們會走過裝在競爭者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價更高的價格買他仍然新鮮堅硬，整

齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說他的冰箱的一個好處是使得農民們不必在夜里上路去市場以保持他們產品的低溫。

British Columbia

British Columbia is the third largest Canadian provinces, both in area and population.It is nearly 1.5 times as large as Texas, and extends 800 miles(1,280km)north from the United States border.It includes Canada’s entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long rugged ranges running north and south.Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain range that existed thousands of years ago.During the last Ice Age, this range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath the sea.Its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate.Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flows through the Pacific Ocean.As a result, winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild.These warm western winds also carry moisture from the ocean.Inland from the coast, the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains.As they rise to cross the mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to fall as rain.On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches(500cm)of rain fall each year.More than half of British Columbia is heavily forested.On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, huge Douglas firs rise in towering columns.These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300 feet(90m)tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m).More lumber is produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America.Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in British Columbia.英屬哥倫比亞

英屬哥倫比亞是加拿大的第三大省，無論是面積還是人口都是如此。它幾乎是德克薩斯的1.5倍，從美國邊境一直向北延伸了800英里(1，280 公里)。它包括了加拿大整個西海岸及附近島嶼。大部分英屬哥倫比亞多山巒。綿長而粗獷的山脈貫通南北。甚至那些

沿海的島嶼都是那些存在于千萬年前的山脈的遺跡。在上一個冰河時期，這些山脈被冰河沖刷侵蝕，直到大部分山脈被淹沒在海中。它們的峰頂顯現為沿著海岸散布的島嶼。西南海岸地區有著潮濕溫和的海洋性氣候。從太平洋來的溫暖的洋流使得從西吹過內陸的海風變得溫暖。

因此這兒冬天平均氣溫在零上而且夏天也不會酷熱。這些溫暖的西風同樣也從海洋帶來了濕氣。

來自太平洋的、從海岸向內陸的風遇到海岸山脈和落基山脈這些山脈屏障。當氣流升高跨越這些山脈時，風的溫度就降低了，風中的水分形成降雨。在一些朝西

山坡區域每年大約有200英寸(500厘米)的降水。大部分英屬哥倫比亞密布著森林。在有充足降水的斜坡，巨大的道格拉斯樅樹高聳入云。

這些森林巨人常常長到高達300英尺(90米)，直徑粗達10英尺(3米)。這些樹產出了比北美其他任何樹都多的木材。鐵杉、紅香

椿、香脂冷杉樅都是發現于英屬哥倫比亞的其它樹種。

Botany

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights.It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.This is logical.Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants.They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “ knowledge” at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid.When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.植物學

植物學，即對植物的研究，在人類知識的歷史中占據了特殊的地位。這是人類幾千年來超越模糊的認知而真正有所了解的領域之一。

我們今天不可能知道新石器時代的祖先們對植物到底了解多少，但我們在至今仍存在的前工業化社會觀察到：人類對植物及其特性的詳細了解應該是非常古老的。

這是理所當然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔的基礎。它們對人們的生活至關重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實能夠辨識幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。

對他們來說，植物學沒有專門的名稱，甚至可能根本未被認為是一種專門知識。不幸的是，工業化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越 遠，我們的植物學知識的增加也就越微不足道。然而每個人在不知不覺中擁有大量的植物學知識，很少有人認不出玫瑰、蘋果或蘭花。

大約一萬年前居住在中東的新時代的祖先們發現某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會收獲更多時，人類就邁出了人和植物之間的新關系第一大步。

谷子被發現后，農業的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。從那時起，人類越來越依賴少數可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類中這里獲取一點，那里

獲取一點。這樣在千萬年中對于野生植物的經驗和密切聯系中積累起來的知識就開始消失了。

Plankton浮游生物./ 'plжηktэn;`plжηktэn/

Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea’s plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea’s resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.No one yet has seriously suggested that “ plankton-burgers” may soon become popular around the world.As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.浮游生物數十億噸的被稱為”浮游生物“的小動物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。這些小的動、植物大多太小而難以被人眼看到。它們隨波逐流，為許多較大的動物提供了基本的食物。浮游生物曾被描述為生長在大陸陸地上的各種草類的海洋對應物。這種比喻是恰當 的。然而就潛在的食物價值而言，浮游生物遠勝于草類。一位科學家曾經估計，世界上的草類每年生產大約490 億噸有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生產的碳水化合物多于此數的兩倍。盡管浮游生物具備巨大的食物潛能，但直到最近人們還很少象種植草類

那樣付出努力養殖浮游生物?，F在，海洋科學家們至少已開始研究這種可能性。全球人口不

斷擴張，海洋資源作為食品的重要性日益突出。

現在還沒有人認真說過”浮游生物漢堡“會很快在世界上流行起來。然而，作為一種可能養殖的補充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科學家們相當大的興趣。

一種似乎具有很大收獲可能性的微小的蝦狀浮游生物被稱為鱗蝦。鱗蝦長至2～3英寸長時即成為地球上曾居住過的最大動物--藍鯨的主要食物。成

熟的藍鯨可以達到100英尺長，150噸重，所以每頭鯨每天吞食1噸多的鱗蝦一點也不讓人吃驚。

Raising Oysters

In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes-by transplanting them.First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about.Next, they ”planted” fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae.The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom.There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat.The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food.Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs.But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance.The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food.So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work.But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs.They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae.And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions.They failed, but they doggedly kept at it.Finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring.Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat.Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures.In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!

飼養牡蠣

過去人們飼養牡蠣的方式很大程度上類似于田地里的農夫種植蕃茄--通過移植來飼養它們。首先，農夫選好牡蠣苗床，清除底部的舊殼和其它雜物，然后四處撒播干凈的殼。接著，他們”栽種“已受精的牡蠣卵。這些卵在2～3周內會孵化成幼貝。

幼貝一直漂流直到粘在苗床底部干凈的殼上為止。它們會呆在那兒并逐漸長成小牡蠣。我們稱之為種子或貝

苗。貝苗吸進海水中的微小生物作為食物從而越長越大。不久之后，農夫將這些小牡蠣收 集起來，把它們移種進其他的水域加快其生長，然后再次將它們移種進另外的水域以使其肥壯起來。直到最近，野生的以及人工飼養的牡蠣完全能夠滿足人們的需要。

但是今天這種可口的海味已不再大量存在。這個問題已經變得如此嚴重以至于一些牡蠣苗床已完全消失。幸運的是，早在20 世紀初期海洋生物學家們就意識到如果不采取新的措施，牡蠣將會滅絕或至少會變為一種奢侈的食品。因此他們建造了裝備良好的孵卵場所并開始工作。但是他

們尚沒有適當的裝置或技術來處理牡蠣卵。他們不知道何時、用什么以及如何喂養幼貝。他們對捕食數百萬幼小牡蠣的動物天敵也所知無幾。

他們失敗了，但他們頑強地堅持了下來。終于，在20世紀40年代，一個重要的突破性的進展產生了。海洋生物學家發現，升高水 溫能夠誘導牡蠣不僅在夏季也在秋季、冬季和春季里產卵。后來他們發展了一項技術來喂養幼貝至其長成貝苗。

他們進一步成功地培養出了新的品種，可以抵抗疾病、長得更快、更大并且在不同的鹽度和溫度的水中都能茁壯生長。此外，這些培殖出的牡蠣口感更佳!

35.Oil Refining

An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war.Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from the earth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “ Drake’s Folly”.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “ black gold” all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating

oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.煉油

一種重要的新興工業--煉油業在國內戰爭后成長起來。未加工的石油，或原油--一種深色的地下的稠漿--數百年來一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過它。

在十九世紀五十年代，薩繆爾?M?科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開始從當地的溢出物中收集石油

并將它煉成煤油。與冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個從未加工的原料中除去雜質的過程。煤油被用來點燈。

它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來越難以獲得。不久就產生了對煤油的大量需求。人們開始尋找新的石油供應。第一口油井為

E?L?瑞克，一個退休的火車檢票員所鉆得。1859年他開始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鉆井。整個的這項

冒險事業看起來是如此不現實和愚蠢以致旁觀者稱之為”鴨子的蠢行“。(譯者注：Drake'sFolly,drake 在這里意含雙關，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。)但當瑞克往下鉆至70英尺(21米)的時候，他發現了石油。他的油井從此每天生產

20桶原油。瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現場。截止到19世紀60年代早期，這些冒險者為尋找”黑色的

金子“鉆探遍了整個賓西法尼亞西部。這項繁榮的事業在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與 1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它為勘探者帶來了遠超過淘金潮的財富。原油能被提煉成許多產品。多年以來煤油一直是主要的一種產品。它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶推銷。19世紀八十九十年代煉油者們懂得了生產其它石油產品，如蠟和潤滑油。那時石油還沒有被 用來制造汽油或采暖裝置用油。

36.Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading

The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle.The lithosphere(n.[地]巖石圈)is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another.A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below.As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere.The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone.There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle.Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics.In its original version, in the early 1960’s, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates.The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust.As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field.When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock.Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift.The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently;the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.板塊結構與海床擴展

板塊結構理論描述巖石圈的運動。巖石圈是相對堅硬的地球外層，包括全部地殼和部分地幔。巖石圈被劃分為幾十個大小不同形狀各異的板塊，一般而言這些板塊都處于相對運動之中。一道中海脊是板塊之間的邊界，在那里新的巖石圈的物質從下部注入。

當板塊從中海脊脫離時，它們滑向在巖石圈基部較易變形的地層上。因為地球的大小本質上是不

變的，只有同等數量的巖石圈物質在其它地方被吞沒，新的巖石圈才能生成。銷毀舊巖石 圈的地方形成另外一種板塊邊界：一塊潛沒的區域。在這里，一塊板塊潛沒到另一板塊的邊緣之下并結合入地幔之中。兩種板塊邊界均與地層系統、地震以及火山活動有關，但在兩種邊界處觀察到的諸般地質活動卻迥然不同。海床擴展說實際上早于板塊結構理論。在

20世紀60年代它的理論雛形中，描述了海底的生成和毀滅，但沒有詳細介紹堅硬的巖石圈板塊。這個假定不久之后為發現所證實。

該發現表明地球磁場周期性的逆轉被記錄在海洋地殼中。當巖漿從中海脊下涌起的時候，巖漿中的磁鐵礦物質按地磁場的方向被磁化。巖

漿冷卻并凝固下來后，地磁場的方向和磁極被保留在磁化了的火山巖中。磁場的逆轉形成一系列與斷層軸線平行的條形磁區。

這樣海洋殼就扮演了磁帶的角色，記錄下可以鑒定時間的地磁場的歷史。條形磁區的寬度表明了海底擴展的速度。

Icebergs

Icebergs are among nature’s most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one.A vague air of mystery envelops them.They come into being-----somewhere------in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one hears or sees.They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.Objects of sheerest beauty they have been called.Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple，tinted faintly of in darker hues.They are graceful, stately, inspiring-----in calm, sunlight seas.But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are----in the night, in the fog, and in storms.Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them.Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top.Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them.Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt.Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time.They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago.The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries.As each year’s snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice.When new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains.So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones.With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.冰山冰山是大自然最壯觀的創造之一，但大多數人卻從未看到過冰山，一種朦朧神秘的氣氛 籠罩著它們。冰山形成于久遠的、寒冷的水體中，而且伴隨著雷聲轟鳴般的嘈雜和水花洶 涌的風暴，但卻無人耳聞目睹。冰山僅存在短短的一段時間就慢慢地悄無聲息地融化掉。冰山具有最純粹的美，人們如是說。

冰山呈現出千姿百態，可能白得耀眼，或者是閃耀著藍色、綠色或紫色的玻璃般的光芒，或濃或淡。它們在平靜的陽光照耀的海水中顯得優雅堂

皇，令人浮想聯翩。但是人們亦把冰山稱為恐怖的和危險的。它們的確如此--在夜間，霧天和風暴肆虐時。

即便是在晴朗的天氣里，與它們保持一段安全距離也是明智的。冰山的大部分體積穩藏于水下，因此其水下部分的伸展遠遠超過可見的頂部。冰山也可能出人意

料地翻滾，劇烈地攪動周圍的水體。冰山是冰川的一部分，從冰川斷裂漂流進水中，一段時間后融化。今天的冰山由多年前降落的雪花形成。

它們的體內是數百年，或數千年，有時甚至是數百萬年前的降雪。這些雪花落在極地或寒冷的山上，僅有少量融化或根本不融

化，這樣經過許多年或許多世紀后積累了巨大的深度。由于每年的雪花積累在表面之上，蒸發和融化使得雪花慢慢失去其羽狀尖端而變成微小的冰粒。

當新的雪花降落到舊的表面上，也變成了冰粒。因而雪花覆蓋層和冰粒層層堆積起來直到如此之大的厚度以致較上層的重量壓縮較下層。在時間和壓力的作用下，許多小冰粒結合到一起變成更大的晶體，最終較底層的晶體合并成龐大而堅固的冰塊。

Topaz

Topaz is a hard, transparent mineral.It is a compound of aluminum, silica, and fluorine.Gem topaz is valuable.Jewelers call this variety of the stone “precious topaz”.The best-known precious topaz gems range in color from rich yellow to light brown or pinkish red.Topaz is one of the hardest gem minerals.In the mineral table of hardness, it has a rating of 8, which means that a knife cannot cut it, and that topaz will scratch quartz.The golden variety of precious topaz is quite uncommon.Most of the world’s topaz is white or blue.The white and blue crystals of topaz are large, often weighing thousands of carats.For this reason, the value of topaz does not depend so much on its size as it does with diamonds and many other precious stones, where the value increases about four times with each doubling of weight.The value of a topaz is largely determined by its quality.But color is also important: blue topaz, for instance, is often irradiated to deepen and improve its color.Blue topaz is often sold as aquamarine and a variety of brown quartz is widely sold as topaz.The quartz is much less brilliant and more plentiful than true topaz.Most of it is variety of amethyst: that heat has turned brown.黃水晶

黃水晶是一種堅硬、透明的礦物質。它是鋁、硅和氟的化合物。黃水晶寶石價值不菲。珠寶商把這種石頭稱為”黃玉“。

最出名的黃玉有各種顏色如深黃色、淡棕色、淺紅色等。黃水晶是最堅硬的寶石礦中的一種。在礦石硬度表上，它的硬度為8，這表明刀子不能割開 它而它可在石英上劃痕。金黃色的黃玉品種非常罕見。世界上大多數的黃水晶是白色或藍色的。這些白色或藍色的黃水晶晶體很大，常常有數千克拉重。

由于這個原因，黃水晶的價值不像鉆石和許多其它寶石那樣主要依賴于其大小，重量翻一番價值即上升約四倍。黃

水晶的價值很大程度上取決于其品質，但顏色也很重要。舉例來說，藍色的黃水晶常需放射處理以加深和改善其顏色。

藍色的黃水晶常被作為海藍寶石出售，許多種棕色石英被當作黃水晶廣為販賣。石英光亮度遠小于黃水晶，礦藏儲量也遠較黃水晶豐富。大多數石英 是一種紫水晶，高溫使其變為棕色。

NOTE: topaz / 'tэupжz;`topжz/ n(a)[U] transparent yellow mineral 黃玉（礦物）.(b)[C] semi-precious gem cut from this 黃玉;黃寶石.39 The Salinity of Ocean Waters

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from

place to place.Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important.There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity.One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation---conversion of liquid water to water vapor.In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind.If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean.Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When sea water is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner, sea water directly materials are left behind.In this manner, sea water directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water.This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.海水鹽度如果我們分析海水的鹽度，會發現地區間只有輕微的變化，然而有些小的變化是重要的。

導致海洋的鹽度變化的基本過程有三個，其中之一是通過蒸發的方式即把液態水轉化為水蒸氣來減少海洋中的水分。這樣由于鹽留了下來，所以鹽度增大。

當然，如果這種方式走向極端，將會余下白色的鹽晶體。與蒸發相反的是降水，如降雨，由此水被加入海中，海水被稀釋，從而鹽度降低。

這種情形會發生在大量降雨的地區，或江河入海岸處。因此，鹽度通過蒸發減少水分而上升或通過降水或徑流增加淡水成分而下降。一般來說，在陽光很

強烈的熱帶地區，海水的鹽度略高于世界上其它沒有熱帶那樣多的蒸發的地區。同理，在江河稀釋海水的海岸地帶，海水鹽度略低于其它海區。

第三個可以變更鹽度的過程與海洋中冰的形成和融化有關。海水凍結時，溶于其中的物質被留了下來。這樣，在新形成的海

水冰面的正下方的海水比在冰形成之前有更高的鹽度。當然，當冰融化的時候，會降低周圍水中的鹽度。

在南極洲邊緣的威德爾海中，結冰過程增加低溫海水的鹽度，從而形成了濃度最大的海水。

這些大密度的海水下沉，可以在世界海洋的深水域發現。NOTE：

salinity / sэ'linэti;sэ`linэti/ n [U] the high salinity of sea water 海水的高含鹽量.-?>>saline / 'seilain;US-li:n;`selin/ 1.adj [attrib 作定語](fml 文)containing salt;salty 含鹽的;咸的: * a saline lake 鹽湖 * saline springs 鹽泉

* saline solution, eg as used for gargling, storing contact lenses, etc 鹽溶液（如用于漱喉、存放隱形眼鏡等）.2.n [U](medical 醫)solution of salt and water 鹽水.40 Cohesion-tension Theory

Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high.But plants can move water much higher;the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground.Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps.But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights.Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant.But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees.Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: how does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there.The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant.As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created.The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots.The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion(the attraction between water molecules)are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter.This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.內聚壓力理論

大氣壓能夠支持10米高的水柱，但植物可將水送得更高。美洲紅杉就能把水泵到地面以上100多米高的樹頂。直到19 世紀末，水在樹木和其它高大植物中的輸送還是一個謎。一些植物學家假定植物中的活細胞

充當了水泵的角色。但許多實驗表明細胞都已死亡的植

物莖干仍能將水輸送到相當可觀的高度。對于植物中輸送水的其它解釋都基于根壓--植物底端的根對水的推動。但根壓完全不足以將水推到樹頂。

況且，最高樹木中的松柏只有很低的根壓。如果水不是被泵到高樹的樹頂，也不是被推到樹頂，那么我們會問：它是怎樣

到達樹頂的呢?根據目前為人們所接受的內聚壓力的理論，水是被拉到上面去的。一株植物中作用于一個正在升高的水柱之上的拉力來自該植物頂部水的蒸發。

由于水從葉子表面喪失，一個負壓力，或張力就得以產生。蒸發出去的水被植物里流動的水代替。這些水形成

水柱從植物頂端一直延伸到根部。在任何水樣中造成表面張力的力支持著這些不斷的水柱。當水被限制在內徑很小的管道中時，內聚壓力(水分子之間的相互吸引力)是如此之大以致一支水柱的強度相當于一根直徑相同的鋼絲的強度。這種內聚壓力使得水柱被拉到非常高的地方而不會斷裂。

41.American black bears

American black bears appear in a variety of colors despite their name.In the eastern part of their range, most of these brown, red, or even yellow coats.To the north, the black bear is actually gray or white in color.Even in the same litter, both brown and black furred bears may be born.Black bears are the smallest of all American bears, ranging in length from five to six feet, weighing from three hundred to five hundred pounds Their eyes and ears are small and their eyesight and hearing are not as good as their sense of smell.Like all bears, the black bear is timid, clumsy, and rarely dangerous , but if attacked, most can climb trees and cover ground at great speeds.When angry or frightened, it is a formidable enemy.Black bears feed on leaves, herbs.Fruit, berries, insects, fish, and even larger animals.One of the most interesting characteristics of bears, including the black bear, is their winter sleep.Unlike squirrels, woodchucks, and many other woodland animals, bears do not actually hibernate.Although the bear does not during the winter moths, sustaining itself from body fat, its temperature remains almost normal, and it breathes regularly four or five times per minute.Most black bears live alone, except during mating season.They prefer to live in caves, hollow logs, or dense thickets.A little of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestation period of six to nine months, and they remain with their mother until they are fully grown or about one and a half years old.Black bears can live as long as thirty years in the wild , and even longer in game preserves set aside for them.美國黑熊

美國黑熊雖然被叫做黑熊但卻有各種各樣的顏色。在它們生活區域的東部，大部分黑熊長有富有光澤的黑毛，但在西部，他們則長著棕色、紅色甚至是黃色的毛。在北部，黑熊其實長著灰色或白色的毛。就是在一胎所生的小熊中，都可能混雜棕毛和黑毛。黑熊是所有美洲熊中最小的，5～6英尺長，300～500 磅重。它們的眼睛和耳朵都很小，他們的視力和聽覺不如嗅覺那樣好。像所有的熊一樣，黑熊膽小，笨拙，很少具有危險性。但如果

受到攻擊，大部分黑熊會以很快的速度爬上樹和奔跑。當發怒或受驚嚇時，黑熊會成為可怕的對手。

黑熊以樹葉、草、樹根、水果、漿果、昆蟲、魚，甚至更大的動物為食。熊類，包括黑熊的最有趣的一個特點是他們的冬眠。

與松鼠、旱獺和其它別的林地動物不同，熊并不真正地冬眠。雖然熊在冬天的幾個月中不吃東西，靠體內脂肪維持生命，但它們的體

溫保持正常，并有規律地一分鐘呼吸4或5次。除交配季節外，大多數黑熊獨自生活。他們喜歡住在洞里、空心的大木頭里或茂密的樹叢里。經過6 到9個月的懷孕期后一胎1～4個小熊在1月或2月出生。它們同母熊住在一起，直到它們完全長大，即1歲半左右。黑

熊在野外可以活到長達30年，在專門的保護區中甚至能活得更長。

42.Coal-fired power plants

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A.Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power.Coal seemed to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations.(which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself).As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased.Since the First World War, coal-fired power plants had a combined in the United States each year.In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year.Given the uncertainty in the future growth of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year.Given the uncertainty in the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United States by the end of the century.Yet, in spite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain on for many years(coal represents about 80 percent of United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants.Coal contains less energy per unit of weight than weight than natural gas or oil;it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain.Since the late 1960’s problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants.The cost of ameliorating these environment problems along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, have also made such plants less attractive from a purely economic perspective.Changes in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however.Whereas some of these changes are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.火力發電廠托馬斯?愛迪生1879年發明的白熾燈導致對便宜、易得、可生產大量電能的燃料的需求。

煤似乎符合這個要求，并成為第一批電廠的燃料(正是愛迪生本人在19世紀末建造了第一批電廠)。全國到處興建電廠時，對煤的依賴加深了。

自第一次世界大戰以來，美國每年約有一半的電力是以煤為燃料的電廠提供的。1986年這些電廠的總發電能力達到28，900 千瓦并且消耗了當年全國開采的九億噸煤的83%?？紤]到核能發展以及石油、天然氣供應中的不確定因素，到本世紀末，火力發電廠仍可能為美國提供多達 70%的電力。然而，盡管煤長期以來一直是電力的原料之一并且可能會繼續如此(煤占美國化石燃料儲量的80%)，它卻不是電廠的理想燃料。煤的單位能量含量低于石油和天然氣，而且會導致包括酸雨在內的一系列環境問題。從1960年以來，排放控制和垃圾處理的問題極大地

削弱了燃煤電廠的魅力。由于減輕這些環境問題需要大量資金，而且建造龐大復雜的燃煤電廠的費用不斷上漲，也使得這些電廠從經濟角度上不具備吸引力。

改變火力發電廠的基礎技術卻可能恢復它們的吸引力。雖然某些技術改進是漸進的，其目的只是提高現有電廠的生產率，但人們正在開發全新的清潔燃煤的技術。

43.Statistics

There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of government units(states and statistics come from the same Latin root status)and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics.From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Describing collections involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data.These data may be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level------variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum---or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type.Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible.Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations.For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the sample of as few as 100 children.Thus , the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.統計學

統計方法的早期發展受到兩種截然不同的影響。統計學有一個”母親“，她致力于井井 有條地記錄政府機構的文件(國家和統計學這兩個詞源于同一個拉丁語詞根，status)，還有一

個有紳士般的賭博”父親“，他依靠數學來提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。”母親“對 其子女統計學的影響表現在計數、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查。所有這些導致了現代描述統計學的誕生。

由于”父親"的影響則產生了完全基于概率論原理的現代推理統計學。描述統計學涉及對所收集數據的制表、制圖和描述。這些數據可以是數量性的數據，如高度、智商、或者是層級性的數據--具有連續性的變量--或數據也可以代表性質變量，如性別、大學專業或性格類型等等。

數量龐大的數據通常必須經過概括或刪減的程序才能為人所理解。描述統計學就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的數據進行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。推理統計學是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人腦極難解決的另一類問題。

這類問題的顯著特點是試圖通過取樣調查來作出預測。例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學校系統中，不吃早飯就上學的學生、已經做過防感冒

免疫的學生，或其它任何類型的學生占多大比例。若具備一些統計學的知識，這位督察應明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用100 個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當精確地得出這些孩子占整個學區的比例了。因此，推理統計學的目的就是通過了解一個群

體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進行推測和估算。

44.Obtaining Fresh water from icebergs

The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life.But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently.Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice，a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years.Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year.Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea.As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents.Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean.To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume.But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.從冰山中獲取淡水把冰山拖到世界上人口稠密的地區和干旱地帶，再從中獲取淡水，這個想法曾一度被認

為是一個笑話，更適合于卡通畫，而非現實生活。然而現在，許多國家正相當認真地考慮這件事情，特別是在科學家們發出警告之后。

科學家們認為人類將在耗盡糧食之前首先耗盡淡水資源。冰川是一個直到最近以前一直被忽視的可能的淡水源。全球四分之三的淡水還鎖在冰川的冰塊中。

冰川就是一個蓄水池，其中未開發的淡水量是如此巨大，足夠支持全世界的江河1000年。每年有7，659萬億公噸冰漂流在海洋中。

它們包含在10，000座從極地冰帽中斷裂出來的冰山中。這些冰山的90%以上來自南極。一年四季里，覆蓋

在淺層大陸架上的巨大冰川生成了眾多冰山。冰山和海水的冰不同，后者是海水自身結冰形成的，而冰山則完全是在陸地上形成的。

當冰川伸展到海水中時，冰山就斷裂下來。當漂離極地地區時，冰山有時會在底層洋流的推動下頗為神秘地逆風移動。由于冰山比小塊 的冰融化要慢，因此有的冰山在大西洋中向北飄到了赤道以南35°的地方。把冰山蓄攔起來并拖到世界上需要它們的地方將不會太困難。有困難的是其它的技術事宜。比如，如何防止冰山在較暖的氣候中迅速融化以及如何把大量的淡水收集到岸上去。但是，即便在拖 的過程中冰山失去了一半體積，這樣做也遠比從海水中脫鹽取得淡水便宜。

45.The source of Energy

A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth,

第三篇：新東方六級寫作最新十大必背!

英語六級寫作十大必背范文

1.圖畫作文：傳統文化/外來文化/文化交流

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of An American girl in traditional Chinese costume and then explain the importance of cultural exchanges.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.The picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face.She wears ribbons, necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group.The fact that people from different countries are attracted to mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally.In other words, a nation’s unique/distinctive culture can become international through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges.Since the trend of globalization becomes irresistible, the increasing cultural exchanges can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship.It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished.Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture for those ideas from the other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world in the long run.Nevertheless, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side.這幅圖畫生動描述了一位可愛的美國小女孩身穿傳統的中國服裝，面帶甜蜜的微笑。她戴著具有某個中國少數民族服飾特征的發帶、項鏈和其他裝飾品。

神秘的中國文化吸引了各國人民這一事實，顯示了在某種程度上，一種文化可以被國際性地接受、尊重、欣賞和分享。換而言之，一個民族獨特的文化可以通過全球性的經濟和文化交流走向世界。由于全球化潮流不可阻擋，所以文化交流可以有效增進相互間的理解和友誼。

在我看來，我們應該保存和珍惜作為無價精神財富的民族文化。同時，我們很有必要推廣世界文化，因為來自其他文化的觀點，即使乍看起來相互矛盾或荒謬，但從長遠看來，可以為我們觀察這個世界提供一種不同的視角。

2.圖畫作文：環境保護

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of environmental pollution in some scenic spots and then explain the importance of environmental protection.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.As is subtly portrayed in the cartoon, two tourists are taking sightseeing on a small boat while discarding their picnic leftovers casually into a lake.And below the drawing, there is a topic which says: “after” the travel or “me” in the travel.From the portrayal, we can conclude that the painter wants to convey such a message: a good many scenic spots are flooded with visitors, who spoil the beauty of nature by creating and leaving behind God-knows-how-much trash.On the one hand, tourism, as a multibillion-dollar business, is booming everywhere.On the other hand, tourism has exerted great pressure on the environment we are living in: water is polluted, the ecological system is disturbed, and natural resources have been excessively used.Undoubtedly, tourism could not be banned in any country as it does help to shore up the economy in places which offer few sources of income.The significant point is that the unchecked growth of the travel business may render the development of an economy unsustainable.如圖所示，兩名游客正在一艘小船上觀光，同時把野餐的剩余垃圾隨意丟入湖中。在圖畫下方，有個小標題寫明：“旅程之‘余’”。

從漫畫中，我們可以得出結論，畫家想要表達下述信息：成群的游客涌入很多景點，制造并丟棄了大量的垃圾，影響了大自然的美觀。一方面，旅游業作為一項數十億美元的產業，正在世界各地迅猛發展。另一方面，旅游業已經對我們生存的環境造成了巨大的壓力：水受到污染，生態平衡遭到破壞，自然資源被過度開發。

毫無疑問，由于在其他收入很少的地區，旅游業確實有助于發展經濟，因此任何國家都無法禁止旅游業。但重要的是旅游業毫無節制的發展可能使得經濟發展不可持續。

3.提綱作文：網上購物

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Online Shopping.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1.現在網上購物已成為一種時尚

2.網上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題

3.我的建議

Nowadays, can we find a person who has not heard of online shopping? It may be a little difficult.Online shopping is coming into fashion in most cities due to the rapid development of Internet technology.Online shopping is welcomed by the majority of people owing to its obvious advantages: it’s convenient and people can do it 24 hours.You can shop whenever you want——if you want to buy a mobile phone at 2 a.m., you can.Unfortunately, shopping online has its own disadvantages too: you can’t touch the item, let alone try it on.The material of the dress that you see on the screen may be flimsier than what you had expected, and it will probably look much better on the model than it does on you.Personally, I find buying online to be an excellent way to shop for certain items.Nevertheless, for other items, such as clothes, I reckon it is better to shop at a regular store.In a regular store, you can see the real color, feel the material, and try it on.現在，我們能夠找到從未聽說過網上購物的人嗎?恐怕有點困難。由于互聯網技術的飛速發展，網購在大多數城市都已成為時尚。

由于網購具有的明顯優勢，即其方便性以及隨時性，大多數人都喜歡網購。只要喜歡，你可以隨時購物——如果你想半夜兩點買部手機，沒問題。然而，網購也有其缺點：你無法接觸商品，更別說試穿了。你在屏幕上看到的衣服材料可能比你預期的要更薄，而且很可能穿在模特身上比你更好看。

個人而言，我認為網購對于購買某些商品是一種很好的方式。然而，對于諸如服裝等其他商品，我認為最好在傳統商店購買。在傳統商店，你可以看到真正的顏色，感覺面料，并且試穿。

4.圖表作文：教育

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following diagram.Describe the diagram and analyze the possible causes.You should write at least 150 words.The diagram above clearly illustrates that dramatic elevation has occurred in the recruitment of Master of Engineering(ME)in the past seven years.According to the statistics given above, we may conclude that the recruitment of ME was on a steady rise from 1998 to 2004.In 1998, the number was at a low level, only about 2,500.Surprisingly, it reached to more than 35,000 in 2004 within no more than seven years.Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned changes may be summarized as follows.First and foremost, China has become particularly active in manufacturing, which leads to the increasing demand of qualified engineers.In addition, the development of job market on the whole cannot keep pace with the expansion of college graduates, which obliges a large number of students to stay on campus for another three years to get better prepared for their career.Last but not least, working pressure is another reason.Taking all these factors into account, we may predict that with speedy development of our society, the number of recruitment of ME will keep growing in the forthcoming decade.On the other side of the coin, however, this tendency may bring about a good many problems, such as the waste of talent.It is necessary for us to take effective measures to ensure this situation doesn’t get out of hand, and encourage students to choose majors in which theoretical knowledge and practical skills will be demanded in the job market.上述圖表清楚揭示了過去七年在工程碩士招生方面出現了急劇增長。根據上面給出的數據，我們可以得出結論：從1998到2004年，工程碩士招生穩步增長。在1998年，招生人數較少，只有大約2500人。令人驚訝的是，在不到七年中，到2004年招生人數達到35000多人。

促成上述變化的一些主要原因可以概括如下。首先，中國在制造業方面已經變得異常活躍，這導致了高素質工程師需求的增加。此外，就業市場的總體發展無法跟上大學畢業生的增加，這促使很多學生繼續呆在校園里三年時間，為就業進行更好的準備。最后，工作壓力是另外一個原因?？紤]到所有這些因素，我們可以預計：隨著社會的迅速發展，工程碩士的招生人數在不遠的將來將會繼續增加。

然而，在問題的另一方面，這種趨勢可能帶來很多問題，例如人才的浪費。我們必須采取有效措施確保這一狀況不會失控，同時鼓勵學生們選擇那些在就業市場上所需要的既有理論知識又有實踐技能的專業。5.圖畫作文：兩代關系

Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of self-dependence.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.The set of drawings above vividly depict the destiny of a flower in different circumstances.As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is growing in full bloom in a comfortable greenhouse that shelters it from the threatening lightning and storm.On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers.The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society;the greenhouse epitomizes parents’ doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality.Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings.Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world.上述這組圖生動描述了一朵鮮花在不同環境中的命運。如第一幅漫畫所示，這朵鮮花正在舒適的溫室里充分綻放，溫室保護它免于可怕的閃電和風雨。相反，當被搬出溫室并暴露在風雨之下時，鮮花很快就凋謝枯萎了。

這朵嬌弱的鮮花自然和我們的年輕人聯系起來，具體而言，就是當代社會的獨生子女。溫室是保護孩子免受風雨的父母溺愛和優越物質條件的縮影，而風雨就是嚴峻的現實。一旦年輕人開始尋求獨立并且接受來自現實世界的挑戰，人們發現他們已經被慣壞了，在困難面前無法足夠堅強。

總之，我們很有必要從這些發人深思的圖畫中得出積極的含義。只有經歷更多的挑戰和磨練，年輕人才能培養強大的個性和能力，而且只有這樣他們才能成為這個競爭世界中的強者。

6.引語評論：信任

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Maintaining Trust by commenting on the saying “It takes years to build trust, and a few seconds to destroy it.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.As an old saying goes, “It takes years to build trust, and a few seconds to destroy it.” Maintaining trust is the most important characteristic that a person requires to be successful in life.Only by consistently proving to be? honest can a person earn the precious trust of family members and business partners.On the one hand, a parents’ relationship with his children must be based on trust and integrity.If a father promises many times to take his son to a football match and cancels every time, his son will naturally lose begin to lose faith in his father’s words.On the other hand, in the business world, people with no trust sooner or later earn the bad reputation they deserve.I have observed how destructive a person’s dishonesty has been to his chances for success, and how his relationships with other people are purely superficial, based only on self-interest.Trust is a very valuable asset, which is easy to lose but hard to gain.In the long run, an honest person will have earned the love and respect of the people closest to them, which, in my opinion, is the greatest measure of a successful life.正如諺語所說，“建立信任需要很多年，但毀掉信任只需要幾秒鐘”。一個人若想人生有成，應具備的最重要的特征就是保持信任。一個人只有堅定不移地做到誠實，才能贏得家人和商業伙伴的寶貴信任。

一方面，父母和孩子的關系必須建立在信任與誠信的基礎上。如果一位父親多次許諾兒子會帶他去看足球比賽，結果每次都取消計劃，那么慢慢地，兒子自然就不再相信父親說的話了。另一方面，在商界，沒有誠信的人遲早會落個身敗名裂。我目睹了一個人用欺騙毀掉了自己成功的機會，他與別人的關系統統是以個人利益為基礎，因而純粹是膚淺的。

信任是一份十分珍貴的財富，失去容易獲得難。從長遠看，一個誠實的人將贏得周圍人的愛戴和尊敬。在我看來，這就是衡量成功人生的最重要的尺度。

7.引語評論：習慣

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Good habits result from resisting temptation.” You can cite examples to illustrate your point.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.There is a saying that “Good habits result from resisting temptation”, to which I can’t agree more.Unfortunately, lack of determined will? and social experience, teenagers frequently fall into the traps of temptations such as Internet games, smoking, drinking, and so on.In a bid to form good habits, one needs a strong will and perseverance to resist temptation.Numerous examples can be given but these will suffice.The outstanding habit of reading classic literature on a regular basis? is a case in point.Nevertheless, you would definitely have to spend less time on your favorite Internet games or fascinating mobile phones.Likewise, the good habit of doing exercises every day means repeatedly dragging oneself away from the TV series and cozy couch.These cases effectively clarify that good habits arises from resisting temptation.As has been mentioned above?, a wise mind and determined will should be gradually cultivated so that the adolescents can resist various bad temptations and form excellent habits.Just as Oscar Wilde, an esteemed British novelist put it, “I can resist everything except temptation.”

有句話說“好的習慣來自于抵制誘惑”，我非常同意。不幸的是，年輕人缺乏堅定的意志和社會經驗，總是陷入網絡游戲、吸煙、喝酒等誘惑的陷阱。

為了養成良好的習慣，人們需要堅定的意志和堅持不懈來抵制誘惑。可以給出無數的例子，但下面這些例子足矣。經常閱讀文學經典的優秀習慣就是其中之一。然而，你必須在心愛的網絡游戲或誘人的手機上花費更少的時間。同樣，每天進行鍛煉的良好習慣意味著日復一日強迫自己遠離電視劇和舒適的沙發。這些例子清楚證明了好的習慣源于抵制誘惑。

綜上所述，我們年輕人應該逐漸培養明智的心態和堅定的意志，以便抵制各種各樣不好的誘惑并形成良好的習慣。正如著名的英國作家奧斯卡王爾德所說：“除了誘惑，我都能抵制?！? 8.引語評論：幸福

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.” You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.As an old saying goes, “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.” Why is difficult to define, or rather discover and achieve happiness? I maintain the major determinant lies in a person’s attitudes.There is little correlation? between the circumstance of people’s lives and how happy they are.Instead, happiness lies in the struggle to be happy.To demonstrate, people sometimes go to extremes?, and frantically pursue money, power, high social status, and so on, which are all symbols of success—but never of happiness.Perhaps if they shifted their life’s goal from ultimate success to unswerving efforts and to a confidence that they will be successful one day they would be a great deal happier.Besides defining it, how do I achieve happiness? There is little doubt that? various people have diverse ways of going about this task.As for me, the most significant secret is realizing that happiness is a by-product of something else.The most obvious sources are those pursuits that give our lives a purpose.These can be anything from playing tennis to studying insects.The more passions we have, the more happiness we are likely to experience.正如諺語所說：“幸福并非沒有問題，而在于解決問題的能力”。為何很難定義、發現和獲得幸福?我認為最重要的因素在于人們的態度。

人們的生活環境和他們多么幸福之間沒什么關系。相反，幸福在于獲取幸福的奮斗之中。例如，人們有時候會走極端，瘋狂追求金錢、權利、很高的社會地位等等。這些都是成功的象征，但并非幸福的象征。也許如果他們把人生目標從終極成功轉向未來他們必將成功的自信，他們將會更加幸福。

除了定義幸福之外，我如何來獲取幸福?毫無疑問不同的人對于實現這一目標有著迥然不同的方式。對我而言，最大的秘密就是認識到幸福只是其他事情的一種副產品。最明顯的來源就是給予我們目標的那些追求。這些追求可以使從打網球到研究昆蟲的任何事情。我們越有激情，我們越有可能感受到幸福。

9.應用文：書信

Directions:

You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:

1)detailed information about the books you want，2)methods of payment，3)time and way of delivery

Dear Sir or Madam，As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM), I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books.Firstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books.Secondly, I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service.Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by September 1, 2008.I would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

尊敬的先生或女士：

由于我計劃參加全國碩士研究生入學考試英語考試，充分考慮到貴書店的良好聲譽和書籍的優良品質，我決定訂購一些考研英語書籍。

首先，請給我關于這些書的書名、作者、出版社、價格的詳細信息。其次，我也想知道付款方式和售后服務。第三，我想知道您是否方便把這些書通過特快郵政專遞在2008年9月1日前送到北京新東方學校總部。

非常感謝您好心考慮我的請求。期待著盡快得到您的答復。

您真誠的，李明

10.應用文：告示

Directions:

You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization.The notice should include the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice.Use “ postgraduate association ” instead.(10 points)

Notice

Volunteers are needed for the International Conference on Globalization to be held on this campus in early July.Basic requirements are familiarity with the theme of the conference and proficiency of English.Other requirements include interpersonal communication ability, familiarity with our city in terms of its tourist attractions and its history, proper manners, and sense of responsibility.Priority and preference will be given to those experienced, either in international conference or in other similar activities.Call 86754321 or send messages to postgr_ass@ccc.edu.cn for an application and for information on the interview.Enquiries are encouraged but visits declined.The Postgraduate’s Association

告示

七月初將于本校舉行關于全球化的國際研討會，現招募志愿者?；疽笫鞘煜け敬螘h的主題以及精通英語。其他要求包括人際溝通能力、熟悉我市的景點及歷史，舉止適當以及責任感。在國際會議或其他類似活動中具有相關經驗者優先考慮。

申請職位以及咨詢面試相關信息，請致電86754321或發送郵件到postgr_ass@ccc.edu.cn。歡迎垂詢，謝絕來訪。

研究生會

第四篇：考前必背：考研英語寫作11篇經典

范文(一)

Writing(圖畫提綱式議論文)

Directions: Study the following set of cartoons carefully and write an essay in which you should

1)describe the cartoons,

2)state its main idea, and give your comment.

You should write about 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

范文

These two cartoons show two contrasting scenes.While the male student spends all his time and money playing Internet games, the female student studies diligently.One could easily argue that a bright future awaits the students who study hard, while those who waste tuition playing games have little to look forward to.The above images encourage students to value their time in school and take advantage of educational opportunities.

While students dream of being accepted into college for years, they often become lost once admitted.Without their parents' constant support and advice, or because of limited communication with teachers, many students are unable to focus on their future goals.Such confusion leads some to forget their studies and resort to playing on the Internet, among other forms of recreation.Students should not only keep their ambitions in mind, but also seriously strive towards them.Without a clear purpose, one might easily waste crucial years neglecting one's studies.

Constantly playing on the Internet leads to failure, while continuously studying guarantees success.Students need to appreciate their time in school, and work hard in order to ensure a good future.譯文：

這兩幅漫畫描述了兩個形成鮮明對照的場景，第一幅畫中的男生在網絡游戲中虛擲了所有的時間和金錢，而第二幅畫中的女生卻在勤勉地學習?？梢院苋菀椎贸鼋Y論：對于刻苦學習的學生，一個美好的未來在等候著他們；而浪費學費玩游戲的學生沒有什么指望了。上面這兩幅畫激勵學生們珍惜在校的時光和受教育的機會。

經過多年的夢寐以求終于跨進大學門檻的學生，卻往往迷失了自己。因為沒有了父母常在身邊的支持和建議，或是缺乏與老師的溝通，很多學生找不到自己未來的奮斗目標。而這種困惑就使得一些學生扔掉書本，靠各種消遣——包括玩網絡游戲——來打發時光。大學生不應只空談理想，應該認真地為之奮斗，而沒有明確的目標則會讓一個人在度過他至關緊要的幾年后頭腦空空。

沉湎于網絡游戲只會導致失敗，而堅持不懈的學習則能收獲成功。大學生們一定要珍惜在校時光，為了美好的未來而努力。

范文

The images above are both meaningful and instructive: this man's hard work is not only for his own benefit, but also for the benefit of future generations.The pictures serve to remind us that the existence of our current happiness and valuable national heritage is due to the struggles of our predecessors.We, in turn, should also work hard in order to guarantee the comfort and safety of generations to come.Sustainable development has become a topic of heated debate in recent years.While it is justifiable to satisfy current demands, we cannot neglect the needs of our descendants in the process.Our children also depend on Earth's natural resources and we should not deprive them of such necessities.Unfortunately, many people only think of their short term, personal interests.An entire forest might be clear cut, in the interest of making a profit, without a single tree planted in its place.This inconsiderate attitude towards the welfare of our descendants, as well the indifference to the outcome of such reckless actions, can only turn Earth into a cold and lifeless planet.People must be taught to appreciate Earth as not only their home, but also the home of our children and grandchildren, as well as all other plants and animals.While making great efforts to increase our current quality of life, we must simultaneously consider how our actions will affect future lives.譯文：

上面的漫畫意味深長而發人深省，栽樹人的艱辛勞作不只是為了他自己，也是為了后人。這幅漫畫是為了提醒我們今天的幸福生活和寶貴的民族遺產歸功于我們祖先的奮斗，而我們，反過來，也要努力勞動來確保我們后代的幸福和平安。

可持續發展是近幾年的熱點話題，雖然我們要滿足自己當前的需要，但不能將子孫后代的需求拋置腦后。我們的孩子同樣需要自然資源，我們不能剝奪他們的這份必需品。不幸的是很多人只考慮他們短視的、自私的利益。為了獲得利潤，整片的森林被砍光，一棵樹都不留下。這種不顧及子孫福利的態度，和對這種輕率行為的后果的無動于衷，只會讓我們的地球變成一個冷冰冰而無生氣的行星。

必須告誡人們的是：地球不僅是他們的家園，也是他們的孩子和所有后代的家園，還是其他所有的植物和動物的家園。在努力提高今天的生活質量的同時，我們必須考慮到我們的行為會對未來的生命產生什么樣的影響。

美麗不是表面的 范文

In the above cartoons, a young woman happily eats bananas and casually discards the peels on the street, unaware of the fact that such actions not only pollute the environment but also pose a danger to others.In the next illustration a disabled man struggles to properly dispose of the trash she has left behind.Despite the girl's youth and beauty, it is the disabled man who is truly beautiful.True beauty comes from one's actions rather than one's appearance.While most of us enjoy pretty appearances, it is more important to cultivate a clean and beautiful soul.Only such souls can create a genuinely beautiful society.Chinese traditionally uphold the virtues of modesty, generosity，broadmindedness, and politeness.Confucian teachings such as: “do not do to others as you would not want done to you” and “one should be delighted to hear criticism,” are wise and worthwhile.If people embody these teachings our society can only improve and progress.The thoughts of great minds like Confucius are also worth studying.His writings set fine and noble examples for us to follow.Another proverb thus comes to mind: in the company of three one always can find a teacher.We should always be willing and able to learn from those around us.譯文：

在上面的漫畫里，一個年輕女子愉快地吃著香蕉，然后隨手就把香蕉皮扔到了街上——絲毫沒顧及到這樣的舉動不僅會污染環境，還會給他人帶來危險。而在接下來的那幅圖中，一位殘疾人艱難地把她扔下的垃圾清理掉了。雖然這個女孩年輕貌美，但真正美的是那位殘疾人。真正的美是出自行動而不是外表，雖然我們每個人都喜歡漂亮的外貌，但更重要的是培養純凈、美麗的心靈，只有這樣的心靈才能創造出真正美好的社會。中國自古推崇謙遜、寬宏、心胸開闊和以禮待人的美德。

孔夫子的教導：“己所不欲，勿施于人”、“聞過則喜”是明智的并值得我們遵循。如果人們把這些箴言都落實到生活中，那么我們的社會就會得到改善和進步。大思想家孔子的思想是值得我們學習的。他的著述給我們留下了杰出、高尚的楷模讓我們效仿。另一句諺語又浮現在我的腦海里：“三人行，必有我師”。我們必須隨時愿意和能夠向周圍的人們學習。

范文(四)

Writing(圖畫提綱式議論文)

Directions:

A.Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in about 200 words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET II.C.Your essay should meet the requirements below:

1.Describe the cartoon and the message conveyed

2.Draw a conclusion and give your comment on the cartoon..范文：

Indicated above are pictures that show trees play a vital role in water and soil conservation.In the left hand picture, people are fleeing from voracious sand dunes because they cut down all the trees.The caption reads, “As the sand advances, we retreat.” In the right hand picture, the people have returned carrying tools, water and samplings for the reforestation of the land.We are informed that, “As we advances, the sand retreats.”

It seems that the cartoonist is sending a message about the significance of trees in water and soil conservation and the need for everyone to fight against the danger of the desertification.In fact, what he is saying is if we do not fight against the sand, it will drive us away from the land.If we let this situation go as it is, our environment will suffer a great destruction.The best way to fight back against the greedy desert is made clear in the second picture.There the local people are vigorously setting about the task of planting trees to reclaim the land and make it fertile.The fact that there are three people in the picture, each with a different job suggests that cooperative efforts is one of the keys to success in the battle against soil erosion and only in this way can desertification be finally defeated.(225)

譯文：

如圖所示，樹木對水土保持起著至關重要的作用。左圖中，人們被貪婪的沙丘追趕，因為他們砍伐了所有的樹木。標題寫著：“沙進我退”。右圖中，人們拿著工具、水和樹苗回來重新植樹造林。我們被告知：“我進沙退”。

我認為，漫畫家要告訴我們的是：樹木對水土保持的重要性，以及每個人參與抵制沙化威脅的必要性。實際上，他要說的是如果我們不與沙漠做斗爭，它會把我們從土地上趕走。如果我們讓這種情況繼續下去，環境將遭到巨大的破壞。

第二幅圖清楚地說明了擊退貪婪沙漠的方法。那里的人們正在熱情高漲地著手植樹造林、收回土地，使它變得肥沃。圖中三個人每人干不同的工作，這說明合作努力是成功防止土壤侵蝕的關鍵之一,只有這樣才能戰勝沙漠化

假冒偽劣產品

范文

As the picture given depicts, the socialist market-oriented economy in our country is developing rapidly, just like a truck running at a high speed.But the general public is surprised to find that there are more and more fake and inferior products seriously hampering the expansion of our market economy.Consumers have to be very careful in purchasing goods and services they need;otherwise they will fall into the traps set by the illegal manufacturers.There is no doubt that fake and inferior products are extremely harmful.In the first place, they endanger people’s health, giving rise to a lot of injury accidents.For instance, inferior-quality medicines not only aggravate a patient’s condition, but also tend to threaten his life and, what’s worse, to result in his death.Secondly, fake and inferior products are usually sold on the cheap.In many cases they interfere with the normal economic order in our country, affecting the marketing of many high-quality goods.This, in a great degree, hinders the development of our socialist market economy and harms the interests of our state.Therefore, we can say that fake and inferior products are a dangerous “tumor” in our healthy economy, which must be cut away as soon as possible.In my opinion, several strong measures should be adopted to fight against fake and inferior products.On the one hand, those who make them deserve to be severely punished by the law.On the other hand, consumers should learn to discern between true and false.Only in this way can they defend their own legal rights and interests.(263 words)

譯文：

正如所給的圖畫所描繪的, 我國社會主義市場經濟正在迅速發展, 就像一輛高速行駛的卡車。但是公眾驚訝地發現, 越來越多的假冒偽劣產品嚴重地阻礙了我國市場經濟的發展。消費者必須經常謹慎地去購買他們所需的貨物或服務, 否則他們會落入不法制假人所設的陷阱。

毫無疑問, 假冒偽劣產品極其有害。首先, 它們危害人民的健康, 引發了許多傷害事故。例如，偽劣藥品不僅使病人的病情惡化, 而且往往會威脅病人的生命, 更糟的是, 導致病人的死亡。其次, 假冒偽劣產品通常廉價出售。在許多情況下, 它們又干擾了我國正常的經濟秩序, 影響了許多高質量產品的銷路。這在很大程度上阻礙了我國社會主義市場經濟的健康發展, 并損害了我們國家的利益。因此, 我們可以說, 假冒偽劣產品是我們健康經濟中的一顆“毒瘤”, 對此必須盡快清除。

依我看, 必須采取若干有力措施來與假冒偽劣產品斗爭。一方面, 制假者應該依法嚴懲。另一方面, 消費者應該學會識別真假。只有這樣, 消費者才能維護他們的合法權益。

范文

Basically, what we see in this picture is a bird lamenting the fact that its home has been destroyed.Of course, birds usually make their homes in trees, and since there are no trees left in the picture – only the stumps, to show that the original trees have been chopped down – the bird is left without shelter.In fact, the bird has no choice but to perch on the handle of an axe, which has been used to destroy its original home.We can deduce from this picture that the drawer is trying to attract our attention to the tragedy of the destruction of forests, which is part of the threat to the ecological balance of the planet.He seems to be saying that soon there will be no trees left in the world.In my opinion, the sad little bird is a symbol of all living things, including human beings, and, like the bird, we too will be left homeless if we allow the destruction of the environment to continue.This simple picture is a wake – up call for the whole of the human race.If this vivid image of the grim future of our planet is not to become a reality, we must take positive steps right now to put an end the plundering of the Earth’s natural resources.It is clear that the drawer of the picture is urging us to start with a campaign to save the forests, which is something all of us can join by urging our local authorities to take positive measures to save the trees.譯文：

我們主要能從這幅圖上看到的是一只小鳥為自己的家被毀壞而悲傷。當然，鳥類通常把家建在樹上，因為圖中沒有樹了—-只有樹樁，表明原來的樹被砍伐了—這只鳥無處藏身。實際上，這只鳥別無選擇，只能停在被用來破壞它原來家園的斧柄上。

我們可以從圖中推測出畫家試圖把我們的注意力吸引到森林遭到破壞這一悲劇上，而這正是威脅地球生態平衡的一部分。他似乎想說很快世界上將沒有樹了，但我認為這只可憐的小鳥象征包括人類在內的所有生物。而且，如果我們允許繼續破壞環境，我們也會像小鳥一樣無家可歸。

這幅簡單的圖畫是對全人類的一個警鐘。如果不想讓這個對這個星球可怕未來的生動的描繪變成現實，我們現在必須采取積極的措施停止掠奪地球的自然資源。很明顯，畫家在力勸我們開始拯救森林的行動。我們都可以參與，敦促當地政府采取措施拯救樹木。

范文：

The cartoon presents the Earth with a personified human face that seems quite unhappy.A examination of the picture immediately reveals that the source of its mood is the air pollution resulting from a huge number of automobiles spread around its surface.The cartoon, no doubt, aims at alarming humans of the heavy load we have exerted on Earth by our insatiable production and usage of automobiles.However, the majority of people merely indulge in the celebration of the convenience brought by cars, while forgetting or simply neglecting their harmful impact on the atmosphere.Admittedly, there are various factors contributing to the current worldwide air pollution, but it is undeniable that the exhaust from automobiles is categorized as one of the major elements.I would like to make the following proposals to solve this problem: firstly, we should apply the most cutting-edge technologies in order to adopt new forms of energy as substitutes for fossil fuels.It should also be guaranteed that the clean energy be inexpensive so that it can be widely accepted.Besides, there should be attempts to develop possible transportation means, so that citizens can be diverted from dependence on cars.In short, it is humans' responsibility to resume clean air for Earth.譯文：

這幅漫畫以擬人的方式呈現地球，它的臉顯得非常不高興。仔細觀察這幅圖就會發現其郁悶來自于空氣污染，這是由于其表面上有著無數車輛在行駛。

毫無疑問，這幅漫畫意在向人們敲響警鐘，即人類永不知足的生產和使用汽車給我們的地球帶來了巨大的負擔。但是，大部分人卻沉溺于汽車帶來方便，而忘記了或者是忽略了其對大氣層的負面影響。誠然，有很多因素導致了現在的全球空氣污染問題，但是不能否認的是汽車廢氣被歸為最重要的因素之一。

為了解決這個問題，我想提出以下建議：第一，我們應該運用最先進的技術從而以新能源替代化石燃料。同時，我們要確保清潔能源的價格低廉以得到大眾的接受。此外，我們應該嘗試發展各種交通方式，這樣市民們能夠擺脫對于汽車

晚期癌癥病人請求安樂死。我們怎么辦？

范文

Mercy killing is one of the most controversial issues in the world of medicine.As the picture given above depicts, a late-stage cancer patient is terminally-ill, asking the doctors for mercy killing.But the doctors look deeply embarrassed, feeling helpless because they are at a loss what to do about it.The picture really sets me thinking.It implies that people differ in their attitudes towards the mercy killing.Some people think that physician-assisted suicide can relieve dying patients of unbearable pain and suffering.They maintain that as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, he has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.Others are strongly opposed to physician-assisted suicide.They contend that a doctor has no right to give a patient sufficient medication to control his pain if that may hasten death.They conclude that it is illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.As far as I’m concerned, doctors have a duty to help dying patients to alleviate their pain and suffering.I also agree that doctors deserve to be punished if they prolong the needless suffering of their terminally-ill patients.In short, I am in favor of mercy killing.(207 words)

譯文：

安樂死是醫學界最有爭議的問題之一。正如上面所示的畫所描繪的，一位晚期癌癥病人病入膏肓，請求醫生們實施安樂死。但醫生們看上去十分尷尬，感到無能為力，因為他們不知道該怎么辦。

這幅畫確實發人深省。它暗示，人們在對待安樂死上看法不一致。有些人認為，醫助自殺可以減輕垂死病人不堪忍受的痛苦。他們主張，只要醫生開藥是為了合法的醫療目的，那么即使病人使用這種藥物加速了死亡，醫生也沒有做什么違法的事。其他人則強烈反對醫助自殺。他們堅持認為，醫生無權給病人開足以控制痛苦的藥物，如果那樣做會加速死亡的話。他們的結論是，醫生幫助垂危病人結束生命是違法的。

依我看，醫生有義務幫助垂死病人緩解病痛。我還認為，如果醫生延長了垂死病人不必要的痛苦的話，那他們應該受到懲處?？傊?，我贊成安樂死。

范文：

People have the illusion that they can do anything with money.Just as what is shown in the picture, by paying a penalty, people can give birth to more children, factories can let out the polluted air directly without any treatment, and trees can be felled at will.This is a very serious social problem.Compared with other countries, China has a larger population but more limited resources.If everybody behaves in the similar way, it would be far beyond the country's capacity to guarantee everyone a well-off life.Moreover, it was reported that to bring up one child costs 350,000 yuan, which means that a family with several children bears a heavy burden.Meanwhile, if factories do not take any measure to treat the polluted air, the atmosphere will be further contaminated.Also, the felling of trees will surely lead to soil erosion, while frequently occurring sand storms are humans' deserved punishment for deforestation.Though penalty is one of the methods to punish this sort of behavior, it is never the only way.Solving these problems reflected in the picture depends largely on our responsibility to society and environment.If the sense of responsibility is greatly aroused, harmony between man and the environment will not be far away.譯文：

現今很多人認為用錢就可以做所有的事情。正如圖中所示的那樣，通過付罰款，人們可以超生，工廠可以不經過處理就排放廢氣，樹木也可以被隨意地砍伐。

這是一個非常嚴重的社會問題。相比其他國家，中國有更多的人口而資源卻非常有限。如果每個人都用這種方式行事的話，那么這個國家遠遠沒有能力讓每個人都過上富裕的生活。此外，有報道稱要培養一個孩子需要花費3萬5千元，這意味著一個有許多孩子的家庭將承受很沉重的負擔。同時，如果工廠不采取措施處理廢氣的話，大氣層會被進一步污染。另外，樹木砍伐會導致土地的腐蝕和水土流失，頻繁發生的沙塵暴就是人類過度砍伐森林應得的懲罰。

盡管罰款是懲罰這些行為的一種方法，但絕不是唯一的方法。解決這個問題更重要的一點在很大程度上取決于我們對于社會和環境的責任。如果能夠喚起廣泛的責任感，那么我們離達到人與自然之間的和諧就不遠了。范文：

In this picture a man rudely opens a garbage can and violently throws all kinds of waste into it.However, the box is not an ordinary trash can, but is, as a matter of fact, the Earth.It is where survive, breed, and prosper.But as the drawing indicates, Earth does not receive an equal repayment.Quite the contrary, one of the biggest “gifts” humans return to Earth is an unbelievable amount of trash.The picture purposefully points out a kind of pollution that arouses little public attention, that is, garbage.The past century has witnessed an unprecedented increase in garbage output, most of it technological products that are difficult to be decomposed through natural processes, such as plastics and glass.Furthermore, a recent report released that several major Chinese cities are already surrounded by circles of trash in the suburban areas, polluting air, water, and earth.Hence, the issue of waste pollution needs to be addressed as one of the priorities that demand social efforts.Only through a holistic system of trash disposal can this problem be fully solved.Moreover, we should advocate a more frugal lifestyle so as to reduce the growing scale of waste pollution.譯文：

在該圖中，一個男人粗魯地打開一個垃圾箱、猛然地把各種垃圾往里倒。但是，這不是一個普通的垃圾箱，而實際上是地球，是人類生存、繁衍和發展的土地?？烧鐖D中所表明的那樣，地球卻沒有得到她應得的回報。相反，人類回復給地球的最大“禮物”之一就是數量驚人的垃圾。

這幅圖意在指出一種沒有得到足夠公眾關注的污染，即垃圾污染。過去的一個世紀見證了人類前所未有的垃圾生產，而大部分是來源于各種技術產品的垃圾，它們很難通過自然過程進行分解，比如塑料和玻璃。此外，最近的一則報道顯示中國的幾個主要城市的郊區幾乎都被垃圾所包圍，全方位地污染了空氣、水源和土地。

因此，垃圾污染這一問題必須被看作是需要得到全社會努力解決的主要問題之一。只有通過一個全面的垃圾處理系統才能夠充分解決這一問題。此外，我們應該提倡一種更加節儉的生活方式，以減小垃圾污染的增長

范文(十一)

Writing(圖畫提綱式議論文)

Directions: Study the picture carefully and write an essay of 160--200 words in which you should

1)depict the present situation of private cars in Beijing，2)offer reasons for or against owning private cars, and

3)give your own opinion on the issue.北京擁250萬輛汽車，其中私家車達到170萬輛。

范文

With the living standards rising rapidly, more and more Beijing residents have cars of their own.Statistics show that in Beijing alone, there are 2500,000 cars, among which private cars add up to(=number)1700,000.The increase in the number of cars brings about a lot of problems, such as air pollution, noise, traffic congestion and gas shortage.Then a controversy arises: whether private cars should be encouraged in Beijing? People differ in their opinions on it.Many residents are against owning cars.According to them, private cars have to be limited in Beijing.The reasons for it are obvious.To begin with, cars contribute to air pollution.Beijing is now plagued by serious air pollution.If people are to have cars of their own, the already contaminated atmosphere will get even dirtier.Secondly, private cars can be a terrible threat to the already heavy traffic in the city.If more cars are allowed onto busy streets, there will be more traffic jams, which is really a public hazard to all of us.Finally, cars consume a large amount of fuel.Though China is rich in its oil resources, they are running out rapidly.All these facts allow of only one solution: to limit the ever growing number of cars.In my opinion, private cars should be discouraged in Beijing.In order to leave clean air, wide and safe roads and abundant energy resources to our descendants, we have to say “No” to private cars.As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned, we can develop mass transit to take the place of private cars.In short, Beijing does not need private cars.譯文：

隨著生活水平的迅速提高，越來越多的北京居民擁有自己的汽車。統計數字表明，北京有250萬輛汽車，其中私家車達到170萬輛。汽車數量的增加產生了一系列問題，如空氣污染、噪音、交通堵塞和汽油短缺。這樣就引起了一場爭論：北京是否應該鼓勵私家車？人們對這個問題有不同的想法。

許多人反對擁有汽車。在他們看來，北京必須限制私家車。原因很明顯。首先，汽車加劇了空氣污染。北京的空氣嚴重污染。如果人們都要擁有私家車，已經污染的大氣將變得更臟。其次，私家車可能對北京業已擁擠的交通狀況是一個可怕的威脅。如果更多的汽車開上繁華的街道，交通堵塞將會更嚴重。這對我們大家來說確是公害。最后，汽車消耗大量燃料。雖然中國擁有豐富的石油資源，但是它們正在日趨減少。所有這些事實只能有一種解決辦法：限止日益增長的汽車數量。

我的看法是北京不應該鼓勵私家車。為把清潔的空氣、寬闊安全的道路和富饒的石油資源留給子孫后代，我們對私家車只能說“不”。至于對交通工具的巨大需求，我們可以發展公交系統來代替私家車?？偠灾?，北京不需要私家車。

第五篇：2016考研英語作文必背之環保

凱程考研集訓營，為學生引路，為學員服務！

2016考研英語作文必背范文之環保

APEC結束不久，你對她的印象都有什么？是六天的假期，還是寬敞的街道？是地鐵出行更加不便，還是很多旅游景點的封閉，抑或是隨著APEC而來的越來越多的利好政策？不過你應該會聽到過一個詞——APEC藍，如果你身在北京，那你更有可能切實地感受到它。其實，APCE blue雖然稍縱即逝，但是人們對美好環境的追求確實一直在進行中，考研英語作文一直都是貼合當今熱點話題的，那么環保自然就成為了2015考研英語作文的熱點之一，下面給大家帶來一些與環保有關的單詞和句子，開背吧！

一、閃光詞匯

wastebin 垃圾桶

plastic 塑料制品

environment pollution 環境污染

environmental conservation 環境保護

environmental legislation 環境立法

environmental reform 環境改造

recycl循環

energy saving節能

green house綠色環境

not polluted無污染

advanced technology新科技

二、閃光例句

In major cities, residents are expected to get around by foot, bicycle or use public transportation.在大城市，居民應該盡量步行，或用自行車或公共交通工具出行。

We should continue initiating some constructive initiatives, such as Car Free Day and its like, in promoting green transportation and bringing about cleaner air.在促進綠色交通和帶來更多的干凈空氣方面，我們應該繼續采取（initiate）一些建設性的措施（initiatives),比如無車日活動等等。

三、閃光參考范文

As is vividly depicted by the drawing above, a boy is sleeping soundly and comfortably in the sofa, with the television on, when his mother comes and turns off the television for him, blaming the boy for not having turned off the television again。

This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life.Many people are

凱程考研集訓營，為學生引路，為學員服務！

used to doing everything with the television on, not actually watching it at all.Such a habit can cause waste of much electricity and energy, and result in the emission of carbon.This deviates from the popular concept of “low carbon life” — to reduce the emission of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, to protect our environment and realize sustainable development.According to statistics, if we can decrease the time for having the television on by one hour each day, we can deduce the amount of carbon emission by 4.71 kilogram each month。

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and popularize a low carbon life among the public from every detail in our daily life.We must change the past practice of sacrificing long-term environmental health for short-term rapid economic development, and shift to developing green economy, circular economy and low carbon economy.All these effective measures can help us to reach harmony between development of the society and health of the nature。

【寫作點撥】

圖片中一個小男孩，早已進入甜蜜的夢鄉，電視卻依然在播放，這時候媽媽走過來幫他關了電視，還責備他為什么總是忘記關電視。顯然，直觀看來，這幅圖是在告訴我們要節約用電。但是，我們如果從更宏觀，更深層次的角度去思考，這幅圖正是在告訴我們一個流行的生活理念：低碳生活。所以本文旨在倡導一種低碳的生活方式，倡導環保的生活理念。因此本文的內容和結構可如下：

第一段：描述圖畫。作文一開始，要把圖畫中的內容大概描述清楚，快速準確地領會圖畫所要傳達的內容；

第二段：列舉現象，分析影響。接著，分析這種現象產生的原因，會帶來什么樣的危害；

第三段：建議措施，展望未來。最后，提出解決問題的方法，例如低碳生活要采取什么樣的措施，我們作為普通人應該如何從一點一滴做起等。

考研成功難又不難，一旦大家開始準備就要全力以赴。自制力差的學生可以找幾個研友，互相激勵，因為堅持下來也確實不容易，也看個人習慣，有的同學可能一個人學習更有效率；在這個過程中更主要的還有大家堅持的信念，堅持完成一件事情本身就是成功。

在三百多天的日子里，老師會一直陪伴著大家，里邊的每條微博、微信、咨詢都是溫暖大家并激勵大家前行的動力。奔跑吧，2016的考生們！

雖然有突破口、也有規律可循，但這并不意味著我們可以一勞永逸、高枕無憂，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一門語言，除非有天生的語言天分，否則偷不得半分懶，只能勤勤懇懇反復練習。一遍不懂讀兩遍，默念不行就大聲念出來，遇到不認識的單詞就查，不懂的句子就靜下心來拆分結構?？傊x書百遍、其義自現，英語學習之路上沒有笨蛋，只有懶人。綜上就是小編給大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知識點和強悍的答題思路，預祝所有考生2016考研有個好成績。

小提示：目前本科生就業市場競爭激烈，就業主體是研究生，在如今考研競爭日漸激烈的情況下，我們想要不在考研大軍中變成分母，我們需要：早開始+好計劃+正確的復習思路+好的輔導班（如果經濟條件允許的情況下）。2017考研開始準備復習啦，早起的鳥兒有蟲吃，一分耕耘一分收獲。加油！