第一篇：論文四稿

Analysis of the Negative Influences of Materialism in

An American Tragedy

By

Min Chunyuan

A Thesis Submitted to Xinhua College Ningxia University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

Xinhua College Ningxia University April 20, 2014

Acknowledgements

First of all, I would like to express my profound appreciation to my supervisor, Yang Bo, for her patient instruction and selfless advice in my study.With her help, I completed the thesis.Secondly, I am thankful to my parents for their material and spiritual support.They gave me much more motive power to go on my study.Last but not least, thanks are due to my friends who helped me in my study, they gave me many suggestions in my study and life.i

Abstract

An American Tragedy is American writer Theodore Dreiser’s representative work, which exposes and criticizes American society by depicting the whole society.In the novel, the hero Clyde grows up in a poor religious family.He is young and etremely frivolous.Making some bad friends, he is involved with the libertinism all the day.In order to avoid the disaster, he goes to New York for his uncle’s help.He falls in love with Robert Olden, a poor woker.Later, he meets with the rich young lady Sondra Finchley, who can make him get rid of porety.Finally, he is put in prison because of the woker’s accidental death.His life changes, and his dream breaks up.This thesis believes American tragedy refers to many aspects, including the tragedy of American dream, moral tragedy, and the tragedy of love.Many people like the hero Clyde have a colorful American dream, however, the dreams breaks up finally.Clyde loses his faith, his freedom, and even his love and himself under the lure of material society.Based on the analysis of materialism and American dream, this thesis analyzes the real meaning of American tragedy and the negative influences of materialism on major characters.Key words: American Dream, Materialism

ii

摘 要

《美國悲劇》是美國作家西奧多·德萊賽的代表作品。作品通過描繪社會全貌，揭露和抨擊了美國社會。小說中男主人公克萊德·格里菲思成長于一個貧窮潦倒的宗教家庭，年少輕狂的克萊德因交友不慎，終日沉湎酒色不可自拔。為了避禍，克萊德前往紐約投奔叔父，并與純潔善良的貧窮女工羅伯塔·奧爾登相戀；后來，克萊德又結識了美麗的千金小姐桑德拉·芬奇利，這足以讓他擺脫貧賤。最后因女工的意外身亡，克萊德進入了監獄，他的生活徹底改變，他的夢也徹底破碎了。

小說中所描繪的美國悲劇，指的不僅是社會現實的許多方面，包括美國夢的悲劇，道德的悲劇，以及愛情的悲劇。許多人都像主人公克萊德一樣懷揣著多姿多彩的美國夢，然而，結果卻是美夢破滅。克萊德在物質社會的引誘下失去了自己的信仰，自由，愛情，更失去了自己。

本文通過對物質主義和美國夢進行分析研究，剖析了解美國悲劇的真實意義及物質主義對主人公的生活等各方面產生的消極影響。

關鍵詞：美國夢，物質主義

iii

Contents

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….i Abstract………………………………………………………………..…ii 摘要………………………………………………………………...……iii 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………1 2 Literature Review ……………………………………………………...2 2.1 Introduction to Theodore ? Herman Albert ? Dreiser……………...3 2.2 Introduction to America Tragedy ………………………………....4 2.3 Introduction to Materialism……………………………………..…5 3 Representations of Materialism in Terms of Tragedy in American Tragedy …………………………………………………………………..6 3.1 Meaning of Tragedy in American Dream………………………….6

3.1.1 Content of American Dream…………………………….……6

3.1.2 Materialism Embodied in American Dream…………………..7 3.2 Meaning of Moral Tragedy ………………………………………..9 3.2.1 The Change and Influence of Social Morality………………...9

3.2.2 Materialism Embodied in Moral Tragedy…………………...10 4 Negative Influence of Materialism in American Tragedy………….....10 4.1 Negative Influence of Materialism on Major Characters………...11

4.1.1 Negative Influence on Clyde ………………………………..12

4.1.2 Negative Influence on Roberta………………………………13

iv

4.2 Negative Influence on American Society……………………..….15 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….15 Bibiography…………………………………………………………......17

v

Analysis of the Negative Influences of Materialism in

An American Tragedy Introduction Theodore Dreiser is one of the representive writers in American literature.His works mostly reveal the tragedy of American society at that time and in today’s society still have the profound significance.An American Tragedy is his representative work, which exposes and criticizes American society by depicting the whole society.The thesis consists of four parts.The first part is the introduction to the thesis.The second part is made of the literature review, which including the introduction.The third part is the analysis of the representations of materialism in terms of tragedy in American tragedy.The fourth part is the analysis of the negative influence of materialism in An American Tragedy for the hero and society.And the last part is the ending of this thesis, it tells us that the excessive pursuit for materialism can make the people the head, the standard of morality and even make the society fall.Literature Review Dreiser’s masterpiece An American Tragedy is acclaimed as one of the most important novels in the American literature.As Dreiser’s best novel, it also meets with the most critical attention.Trilogy, The Financier(1912)and The Titan(1914).The third trilogy, The Stoic, published posthumously.His other works include The Genius

(1915), an autobiographical work An American tragedy(1925)and The Bulwark(1946).From the unwelcomed Sister Carrie to his bestseller An American Tragedy，Dreiser had faced every form of attack that a serious artistic isolation, and commercial seduction.2.2 Introduction to An America Tragedy

An American Tragedy is the representative work of Theodore Dreiser, it marks the peak of creation achievement by the author.The protagonist of the novel, is from a poor family with low social status.He pursues money and high status, finally degenerates into a murderer and is exeeuted to death by electrice hair.Clyde's tragedy is not only the tragedy of an individual, but also the tragedy of America.While sympathizing with the self-destruetion of Clyde, Dreiser diseloses the darkness of the Ameriean soeiety and the corruption of Ameriean polities, revealing the potencial crisis covered by the false prosperity.In the opinion of Dreiser, it is the American soeiety, rather than the murderer himself, shall be responsible for the murder case.At that time in the American society, the value that only the upper class people are aceepted was prevailing.The novel deseribes the large gap between the rich and the poor and that how the Republican Party and the Demoeratic Party and the judicial system take advantage of the murder case to win the election.people like Clyde have cherished a variety of American dreams, but the dreams are crushed.American tragedy is also a tragedy of morality.Many incidents in the novel show the degradation of the moral beings of the characters.They have no sympathy and what they pursue is only self-interests.At last, American tragedy is the tragedy of love.The lovers in the novel find themselves deceive totally and theirs love affairs destroy.3.1 Meaning of Tragedy in American Dream The early American dream contains progressive spirit, and stresses on the way through the individual’s struggle to realize the ideal, but the cruel social reality often make the dreams ruin.3.1.1 The Content of the American Dream The American dream is a recurring cultural motif, its appearance can be traced back to the beginning of American civilization, it is accompanied by the birth of the United States and the birth of the connotations of their dreams with the development of American society and the evolving changes.Today, in the context of increasing globalization, the impact of the American dream has exceeded the boundaries of the geographical and gradually become a “dream”, and the impact on generation after generation has grown up in the World Youth.However, today’s American dream is no longer the dream of a better world in old people’s minds.In the equality of social, just through the

crust of luxury living.The description for Davidson Hotel under the pen of Dreiser let people feel the luxury “his feet are black and white squares marching marble ground.The head is covered with copper, coated with gold colored paint the ceiling…” [4] Impact of this phenomenon on the Clyde luxury can not be underestimated.In order to wear decent clothes, he even deceives his mother, and in order to meet the material needs of his girlfriend, he uses the installment to purchase extravagant clothing.The trees, paths, flower beds, garages, luxury fountain envy him, or even completely charmed to see those beautiful house on the street in his Uncle’s home envy him and make him yearn for the glamorous life.However, the poor condition of no money, no status makes him feel uncomfortable.This view in reality life has been confirmed since Roberta pregnancy.There is no money for Roberta’s abortion, which forces Clyde be in despair.In the materialistic environment, Clyde goes toward the abyss of death step by step.3.2 Meaning of Moral Tragedy

The moral power is huge in any society.However, in American society at that time, the young generations were influenced by the bad social style, satisfied with physical pleasure, and lose themselves at last.The wealthy young men were unprepared all day;the poor young men were also unambitious.So people’s morality decaies, in order to get what they want, they could even make the crime and the tragedy.moral standards.4 Negative Influence of Materialism in An American Tragedy

No matter in any time, the excessive spread of materialism will create more problems, either for the whole society or for the individual.The consumption view of materialism let people lose themselves, yearn for beautiful and rich life, pursue luxury life at all costs, A strong desire for money engulfs every people and even the entire society.Pure goodness of people and society disappear, since the desire dominates the mankind and society.4.1 Negative Influence of Materialism on Major Characters In An American Tragedy, Dreiser describes the whole process of Clyde Griffiths, being affected by the evil society, and gradually evolved, degenerated into a murderer, and finally destroyed himself.The subject of the novel is not new, but it becomes a masterpiece in the hands of Dreiser.Clyde’s personal behavior is extremely weak, and he becomes known as the“moral and mental coward.”

Similarly，the hero’s tragedies also because the widening gap between rich and poor, which makes a negative impact on a generation of young people, makes them seek a shortcut to getting rich, and this manic state of mind finally leads to the tragedy.An American Tragedy looks like a mirror, and shows all the ugly face of American life, so the tragedy in the novel is the tragedy of typical American.industrial city along the Mohawk River, west of Albany.He gets a job at the factory, where he seduces and impregnates Roberta, an attractive and sweet-natured worker, whose social background is similar to his own;at the same time, he rides, swims, and dances with the local smart set, and the debutantes and college boys who flirt him through a long summer.And he falls in love with one of them, the beautiful Sondra Finchley, a kind of provincial teen-age lapper who initially patronizes him but then finds herself attracted to his good looks and his overwhelming desire for her.Exposed to provincial high of marrying into the property-owning class, Clyde moves from one dangerous point to the next.4.1.2 Negative Influence on Roberta Roberta Alden is a daughter of Titus Alden, a farmer near Blitz, which is a small town in Mimi Country, some fifty miles north.Her father is also an unsuccessful person at forty-eight.Roberta herself was partly blamed for her Tragedy.It seems unfair for Roberta to be blamed for her tragedy, but she really should be.Although born in a poor farm family, Roberta is very charming and quite clever.She deserves a better life.Since her childhood, she was dreaming to conquer a man to have a better life that was different from her farm life.With this dream, she even could not insist on her refusal for Clyde’s pursuit.She loses something guided by the dream of bettering herself by marrying Clyde.She even dares not insist on her refusing for

can buy everything, money is everything.Therefore, in order to get money they can do anything.The gap between rich and poor is widening, the rich people are richer, poor people are more and more poor.The rich man lives a life of luxury, in and out of the luxury hotel, dresses well, through the dancing party or banquet.But the thought of poor people that through their own efforts, they can be in the upper class is hard to imagine, and eventually ends up a wall.Conclusion By the analysis of characters and their life experience, we will have a better understanding of the importance of the book.First of all, the work is a very important literary creation because it would tell the truth about human nature and about diverse lives in the national experience around him.American fiction through the first two decades of twenty century continued to maintain a misleading moralizeu and false idealism sharply at odds with most of the behavior and experiences in the contemporary world it supposedly described.As a conclusion, Clyde’s tragedy is both the tragedy of an individual and the tragedy of the American society.Although there is weakness in Clyde’s personality, through the above analysis, it is obvious that in essence, the tragedy of Clyde is a true American tragedy, moral tragedy, and love tragedy.Except these, the negative influence of materialism in An American Tragedy is no mater on Clyde, it’s also on Roberta, in order

Bibiography

[1] Gerber, Philip.1964.Theodore Dreiser [M].New York: Twayne Publishers.Inc.[2] Theodore Dreiser.An American Tragedy [M] Xinjiang: Yili People’s Press, 2001.[3]Donald Pizer.American Realism and Naturalism [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 2003.[4] Dreiser, Helen.1951.My Life with Dreiser [M].Cleveland: The World Publishing, Co.[5] Dreiser, Theodore.1948.An American Tragedy [M].New York: The World Publishing Company.[6]［美］德萊賽美國的悲劇劉立凡，曹明玉，譯 海口: 南方出版社 韓春英,德萊塞與美國悲劇[J].周口師范學院報.濟南: 周口師范,1998.[7] 何木英,杜平,美國文學簡史與作品選讀[M].四川，四川大學出版社，2004.[8] 蔣道超,德萊塞研究[M]上海:師外語教育出版社，2003.[9] 宋誼,美國悲劇的剖析與探索[D].山東師范大學圖書館優秀博士論文.山東師范大學, 2006.[10] [美]西奧多·德萊塞:《美國的悲劇》,北京:人民文學出版社,1999年.

第二篇：電子商務論文四稿

本科畢業設計（論文）題 目：學 院：專 業：學生姓名：成 績：(2011屆)

電子商務中消費者權益保護問題研究

電子商務

目 錄

摘要.................................................................................................................................2 Abstract:...........................................................................................................................2 前 言...............................................................................................................................3

一、我國電子商務的發展現狀..........................................................................................4

（一）電子商務的定義..............................................................................................4

（二）電子商務的發展現狀.......................................................................................4

二、我國電子商務中消費者權益保護存在的主要問題.......................................................5

（二）法律、法規不夠完善，涉及消費者權益保護的法律法規較少...........................6 1.隱私保護艱難，消費者隱私泄密嚴重.....................................................................6 2.信息披露不明確，消費者知悉權難以保障..............................................................7 3.購物中大量格式化條款，消費者交易公平性無法體現.............................................7 4.經營者推卸責任，消費者退換貨困難.....................................................................8 5.舉證困難，消費者求償權難以實現.........................................................................8 6.信息不對稱，消費者自主選擇權形同虛設..............................................................8 7.商家身份難以識別，網絡欺詐行為頻發..................................................................9

（三）消費者援助制度不夠完善，維權成本高、風險大......................................9

（四）執法力度不夠，致使侵權成本過低...........................................................9

三、電子商務環境下消費者權益保護策略分析................................................................10

（一）完善網上反欺詐法律，嚴厲打擊網絡虛假廣告、傳銷等欺詐行為..................10

（二）建立監督機制，加強執法力度，對網上經營者進行約束.................................11

（三）建立在線投訴網站，也就是消協在網上的延伸...............................................11

（四）適當引入保險機制，分擔交易雙方的風險.....................................................12

（五）政府應積極加強宣傳，幫助消費者提高自我維權意識....................................12

（六）健全配送體系等協作機構的運作，明確責任..................................................12

（七）規范網絡經營的準入門檻，強制商家登記與認證制度....................................13

四、總結........................................................................................................................13 參考文獻........................................................................................................................14

電子商務中消費者權益保護問題研究

摘要：電子商務是全球現代化的交易方式，在我國呈現出蓬勃發展的態勢。它在給人們帶來便捷、豐富的消費商品和服務信息的同時，也增加了消費者遭受損害的機會，極大地侵害了消費者的合法權益。本文旨在對當前我國電子商務中消費者權益保護存在的主要問題進行分析，如隱私保護艱難，消費者隱私泄密嚴重；信息披露不明確，消費者知悉權難以保障；購物中大量格式化條款，消費者交易公平性無法體現等。通過完善網上反欺詐法律，嚴厲打擊網絡虛假廣告、傳銷等欺詐行為；建立監督機制，加強執法力度，對網上經營者進行約束等措施從而達到保障消費者權益的目的。

關鍵詞：電子商務；網絡消費者；消費者權益；權益保護

Consumer Protection in Electronic

Commerce Research Abstract: E-commerce transactions is the world's modern,thriving in the development of our situation.It brings convenience to people, rich information on consumer goods and services, but also increase the chance of damage to consumers, greatly infringed upon legitimate rights and interests of consumers.This paper on the current consumer protection in electronic commerce in China the main problems for analysis, such as privacy protection difficult, serious consumer privacy leaks;information disclosure is not clear, difficult to guarantee the right of consumers to know;shopping in terms of large format, consumer transactions such as fairness can not be reflected.Through the improvement of online fraud laws to crack down on false advertising network,pyramid schemes and other fraudulent activities;establishment of monitoring mechanisms to strengthen law enforcement on the Internet and other measures to constrain the operator to achieve the objective of consumer protection.Key Words: E-commerce;network of consumers;consumer interests;rights protection

前 言

20世紀90年代末，隨著第一個電子商務站點 “軟件港” 的誕生電子商務概念正式落地我國。從1998年開始我國電子商務的發展迎來第一個高潮，定位于B2C的8848和C2C的易趣分別宣布成立。1999年11月當當網上書店成立，同年B2B模式的阿里巴巴網在杭州開張。2000年5月，卓越網作為綜合電子商務網站正式對外發布，搜狐也在綜合性門戶的基礎上第一次加入了電子商城服務，新浪網選擇了與合作伙伴合作推出購物頻道。進入新世紀后，我國電子商務不斷尋找新的發展方向，至今仍保持著高速的發展態勢。

商務部副部長蔣耀平在《中國電子商務報告（2008—2009）》發布會上說，2009年中國電子商務交易額達到3.8萬億元，網絡購物交易額達到2586億元，同比分別增長21.7％和105.8％。報告顯示，2009年大中型工業企業電子商務交易額達15666億元，中小企業電子商務交易額達19900億元。電子商務在中小企業生產經營的多個環節得到廣泛應用，其中應用最多的是采購和銷售環節。通過互聯網尋找供應商的中小企業占比達31％，通過互聯網從事營銷推廣的中小企業占比達24％。電子商務正在改變中小企業的經營管理模式和生產組織形態，提升傳統產業的資源配置效率、運營管理水平和整體創新能力。上述數據真實地反映了我國電子商務整體呈現快速增長的態勢。

在商貿領域中，應用電子商務通過各種先進靈活的手段，使信息傳遞和處理突破了空間限制，降低了交易成本，促使生產力水平大幅提高。它具有操作簡便、節省時間、節約成本等傳統交易方式所不具有的優勢，給社會帶來了巨大的經濟效益，并且在金融危機的影響下，電子商務以其獨特的優勢而被企業選擇作為應對危機有效手段之一。然而，伴隨著網絡購物的快速增長的同時，對網絡消費權益侵害事件時有發生，網絡者消費者權益保護問題正越來越引起人們的重視。據有關資料統計，2009年網絡購物的投訴量同比上升48.3％。[2]網絡購物正成為消費者權益保護的“短板”。由于其相關方面法律法規的滯后性，使網上參與交易的消費者侵權問題日益凸出，消費者的權益難以得到保障，已經嚴重阻礙到電子商務的健康發展。

[1]

一、我國電子商務的發展現狀

（一）電子商務的定義

電子商務是指交易主體使用各種電子工具，通過互聯網在公開的環境下利用數據化的信息與交易對手進行交易的模式。包括電子數據交換、電子郵件、電報、傳真和電傳等方式。電子商務有廣義和狹義之分。廣義的電子商務泛指應用電子及信息技術進行的經濟貿易活動。狹義的電子商務指利用電子信息網絡來實現的商品和服務交易活動的總稱，又稱為網上交易或在線交易，例如網上商店、網上銀行、網上證券等。本文所研究的電子商務僅是指通過電子信息網絡所進行的商務活動，即僅指狹義的電子商務。[3]

（二）電子商務的發展現狀

從總體上來看，電子商務有四種最基本的經營模式：B2C，即從商家到消費者；B2B，從企業與企業之間的商業交易，也稱批發電子商務；C2B，以消費者為主體向商家要求交易；C2C，即消費者之間的商品交易。B2C的主要表現形式是網上商城、網上購物中心等等，這也是目前最普遍最常見的一種電子商務表現形式。據中國互聯網信息中心（CNNIC）第26次的調查報告顯示，截至2010年6月，中國網民規模達到4.2億，其中，寬帶網民規模為36381萬，使用電腦上網

[4]的群體中寬帶普及率已經達到98.1%。他們中的一部分已是電子商務的消費者，而更多的則是這個快速發展市場的潛在消費者。另一方面，電子商務交易額快速增長。以淘寶網為例，從2006年的179億到2007年的433億，08年的999億，09年的2000億交易額，間接說明網絡購物在中國的迅速發展情況。

而由于我國電子商務的總體快速發展，中小企業電子商務對國民經濟及中小企業發展作用尤為顯著。2009年，中小企業通過電子商務創造的新增價值占我國GDP的1.5%，拉動我國GDP增長0.13%，中小企業電子商務交易規模達1.99萬億，同比增速達到20.3%。其中內、外貿交易規模分別為1.13萬億和0.86萬億，分別相當于2008年全國國內商品銷售總額和出口總值的6%和8.9%；直接創造的新增就業超過130萬，相當于我國2008年全國城鎮新增就業的11.7%。[5]每天上百萬的快遞需求給中國的快遞業增加海量的新業務，帶動了信息服務、物流、支付、信用等相關產業的發展，對促進我國第一、二、三產業經濟結構的優化發揮了重要的作用，中小企業電子商務應用顯著提高了其存活率和競爭力。由此可知，我國電子商務行業正以其勢不可擋的趨勢快速發展，茁壯成長。

此外，隨著法律與行政法規的不斷完善，相關職能機構的重視，網站的自律

規范（如阿里、淘寶等），消費者意識的增強等，消費者的權益保護也越來越受到廣大人民群眾的重視。據悉，國家工商局宣布將網絡購物納入其監管范圍，并出臺《網絡商品交易及有關服務行為管理暫行辦法》征求意見稿，目前該意見稿正在全國工商系統內部征求意見。此意見中第七條可以看出，該暫行辦法對網絡交易經營者的資格做了嚴格的限制，擁有實體店鋪的商家若想增設網店必須將自身的營業執照明顯公示，而對于自然人要想開設網店的，也要在工商局進行登記。此舉意在杜絕隨意在網上開店而無法對其實行有效監管的弊端等等。

2010年4年8日獲悉，工商銀行新疆分行與新疆天池管委會合作開通了網上旅游訂票電子商務合作平臺。自此，全國各地旅行社及游客登錄天山天池網站(www.tmdps.cn/display.asp?keyno=16516．

［7］張雅潔.電子商務中消費者權益保護若干法律問題研究［J］．河北廣播電視大學學報，2008，（03）：82～84．

［8］劉曉東.電子商務中消費者權益保護若干問題剖析［J］．工商行政管理，2009，（24）： 110～118．

［9］湯化冰.論我國電子商務中消費者權益的法律保護［J］．法制與社會，2009，（19）： 32～35．

［10］萬江濤.電子商務中消費者的權益保護研究［J］．中國市場，2008，（32）：45～50． ［11］丁劭泊.論我國電子商務中消費者權益保護的問題與對策［J］．山西經濟管理干部學

院學報，2009，（01）：89～93．

［12］王春艷.淺談我國電子商務中消費者權益的經濟法保護［J］．北方經濟，2008，（24）： 83～85．

［13］吳海玲，胡穎欣.電子商務中的消費者權益保護［J］．中國市場，2008，（15）： 14～16．

［14］王浩.論電子商務環境下的消費者權益保護［J］．產業與科技論壇，2009，（03）： 80～83．

［16］崔艷峰.論電子商務中消費者權益保護［J］．濱州職業學院學報，2010，（02）： 289～295．

［17］盧娣.電子商務中消費者的權益保護［J］．信陽農業高等專科學校學報，2009，（03）： 169～175．

［18］謝曉鴻.保險電子商務消費者權益保護問題探析［J］．企業家天地（理論版），2007，（08）：107～111．

［19］趙燕妮.我國保險電子商務發展對策分析［J］．商業時代，2009，（31）：141～143．

［20］簡丹.論電子商務在我國保險領域的應用［J］．科技經濟市場，2009，（06）：71～73． ［21］姜琳.論網絡交易中消費者權益的保護［D］．山東大學，2009．

［22］Diane Rowland．Elizabeth Macdonald．Information Technology Law，2004． ［23］Sparrow．A．E-Commerce and Law，2001．

第三篇：論文摘要四要素

論文摘要又稱文摘，是論文的重要組成部分，它是以提供文獻內容梗概為日的，不加評論和補充解釋，簡明、確切地記述文獻重要內容的短文。論文摘要如同人體中的心臟，發揮著顯示研究工作核心主線的作用。摘要應具有獨立性和自明性，并擁有與文獻同等量的主要信息，即不需閱讀全文，就可獲得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文題之后，文章之首。在論文發表后，論文摘要常被文獻檢索系統所收集。

摘要通常需由層次清晰的四個基本要素組成。它需表明：研究的問題與目的；提出的創新性方法及其特點；應用驗證結果情況；得到的創新性研究結論是什么。具體內容情況基本如下：

1.本文所探討的問題和主題是什么? 目的部分應簡要說明研究的目的，說明提出問題的緣由，表明研究的范圍及重要性;2.問題是如何解決的(方法)，解決過程（方法）的特點是怎樣的? 方法部分應說明研究課題的基本設計，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分組對照，研究范圍以及精確程度，數據是如何取得的以及經過何種統計學方法處理;3.有哪些具體的結果?問題解決的程度如何? 結果部分要列出研究的主要結果和數據，有什么新發現，說明其價值及局限，敘述要具體、準確，并需給出結果的可信值和統計學顯著性檢驗的確切值;4.研究結論是什么?它對推動學科發展的作用何在? 結論部分應簡要說明、論證取得的正確觀點極其理論價值或應用價值，是否值得推薦或推廣等

無論什么原因，摘要中如果缺失上述四個部分的信息，會減少研究成果在讀者心目中的價值。由于讀者是基于摘要來決定是否閱讀論文全文的，故摘要的不完整可能會減少論文被閱讀和被引用的機會。

第四篇：四科技小論文

樹干為什么是圓的

履坦中心小學四（1）班

喻潮輝

在觀察大自然的過程中我偶然發現，樹干的形態都近似圓的——空圓錐狀。樹干為什么是圓錐狀的?圓錐狀樹干有哪些好處?為了探索這些問題，我進行了更深入的觀察、分析研究。

在輔導老師的幫助下，我查閱了有關資料，了解到植物的莖有支持植物體、運輸水分和其他養分的作用。樹木的莖主要由維管束構成。莖的支持作用主要由木質部木纖維承擔，雖然木本植物的莖會逐年加粗，但是在一定時間范圍內，莖的木纖維數量是一定的，也就是樹木莖的橫截面面積一定。接著，我們圍繞樹干橫截面面積一定，假設樹干橫截面長成不同形狀，設計試驗，探索樹干呈圓錐狀的原因和優點。

經過實驗，我們發現：(1)橫截面積和長度一定時，三棱柱狀物體縱向支持力最大，橫向承受力最小；圓柱狀物體縱向支持力不如三棱柱狀物體，但橫向承受力最大；(2)等質量不同形狀的樹干，矮個圓錐體形樹干承受風力最大；(3)風是一種自然現象，影響著樹木橫截面的形狀和樹木生長的高矮。近似圓錐狀的樹干，重心低，加上龐大根系和大地連在一起，重心降得更低，穩度更大；(4)樹干橫截面呈圓形，可以減少損傷，具有更強的機械強度，能經受住風的襲擊。同時，受風力的影響，樹干各處的彎曲程度相似，不管風力來自哪個方向，樹干承受的阻力大小相似，樹干不易受到破壞。

以上的實驗反映了自然規律、自然界給我們啟示：(1)橫截面呈三角形的柱狀物體，具有最大縱向支持力，其形態可用于建筑方面，例如角鋼等；(2)橫截面是圓形的圓狀物體，具有最大的橫向承受力，類似形態的建筑材料隨處可見，如電視塔、電線桿等。

皮鞋為什么越擦越亮

履坦中心小學四（1）班

徐佳怡

每到星期天，我總要完成媽媽交給我的擦鞋任務。告訴你，這可是我一星期零花錢的來源哦!拿到沾滿灰塵的皮鞋后，我先把鞋面的灰塵擦掉，然后涂上鞋油，仔仔細細地擦一擦，皮鞋就會變得又亮又好看了。可這是為什么呢？

我找了同樣牌子同樣款式的新舊兩雙皮鞋進行對比觀察。我先用手觸摸兩雙皮鞋的鞋面，發現新皮鞋的表面比舊皮鞋的表面光滑得多。舊皮鞋涂上鞋油，仔細擦過后，雖然亮了許多，但仍無法與新皮鞋相比。皮鞋的亮度是否與鞋面的光滑程度有關呢? 我取來一雙沒擦過的舊皮鞋，在放大鏡下鞋面顯得凹凸不平的。然后，我再在皮鞋上圈出兩塊表面都比較粗造的A區和B區，A區涂上鞋油并仔細擦拭，B區不涂鞋油作空白對照。我發現A區擦拭后，表面明顯變光滑了許多，而且放在陽光下也比B區有光澤。為什么兩者會產生這樣的差別呢? 我想到在科學課上老師曾經講過：影劇院墻壁的表面是凹凸不平的，這樣可以使聲音大部分被吸收掉，讓觀眾不受回聲的干擾。同樣道理，光線照到任何物體的表面都會產生反射，假如這個平面是高低不平的，光線就會向四面八方散射掉；假如這個平面是光滑的，那么我們就可以在一定的方向上看到反射光。

皮鞋的表面原來就不是絕對的光滑，如果是舊皮鞋，它的表面當然更加的不平，這樣它就不能使光線在一定的方向上產生反射，所以看上去沒有什么光澤。而鞋油中有一些小顆粒，擦鞋的時候這些小顆粒正好可以填入皮鞋表面的凹坑中。如果再用布擦一擦，讓鞋油涂得更均勻些，就會使皮鞋的表面變得光滑、平整，反射光線的能力也加強了。

通過實驗，我終于知道了皮鞋越擦越亮的秘密啦!

第五篇：論文的四要素

? 一篇完整的論文應該傳遞下面的信息： – 你要解決什么問題？ – 這個問題是否已經解決或解決到了什么程度？ – 你是怎樣解決這個問題的？ – 你的最終發現了什么？ – 對這一發現，以及它的意義的理解和解釋 ? 論文要回答四個問題： – 問題是什么？（引言）– 你如何研究這個問題？（數據和方法）– 你有何發現？（結果）– 它們意味著什么？（討論）