第一篇：烯烴轉(zhuǎn)化單元中英文對(duì)照工藝1

OCU PROCESS DESCRIPTION

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)化單元工藝說(shuō)明

1.1 Plant Composition 裝置組成

Shanxi Coking Company Ltd.intends to build a 104 kta Olefins Conversion Unit(OCU)in the Fine Coal Chemical Zone, Zhaocheng, Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, P.R.C.The capacity of the unit will be 104 kta polymer grade propylene based on 8000 operation hours per year.The plant feed will be the Mixed C4/C5 product from the Light Olefins Recovery Unit(LORU).In addition, the plant also produces the following by-products: 山西焦化股份有限公司計(jì)劃在中國(guó)山西省洪洞縣趙城鎮(zhèn)精細(xì)煤化工園區(qū)建設(shè)一套10.4萬(wàn)噸/年烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置（OCU）。該裝置的生產(chǎn)能力為10.4萬(wàn)噸/年聚合級(jí)丙烯，年開(kāi)工率8000小時(shí)。裝置進(jìn)料將采用來(lái)自輕烯烴回收裝置（LORU）的混合C4/C5產(chǎn)品。另外，該裝置還生產(chǎn)以下副產(chǎn)品：

Mixed C4 to N-Butene Unit

混合C4，輸送至正丁烯裝置 C4+ by-product Stream

C4+副產(chǎn)品流

SHU Vent Gas

選擇加氫裝置放空氣體

OCU Vent Gas

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置（OCU）放空氣體

DME Purge

二甲醚吹掃氣體

The plant shall be flexible to handle 60-120% of normal capacity and designed for 36 months between turnaround.The plant shall be designed for an operating life of 20 years.本裝置的操作彈性范圍為正常生產(chǎn)能力的60-120%，并且裝置大修的間隔應(yīng)為36個(gè)月。裝置的使用年限應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)為20年。

The OCU unit consists of the following sections 烯烴轉(zhuǎn)化裝置由以下工段組成： DME Removal

二甲醚脫除單元

1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation Unit(SHU1)1段選擇加氫單元（SHU1）

2nd Stage Selective Hydrogenation Unit(SHU2)2 段選擇加氫單元（SHU2）Debutanizer

脫丁烷塔

OCU Feed Treatment

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置進(jìn)料處理 OCU Reactors

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置反應(yīng)器 Deethylenizer

脫乙烯塔 Depropylenizer

脫丙烯塔 Regeneration System

再生系統(tǒng)

1.2 Process Flow Description 工藝流程描述 1.2.1 DME Removal

二甲醚脫除單元

Mixed C4’s/C5’s from LORU are fed on flow control to the DME Removal Column.This column removes most of the DME and Light Ends contained in the Mixed C4/C5 Feed.來(lái)自輕烯烴回收裝置的混合C4/C5在流量控制下進(jìn)入二甲醚脫除塔（299-T-3101），以脫除混合C4進(jìn)料中的DME和輕組分。

The DME Removal Column pressure is set to allow the column overhead to be condensed against Cooling Water and reboiled using LP2 Pressure Steam.The tower net overhead is a small vent stream containing the DME removed from the feed, as well as any light compounds in the feed.The net overhead vent stream is recycled on flow control along with the 1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation(SHU-1)vent stream to the Charge Gas Compressor Second Stage Suction Drum.DME脫除塔的壓力設(shè)定為能夠通過(guò)冷卻水對(duì)塔頂排放氣進(jìn)行冷凝，并通過(guò)低低壓（LP2）蒸汽對(duì)其進(jìn)行重沸。塔頂凈排放氣流量不大，含有從進(jìn)料中脫除的DME以及進(jìn)料中的輕組分。在流量控制下，塔頂凈排放氣與第一段選擇加氫裝置（SHU-1）排放氣循環(huán)至進(jìn)料氣壓縮機(jī)二段入口罐。

Heat input to the tower is controlled by a flow controller on the LP2 steam-heated reboiler.Periodic analysis of the bottoms assures the bottoms product contains no more than 5 wt ppm DME.The tower bottoms pumped and cooled against Cooling Water and sent on flow control, reset by level control, to the 1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation Unit.DME脫除塔熱量輸入通過(guò)LP蒸汽加熱重沸器的流量控制器進(jìn)行控制。對(duì)塔底物料進(jìn)行定期分析，確保塔底產(chǎn)物中DME的含量不大于5wppm。塔底物料泵出后，通過(guò)冷卻水進(jìn)行冷卻，然后在流量控制下（基于塔底液位控制器設(shè)定值）送入SHU一段。

1.2.2 1st Stage Selective Hydrogenation(SHU-1)1段選擇加氫單元（SHU1）

The bottoms of DME column are fed to the SHU Feed Surge Drum.This stream is then pumped to 1st Stage SHU Reactor pressure on flow control, reset by level control, and mixed with a portion of the 1st Stage SHU Reactor effluent recycled back to the feed.This Mixed C4/C5 Feed stream is heated to the required reactor temperature in a Low-Low Pressure steam-heated heat exchanger and then mixed with Hydrogen on flow-ratio control.二甲醚脫除塔塔底物料進(jìn)入選擇加氫裝置進(jìn)料緩沖罐，并在流量控制下（基于進(jìn)料緩沖罐液位控制器設(shè)定值）泵送至第一段SHU反應(yīng)器，與循環(huán)回進(jìn)料的一部分第一段SHU反應(yīng)器流出物混合。混合C4/C5通過(guò)低低壓蒸汽加熱換熱器加熱至要求的反應(yīng)器溫度，然后按照流量比與氫氣混合。

Hot Mixed C4’s/C5’s and Hydrogen then pass downflow through the 1st Stage SHU Reactor where butadiene is selectively hydrogenated to n-butenes and pentadienes are selectively hydrogenated to n-butenes and n-pentenes, respectively.Since the selective hydrogenation process is exothermic, a temperature rise occurs across the reactor.The heat of

reaction is absorbed by the C4/C5 stream as it passes through the catalyst bed.The reaction product is separated in the 1st Stage SHU Reactor Separator Drum.The vapor from the drum is cooled against Cooling Water to recover C4’s/C5’s which flow to the separator drum.The remaining vent gas is recycled to the LORU.The liquid from the separator drum is pumped to reactor pressure.Some of the liquid is recycled back to the reactor on flow control and the rest is cooled and fed the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor via flow control reset by the1st Stage SHU Separator Drum level controller.The feed temperature to the 2nd Stage Reactor is controlled by by-passing some of the liquid around the 1st Stage SHU Reactor Recycle/Product Cooler.Effluent from the 1st Stage SHU contains about 2300 wt ppm butadiene and pentadienes.熱混合C4/C5和氫氣然后向下流經(jīng)第一段SHU反應(yīng)器，在該反應(yīng)器中丁二烯通過(guò)選擇加氫處理被轉(zhuǎn)化為正丁烯，而戊二烯通過(guò)選擇加氫處理被轉(zhuǎn)化為正丁烯和正戊烯。由于選擇加氫反應(yīng)為放熱反應(yīng)，反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部會(huì)出現(xiàn)溫升。由于反應(yīng)熱沿催化劑床傳遞，因此使用C4/C5物流對(duì)反應(yīng)熱進(jìn)行吸收。反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物在第一段SHU反應(yīng)器分離罐中分離。來(lái)自分離罐的部分蒸氣由冷卻水冷卻以回收C4/C5，回收的C4返回分離罐，剩余排放氣循環(huán)回LORU。分離罐液體通過(guò)泵提升至反應(yīng)器壓力，部分液體在流量控制下循環(huán)回反應(yīng)器，剩余液體經(jīng)冷卻后按照第一段SHU分離罐液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式進(jìn)入第二段SHU反應(yīng)器。第二段反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料溫度通過(guò)第一段SHU反應(yīng)器循環(huán)物料/產(chǎn)品冷卻器的液體旁通閥來(lái)進(jìn)行控制。來(lái)自第一段SHU裝置的流出物約含有2300wppm的丁二烯和戊二烯。

Gradual loss of catalyst activity will occur as the active sites on the catalyst become coked.Regeneration of the catalyst is required when catalyst activity has dropped to the point when the reactor outlet temperature of about 89℃ is reached.Regeneration requires the catalyst bed to be taken offline, drained and purged of hydrocarbons, heated with

hot nitrogen and then superheated with steam.Air is metered into the stream to decoke the bed.A final nitrogen purge that contains a controlled amount of hydrogen reduces the catalyst bed.隨著催化劑活性中心逐漸結(jié)焦，催化劑將逐漸失去活性。隨著催化劑活性逐步降低，當(dāng)反應(yīng)器出口溫度達(dá)到約89°C時(shí)，就需要對(duì)催化劑進(jìn)行再生。催化劑再生時(shí)要求催化劑床離線，并將反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部烴物料排出并吹掃干凈，使用熱氮?dú)膺M(jìn)行加熱，然后使用蒸汽進(jìn)行過(guò)熱。以流量控制方式向物流中引入空氣，以對(duì)床層進(jìn)行清焦。使用含一定量氫氣的氮?dú)鈱?duì)催化劑床進(jìn)行還原。

A spare reactor is provided so that production can be maintained while one reactor is regenerated.A SHU Reactor Regeneration Electric Heater is used to heat the hot gas mixtures used to regenerate the 1st Stage SHU Reactor catalyst.設(shè)置備用反應(yīng)器可以保證在對(duì)其中一臺(tái)反應(yīng)器進(jìn)行再生期間不會(huì)中斷裝置運(yùn)行。SHU反應(yīng)器再生電加熱器用于加熱第一段SHU反應(yīng)器催化劑再生所需的熱混合氣。

1.2.3 2nd Stage Selective Hydrogenation(SHU-2)2段選擇加氫單元（SHU2）

The 1st Stage SHU effluent contains about 2300 wt ppm butadiene and Pentadienes combined.The total butadiene and pentadiene content is further reduced to 50 wt ppm in the 2nd Stage SHU.The 2nd Stage SHU is a once-thru system with feed heating and effluent cooling.第一段SHU流出物中含有約2300wtppm的丁二烯和戊二烯，在第二段SHU裝置中，將總的丁二烯和戊二烯含量進(jìn)一步降至50wtppm。第二段SHU是一個(gè)單程系統(tǒng)，在系統(tǒng)中完成進(jìn)料加熱和流出物冷卻。

1st Stage SHU effluent after pumping and mixing with hydrogen on flow-ratio control is heated to the hydrogenation reactor temperature in a LP2 steam-heated heat exchanger and then hot mixed C4/C5’s and

hydrogen then pass upflow through the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor where the remaining butadiene is selectively hydrogenated to n-butenes and pentadienes to respective pentenes.Since the selective hydrogenation process is exothermic, a temperature rise occurs across the reactor.The heat of reaction is absorbed by the C4/C5 stream as it passes through the catalyst bed.The reaction product is immediately cooled in the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor Effluent Cooler and flows to the OCU Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum through a back pressure controller.The controller maintains the 2nd stage SHU Reactor in the liquid phase.將第一段SHU流出物泵出，并按照規(guī)定的流量比與氫氣混合，然后通過(guò)LP2蒸汽加熱換熱器加熱至加氫反應(yīng)器溫度。熱混合C4/C5和氫氣然后向上流經(jīng)第二段SHU反應(yīng)器，在該反應(yīng)器中，剩余丁二烯通過(guò)選擇加氫處理被轉(zhuǎn)化為正丁烯，戊二稀轉(zhuǎn)化為正戊烯。由于選擇加氫反應(yīng)為放熱反應(yīng)，反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部會(huì)出現(xiàn)溫升。由于反應(yīng)熱沿催化劑床傳遞，因此使用C4/C5物流對(duì)反應(yīng)熱進(jìn)行吸收。反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物緊接著在第二段SHU反應(yīng)器流出物冷卻器中冷卻，然后在背壓控制器控制下進(jìn)入OCU新鮮/循環(huán)C4/C5緩沖罐。該背壓控制器用于使第二段SHU反應(yīng)器中物料保持為液相。

Gradual loss of catalyst activity will occur as the active sites on the catalyst become coked.Regeneration of the catalyst is required when catalyst activity has dropped to the point when a reactor outlet temperature of about 89℃ is reached.Regeneration requires the catalyst bed to be taken offline, drained and purged of hydrocarbons, heated with hot nitrogen and then superheated with steam.Air is metered into the stream to decoke the bed.A final nitrogen purge that contains a controlled amount of hydrogen reduces the catalyst bed.隨著催化劑活性中心逐漸結(jié)焦，催化劑將逐漸失去活性。隨著催化劑活性逐步降低，當(dāng)反應(yīng)器出口溫度達(dá)到約89°C時(shí)，就需要對(duì)催化劑進(jìn)行再生。催化劑再生時(shí)要求催化劑床離線，并將反應(yīng)器內(nèi)部烴物料排出并吹

掃干凈，使用熱氮?dú)膺M(jìn)行加熱，然后使用蒸汽進(jìn)行過(guò)熱。以流量控制方式向物流中引入空氣，以對(duì)床層進(jìn)行清焦。使用含一定量氫氣的氮?dú)鈱?duì)催化劑床進(jìn)行還原。

No spare reactor is provided.When the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor requires regeneration the 1st stage SHU Reactor is temporarily run in less selective mode to reduce the butadiene and pentadiene content sufficient to feed the OCU.沒(méi)有提供備用反應(yīng)器。當(dāng)需要對(duì)第二段SHU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)行再生時(shí)，應(yīng)臨時(shí)降低第一段SHU反應(yīng)器的選擇加氫性能，從而將丁二烯和戊二稀含量降至規(guī)定值，以向OCU裝置進(jìn)料。

A SHU Reactor Regeneration Electric Heater is used to heat the hot gas mixtures used to regenerate the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor catalyst.SHU反應(yīng)器再生電加熱器用于加熱第二段SHU反應(yīng)器催化劑再生所需的熱混合氣。

1.2.4 Debutanization

脫丁烷

The effluent from SHU-2 is sent to the debutanizer.This column removes C5 components to produce a Mixed C4 stream suitable for feed the OSBL N-butene Unit.來(lái)自二段選擇加氫裝置的流出物進(jìn)入脫丁烷塔。該塔脫除C5組分以生產(chǎn)適合進(jìn)入界區(qū)外正丁烯裝置的混合C4產(chǎn)品流。

The debutanizer overhead is condensed by cooling water and reboiled by desuperheated LP2 pressure steam.A portion of the liquid from the debutanizer reflux drum is sent as reflux to the tower and the remaining liquid is taken as mixed C4 product, which is sent to OSBL.The bottoms C5 product is pumped and cooled to 40℃ by cooling water, before being sent to the OCT Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum.脫丁烷塔塔頂物經(jīng)冷卻水冷凝后通過(guò)減溫較低壓力蒸汽再煮沸。來(lái)自脫丁烷塔回流罐液體的一部分進(jìn)入該塔作為回流，剩余液體抽出作為混合

C4產(chǎn)品輸送到界區(qū)外。塔底C5產(chǎn)品經(jīng)泵抽出后用冷卻水冷卻至40℃，然后輸送至OCT新鮮/循環(huán)C4/C5緩沖罐。

1.2.5 OCT Reactor Feed Treatment

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置進(jìn)料處理 The debutanizer overhead is combined with the Mixed C4 Raffinate from the N-Butene unit(OSBL)and the recycle C4/C5’s in the OCT Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum.The Mixed C4s/C5’s from this drum are pumped to the OCT reaction pressure and combined with Fresh and Recycle Ethylene, mixed in a static mixer to dissolve the Ethylene in the liquid C4/C5, then treated in the OCT Reactor Feed Treater.The operating pressure of the treater is such that the Mixed C4+C5/Ethylene feed is in liquid phase.脫丁烷塔塔頂物料與界區(qū)外正丁烯裝置混合C4的抽余液及循環(huán)C4/C5在OCT新鮮/循環(huán)C4/C5緩沖罐中混合。來(lái)自該罐的混合C4/C5經(jīng)泵提升至OCT反應(yīng)器壓力，并與新鮮和循環(huán)乙烯在靜態(tài)混合器中混合，以使乙烯溶解在液體C4/C5中，然后在OCT反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器中進(jìn)行處理。處理器設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)行壓力能夠保證使混合C4+C5乙烯進(jìn)料保持為液相。

The OCT Reactor Feed Treater is designed to remove trace potential catalyst temporary poisons in the Mixed C4+C5/Ethylene stream that could impair the OCT Reactor performance such as oxygenates, sulfur, alcohols, carbonyls, and/or water.There are two treaters provided in the system.One is normally in operation;while the other is in regeneration or on standby.The treater regeneration initially requires draining of the liquid inventory followed by regeneration using hot Nitrogen from the Regeneration Gas System plus a supplemental electric heater.The treater effluent passes through a filter to remove any adsorbent dust.OCT反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器用于脫除C4+C5乙烯混合進(jìn)料中的痕量催化劑毒物，如氧合物、羰基化合物、乙醇、硫化合物和/或水，以防止對(duì)OCT反應(yīng)器運(yùn)行性能造成影響。系統(tǒng)設(shè)置兩臺(tái)處理器：一臺(tái)通常處于運(yùn)行狀態(tài)，另一臺(tái)用于再生目的或作為備用處理器。在對(duì)處理器進(jìn)行再生時(shí)，首先對(duì)處理器進(jìn)行排液，然后采用來(lái)自再生氣系統(tǒng)的熱氮?dú)夂洼o助電加熱器進(jìn)行再生。處理器流出物送入過(guò)濾器，以脫除任何吸附劑粉末。

1.2.6 OCU Reactors

烯烴轉(zhuǎn)換裝置反應(yīng)器

In this section, the OCU Reactor feed is heated to the required reaction temperature, passed through the OCU Reactor and cooled prior to OCU reactor effluent fractionation.The main reactions that occur are ethylene plus 2-butene forming propylene and ethylene plus 2-pentene forming propylene plus 1-butene.Some byproducts, primarily C5 to C8 olefins, are also formed by side reactions.在本工段，將OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料加熱至要求的反應(yīng)溫度后送入OCU反應(yīng)器，并且在將OCU反應(yīng)器流出物送入精餾塔之前應(yīng)先進(jìn)行冷卻。主要OCU反應(yīng)是以乙烯和2-丁烯作為原料經(jīng)反應(yīng)生成丙烯以及乙烯和2-戊烯反應(yīng)生成丙烯和1-丁烯。另外，也發(fā)生一些副反應(yīng)，所生成的副產(chǎn)品主要為C5-C8烯烴。

The OCU reactor feed is vaporized and heated to the required OCU Reactor temperature in an OCT Reactor Feed/Effluent Exchanger followed by the OCT Reactor Feed Heater.The OCU reaction occurs in a fixed bed catalytic reactor.The OCU catalyst is a mixed catalyst bed comprised of magnesium oxide and tungsten oxide on silica.The reactions occurring are essentially isothermal.OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料先由OCT反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料/流出物換熱器進(jìn)行汽化，然后再通過(guò)OCT反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料加熱器加熱至要求的OCU反應(yīng)器溫度。OCU反應(yīng)在固定床催化反應(yīng)器中進(jìn)行。OCU催化劑為混合催化劑，由氧化鎂和以硅藻土為載體的氧化鎢制備而成。所有反應(yīng)基本上均為等溫反應(yīng)。

Prior to entering the recovery section, the OCU Reactor effluent is cooled by interchange with reactor feed followed by the OCT Reactor Effluent Cooler against Cooling Water.在進(jìn)入回收工段之前，OCU反應(yīng)器流出物首先與OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料進(jìn)行換熱，然后在OCT反應(yīng)器流出物冷卻器中通過(guò)冷卻水進(jìn)行冷卻。

Regeneration of the OCU Reactor requires the catalyst bed to be taken offline, purged of hydrocarbons, and heated with hot Nitrogen.A nitrogen-air mixture is then fed to the reactor to decoke the bed.A nitrogen purge, which contains a controlled amount of hydrogen, reduces the catalyst bed.A high temperature Nitrogen desorption step follows to remove any traces of oxygen and water from the bed.Hot regeneration gases for the regeneration of the OCU Reactor are provided by the Regeneration Gas Heater.在對(duì)OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)行再生時(shí)需要使催化劑床離線、將烴物料吹掃干凈、使用熱氮?dú)膺M(jìn)行加熱。然后，向OCU反應(yīng)器注入氮?dú)?空氣混合氣體以對(duì)床層進(jìn)行清焦。使用含一定量氫氣的氮?dú)鈱?duì)催化劑床進(jìn)行還原。隨后進(jìn)行熱氮?dú)饨馕詫⒋呋瘎┐驳暮哿垦鯕夂退置摮CU反應(yīng)器再生用高溫再生氣由再生氣加熱器提供。

1.2.7 Deethylenizer 脫乙烯塔

The OCU Reactor effluent is chilled by vaporizing a portion of the Recycle Ethylene in the Deethylenizer Feed Chiller.The chilled feed then flows to the Deethylenizer column.OCU反應(yīng)器流出物通過(guò)在脫乙烯塔進(jìn)料深冷器中對(duì)一部分循環(huán)乙烯進(jìn)行汽化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)冷卻。然后，已冷卻進(jìn)料流入脫乙烯塔。

The Deethylenizer pressure is selected to recycle vent gas from the reflux drum and to allow the overhead to condense against-24℃ Propylene Refrigerant from the Propylene Refrigeration System of the LORU.A small vent gas stream containing Hydrogen, Methane, and Ethylene flows from the reflux drum on flow control to the LORU for recovery.10

脫乙烯塔設(shè)計(jì)壓力能夠?qū)?lái)自回流罐的排放氣進(jìn)行循環(huán)，并使用來(lái)自LORU裝置丙烯制冷系統(tǒng)的-24°C丙烯冷劑對(duì)塔頂物料進(jìn)行冷凝。一小股含有氫氣、甲烷和乙烯的排放氣以流量控制方式從回流罐流入LORU進(jìn)行回收。

Fresh Ethylene liquid is fed to the Deethylenizer Reflux Drum.The bulk of the tower overhead is condensed against Propylene Refrigerant and sent to the Deethylenizer Reflux Drum.Liquid from the reflux drum is split, with a portion pumped to OCU Reactor Feed Treater pressure to supply Recycle Ethylene, and a portion pumped separately to supply tower reflux on flow control.The net Fresh plus Recycle Ethylene is pumped and sent to the Deethylenizer Feed Chiller on flow control.A portion of the Recycle Ethylene stream is vaporized in this heat exchanger.The rest bypasses the feed chiller on temperature control, in order to maintain the OCU Reactor feed in the liquid phase at the outlet of the OCU Reactor Feed Treater.The Recycle Ethylene stream then mixes with Fresh and Recycle C4’s/C5’s at the OCU Reactor Feed Treater Mixer and flows to the OCU Reactor Feed Treaters.新鮮乙烯液體送入脫乙烯塔回流罐。大量脫乙烯塔塔頂物料經(jīng)丙烯冷劑冷凝后送入脫乙烯塔回流罐。脫乙烯塔回流罐中的液體分為兩股：一股液體泵送至OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器作為循環(huán)乙烯，另外一股液體以流量控制方式泵送回脫乙烯塔作為回流。凈新鮮乙烯和循環(huán)乙烯以流量控制方式泵送至脫乙烯塔進(jìn)料深冷器。在脫乙烯塔進(jìn)料深冷器中，一部分循環(huán)乙烯被汽化，而剩余循環(huán)乙烯以溫度控制方式進(jìn)入脫乙烯塔進(jìn)料深冷器旁路，以確保將來(lái)自O(shè)CU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器出口的OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料保持為液相。然后，循環(huán)乙烯通過(guò)OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器混合器與新鮮和循環(huán)C4、C5混合后流入OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器。

The tower is reboiled by LP2 Steam with the bottoms product flowing to the Depropylenizer on flow control, reset by level control.A temperature

controller is used to control the reboiler steam to maintain the proper bottoms specification.脫乙烯塔內(nèi)物料通過(guò)LP2蒸汽進(jìn)行重沸，塔底產(chǎn)品按照液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式流入脫丙烯塔。通過(guò)溫度控制器對(duì)重沸器蒸汽流量進(jìn)行控制，以確保塔底產(chǎn)品始終符合規(guī)格要求。

1.2.8 Depropylenizer

脫丙烯塔

The Depropylenizer separates the Deethylenizer bottoms into three products: 脫丙烯塔（299-T-3302）將脫乙烯塔塔底物料分離為三種產(chǎn)品： ? Polymer Grade Propylene(overhead)聚合物級(jí)丙烯（塔頂產(chǎn)品）； ? C4/C5 Recycle(side-draw)C4、C5循環(huán)物流（側(cè)線抽出）； ? C4+ byproduct(bottoms product)C4+副產(chǎn)品（塔底產(chǎn)品）The tower pressure is selected to condense the overhead against Cooling Water and reboil against LP2 Steam.The tower C4/C5 side-draw is cooled in a Cooling Water heat exchanger and recycled on flow control to mix with the Fresh C4/C5 feed in the OCT Fresh/Recycle C4/C5 Surge Drum.脫丙烯塔設(shè)計(jì)壓力能夠通過(guò)采用冷卻水對(duì)塔頂產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行冷凝，然后使用LP2蒸汽進(jìn)行重沸。脫丙烯塔C4、C5側(cè)線抽出物流通過(guò)冷卻水換熱器進(jìn)行冷卻，然后以流量控制方式循環(huán)回OCT新鮮/循環(huán)C4、C5緩沖罐，并與新鮮C4、C5進(jìn)料混合。

The tower overhead is completely condensed and sent to the Depropylenizer Reflux Drum.The liquid from this drum is then pumped and split with a portion providing reflux, on flow control for the tower.The remainder of the liquid is the Polymer Grade Propylene Product and is sent to OSBL on flow control reset by level control.脫丙烯塔塔頂產(chǎn)品經(jīng)完全冷凝后，送入脫丙烯塔回流罐。然后，將脫丙烯塔回流罐中的液體泵出并分為兩股物流：一股液體以流量控制方式送

回脫丙烯塔作為回流，剩余液體作為聚合物級(jí)丙烯產(chǎn)品按照液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式送至界區(qū)外（OSBL）。

The tower bottoms product is C4+ by-product.It is cooled against cooling water and sent on flow control reset by level control to OSBL.脫丙烯塔塔底產(chǎn)品為C4副產(chǎn)品。該副產(chǎn)品按照液位控制器設(shè)定值以流量控制方式送至OSBL。

A temperature controller is used to control the reboiler steam rate to the Depropylenizer.通過(guò)溫度控制器對(duì)自重沸器去脫丙烯塔的蒸汽流量進(jìn)行控制。1.2.9 Regeneration System 再生系統(tǒng)

A treater Regeneration System is used to provide hot Regeneration Gas during the heating stage of regeneration and cold Regeneration Gas during the cooling stage of regeneration.處理器再生系統(tǒng)用于為每一再生加熱階段提供高溫再生氣以及為再生冷卻階段提供低溫再生氣。

1.2.9.1 Treater Regeneration 處理器再生

Hot nitrogen is supplied from the Regeneration Gas System to regenerate the OCU Reactor Feed Treaters.The Regeneration Nitrogen is supplied at the battery limits.Cold Regeneration Nitrogen is sent as cold Regeneration Nitrogen to treater when required.Hot Regeneration Nitrogen is first heated against HP steam in the Treater Regeneration Gas Steam Heater and further heated in the Treater Regeneration(electric)Gas Heater before flowing to the treater when required.由再生氣系統(tǒng)提供熱氮?dú)猓琌CU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器進(jìn)行再生。自界區(qū)提供再生氮?dú)狻５蜏卦偕獨(dú)猱?dāng)需要時(shí)提供給OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器用作低溫再生氮?dú)狻．?dāng)要求向處理器引入高溫再生氮?dú)庵埃瑧?yīng)先通過(guò)處理器再生氣體（電）加熱器對(duì)高溫再生氮?dú)膺M(jìn)行進(jìn)一步加熱。

The relative amounts of hot and cold Regeneration Nitrogen flow and temperature are controlled automatically to achieve complete regenerations within the required cycle times.Although the treaters are typically designed for a 48 hour adsorption cycle, they are typically designed for a 24 to 36 hour regeneration cycle.高溫和低溫再生氮?dú)庀鄬?duì)流量和溫度采用自動(dòng)控制方式，以確保在規(guī)定的再生周期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)完全催化劑再生。盡管處理器吸附周期通常設(shè)計(jì)為48小時(shí)，但其再生周期通常設(shè)計(jì)為24到36小時(shí)。

Spent Regeneration Nitrogen returning from the treaters is cooled and sent to the Flare System.來(lái)自處理器的廢再生氮?dú)饨?jīng)冷卻后送入火炬系統(tǒng)。1.2.9.2 C4/C5 Stripping System

C4/C5汽提系統(tǒng)

This system is a closed–loop process where the pressure is dependent on condensing C4’s/C5’s against Cooling Water.The system includes a C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum, which is inventoried from the cooled 2nd Stage SHU Reactor effluent stream.Filling is controlled so that the rate is less than 5% of the forward flow from the 2nd Stage SHU Reactor effluent to avoid disturbing the OCU operation.In the first stage of regeneration, the butenes are pumped to sufficient pressure, vaporized in a LP2 Steam heater and superheated to about 120℃.The hot C4/C5 vapor is then sent to the OCU Reactor Feed Treaters on flow control where it strips the C4’s/C5’s trapped on the adsorbent pores(stripping/warm soak).The effluent vapor is then condensed in the C4/C5 Stripping Condenser against Cooling Water and collected in the C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum.Pressure control on the C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum allows for venting of non-condensables during this stripping/warm soak step.14

丁烯汽提系統(tǒng)為密閉回路系統(tǒng)，運(yùn)行壓力取決于通過(guò)冷卻水對(duì)C4/C5 進(jìn)行的冷凝。丁烯汽提系統(tǒng)包括一個(gè)C4/C5 汽提儲(chǔ)罐，用于存儲(chǔ)來(lái)自第二段SHU反應(yīng)器的已冷卻流出物。對(duì)去C4/C5 汽提儲(chǔ)罐的進(jìn)料流量進(jìn)行控制，確保低于來(lái)自第二段SHU反應(yīng)器流出物流量的5%，以避免影響OCU裝置的正常運(yùn)行。在第一階段再生期間，通過(guò)泵將丁烯壓力提升至足夠高后經(jīng)由LP2蒸汽加熱器進(jìn)行汽化，再過(guò)熱至120℃。然后，以流量控制方式將C4/C5氣體送入OCU反應(yīng)器進(jìn)料處理器，以將截留在吸附劑空隙中的C4/C5 汽提出來(lái)（汽提/溫?zé)峤荩Ｆ岷蟮亩∠怏w通過(guò)C4/C5 汽提冷凝器使用冷卻水冷凝后收集至C4/C5 汽提儲(chǔ)罐。對(duì)C4/C5 汽提儲(chǔ)罐進(jìn)行壓力控制有助于在汽提/溫?zé)峤萜陂g將不冷凝氣排放出來(lái)。

When the stripping step is complete, the spent butenes/C5’s in the C4/C5 Stripping Holding Drum are drained by pumping on flow control to the drain drum of the regenerating treater.當(dāng)完成汽提操作后，通過(guò)泵以流量控制方式將C4/C5汽提儲(chǔ)罐中的廢丁烯排入再生處理器排液罐。

第二篇：中英文對(duì)照A

《美國(guó)口語(yǔ)慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來(lái)一塊魚(yú)肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會(huì)進(jìn)那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個(gè)晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時(shí)候了。

2.above

1)

2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認(rèn)為自己沒(méi)必要努力工作。

3.act

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個(gè)愛(ài)說(shuō)粗言穢語(yǔ)的喜劇演員應(yīng)該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)后來(lái)見(jiàn)你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報(bào)紙上稱(chēng)那次地震為天災(zāi)。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

1)

2)

3)

4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務(wù)人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場(chǎng)面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區(qū)要采取行動(dòng)反對(duì)那項(xiàng)垃圾處理場(chǎng)的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

1)

2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對(duì)手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒(méi)有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

1)

2)

3)

4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來(lái)事情終會(huì)解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺(jué)

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會(huì)感到

厭倦）

8.age

1)

2)Would you please act your age!請(qǐng)你做事要有一個(gè)與自己年齡相稱(chēng)的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點(diǎn)新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯(cuò)，但我能隱隱約約感覺(jué)到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當(dāng)邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時(shí)，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒(méi)有最后定下來(lái)。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來(lái)個(gè)沒(méi)有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機(jī)時(shí)暈機(jī)了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關(guān)系不要很別扭。

10.all

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來(lái)最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為這一天過(guò)得很充實(shí)。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來(lái)打贏這場(chǎng)比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當(dāng)我們看見(jiàn)那座建筑突然起火時(shí)，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對(duì)你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進(jìn)來(lái)。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來(lái)把這個(gè)問(wèn)題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個(gè)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊(duì)的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學(xué)校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車(chē)不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

1)

2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個(gè)人呆會(huì)兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

1)

2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開(kāi)始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來(lái)到這兒尋求他的“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國(guó)人在美國(guó)居住時(shí)被美國(guó)化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒(méi)有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國(guó)精神傳統(tǒng)的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊(duì)員。I just can't go on the American way.我無(wú)法適應(yīng)美國(guó)方式。

15.animal

1)

2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運(yùn)動(dòng)真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個(gè)年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒(méi)人接。

17.apple

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過(guò)紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問(wèn)我有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個(gè)馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強(qiáng)迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個(gè)沒(méi)救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險(xiǎn)。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來(lái)在人來(lái)過(guò)這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準(zhǔn)備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò)一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動(dòng)從明天開(kāi)始實(shí)施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個(gè)月的煤氣費(fèi)平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國(guó)人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國(guó)平常日

子里，有100,000個(gè)孩子帶手槍去上學(xué)。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認(rèn)為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費(fèi)除掉這些復(fù)雜的稅務(wù)表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀(jì)念日而安排一次周末的外出活動(dòng)。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計(jì)劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對(duì)照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調(diào) Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門(mén) BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠(chéng)”自控 BROAD 遠(yuǎn)大

Burnham美國(guó)“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達(dá)”水泵 CARLY 法國(guó)“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開(kāi)利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門(mén)特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機(jī) CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調(diào)

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機(jī)

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調(diào)制冷 DuPont美國(guó)“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國(guó)德威爾 EBM “依必安”風(fēng)機(jī)

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國(guó)“英菲尼蘭“閥門(mén) EVAPCO美國(guó)“益美高”冷卻設(shè)備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機(jī) FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國(guó)“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風(fēng)機(jī) GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯?tīng)?GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風(fēng)機(jī) KU BA德國(guó)“庫(kù)寶”冷風(fēng)機(jī) Liang Chi 良機(jī)冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調(diào) MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國(guó)“美優(yōu)樂(lè)”壓縮機(jī) McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機(jī) Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機(jī) RIDGID 美國(guó)“里奇”工具 RUUD美國(guó)“路德”空調(diào) RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國(guó)森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門(mén)子

SINKO ",28商機(jī)網(wǎng);新晃“空調(diào) SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺(tái)佳”空調(diào) Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機(jī) TRANE 特靈

TROX德國(guó)“妥思”風(fēng)閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國(guó)“威樂(lè)”水泵 WITTLER 德國(guó)”威特”閥門(mén) YORK 約克

ZENNER德國(guó)“真蘭”計(jì)量

第四篇：中英文對(duì)照

醫(yī)院中英文對(duì)照

發(fā)熱門(mén)診Have Fever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge 供應(yīng)室Supply Room謝絕入內(nèi)No entering 紅燈亮?xí)r謝絕入內(nèi)No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護(hù)士Nueser康復(fù)理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計(jì)價(jià)China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫(yī)科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預(yù)防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫(kù)Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號(hào)收費(fèi)Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內(nèi)科門(mén)診Internal Medicine Clinic會(huì)議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產(chǎn)科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術(shù)室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內(nèi)二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產(chǎn)房及愛(ài)嬰中心Delivery Room內(nèi)一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫(yī)骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內(nèi)、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫(yī)科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門(mén)診Gynecology Dept.產(chǎn)科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產(chǎn)科門(mén)診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗(yàn)候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門(mén)診Stomatology Clinic 內(nèi)兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗(yàn)中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預(yù)防保健門(mén)診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費(fèi)處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門(mén)診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費(fèi)健康發(fā)證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對(duì)照

共軌技術(shù)

隨著人們對(duì)低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低噪聲的需求越來(lái)越大，對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來(lái)也高。對(duì)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性、低污染、高動(dòng)力性，因此柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)甚至進(jìn)入了豪華高性能轎車(chē)領(lǐng)域。達(dá)到這些需求的前提是擁有一個(gè)可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)，噴油量必須精確計(jì)算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計(jì)算模型，預(yù)噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個(gè)可以達(dá)到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。

共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個(gè)主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。

②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個(gè)可以快速開(kāi)關(guān)噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對(duì)每個(gè)氣缸的噴射進(jìn)行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個(gè)共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來(lái)。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開(kāi)的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無(wú)關(guān)。EDC控制每個(gè)組件。

(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過(guò)蓄能器分離開(kāi)來(lái)。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準(zhǔn)備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。

由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無(wú)論發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設(shè)計(jì)可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負(fù)載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車(chē)上有時(shí)會(huì)使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應(yīng)用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過(guò)一個(gè)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓側(cè)進(jìn)行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過(guò)壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對(duì)不同工況(如負(fù)載變化時(shí))迅速做出反應(yīng)。

在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對(duì)高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應(yīng)用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進(jìn)口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計(jì)量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。

發(fā)生故障時(shí)，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過(guò)最大值。

在進(jìn)口端對(duì)燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對(duì)燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時(shí)，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過(guò)計(jì)算單元對(duì)壓力進(jìn)行控制，并且通過(guò)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓端進(jìn)行控制，因此同時(shí)具備高壓側(cè)控制與進(jìn)口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開(kāi)閉控制噴油嘴的開(kāi)關(guān)。

噴油器的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間成正比，因此與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時(shí)間為計(jì)量的燃油噴射)無(wú)關(guān)。

(4)液壓輔助動(dòng)力

與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開(kāi)來(lái)，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來(lái)會(huì)達(dá)到1800巴。

共軌系統(tǒng)通過(guò)引入預(yù)噴射或多次噴射可以進(jìn)一步減少?gòu)U氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過(guò)多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開(kāi)閉可以在每個(gè)噴射周期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)多達(dá)5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開(kāi)閉動(dòng)作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。

(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)傳感器檢測(cè)加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車(chē)輛的當(dāng)前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：

① 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進(jìn)氣壓力；

④ 進(jìn)氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進(jìn)氣量； ⑥ 車(chē)速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號(hào)。與燃燒同步，電控單元計(jì)算施加給壓力控制閥或計(jì)算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號(hào)。

噴油器的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間應(yīng)很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開(kāi)關(guān)閥和專(zhuān)業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。

根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)照發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)(時(shí)間控制)，角度/時(shí)間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時(shí)。電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)燃油噴射量的精確計(jì)算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進(jìn)一步提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的響應(yīng)特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對(duì)柴油燃油噴射正時(shí)的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對(duì)油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有能耗低、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)的特點(diǎn)。

其他開(kāi)環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少?gòu)U氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環(huán)控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。

由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元通常最多有8個(gè)噴油器輸出口，所以超過(guò)八缸的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要兩個(gè)控制單元。它們通過(guò)內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“主/從”接口進(jìn)行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個(gè)特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測(cè)傳感器信號(hào))可以動(dòng)態(tài)地分配給一個(gè)或多個(gè)控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).