第一篇:文學(xué)史名詞解釋
1.風(fēng)“:學(xué)習(xí)文學(xué)史。原指音樂。《詩經(jīng)》中有十五國風(fēng),即是指各地不同的音樂;”雅“:指雅正之聲,指周王朝京畿地域的音樂;”頌“:是一種宗廟祭奠用的舞曲。
2.《詩經(jīng)》:中國第一部詩歌總集,收錄西周初年到春秋中葉約五百余年間的詩歌305篇。包括《國風(fēng)》、《小雅》《大雅》、《頌》。自考。《小雅》中另有6篇”笙詩“,僅有詩題,不在305之?dāng)?shù)。3.采詩說:是關(guān)于《詩經(jīng)》編訂進(jìn)程的一種說法;上古有自上而下的詩歌采集制度,采詩官到官方采詩讓國君了解民情。4.獻(xiàn)詩說:《國語﹒周語上》;是關(guān)于《詩經(jīng)》編訂進(jìn)程的一種說法;爆發(fā)于先秦時期。
5.刪詩說:是關(guān)于《詩經(jīng)》編訂進(jìn)程的一種說法;學(xué)者以為《詩經(jīng)》中作品的編集成書經(jīng)過了孔子的刪定。刪詩說最先由司馬遷提出。6.”棄婦詩“:是抒寫因婚姻粉碎或丈夫變心而被屏棄的婦女感受的詩歌;其中以《谷風(fēng)》、《氓》二首為代表。7.三體三用說:唐人孔穎依體用關(guān)聯(lián),相比看自考。把賦比興從“六詩”或“六義”中分辨進(jìn)去,認(rèn)定為《詩經(jīng)》藝術(shù)顯露方式。
8.《春秋》:是魯國的編年史,經(jīng)過了孔子的訂正;它以一致今音信標(biāo)題的形式,簡括記實(shí)了魯國及周王朝、諸侯國的歷史事故。以謹(jǐn)慎的書法和微言大義,表達(dá)保護(hù)同一等思想。9.《尚書》:是我國現(xiàn)代第一部歷史散文集;它是以記言為主的古史。有古今之別。10.《今文尚書》:是秦始皇焚書后,由西漢初年經(jīng)師伏生清算進(jìn)去的,共28篇;因它是用漢代通用的隸書寫定,故稱今文《尚書》
11.《古文尚書》:漢武帝時出現(xiàn);用戰(zhàn)國時期的文字寫定;比《今文尚書》多出十六篇。12.《逸周書》:本名《周書》,《漢書?藝文志》著錄有七十一篇,今存六十篇,看看自考成績查詢時間。另外十一篇僅存篇目,被視為《尚書》的余篇;文字和春秋戰(zhàn)國之文接近,非一時一人之作。
13.銅器銘文:是刻于青銅器上的文字。普通都較冗長,僅幾十字,個體較長如《散氏盤銘》、《毛公鼎銘》。銘文文體與《尚書》相像多為散文。14.《左傳》:全稱《春秋左氏傳》,是我國第一部敘事殷?仔細(xì)的編年史,作者恐怕是戰(zhàn)國初年熟知?dú)v史掌故的人,所記起于魯隱公元年止于魯哀公二十七年;它記載了春秋列國各方面的重小事故,真實(shí)反映了這一事故的社會情景;是先秦時期最具文學(xué)顏色的歷史散文。
15.《戰(zhàn)國策》:你看自考自考中國古代文學(xué)史一(新版教材)名詞解釋合集。經(jīng)西漢劉向清算編訂成書,形式上主要記戰(zhàn)國時謀臣策士的事跡、群情;該書有不少“增飾非實(shí)”之辭。16.《越絕書》:記載春秋末年吳越爭霸的史實(shí);它不拘于歷史原形,在故事和人物描寫方面有不少浮夸虛擬的場合;作者普通以為是袁康、吳平。17.《國語》:我國第一部國別史;記載周、魯?shù)戎T侯國史實(shí);以記言為主。學(xué)會福建自考報名。
18.九歌:是一組祭神的歌曲,包括《湘君》等共十一篇作品;是屈原被流放江南時,在官方祭神歌曲的基礎(chǔ)上加工創(chuàng)作的一組詩;其形式,在祭神的同時,也依靠著屈原的身世之感和規(guī)諷之意
19.楚辭:是戰(zhàn)國前期爆發(fā)于楚國的一種新體詩,具有濃密的場合顏色;遐想富奇,安放跨飾,句式長短不拘;代表人物屈原、宋玉。20.重言:重言是援用名人的話以證明已意,基礎(chǔ)都是虛擬的。
21.卮言:指心想筆隨、變幻寫意的發(fā)言,也就是表情達(dá)意不受真憑實(shí)據(jù)的局限。學(xué)會豐胸的最快方法。
22.《呂氏春秋》:由秦相呂不韋組織,由其門客全體編撰的一部書;歷來被視為雜家著作,其中以儒、道、法、陰陽家思想更多一些;以平實(shí)發(fā)言,短小篇幅,厚實(shí)發(fā)言說明長遠(yuǎn)道理。江西省自考。23.《鹽鐵論》:恒寬編擬的政論;全書采用對話體,行文質(zhì)直平實(shí)。
24.《漢書》:是我國第一部斷代史,起自高祖元年止于王莽年間;秉承《史記》編制,但改“書”為“志”,廢止“世家”入“傳”;全書100篇,包括12本紀(jì)、8表、10志、70傳。25.辭賦:是一種特殊的文體。它非詩非文,而又具有詩、文的不少特質(zhì),是詩、文的分析體;“賦”作為文體的稱號,最早見于荀子的《賦篇》,自學(xué)考試網(wǎng)上課程。但只到了漢代,辭賦才繁華發(fā)財成為一種奇特的文體,造成自身特質(zhì)。
26.抒情小賦:一種句法類于大賦但篇幅較量短小,鋪敘摹繪的成分節(jié)減而抒情成分極大的賦作,如張衡《歸田賦》、趙壹《刺世疾邪賦》。27.散體大賦:以狀物為主,安放夸飾,文辭璀璨,如張衡的《二京賦》;這類作品是普通所說的“大賦”或“漢賦”的典型。28.騷體賦:以抒情為主,體制基礎(chǔ)于先秦的楚辭相同,如賈誼《吊屈原賦》
29.紀(jì)行賦:議決記敘旅途所見而表達(dá)本身的嘆息的賦作;題材源于劉欣的《逐初賦》;是后代游記文學(xué)的先聲。
30.”樂府”:轉(zhuǎn)義指掌管音樂的行政機(jī)關(guān),魏晉之后,自考本科考研。人們把樂府演唱的詩歌也稱為樂府,于是“樂府”成為詩體稱號。31.《北征賦》:班彪仿照《逐初賦》,記敘路程,感古傷時,安窮樂道。32.《兩都賦》:班固;題材形式上著重寫京都,加倍鋪敘京都觀念;在謀篇布局上增強(qiáng)諷喻引導(dǎo)的篇幅。
33.蘇李詩:指《文選》中收錄的七首相傳為蘇武和李陵的詩;在藝術(shù)上近于《古詩十九首》
34.建安七子:孔融、陳琳、王粲、徐斡、阮禹、應(yīng)踢、劉楨;他們在不同文體方面的優(yōu)長不盡相同,但在詩、文方面有較高功勞,為建安文學(xué)繁榮做出勞績,世稱“建安七子”。35.建安風(fēng)骨:激昂大方任氣,以悲涼為美;抒一己之情懷,有熱烈的客觀顏色;
36.游仙詩:是歌詠仙人周游之情的詩,福州大學(xué)自考辦。體裁多為五言;淵源可以上溯到先秦;形式有兩種,一種純寫求仙長生之意,另一種則是憤世嫉俗之言。37.左思風(fēng)力:指左思詩歌的氣魄特色。指他的詩援用歷史典故以抒時憤,剛健無力,故鐘嶸譽(yù)之謂“左思風(fēng)力”。38.玄言詩:以闡釋老莊和佛理為主要形式的詩歌;大作于東晉,特質(zhì)是以玄理入詩,以詩為老莊哲學(xué)說教,脫離社會生活。
39.太康詩風(fēng):相比看考中。“采縟于野史,力柔于建安”;“縟旨星稠,繁文綺合”
40.元嘉詩歌:晉末宋初的詩歌創(chuàng)作;元嘉是劉宋文帝的年號,古代文學(xué)。共三十年,但元嘉詩歌不只限于此,它上起晉宋之交的謝靈運(yùn),下迄大明、秦始之交的鮑照;以謝靈運(yùn)、鮑照功勞最高。
41.永明體:又稱新體詩;是從詩歌聲律中高度提出的一個概念,想知道北京高教自考。指五言詩從聲律較量自在的古體詩走向格律嚴(yán)整的近體詩之間的過渡階段;其實(shí)際增援是永明聲律說。42.永明聲律:即是講求平下去入四聲的對稱與錯綜之美的腔調(diào)搭配大綱。
43.吳歌、西曲:吳歌爆發(fā)于其時首都建業(yè)一帶的江南地域;西曲則采自長江中游及漢水兩岸的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)軍事重鎮(zhèn)一帶。
44.宮體詩:是指以寫閨閣情懷為主要形式的;宮全詩帶有顯明的文娛主意和消遣性子,同時對寫實(shí)技巧刻意追求。
45.山水詩:指以天然山水為主要審美對象的詩歌。曹操的《觀滄海》是第一首較完美的山水詩;東晉玄言詩人借山水悟道,但并非作為審美對象;到了謝靈運(yùn)創(chuàng)作了一批以天然山水為審美對象的詩歌,替考網(wǎng)。使山水詩成為詩歌創(chuàng)作中的緊急周圍。
46.用典:亦稱用事。其歷來作用是增強(qiáng)文章的壓服力,其后又有以少總多的效果,即以一句古事古辭,惹起讀者的厚實(shí)聯(lián)想。47.駢文:想知道名詞解釋。是一種具有平衡對稱之美的文體。駢文的主要特征有四:對偶、用典、聲律、辭藻。48.志怪小說:是魏晉南北朝小說的一類別;起于魏晉,其主要形式是尋談神仙鬼怪。49.《拾忘記》:所記多為神話傳說,屬于雜史體志怪小說;報告人事和社會生活是此書特質(zhì)。.50.《西京雜記》:記敘西漢人物軼事、宮廷制度、習(xí)俗習(xí)慣、怪異傳說。51.初唐四杰:初唐文學(xué)家王勃、楊炯、盧照鄰、駱賓王四人齊名,因此并稱“初唐四杰”
52.吳中四士:指初唐詩人張若虛、賀知章、張旭、包融四人并稱為“吳中四士”;詩多具浪漫顏色,體現(xiàn)了唐詩從盛唐到中唐的過度。53.沈宋:初唐詩人沈詮期、宋之問的并稱;都以律詩名世。自考成績查詢時間。54.上官體:指唐詩人上官儀的詩作。詩多應(yīng)制、奉和之作、婉眉工整,史稱“上官體”。
55.山水田園詩派:盛唐詩派以王維、孟浩然為代表。詩歌以反映田園生活、刻畫山水景物為主要形式。詩歌氣魄清爽天然,教材。意境淡遠(yuǎn)清閑。56.文章四友:初唐詩人杜審言、李嶠、蘇滋味、崔融齊名。五律居多,對律詩繁華發(fā)財有勞績。57.高岑:唐代詩人高適、岑參的并稱。二人都擅長寫邊塞詩,氣魄相似,后被人并稱“高岑”。
58.王孟:唐代詩人王維、孟浩然同為盛唐山水田園詩人;二人都善用五言詩描寫天然景物并對后世爆發(fā)影響,世稱“王孟”。59.沉郁頓挫:杜甫詩歌的主要?dú)馄恰3劣簦钙涓星榈谋艔?qiáng)盛深厚;頓挫,指其感情的表達(dá)波浪升沉、重復(fù)低回。
60.大歷詩風(fēng):是盛唐詩歌向中唐詩歌過渡的一種詩歌氣魄;多顯露寂寥寂寞的冷落心境,追求清雅高逸的情調(diào)解清靜恬澹的生活情味;漸露中唐臉龐。
61.大歷十佳人:對比一下四川自考網(wǎng)座位查詢。唐大歷時期十個詩人的并稱。有李端、盧綸、吉中孚、韓翊、錢起等;大歷初年他們曾在長安插足緊急唱和活動,又創(chuàng)作傾向和詩風(fēng)相近,被合稱“大歷十佳人”
62.元和體:元、白在元和年間所寫的“次韻相酬”、長篇排律,“小碎篇章”,及兩人艷體詩在內(nèi),統(tǒng)稱為元合體。打破了詩歌的保守類型形式,呈現(xiàn)出詩歌的寫實(shí)尚俗特征。63.元白:唐代詩人元稹、白居易的并稱。是其時新樂府疏通的首倡者。相比看福建師范大學(xué)學(xué)工處。64.韓孟詩派:中唐詩歌流派,以韓愈、孟郊為代表。尚怪奇,重客觀是其創(chuàng)作傾向。
65.苦呤:孟郊作詩辦法,他以苦呤著稱,注重造語煉字,追求構(gòu)思的奇特超凡。在中唐寒士困窘得志的背景下,孟郊成為其時苦呤詩人的代表。我不知道自考辦。66.長吉體:李賀字長吉,“長吉體”即指李賀詩歌的氣魄特色。他的詩造語奇麗,生新拗折,筆觸形象而明朗,帶有奧秘顏色。67.小李杜:指晚唐的出名詩人李商隱和杜牧。他和李商隱同為晚唐七絕功勞最高的詩人,世稱“小李杜。(冠“小”字,是由于盛唐已有并世而立詩人李白和杜甫)
68.武功體:是指姚合的詩。代表作是五律組詩《武功縣中作》30首。這組詩主要寫山縣之荒漠,官況之蕭條,以及私人生活的窘困等,是晚唐普通士人真實(shí)際遇和特定心態(tài)的反映。69.韓柳:唐代散文家韓愈、柳宗元的并稱;韓柳是唐代古文疏通的代表作家,事實(shí)上江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)自考網(wǎng)。對后代散文的繁華發(fā)財影響很大。
70.中唐古文疏通:由韓愈、柳宗元率領(lǐng),是一場由拼文到散體的文體文風(fēng)維新;它有很實(shí)際的主意,有鮮明見解有遍及參與者,在中國散文史上影響深遠(yuǎn)。
71.唐傳奇:唐人用白話寫作的短篇小說,因其有障礙奇特的情節(jié),與普通散文不同,故名。它是在六朝志怪小說的基礎(chǔ)上,融合傳記、辭賦、詩歌、說唱藝術(shù)而造成的新小說文體。72.俗講:又可稱為講經(jīng)文。取材全為佛經(jīng),福建八閩交警網(wǎng)。思想形式是宣傳佛教教義,以經(jīng)文為綱,將經(jīng)文敷演為散文與詩句。說唱團(tuán)結(jié)。
73.變文:對于福州自考辦。是唐代官方創(chuàng)作的一種新文體。得名與佛家變相相關(guān);變文之變,是更改了佛經(jīng)的本文而成為俗講的意義,但當(dāng)變文成了專稱后就不限定佛經(jīng)的故事了;變文最先出現(xiàn)于佛寺,后逐步繁華發(fā)財,變文成了一種通俗的官方文藝了。
74.曲子詞:詞是唐五代鼓起的合樂而歌的古詩體。它爆發(fā)于隋唐之際,中唐習(xí)作漸多,晚唐五代繁榮。
75.詞為艷科:是指詞繁華發(fā)財至晚唐,自考在線。詞的官方特質(zhì)消逝了,成為了歌臺舞榭、樽前花下的文娛品;《花間集》奠定了“此為艷科”的基礎(chǔ)。
76.溫、韋:指晚唐詞人溫庭筠和韋莊;溫庭筠是“詞為艷科”的始作俑者,是花間詞派的鼻祖,新版。韋莊詞封閉文人詞自抒情懷的保守,成為南唐詞的先導(dǎo);溫、韋各有所長,各自啟迪一種詞風(fēng),在詞體氣魄的定型進(jìn)程中都起到了關(guān)鍵性作用,世稱“溫、韋”。
77.花間集:最早的文人詞總集,趙崇扎編成,共10卷,選錄18位文人詞500首;集結(jié)代表了詞在格律方面的類型化,標(biāo)志詞在文辭、氣魄、意境上詞性特征確切定;奠定了詞為“艷科”的基礎(chǔ)。中國古代。
78花間詞派:花間詞派是晚唐五代奉溫庭筠為鼻祖而舉辦詞的創(chuàng)作的一個文人詞派;得名于后蜀趙崇祚編輯的《花間詞》;婉麗綺靡是花間詞派的主導(dǎo)氣魄,對后世詞的繁華發(fā)財起深遠(yuǎn)影響;花間派并不是嚴(yán)厲意義上的文學(xué)流派。
第二篇:美國文學(xué)史名詞解釋
It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God?s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God?s chosen people who would enjoy God?s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:(影響)(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan?s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作:Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)
Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”
Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism
1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要這么多,我就刪掉了3、4、5條。。
Romantic Attitude
1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”
2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:
a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)
b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:
? New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;
? Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”
? 浪漫主義的影響: The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation?s revolutionary heritage and its
frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published ?Nature? in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented?The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.? and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson?s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?
In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)
1, ?transcend ere?: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits
2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second
4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual
6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ?oversoul?.Major writers and Literary Works
Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance
Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden
超驗主義的影響:it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1
tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century
American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:
1)Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2)Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)
3)Focuses on the lives of the common people
4)Emphasize objectivity
Representatives:
Howells, Henry James
代表作:William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham
Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”
現(xiàn)實(shí)主義影響:Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。
thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:
Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features
Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)
Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters:
Mark Twain(筆名)
Samuel Langhorne Clemens
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
6.American naturalism
American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:
In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:
Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment
The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:
The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane?s is the first American naturalism work.Norris?s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser?s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers? detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:
Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”
Major features:
---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian
---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction
---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:
Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle
The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)
影響:.its influence
1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韻律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter(音步).Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman?s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman?s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway?s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action
The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald?s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.
第三篇:外國文學(xué)史 名詞解釋
名詞解釋
荷馬史詩:荷馬史詩包括《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》兩部分,各有24卷,均以特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭為背景。荷馬史詩的主題是歌頌希臘全民族的光榮史跡,贊美勇敢、正義、勤勞、無私等善良品德,謳歌克服一切困難的樂觀主義精神,肯定人與生活的價值。荷馬史詩充滿了濃厚的宿命論思想,塑造了一系列英雄人物,結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙,布局完整,比喻豐富。他不僅是歐洲文學(xué)史上最早的優(yōu)秀作品,也是研究希臘早期社會的重要文獻(xiàn)。
普羅旺斯抒情詩:即中世紀(jì)騎士抒情詩,主要流行于法國南部普羅旺斯一帶,它主要抒寫騎士與貴婦人之間在黎明時纏綿悱惻、依依惜別的戀情,謳歌騎士對貴婦人的愛慕和崇拜,以及他們?yōu)榱藧矍槎ッ半U征戰(zhàn)、建功立業(yè)的騎士道德。在藝術(shù)上,騎士抒情詩注意心理描寫,感情細(xì)膩,對早期文藝復(fù)興時期的抒情詩產(chǎn)生過影響。城市文學(xué):又名市民文學(xué),是12世紀(jì)以后隨著城市的興起而產(chǎn)生的一種反映新興市民階級思想情趣的文學(xué)。它取材于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,揭露諷刺封建貴族和宗教僧侶的專橫、貪婪、愚蠢和偽善,表現(xiàn)市民的聰明才智和進(jìn)取精神,具有鮮明的反封建、反教會傾向。藝術(shù)風(fēng)格生動活潑,語言通俗易懂,生活氣息濃郁。城市文學(xué)體裁眾多,有韻文故事、市民抒情詩、市民戲劇和長篇敘事詩等。其中以法國長篇敘事詩《列那狐傳奇》成就最為突出,長詩《玫瑰傳奇》也頗有聲譽(yù)。
騎士文學(xué)(romance):是西歐封建騎士制度的產(chǎn)物,以描寫騎士愛情和冒險故事為基本內(nèi)容,包括騎士抒情詩和騎士敘事詩兩種。抒情詩產(chǎn)生于法國南部的普羅旺斯,有《破曉歌》《牧歌》等。敘事詩又稱騎士傳奇,重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。流浪漢小說:是16世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生于西班牙的一種新型小說,這種小說以流浪漢等下層人物為主人公,多采用自傳體的形式寫成。作品通過主人公不幸的流浪謀生經(jīng)歷,廣泛反映社會現(xiàn)實(shí),在一定程度上表達(dá)了人文主義思想,具有反封建、反教會的意義。無名氏的《小癩子》是第一部也是最優(yōu)秀的一部流浪漢小說。西班牙的流浪漢小說在刻畫人物、反映現(xiàn)實(shí)和結(jié)構(gòu)藝術(shù)上對歐洲小說的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。
大學(xué)才子派:英國文藝復(fù)興時期的一批戲劇作家。他們出生于中產(chǎn)階級,受過大學(xué)教育,具有深厚的古典文學(xué)修養(yǎng)和進(jìn)步的人文主義思想傾向。他們的戲劇創(chuàng)作不僅繼承了前人的成果,而且在內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)形式上頗有創(chuàng)新,促進(jìn)了 伊莉莎白時代戲劇的發(fā)展和繁榮,為莎士比亞的戲劇創(chuàng)作和演出奠定了基礎(chǔ)。代表人物馬洛。
人文主義:文藝復(fù)興時期新興資產(chǎn)階級反封建反教會斗爭中形成的思想體系,也是這一時期進(jìn)步文學(xué)的中心思想。主要內(nèi)容表現(xiàn)在:用人權(quán)反對神權(quán),用個性解放反對禁欲主義,用理性反對蒙昧主義,在政治思想上擁護(hù)中央集權(quán),反對封建割據(jù)。其中以人為本的思想和理性精神來自古希臘-羅馬文化,其平等、博愛的思想來自基督教精神,因此人文主義可以說是古代文化與中世紀(jì)文化的繼承和發(fā)展。古典主義:指17世紀(jì)流行于西歐特別是法國的一種帶有濃厚封建色彩的資產(chǎn)階級文學(xué)思潮。因為它在文藝?yán)碚摵蛣?chuàng)作實(shí)踐上以古希臘-羅馬文學(xué)為典范,故稱古典主義。古典主義在政治上擁護(hù)王權(quán),強(qiáng)調(diào)克制個人感情,服從國家整體利益;思想上崇尚理性,以唯理主義為哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ);創(chuàng)作上強(qiáng)調(diào)模仿古人,大量從古代文學(xué)中選取題材;藝術(shù)形式上對各種體裁有嚴(yán)格界定。古典主義的作家、理論家由于所處時代的不同和個性差異,他們的創(chuàng)作也各有側(cè)重。法國古典主義的成就是多方面的,尤以戲劇最突出,出現(xiàn)了以高乃依和拉辛為代表的悲劇作家,以莫里哀為代表的喜劇作家,以及文藝?yán)碚摷也祭搴驮⒀栽娙死獾さ取?/p>
“三一律”:法國古典主義作家為戲劇創(chuàng)作制定的一條規(guī)則。所謂“三一律”,是規(guī)定戲劇的情節(jié)、時間、地點(diǎn)必須保持一致,即劇本的情節(jié)只能有一條線索,故事發(fā)生在同一地點(diǎn),劇情在24小時內(nèi)完成,即時間、地點(diǎn)、情節(jié)的整一律。“三一律”的積極作用在于使戲劇結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、情節(jié)集中,沖突能迅速展開,達(dá)到高潮;但同時它又容易束縛劇作家的手腳,導(dǎo)致人物形象公式化、概念化,削弱了作品的藝術(shù)感染力。巴洛克文學(xué):“巴洛克”一詞來自葡萄牙語barocco,原指一種形狀不規(guī)則的珍珠,后來被用來形容一種建筑風(fēng)格和文學(xué)風(fēng)格,它與嚴(yán)整、均勻、和諧相對立。巴洛克文學(xué)是巴洛克藝術(shù)在文學(xué)上的表現(xiàn)。巴洛克文學(xué)起源于16世紀(jì)的意大利、西班牙,在17世紀(jì)的法國達(dá)到高峰,同時流行于西歐,因風(fēng)格與巴洛克式藝術(shù)相像而得此名,是一種貴族形式主義文學(xué),主張文學(xué)為少數(shù)有文化修養(yǎng)的人創(chuàng)作。巴洛克文學(xué)在內(nèi)容上多寫帶有神秘宗教色彩的生死、哀怨。藝術(shù)上借鑒了中古文學(xué)象征、寓意、夢幻手法,并表現(xiàn)出華麗纖巧的風(fēng)格。代表人物意大利的馬里諾、西班牙的貢哥拉、英國的約翰·多恩 等。
“狂飆突進(jìn)”運(yùn)動: “狂飆突進(jìn)”運(yùn)動是1770年至1785年發(fā)生于德國的一場聲勢浩大的文學(xué)運(yùn)動,它是德國啟蒙運(yùn)動的繼續(xù)和發(fā)展,是一個具有德國特點(diǎn)的資產(chǎn)階級的文學(xué)運(yùn)動。不同于其他國家,這是一場民族文化運(yùn)動,是啟蒙運(yùn)動在德國的繼續(xù)和發(fā)展,也是反封建斗爭達(dá)到高潮的標(biāo)志。“狂飆突進(jìn)”運(yùn)動宣揚(yáng)天才、力量,歌頌自由。參加這個運(yùn)動的大多是青年,他們不滿于啟蒙運(yùn)動的溫和精神,不滿于統(tǒng)治階級,要求進(jìn)行公開的斗爭,作品言辭激烈,熱情洋溢,體現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的叛逆精神。此運(yùn)動并無明確目標(biāo),往往帶有個人反抗的狂熱性質(zhì),領(lǐng)袖是理論家赫爾德爾。其名稱源于克林格爾的同名劇本《狂飆突進(jìn)》。代表作是席勒的《強(qiáng)盜》和《陰謀與愛情》,歌德的《少年維特之煩惱》等。
感傷主義文學(xué):感傷主義文學(xué)是18世紀(jì)60年代至80年代末發(fā)生在英國的一股文**流,并影響到歐洲其他國家。感傷主義文學(xué)同情不幸者的遭遇,醉心人物感傷心理的描寫,置感情于“理性”之上,喜用的體裁是哀歌、旅行記和書信體小說,感傷主義這一潮流在文學(xué)形式方面將歐洲帶入了一個新階段。它不僅是歐洲19世紀(jì)初歐洲聲勢浩大的浪漫主義文學(xué)運(yùn)動的先驅(qū),而且可以說是現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)的源頭。感傷主義開辟了一種以心理為載體摻和外部現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的投影的敘事方式。這種新方式的產(chǎn)生對于文學(xué)的發(fā)展有著深遠(yuǎn)的意義,對后來的意識流小說有較大的影響。感傷主義是因斯泰恩的小說《感傷旅行》而得名。
哥特式小說:18世紀(jì)末在英國出現(xiàn)的一種兇殺小說。這種小說多以中世紀(jì)陰森神秘的古堡為背景,寫其中的因戀情或因財產(chǎn)引起的兇殺復(fù)仇,充滿神秘、怪誕、恐怖和刺激。代表作是瓦爾浦的《奧特朗圖堡》和拉德克里芙的《渥爾多弗的秘密》。世紀(jì)病:亦稱時代病,出現(xiàn)在法國浪漫主義文學(xué)中的一種典型形象。他們或者在拿破侖時代長大,仰慕父輩的戰(zhàn)績與輝煌,但王權(quán)和神權(quán)的恢復(fù)使他們失去信仰,無所追求,在厭倦和無聊中打發(fā)日子;或者生性孤僻,內(nèi)向,憂郁,與現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境格格不入,在孤獨(dú)的漂泊中消磨生命。他們都是些富有才華的人,但悲觀絕望,在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中找不到自己的位置,找不到生命的意義,他們代表了一代青年人的精神狀態(tài)。有名的有夏多布里昂筆下的勒內(nèi),繆塞筆下的阿克達(dá)夫等。
多余人:多余人是19世紀(jì)俄國文學(xué)中貴族知識分子的一種典型。這些形象大多具有較高的文化修養(yǎng),接受啟蒙思想的影響,厭倦上流社會的生活,渴望有所作為,他們的出現(xiàn)是社會意識覺醒的一種體現(xiàn)。但是這一類形象往往以自我為中心,沒有明確的生活目標(biāo),缺乏行動能力和勇氣,因此在社會上無所適從,結(jié)局是悲劇性的。從奧涅金到奧勃洛摩夫,“多余人”形象經(jīng)歷了一個發(fā)展變化的過程。
“湖畔派”:英國浪漫主義文學(xué)的早期代表是詩人華茲華斯。他與柯爾律治、騷塞曾在英國西北部的昆布蘭湖區(qū)居住,并在思想觀點(diǎn)和創(chuàng)作理論上有不少相同之處,因此被稱為“湖畔派”。這些詩人對法國大革命抱著矛盾的態(tài)度,對資本主義的工業(yè)文明和城市文明表示厭惡,竭力謳歌的是宗法制的農(nóng)村生活和大自然,喜歡描寫神秘離奇的情景與異國風(fēng)光。1798年,華茲華斯在他與柯爾律治共同出版的詩集《抒情歌謠集》再版時所寫的序言,成為英國浪漫主義文學(xué)的宣言。
拜倫式英雄:指拜倫在《東方敘事詩》等作品中塑造的一系列孤立傲世、富有叛逆精神的主人公形象。他們是海盜、異教徒、造反者、無家可歸者等,都具有出眾的才華、堅強(qiáng)的意志、反叛的熱情,敢于蔑視傳統(tǒng)秩序和專制暴政,但是他們的反抗總是和孤獨(dú)、憂郁結(jié)合在一起,乃至傲世獨(dú)立,離群索居,并以悲劇而告終。最典型的形象是《海盜》中的康拉德。
“美丑對照原則”:“美丑對照”是雨果著名的美學(xué)主張,也是他不少作品的鮮明特色。雨果認(rèn)為:“丑就在美的旁邊,畸形靠近優(yōu)美,粗俗藏在崇高的背后,善與惡并存,黑暗與光明相共。”作者在《巴黎圣母院》中就是通過這種原則來表現(xiàn)主題和塑造人物的。“小人物”:特指19世紀(jì)俄國批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)作品中出現(xiàn)的一種小人物形象,他們處在社會底層,生活困苦,地位卑微,但又逆來順受,安分守己,性格懦弱,膽小怕事,成為那些大人物統(tǒng)治的犧牲者,是被剝削、被欺凌的典型形象。作家對他們寄予同情與憐憫,并通過這類形象批判沙皇專制制度。
批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義:19世紀(jì)中期以后,隨著自然科學(xué)實(shí)證哲學(xué)的發(fā)展,隨著資本主義制度的進(jìn)一步確立,歐洲逐漸形成一種比較冷靜務(wù)實(shí)的社會心理。文學(xué)上,浪漫主義逐漸衰退,客觀真實(shí)地描繪現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,用人道主義批判社會弊病和人性缺陷,追求細(xì)節(jié)真實(shí)性,塑造典型性格,逐漸成為作家們的主要傾向。20年代,斯丹達(dá)爾率先提出現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的文學(xué)綱領(lǐng),后經(jīng)巴爾扎克、俄國別林斯基的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,形成理論支柱。創(chuàng)作上各國出現(xiàn)一系列大作家、大作品,在19世紀(jì)成為主要的文**流。
《人間喜劇》:是巴爾扎克的多卷本巨著,小說創(chuàng)作的總稱,是他以畢生精力完成的光輝創(chuàng)作群,堪稱是人類精神文明的奇跡。他計劃寫143部,完成了91部。巴爾扎克用分類整理和人物再現(xiàn)法把作品連成整體,全作分為“風(fēng)俗研究”、“分析研究”、“哲學(xué)研究”三大部分。他以清醒的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義筆觸,再現(xiàn)了1816—1848年,也就是王政復(fù)辟到七月王朝期間的廣闊社會圖景。被恩格斯譽(yù)為“一部法國社會,特別是巴黎上流社會的卓越的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義歷史”。
包法利主義:儒勒·德·戈吉耶發(fā)明了“包法利主義”這個名詞,把它定義為“人所具有的把自己設(shè)想成另一個樣子的能力”。他指的是福樓拜在《包法利夫人》中所塑造的女主人公愛瑪?shù)男愿裉攸c(diǎn),即愛瑪所具有的崇尚金錢,不切實(shí)際、想入非非的品性。“包法利主義“是平庸卑污的現(xiàn)實(shí)和渴望理想愛情、超越實(shí)際可能的幻想相沖突的產(chǎn)物。作為一種精神現(xiàn)象,它是七月王朝和第二帝國時期享樂主義生活盛行的惡濁風(fēng)氣孕育而成的。
威塞克斯小說:是指19世紀(jì)末英國批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說家和詩人哈代創(chuàng)作的一系列以英國西南部威塞克斯廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū)為背景的小說。全部作品分為三大類,”羅曼史和幻想“、“愛情陰謀小說”(機(jī)敏和經(jīng)驗小說)、“性格和環(huán)境小說”。主要內(nèi)容是描寫19世紀(jì)后半期英國宗法制農(nóng)村社會的衰亡,反映了人與社會、性格與環(huán)境的對立,特別是通過對愛情、婚姻等問題的描寫,表現(xiàn)下層人民的悲慘命運(yùn),個人與社會的悲劇性沖突。代表作是《德伯家的苔絲》《無名的裘德》。
第四篇:英國文學(xué)史-名詞解釋
名詞解釋
1.Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2.Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.3.Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.4.Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.5.Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)
7.The Lake Poetsall lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.As a group, they followed no single “school” of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review.They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.8.Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.9. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.、
第五篇:外國文學(xué)史名詞解釋
耶拿派—— A十八世紀(jì)末,德國浪漫主義文學(xué)最早的的一個流派。B這個流派的作家最早提出了浪漫主義的概念,較為詳盡地闡述了浪漫主義的文學(xué)主張。他們反對古典主義,要求創(chuàng)作的絕對自由,放縱主觀幻想,追求神秘和奇異。鼓吹文學(xué)與宗教的結(jié)合。司湯達(dá)的“貝爾主義”——斯丹達(dá)爾強(qiáng)調(diào)人的自制力和毅力,主張為達(dá)到目的,可以采取策略,哪怕是虛偽,因為生活是一場斗爭。能夠做到的只是一小部分人
世界主義者——根據(jù)自己的藝術(shù)愛好選擇國家的傾向 “真實(shí)”的發(fā)展路線:司湯達(dá)“鏡子”C理論奠基人是施萊格爾兄弟,代表成員還有諾瓦利斯、蒂克等。因為耶拿派創(chuàng)辦《雅典女神神殿》雜志而得名。海德爾堡浪漫派——A.19世紀(jì)一批
作家在海德堡創(chuàng)辦《隱士報》,形成了海德堡派。B收集和整理德國民間文學(xué)。創(chuàng)作充滿了神秘和怪誕的色彩海涅。《德國—一個冬天的童話》。
“廢墟美”和“世紀(jì)病” ——法國浪
漫主義詩人夏多布里昂所帶動的。“廢墟美”指她《基督教真諦》里面對古代廢墟富于抒情色彩的描寫。“世紀(jì)病”:代表法國大革命后貴族青年搞到前途茫茫的一種精神狀態(tài)。憂郁、頹廢、迷茫。
巴黎公社文學(xué)——A又稱無產(chǎn)階級文學(xué),是一種新穎的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)。B 真實(shí)的反映了無產(chǎn)階級和廣大勞動人民的斗爭生活,表現(xiàn)了無產(chǎn)階級為理想而奮斗的革命激情。C通俗活潑的形式,勞動者的語言,現(xiàn)實(shí)生活題材。淳樸生動、富有感染力、為廣大群眾樂見。D詩歌成就最大.E代表人物鮑狄埃、米雪兒。F為20世紀(jì)無產(chǎn)階級文學(xué)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
憲章派詩歌——A歐洲早期的無產(chǎn)階級文學(xué),新型的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)。是英國憲章運(yùn)動時期出現(xiàn)的一種群眾性的文藝現(xiàn)象。B以詩歌和歌曲,配合反抗資產(chǎn)階級的斗爭,真實(shí)反映了工人的思想和情感。C形式上,節(jié)奏明快、格調(diào)高昂、語言通俗。D代表人物:瓊斯、林頓 E鼓舞了工人的斗志,為后來無產(chǎn)階級文學(xué)的發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。
→莎士比亞“鏡子”→ 亞里士多德德謨克利特的“模仿說”
維多利亞時代Victoria Literature ——1837~1901年。代表偽善,虛偽。上層階級過著驕奢淫逸的生活,而對全國實(shí)行道德的清規(guī)戒律。浪漫主義文學(xué)漸漸淡出,而小說卻極度繁榮。勃朗特三姐妹:夏洛蒂·勃朗特《簡·愛》,艾米莉·勃朗特《呼嘯山莊》,安妮·勃朗特《艾格尼絲·格雷》,在英國文學(xué)史上并稱“勃朗特三姐妹”。