第一篇：英語閱讀基本功—長難句過關(八)

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第一章 并列平行結構

英語句子最常用的方法是通過使用一些關聯詞，如 and、or等，或標點符號如：分號，逗號，破折號等，若干個在語義上有聯系或相互照應的單詞、詞組或子句連在一起組成一種并列或平行結構的長句，以表達一個復雜得多層次含義。這種句式雖然難度不一定很高，但在復雜長句中還是占了相當大的比例的.從今天開始我們就由淺入深，來對這一類型的句子進行練習和攻克。希望大家通過練習能掌握分析這類句式的一般規律和方法。

Exercise

Workers themselves may not even be aware of changes in the final commodities to which their work contributes, and the level of wages for any grade of factory labor is very little affected by the fortunes of particular market First , by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation , scientists have to spell out clearly what the data are, what the explanation is, and what the reasons are for believing the explanation Information systems affect the scope and quality of health care, make social services more equitable, enhance personal comfort, provide a greater measure of safety and mobility, and extend the variety of leisure forms at one’s disposal.要點分析和參考譯文

要點：本句由兩個大分句并列而成，分句之間用”and” 連接；to which their work contributes是由“to which” 引導的定語從句，修飾“final commodities”；動詞” contribute”后須用介詞“to”

參考譯文：工人本身甚至覺察不到自己親手生產的最終產品有了什么變化。工廠中任何級別的工人的工資水平很少受到市場情況好壞的影響。

要點：在用作狀語的介詞短語” by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation”中，動詞不定式”to present”和”argue”并列，作動名詞” attempting” 得賓語。三個以”what”引導的名次性從句并列，作”spell out”的賓語。參考譯文：首先，科學家在試圖公開資料并對資料的解釋進行論證時，必須清楚地說明資料是什么，資料要如何解釋以及相信這種解釋的原因。

要點：本句主語是” Information systems” , 謂語是五個并列的動詞” affect?, make ?, enhance?, provide?,and extend?”；” at one’s disposal”的意思是“由自己支配”

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參考譯文：信息系統可擴展健康保健的范圍，提高衛生保健的質量，使社會服務變得更公平合理，使個人生活更加舒適，為人們提供更大程度的安全，更多的流動機會，并能使人們按自己的意愿增加休閑方式。

“成千上萬人瘋狂下載。。。

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第二篇：長難句

1、真實的夢境

英：Our dreams, they feel real while we're in them, right? It's only when we wake upthat we realize how things are actually strange.Let me ask you a question, you,you never really remember the beginning of a dream do you? You always wind upright in the middle of what's going on。

譯：我們做夢的時候，夢境是真實的，對不對?只有到醒來的時候才會意識到事情不對勁兒。我問你，你從來都不記得夢從何而起是不是?你總是直接插入到夢中所發生的一切。

2、盜夢

英：What'sthe most resilient parasite? An Idea.A single idea from the human mind canbuild cities.An idea can transform the world and rewrite all the rules.Whichis why I have to steal it。

譯：最具有可塑性的寄生生物是什么?是人的想法。人類一個簡單的念頭可以創造城市。一個念頭可以改變世界重寫一切游戲規則。這就是為什么我要從夢中把它盜取出來。

3、對于生命的悔恨

英：Themoment's passed.Whatever I do I can't change this moment.I'm about to call outto them.They run away.If I'm ever going to see their faces I've gotta get backhome.The real world。

譯：那個時刻我沒有把握住。無論我做什么我都不能挽回。我想要呼喚他們，他們卻恰好跑開了。如果我再見到他們的臉龐，我就只能回家去。回到真實的世界。

4、夢中的火車

英：You'rewaiting for a train, a train that will take you far away.You know where youhope this train will take you, but you can't be sure.But it doesn't matter-because we'll be together。

譯：你等著一輛火車，它會把你帶到遠方。你明白自己希望火車把你帶到哪兒，不過你也心存猶豫。但這一切都沒有關系——因為我們在一起。

5、放手

英： I can't stay with her anymore because shedoesn't exist.I wish.I wish more than anything.But I can't imagine you withall your complexity, all you perfection, all your imperfection.Look at you.Youare just a shade of my real wife.You're the best I can do;but I'm sorry, youare just not good enough。

譯：她不是真實存在的，我不能和她呆在一起。我也想，我比什么都想，但我想像不出你的復雜情緒、你的種種完美和不完美。看看吧，你只是我妻子的一個影子。你只是我竭盡全力能創造出來的而已，但是很遺憾，你遠遠比不上真實的她。

31.Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.[參考譯文]一些機構終于松了一口氣，但是其他一些機構，包括教堂，倡導生命之權的團體和澳大利亞醫學協會，尖銳地抨擊這個法案，指責法案的通過過于匆忙。但是大勢已定，不可逆轉。

32.In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口老齡化，延長壽命的技術和變化看的社會態度，這些因素 都在發揮作用一一其他的州也會考慮制定相似的關于安樂死的法律。

33.There are, of course, exceptions.Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[參考譯文]當然，例外是存在的。在美國，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯的傳者，和沒有禮貌 的出租車司機也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見，這使得它值得被討論一下。

34.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.[參考譯文]我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫學用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一片用來止頭痛的阿斯匹林，一些用來社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。

35.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[參考譯文]對藥品的依賴性首先表現為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產生想得到的效果所需要 的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現為當停止用藥后，令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現。

36.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.“You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”

[參考譯文]上星期參議員羅博特多爾質問時代華納公司的高級管理人員們：“難道這就是你們希望能夠成就的事業?你們已經出賣了自己的靈魂，但是難道你們還非要腐化我們的國家，威脅我們的孩子們嗎?”

37.“The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', ”lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...“

[參考譯文]”對任何一個民主社會的考驗，“他在《華爾街雜志》的一個專欄文章中寫到，”不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見的表達，而在于這個社會是否能給予思考和表達的盡可能廣泛的自由，不管有時候這種結果是多么的富有爭議或令人不快…“

38.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that ”music is not the cause of society's ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.[參考譯文]在-上個月的股東大會上關于搖滾歌詞的討論中，萊文宣稱說：”音樂不是社 會問題的原因“，他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克斯的一個教師，并用說唱音

樂與學生們進行溝通。

39.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ of ”a touch on the brakes“，makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from the truth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯，例如”輕踩剎車“以”操縱經濟軟著陸“，使 貨幣政策聽起來像是一門精確的科學。沒有什么比這更遠離實際情況的了。

40.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.[參考譯文]經濟學家們對英國和美國的有利的通貨膨脹數據尤其感到驚訝，因為傳統的計量方法顯示兩國的經濟，特別是美國的經濟，幾乎沒有生產蕭條的時候。

41.The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.[參考譯文]很不幸，這最令人震驚的解釋有一點缺陷。一些經濟學家認為世界經濟結構的強有力的變化已經結束了那個以經濟增長和通貨膨脹的歷史關聯為基礎的舊的經濟模式。

42.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.[參考譯文]例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換來的就是這么個疾病滋生的水庫，現在這個水庫積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發電了。

43.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.[參考譯文]企業重組的新方法--所有那些重新設計、縮小規模的做法--只是對一個經濟的整體生產力做出了一方面的貢獻。這種經濟還受許多其他因素的驅動，比如結合設備和機械上的投資、新技術，以及在教育和培訓上的投資。

44.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.[參考譯文]他的同事邁克爾·比爾說，有太多的公司已經用一種機械的方式實行公司內部的重新設計，在沒有充分考慮長期贏利的能力下削減了成本。

45.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ”The Flight from Science and Reason“, held in New York City in 1995, and ”Science in the Age of(Miss)information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.[參考譯文]科學衛士們在會議上也表述了他們的關注，比如1995 年在紐約市舉行的“ 逃離科學與理性”會議，以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“(錯誤)信息時代的科學”會議。

46.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[參考譯文]一項關于1996年新聞報道的調查顯示，反科學的標簽還可以貼在許多其他 團體

身上，從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權威機構，到鼓吹削減基礎研究經費的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學的標簽)。

47.The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[參考譯文]環境研究的先驅、斯坦福大學的保羅·厄爾里西認為，科學真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業發展的其他后果的證據提出置疑的人。

48.This development--and its strong implication for US politics and econ·my in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.[參考譯文]這種發展--以及其對美國政治、經濟在未來幾年的潛在的強有力的影響一一 使得南部在全國人口普查中有史以來首次成為美國人口最密集的地區。

49.Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Ida ho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.[參考譯文]他們常常選擇--現在依然這樣選擇--居住在那些氣候較為寒冷的地區，比如俄勒岡、愛達荷，還有阿拉斯加，為的是逃避煙霧、犯罪，以及“金州”(加利福尼亞)城市化進程中的其他問題。

50.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5

percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.[參考譯文]結果，加利福尼亞的人口增長率在20 世紀70 年代時下降到了18.5％——稍高于60 年代增長率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。

Long time on rain,I hold much expectations on the rain.Over the past three months,I leada fruitful life.I

made up my mind to attend the postgraduate admission examination,and set a specific life goal.Ever,ever,ever,I felt a loss due to my disorganized life.Time fiys,it puts my college life into an end,a forceful idea occurs to me that I experienced no pains,no gains belonged to me.Faced with the real life ,I waked

up from a fiction，a daydream.Recently,

第三篇：長難句教案

長難句講解：去修飾，抓主干

高三英語備課組

周文

2017.12.25

Step one: 修飾成分有哪些？

1、形容詞、副詞

a French book

2、介詞短語

a book with a red cover

3、非謂語動詞短語

a book bought by my father

a book to read

a book lying on the floor

4、從句

a book which was bought by my father

Step two:

1、找修飾成分：形容詞、副詞

adj.& adv.? 1.an English book

? 2.visit frequently instead ? 3.small drops ? 4.appears regularly ? 5.originally scheduled

? 6.her popular historic book ? 查找形容詞、副詞的秘訣：記單詞時順便記憶單詞的詞性

2、找修飾成分：介詞短語 preposition phrases ? 1.…raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the effects of chemicals on humans …

? 2.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.? 查找介詞短語的秘訣：介詞+ 名詞

3、找修飾成分：非謂語動詞短語 non-verbal phrases ? 1.It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book.? 2.She arranged for a flight on a small plane

to be held for me.? 3.The coat bought by my father is red.? 查找非謂語動詞短語的秘訣：

? 1).v-ing/v-ed/ to do …標點符號

? 2).v-ing/v-ed/ to do …另一個修飾語

? 3).v-ing/v-ed/ to do … 謂語動詞

4、找修飾成分：從句

clauses ? 1.It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, which is based on her best-selling book.? 2.I have a coat which is bought by my father at home.? 3.The coat which is bought by my father is red.? 查找從句的秘訣：

長難句講解教案zw ? ? ? 1).連接詞…標點符號

2).連接詞…另一個修飾語

3).連接詞… 謂語動詞

Step three： 去修飾，抓主干

An example：

? 1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.(NMET2003.C篇)? First put forward

? by the French mathematician Pierre de Format ? in the seventeenth century ? finest mathematical ? including a French woman scientist ? who made a major advance in working out the problem, ? who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.Step four: Exercises: Finish 15 sentences on the exercises paper.（詳見練習專頁)

Step five: Homework

長難句講解教案zw

第四篇：考研英語典型長難句及解析之二

考研英語典型長難句及解析之二

The English Original: There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the roads and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes;their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, grey leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm cartridges, buldged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.譯文一：

河上罩霧，山間盤云，卡車在路上濺泥漿，士兵披肩淋濕，身上盡是爛泥；他們的來福槍也是濕的，每人身前的皮帶上掛有兩個灰皮子彈盒，里面滿裝著一排排又長又窄的六點五毫米口徑的子彈，在披肩下高高哦突出，當他們在路上走過時，乍一看，好像是些懷孕六月的婦人。

譯文二：

河上升起了霧，山上飄著云，載重卡車在大路上泥漿飛濺，士兵們滿身是泥，他們在斗篷里濕漉漉的；他們的步槍也是濕的。在他們的斗篷下，兩個皮制的子彈盒掛在他們腰帶前面，灰色的皮盒沉甸甸的，里面盡是一排排裝著細長的6.5毫米子彈的子彈夾，在斗篷下面鼓了起來，士兵們經過大路向前行進，就像懷了六個月身孕似的。

The English Original:

The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house.譯文一：

山谷后面那座高山和那個有栗樹林的山坡，已經給拿了下來，而南邊平原外的高原上也打了勝仗，于是我們八月渡河，駐扎在哥里察一幢房子里。這房屋有噴水池，有個砌有圍墻的花園，園中栽種了好多繁盛多蔭的樹木，屋子旁邊還有一棵紫藤，一片紫色。譯文二：

占領了峽谷那邊的那座山和栽著栗樹林子的那個山坡，在平原那邊在南面的平原上也打了勝仗，于是八月里我們過了河，住在戈里齊亞的一所房子里，在四面圍墻的花園里有一個噴泉和許多茂密陰翳的樹木，房子的一邊爬著紫藤，花開得紫英英的。

The English Original:

I practiced with it(pistol), holding below the target and trying to master the jerk of the ridiculous short barrel until I could hit within a yard of where I aimed at twenty paces and then the ridiculousness of carrying a pistol at all came over me and I soon forgot it and carried it flopping against the small of my back with no feeling at all except a vague sort of shame when I met English-speaking people.譯文一：

我練習了一個時期，盡量往靶子的下邊打，想盡方法克服短槍筒那種滑稽的顫跳，到了后來，終于能夠在二十步外打中離靶子一碼遠的地方了，后來我常常感到佩帶手槍的荒唐滑稽，但不久也就忘記了它，隨便吊在腰背上，一點感覺都沒有，除非是偶爾碰到講英語的人，才多少感到有點兒不好意思。譯文二：

我用它練習打槍，把槍舉到靶子以下，竭力控制那可笑的短槍筒的震搖，直到我在二十步的距離瞄準而能命中一碼以內的目標，這才清除了佩帶一支手槍的那份荒唐可笑的心情。我很快忘記了它，我帶著它在我的腰背后磕碰著卻沒有一絲感覺，除非碰到一個講英語的人才微微感到有點害臊。The English Original:

Maybe she would pretend that I was her boy that was killed and we would go in the front door and the porter would take off his cap and I would stop at the concierge’s desk and ask for the key and she would stand by the elevator and then we would get in the elevator and it would go up very slowly clicking at all the floors and then our floor and the boy would open the door and stand there and she would step out and I would step out and we would walk down the hall and I would put the key in the door and open it and go in and then take down the telephone and ask them to send a bottle of Capri bianca in a silver bucket full of ice and you would hear the ice against the pail coming down the corridor and the boy would knock and I would say leave it outside the door please.譯文一： 也許她會把我當做哪個陣亡的愛人，我們于是一同走進旅館的前門，看門人連忙摘帽，我找掌柜的拿鑰匙，她則站在電梯邊等，隨后我們一同走進電梯，電梯開得很慢，的的嗒嗒地過了一層又一層，到了我們那一層時，小郎打開門，站在一邊，她走出去，我走出去，一同順著走廊走，我拿鑰匙去開門，門開了，我們進去，拿下電話機，吩咐他們送一瓶裝在放滿冰塊的銀桶子里的卡普里白葡萄酒來，你聽得見走廊上有冰塊碰著提桶的響聲，小郎敲敲門，我就說請放在門外。譯文二：

她也許會裝著我是她那個陣亡的男朋友。我們從正門進去，侍者會向我們脫帽致禮，我會在服務臺前停下，向服務臺女職員要房間鑰匙，她會侍立在電梯房，接著我們會走進電梯，電梯升得很慢經過每一層都咔嗒一聲響，接著便到了我們那一層。侍役打開電梯門站在那兒，她會走出電梯，我隨著走出電梯，我們就沿著過道走去。我把鑰匙插進房門打開房門走進去，接著便拿起電話要他們送一瓶卡普里白葡萄酒來，要裝在放滿了冰的銀制的冰桶里，你會聽到冰塊碰著桶子的聲音從走廊里傳來，侍者會敲門，我會說請擱在門外就行了。The English Original:

I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain.We had heard them, sometimes standing in the rain almost out of earshot, so that only the shouted words came through, and had read them, on proclamations that were slapped up by billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time, and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.譯文一：

我每逢聽到神圣、光榮、犧牲等字眼和徒勞這一說法，總覺得局促不安。這些字眼我們早已聽過，有時還是站在雨中聽，站在聽覺達不到的地方聽，只聽到一些大聲喊出來的字眼；況且，我們也讀過這些字眼，從人們貼在層層舊公告上的新 上讀到過。但是到了現在，我觀察了好久，可沒看到什么神圣的事，而那些所謂光榮的事，并沒有什么光榮，而所謂犧牲，那就像芝加哥的屠場，只不過這里屠宰好的肉不是裝進罐頭，而是掩埋掉罷了。譯文二：

神圣的、光榮的和犧牲等等這些字眼，以及徒勞無益的豪言壯語常常使我困惑。我們聽到過這些字眼，有時站在雨中，在耳朵幾乎聽不見的地方，以致傳來的只是那些大聲喊叫出來的字眼，我們也曾在張貼布告的人漫不經心地一張疊一張地張貼的公告上讀到過這些字眼。如今經過一段很長的時間，我沒有見到過任何神圣的東西，光榮的東西并不光榮，犧牲像芝加哥屠宰場的牲畜圍場，要是肉無法處理只有把它埋掉了事。

The English Original:

That night at the hotel, in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away;all other things were unreal.譯文一：

那天夜晚在旅館里，房間外邊是一條又長又空的走廊，門外邊放著我們的鞋子，房間里鋪著厚厚的地毯，窗外下著雨，房間里則燈光明亮，快樂愉快，后來燈滅了，床單平滑，床鋪舒服，一片興奮，那時的心情，好比我們回了家，不再感覺孤獨，夜間醒來，愛人仍在，并沒有發覺夢醒人去；除了這以外，一切事物都是不真實的。

譯文二：

那天晚上在旅館，我們的房間外面是長長的空寂無人的過道，我們把鞋子放在門外，房間的地板上鋪著一層厚厚的地毯，窗外雨下個不停，房間里明亮，舒適，歡快，隨著燈光熄滅，光滑的床罩，舒適的床榻，使人心情激動，感到我們已經回到了家里，感到我們已不再孤單，半夜醒來發現另一個人仍在身邊沒有離去；其他一切都已變得虛幻。

譯文三：

那晚的旅館，那空蕩蕩的走廊，那放在門外的鞋子，那厚厚的地毯，那窗外的落雨，那開燈時的歡欣和喜悅，那熄燈后體味滑滑的單子和舒適床鋪的那種興奮，那回家的感覺，那再也沒有了的孤單，那夜里醒來發現愛人仍在而沒離去的溫馨!其他一切的一切都已不復存在了。

第五篇：2018考研英語長難句翻譯講解

2018考研英語長難句翻譯講解（2）

長短句是考研英語的一大重難點，打好長短句翻譯基礎，將會給我們的翻譯和作文帶來巨大的幫助。

1.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements.【分析】復合句，主句為 That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式賓語，真正的賓語是 that 引導的名詞性從句。

【譯文】這類行為使得法院的裁定被認為是公正判決的可能性有所下降。2.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property.【分析】復合句。主句為 Constitutional law is political。because 引導原因狀語從句;其中分詞短語rooted in...作定語修飾 choices, 介詞短語 like liberty and property 修飾 concepts。

【譯文】憲法是由植根于自由和所有權等基本社會觀念的選擇造成的，因此它是政治性的。

3.Those forced to exercises their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.【分析】復合句。主句為 Those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons，過去分詞短語forced to...作后置定語修飾 those。than 引導比較狀語從句，該從句中的主語 those 由定語從句修飾，因其較長，謂語又因與主句重復而省略為 did，所以用倒裝語序。suggesting...為現在分詞結構作結果狀語，其中包含 that 引導的賓語從句。

【譯文】那些用牙齒咬著筆，表現出笑容的人比那些用嘴唇叼著筆、表現出沮喪神情的人在看搞笑的動畫片時所作出的反應更豐富。這就證明了表情能夠影響情緒，而不是情緒影響表情。

【拓展】1)contract 作名詞時意為“契約，合同;婚約”;作動詞時意為“締結，訂契約;染上(惡習，疾病等);(使)收縮，(使)緊縮”。2)frown“皺眉，蹙眉”，既是動詞也是名詞。

4.An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers's behavior by itself.【分析】復合句。句子主干為。An awareness...seemed to be enough to alter...。that 引導同位語從句補充說明awareness，其中 they 指代后面的 workers。Be enough to do “足以...”。

【譯文】只要意識到她們在接受實驗，這一意識本身似乎就足以改變工人們的行為。