第一篇:英文文獻(xiàn)小短文(原文加漢語翻譯)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(這是題目,百度一下就能找到原文好,原文還有表格,我沒有
翻譯)
A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils Contamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1.We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata(brake fern)is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass.This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate(Fig.1a).We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic(As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.).We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site(18.8–1,603 p.p.m.As)and from an uncontaminated site(0.47–7.56 p.p.m.As).Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 p.p.m.Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m.These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m.of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m.arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time(Table 1).Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m.Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m.in two weeks.Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m.arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m.Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment.Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m.Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control(data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4.The concentration of As(III)was greater in the fronds(47–80%)than in the roots(8.3%), indicating that As(V)was converted to As(III)during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic(Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species(Fig.1c).Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds.Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds(136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate.In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5.The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny(unusual for a fern)and alkaline environments(where arsenic is more available).It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant.Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USA e-mail: lqma@ufl.edu ?Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson, Georgia 31742, USA ?Department of Chemistry & Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199,1.Nriagu, J.O.(ed.)Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization(Wiley, New York, 1994).2.Brooks, R.R.(ed.)Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals(Cambridge Univ.Press, 1998).3.Kabata-Pendias, A.& Pendias, H.in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209(CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4.Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C.A., Cullen, W.R.& Reimer, K.J.Envir.Sci.Technol.34, 22–26(2000).5.Jones, D.L.Encyclopaedia of Ferns(Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).積累砷的蕨類植物
耐寒,多功能,生長快速的植物,有助于從污染土壤去除砷
有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常廣泛的。我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),蕨類植物蜈蚣草(鳳尾蕨)對(duì)從土壤中提取砷和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到地上部生物量是非常有效的。據(jù)我們所知這種植物,是第一個(gè)已知的砷超富集植物以及也是第一種在已發(fā)現(xiàn)的蕨類中可以作為超富集植物,它有許多屬性比如建議使用在砷污染土壤的修復(fù)。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)被鉻砷酸銅污染的生長在佛羅里達(dá)州中部的一個(gè)站點(diǎn)的鳳尾蕨圖1a)。我們用石墨爐原子吸收法分析了在站點(diǎn)正生長植物葉子總砷的吸收光譜。對(duì)于14種研究植物物種中,只有鳳尾蕨植物中含有大量的砷(含量;3280–4980 ppm)。我們從受污染的站點(diǎn)(18.8–1603 ppm)和未受污染的站點(diǎn)(0.47–7.56 ppm)收集更多的植物和土壤樣品。鳳尾蕨從土壤中有效吸收砷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到其葉子中,在受污染的站點(diǎn)生長的植物,含有1442–7526 ppm的砷和那些未受污染的站點(diǎn)包含11.8–64 ppm的這些值是比那些正常的土壤中生長的植物的高很多,其中包含小于3.6 ppm的砷。
對(duì)于含有高達(dá)1500 ppm砷的疏松土壤中,鳳尾蕨植物可以在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)吸收大量的砷進(jìn)入它的葉子(表1)。在摻入1500 ppm砷的土壤中蕨類葉子中砷濃度是不斷增長的,在兩周內(nèi)砷含量從29.4增加到15861 ppm。在蕨類葉子中的砷,是126倍的富集。鳳尾蕨根的砷濃度小于303 ppm,而那些在葉的濃度達(dá)到7234 ppm。
加入100 ppm的砷顯著刺激蕨類生長,導(dǎo)致在與對(duì)照相比,生物量增加了(數(shù)據(jù)未顯示)。
經(jīng)過20周的增長,用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取該植物用高效液相色譜法–電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法來平衡砷。目前幾乎所有的砷是相對(duì)無毒的無機(jī)形式,幾乎沒有檢測(cè)到有機(jī)砷物種。作為(Ⅲ)的濃度葉(47-80%)與根(8.3%)相比更多,表示AS(V)被轉(zhuǎn)換AS(III)在根轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到葉的過程中。
以及從土壤中除去砷的植物含有不同濃度的砷(表1),從土壤中去除含砷的鳳尾蕨也含有不同形態(tài)的砷(圖1C)。再著,高達(dá)93%的砷主要集中在葉。雖然feaso4和AlAsO42H2O在土壤中的相對(duì)不溶,鳳尾蕨富集的砷來自這些化合物進(jìn)入它的葉狀體(136–315 ppm)在3級(jí)–6倍大于土壤砷。鳳尾蕨是裸子植物,并廣泛栽培歸功于許多地區(qū)氣候溫和。在美國,它生長在東南部和加利福尼亞南部。蕨類植物是有多種有優(yōu)點(diǎn),耐寒,喜歡陽光(不尋常的蕨類植物)和堿性環(huán)境(如砷是更有效)。它具有相當(dāng)大的生物量,而且常年生長迅速,易于繁殖。
我們相信這是用一個(gè)未經(jīng)處理的顯著砷超富集植物為例的第一次報(bào)告。鳳尾蕨在修復(fù)砷污染土壤方面的潛力很大,也可以幫助研究砷的吸收,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),形態(tài)研究,在植物中的分布及排毒。
*土壤和水科學(xué)系,大學(xué)
佛羅里達(dá)州,蓋恩斯維爾,佛羅里達(dá)州32611-0290,美國 電子郵件:lqma@ufl.edu ?合作推廣服務(wù),大學(xué)
格魯吉亞,特勒爾縣,郵政信箱271,道森,佐治亞州31742,美國 ?化學(xué)與東南部
環(huán)境研究中心,佛羅里達(dá)州
國際大學(xué),邁阿密,佛羅里達(dá)州,33199,1。Nriagu,J.O.(主編)環(huán)境中的砷1部分:循環(huán) 與特性(威利,紐約,1994)。
2。布魯克斯,R.R.(主編),重金屬超富集植物(劍橋大學(xué)出版社,1998)。
3。kabata pendias,A.pendias,在土壤中的微量元素 植物203–209(CRC,博卡拉頓,1991)。
4。科赫,I.,王,L.,ollson,C.A.,卡倫,W.R.& Reimer,K.J.環(huán)境。SCI。技術(shù)。34,22,26(2000)–。
5。瓊斯,D.L.百科全書的蕨類植物(洛錫安區(qū),墨爾本,1987)。
感想:首先來了解一下砷,砷俗稱砒,為銀灰色晶體,具有金屬性,毒性很小,但其化合物都有毒性。砷中毒主要由砷化合物引起,三價(jià)砷化合物的毒性較五價(jià)砷為強(qiáng),其中以毒性較大的三氧化二砷(俗稱砒霜)中毒為多見。砷化物還可經(jīng)皮膚或創(chuàng)面吸收而中毒。長期接觸砷化物可引起慢性中毒。熔燒含砷礦石、制造合金、玻璃、陶瓷、印染、含砷醫(yī)藥和農(nóng)藥的生產(chǎn)工人和長期服用含砷藥物均可引起砷中毒,飲水中含砷過高,可引起地方性砷中毒。
從這篇文章中我了解到了蕨類植物蜈蚣草(鳳尾蕨)是第一個(gè)已知的砷超富集蕨類植物,可以在在砷污染土壤修復(fù)方面有所應(yīng)用。通過石墨爐原子吸收法這種方法來分析植物葉子總砷的吸收光譜,在分析過程中用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取該植物用高效液相色譜法–電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法來平衡砷,而且了解到目前幾乎所有的砷是相對(duì)無毒的無機(jī)形式,幾乎沒有檢測(cè)到有機(jī)砷物種。
那么即然這樣,可不可以用此類蕨來定期富集土壤中的砷然后除去,來達(dá)到治理砷的土地污染的問題呢?有這個(gè)想法,我們要明確幾個(gè)問題:
1、鳳尾蕨是否容易生長?
2、鳳尾蕨在什么樣的情況下生長旺盛?
3、是否有明確的昆蟲或動(dòng)物以此為食?
4、在植物類中有沒有天地?
5、在新環(huán)境中是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)不受控制的情況?
6、如果容易成活,怎么樣大批量的生產(chǎn)?
7、在鳳尾蕨富集砷的過程中,有沒有特殊的培養(yǎng)條件?
8、富集完成后,鳳尾蕨怎么樣處理?等等問題,都需要我們來明確的解答。
在實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上如果成功(可以來治理土地砷污染),還需要在具體的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行測(cè)試。
讀完此篇文章后,感到又增長了知識(shí),以后會(huì)多讀文獻(xiàn)來增長自己的知識(shí)。
第二篇:英文勵(lì)志小短文加翻譯
每天一篇短文閱讀,可以加強(qiáng)閱讀能力,下面是小編整理的英文勵(lì)志小短文加翻譯,歡迎閱讀。
【第一篇】
Have you ever been around someone who immediately put you at ease? Perhaps you may be one of those people who others feel safe around.有沒有遇到過那么一個(gè)人,只要他/她在你身邊,你立即就覺得安心?或許你就是讓別人覺得安心的那么一個(gè)人。
What is the common thread in people who emanate warmth? Some may think it is related to personality or physical appearance.But this does little to explain why bright beacons of light can be found anywhere.Essence has nothing to do with our exterior.那些氣場(chǎng)中自帶溫暖的人有哪些共性呢?一些人也許認(rèn)為這與性格或外貌有關(guān)。但這基本解釋不了為什么明亮的燈塔之光四處可見。本質(zhì)與咱們的外在無關(guān)。
I like to believe the common thread is a universal trait we are all able to tap into.When we see the truth of who we are and wholeheartedly love every part of that truth, we automatically shine.When we embrace our essence and live in congruence with who we are, we radiate peace.我愿意相信這個(gè)共性是咱們都能夠觸及的、普遍存在的品質(zhì)。當(dāng)咱們欣賞自己的本質(zhì)并全心全意熱愛著這一切的時(shí)候,咱們自然而然就會(huì)出類拔萃。每當(dāng)咱們欣然接受自己的本質(zhì)并遵循本心來生活的時(shí)候,咱們會(huì)自帶平和的光環(huán)。
Every day we can choose to wake up and see the gift of getting to be who we are.When we decide to live from this way of “being,” it becomes easy to see this same light and gift in everyone — even those who may not yet see it in themselves.每天,咱們都可以選擇一醒來就欣賞做自己這一項(xiàng)天賦。當(dāng)咱們決定以“本性”來生活的時(shí)候,在每一個(gè)人身上,甚至是那些可能還沒有開始欣賞自身本性的人身上,咱們變得很容易就能看到同樣的光芒和天賦了。
The benefits of self-love are many.What I know to be true without a doubt in my heart, is that we are all capable of giving this gift to ourselves.自愛的益處有很多很多。我所知道的真相就是,咱們都能賦予自己這項(xiàng)天賦,這點(diǎn)我深信不疑。
These words help me remember why embracing my essence is always the best thing to do.Perhaps this may resonate with where you are.這些話讓我想起欣然接受自己的本質(zhì)始終是上策的原因。或許這也會(huì)與你產(chǎn)生共鳴。
When you love who you are,當(dāng)你愛自己的時(shí)候,you become a conduit of light.你會(huì)成為一道光。
Just drop into your heart space,只需觸及心房,and live life from this view.并遵循本心來生活。
For all of this doing
做這一切
is not who you are.無關(guān)你是誰。
Listen to your heart’s soft whisper,聆聽內(nèi)心輕柔的呢喃,this voice will show you the way.她會(huì)告訴你方法。
Live life from your essence
遵循本性來生活
is what she will say.她會(huì)這樣告訴你。
See the light in yourself,欣賞自身的光芒,and your world will be bright.你的世界都會(huì)變得明亮。
There is no need to worry,沒必要擔(dān)心,you are exactly as you should be;
你正是自己本來的模樣;
remember to love who you are,記得愛自己,and love you will see.愛自己欣賞的一切。
【第二篇】
“Always remember that your present situation is not your final destination.The best is yet to come.”-Unknown
“一定要記住,你目前的處境并非你的最終目標(biāo),最好的日子終將到來。”——匿名
If your life isn't where you want it to be, change it.It's what successful people have done for thousands of years.You may currently be struggling and frustrated with your life but it's not going to stay like this forever, that is, unless you don't do anything to change it.如果現(xiàn)在的生活并非如你所愿,那就去改變,數(shù)千年來成功人士都是這樣做的。你現(xiàn)在可能正在掙扎,目前的生活使你沮喪,但生活不會(huì)一成不變,只要你能行動(dòng)起來做出改變。
The best time of your life may still be ahead of you but it won't just magically show up, you have to create it.It's in your power to create whatever future you want for your life.Even if your best days are truly behind you, you can still have plenty of great days ahead of you if you decide to make it so.最好的生活仍在前方等著你,但它不會(huì)無緣無故出現(xiàn),需要你親手去創(chuàng)造。你擁有那種力量去創(chuàng)造自己未來想要的生活,即使最好的日子已經(jīng)過去,但只要你下定決心未來仍有很多好日子等著你。
Instead of letting circumstances control and defeat you, use them to push you into action so that you can change your present situation.Bad times aren't going to last forever but if you want more great times ahead of you instead of just good times, it's time to start doing things that will make that a reality… it's time to work toward your ideal destination.不要讓生活控制或打敗你,你要把壓力變成動(dòng)力去改變目前的處境。糟糕的情況不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)持續(xù)下去,但如果你想要以后的生活更美好,那現(xiàn)在就要行動(dòng)起來去把愿望變成現(xiàn)實(shí),現(xiàn)在就要朝自己夢(mèng)想的生活努力前行。
【第三篇】
Not until you realize that life itself is a beautiful thing will you really start to live.Although living combines tragedy with splendor, life is beautiful and even tragedies reflect something engaging.If you were simply to live, do more than that;live beautifully.唯有在你了解了人生的真諦后,才能真正地生活。雖然人生苦憂參半,但依舊美妙,而且即使在悲劇中也藏著迷人之處。如果你只是活著,那就再努力點(diǎn)吧,試著活得精彩。
Through the sea of darkness, hope is the light that brings us comfort, faith, and reassurance.It guides our way if we are lost and gives us a foothold on our fears.The moment we lose hope is the moment we surrender our will to live.We live in a world that is disintegrating into a vicious hatred, where hope is needed more than ever but cannot be discerned.Finding that is rare while the world lives in fear, but the belief in something better, something bigger than this, is what keeps life worth living.在潮水般的黑暗之中,希望是光。它帶來舒適、信仰和信心。它在咱們迷失時(shí)給予指引,在咱們恐懼時(shí)給予支持。而在咱們放棄希望的那一刻,也就放棄了生命。咱們生活的世界正瓦解成一個(gè)充滿惡意和仇恨的地方,在這里咱們就更需要希望,卻又難以尋得。在這充滿恐懼的世界里,找到希望談何容易,但是,對(duì)更好、更有意義的人生的信仰才會(huì)讓生命有意義。
Then you hear a baby speaking her first word, you see seniors holding hands, you feel the first spring rain, or smell the pine tree at Christmas, and remember that no matter how awful it is, there is always hope.No matter how weak we are, we will always survive.然后,你聽到嬰兒說出第一個(gè)字、看到老年夫婦挽起對(duì)方的手、感受到第一場(chǎng)春雨或是聞到圣誕節(jié)松樹的味道,你要明白,無論現(xiàn)在多么糟糕,希望永在;無論咱們多么脆弱,咱們終將是人生的幸存者。
【第四篇】
An elderly carpenter was ready to retire.He told his employer(contractor)of his plans to leave the house building business and live a more leisurely life with his wife enjoying his extended family.He would miss the paycheck, but he needed to retire.They could get by.一位老木匠打算退休了。他向自己所在的建筑公司雇主請(qǐng)辭,表示想要和自己的老伴以及大家庭去過一種更加閑適的生活。他會(huì)想念領(lǐng)薪水的日子,但他還是該退休了,他想日子總是能過下去的。
The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor.The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work.He resorted to shoddy workmanship and usedinferior materials.It was an unfortunate way to end his career.老板很舍不得自己的好員工離開,他對(duì)木匠說請(qǐng)你再建最后一座房子吧,就算是幫我個(gè)忙。木匠答應(yīng)了,但很快就明顯可以看出他的心已經(jīng)不在工作上了。他用拙劣的技巧和劣質(zhì)的材料建這座房子,用這種狀態(tài)來結(jié)束他的職業(yè)生涯其實(shí)是一種遺憾。
When the carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed the front-door key to the carpenter.“This is your house,” he said, “my gift to you.”
木匠完成了他的工作,負(fù)責(zé)人來驗(yàn)收房屋,老板將這座房屋的前門鑰匙遞到了木匠手上,說:“這房子現(xiàn)在歸你了,作為我給你的禮物。”
What a shock!What a shame!If he had only known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently.Now he had to live in the home he had built none too well.木匠頓時(shí)感到很震驚。多可惜啊!如果他知道是在為自己修建這所房子的話,他會(huì)完全以另一種態(tài)度來對(duì)待。而現(xiàn)在他不得不住在這座自己胡亂修建的房子里了。
So it is with us.We build our lives in a distracted way, reacting rather than acting, willing to put up less than the best.At important points we do not give the job our best effort.Then with a shock we look at the situation we have created and find that we are now living in the house we have built.If we had realized, we would have done it differently.想象下你就是這個(gè)木匠,想象你正在建造這座房子,你每天釘進(jìn)顆釘子、安裝塊板子或者筑起一面墻。請(qǐng)用心對(duì)待吧,這是唯一一個(gè)你為自己打造的生活。即使你只在里面住上一天,這一天也要活得有光彩、有尊嚴(yán)。正如格言所說,“生活是一個(gè)只有靠自己才能完成的項(xiàng)目。”
Think of yourself as the carpenter.Think about your house.Each day you hammer a nail, place a board, or erect a wall.Build wisely.It is the only life you will ever build.Even if you live it for only one day more, that day deserves to be lived graciously and withdignity.The plaque on the wall says, “Life is a do-it-yourself project.”
誰還能說的再清楚些呢?你今天的生活就是你自己過去的態(tài)度和選擇的結(jié)果,你未來的生活就是你現(xiàn)在的態(tài)度和選擇的結(jié)果。
Who could say it more clearly? Your life today is the result of your attitudes and choices in the past.Your life tomorrow will be the result of your attitudes and the choices you make today.
第三篇:英文短文翻譯
11The key problem here lies in the causality
12Those who made a fuss said that they have confirmed that violence on the media causes aggressive behavior.13But the assumption in their study need to be tested.14When we list game as violence or nonviolence, whether the scene a hero eat ghost can be referred to violence? 15When experimenter record the time which game player spent on reading a list of the “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” , can we be sure that they are weighing?
16In order to compare the method, ideas and conclusion of the media violence’s research, the new Harvard Media and Child Health collected these media violence, and made it standardized, their intention was an important step in the right direction.17Another appropriate method should be desalinizing criticism before we know more.18Many researchers have done a lot of writing , communication and validation on the threat caused by media violence
19Of course , it’s their privilege.20But when do this now, they often announced the problem has been solved, thus incurred criticism from colleagues.21In response to these criticisms, those who are alarmist accused of these critics and journalists to be deceived by the entertainment
industry.22Such a conflict is not helpful to the scientific research and the society.
第四篇:英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(模版)
在回顧D和H的文章時(shí),我愿意第一個(gè)去單獨(dú)地討論每一篇,然后發(fā)表一些總體的觀點(diǎn)。
在他的論文中,D系統(tǒng)地發(fā)表了一個(gè)隱形的問題的分析和當(dāng)前在教育研究中的兩難問題。他提出了幾個(gè)含蓄的假設(shè)需要被提問,嚴(yán)重地甚至通過定量的和定型的研究者,就像政策的提出者。
在這些假設(shè)中,其中一個(gè)是關(guān)于推論創(chuàng)新的項(xiàng)目的原因。D的總體結(jié)論是我們做改革因?yàn)樗麄冇杏杏玫恼魏徒?jīng)濟(jì)的末端。不幸運(yùn)地是,它看起來很多的項(xiàng)目都被做了因?yàn)榇_實(shí)是D提出來的原因。
另一個(gè)提出的觀點(diǎn)與被學(xué)習(xí)變量有關(guān)。在討論他的第三章中,D提出了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),研究需要利用很長的時(shí)間,比半年和一年的在校時(shí)間還要長。正如第三章,他指出,這個(gè)很長的等級(jí)觀點(diǎn)是因?yàn)榫薮蟮淖兓4罅康淖兞啃枰豢紤]進(jìn)去在下一代被提出之前,或者有龐大地例子在傳統(tǒng)的例子被改革之前。
在最近幾年,研究者已經(jīng)使用不同的變量,例如盟約。更多的這些是“天資與勤奮相互作用。”然而,僅僅設(shè)定了一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變量。在第三章中的一個(gè)暗示是,我們需要去看多種變量就像我們?nèi)タ搭A(yù)測(cè)的變量。每一個(gè)個(gè)體的支出都與確定的協(xié)變量緊密相關(guān)。另外,多種的支出在不同的聯(lián)系當(dāng)中將會(huì)代表其他的變量需要去學(xué)習(xí)。這個(gè)提出了一些問題:。足夠的數(shù)據(jù)分析工具是為了這些分析嗎?他對(duì)一些簡單的單一變量有什么作用呢?
同等重要的是。我們需要停止與那些舊的變量保持聯(lián)系在一些教育的研究當(dāng)中。并且這些研究沒有表明新的關(guān)系。也許通過定量研究方法和新的理論的結(jié)構(gòu),我們能辨別一些新的變量。當(dāng)我們?nèi)ヮA(yù)測(cè)這些方法的時(shí)候,將會(huì)有新的理解。除此之外,D建議,大多數(shù)創(chuàng)新不能使它成為過去的一點(diǎn)。這一點(diǎn)說明。是否在一個(gè)控制變量的因素當(dāng)中,有一個(gè)改變。二是在支出中的變量,我自己的研究暗示表明大多數(shù)的研究實(shí)際上不使它成為一點(diǎn),例如在一項(xiàng)估計(jì)的研究當(dāng)中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)百分之四十九的老師被叫做控制組在創(chuàng)新當(dāng)中,當(dāng)百分之八十四的老師在訓(xùn)練組正在使用它。依靠是否對(duì)控制組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組的數(shù)據(jù)分析。或者使用者和不使用者的數(shù)據(jù)分析。支出是完全不同的。針對(duì)粒子的設(shè)計(jì)是不充足的情況,我們需要對(duì)暗示是否出現(xiàn)做一個(gè)明顯的檢查。
最后,我建議Dawson的文章需要另外一章。我知道來自研究的所有產(chǎn)量在第九章里不是一個(gè)相同的尺碼。一些攜帶了大量的重量來解釋更多的變化比起其他。在教室里的老師,例如,占據(jù)了大多數(shù)的變量與地位和因素的影響有關(guān)。另外一章將會(huì)展現(xiàn)不同的變量去反應(yīng)一些關(guān)于變量是怎樣相互作用的知識(shí)。
根據(jù)H的文章,我得到了大量有幫助的思想,我有幾個(gè)想發(fā)表的觀點(diǎn)。其中一個(gè)最重要的和令人興奮的觀點(diǎn)是給每一個(gè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)全職工作者。這是一條來自最短的報(bào)道評(píng)估設(shè)計(jì),他提供了一個(gè)去得到另外一個(gè)網(wǎng)站的機(jī)會(huì)。H描述的策略是為了選擇和訓(xùn)練這些領(lǐng)域的工人聽起來很受影響,尤其是關(guān)于前所未有的領(lǐng)域的關(guān)于他們角色的一個(gè)有能力的設(shè)施。
然而,我是帶著不舒服去嘗試制作領(lǐng)域的工人不引人注目,通過不允許他們?cè)谡趯W(xué)習(xí)的領(lǐng)域里辦演。正如H的文件,最后的結(jié)果是任何事情除了不引人注目。如果他們已經(jīng)參與到觀測(cè),看起來將會(huì)更少引人注目和驚訝,在當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)里扮演著一個(gè)暫時(shí)的角色。
它也會(huì)出現(xiàn)失敗,那就是在主題背后會(huì)增加領(lǐng)域內(nèi)工作人員和客戶的困難。鑒于研究的長度和廣度,確定必要的信息去面對(duì)主題。幾乎任何數(shù)據(jù)至少給出客戶一種客戶系統(tǒng),那就是正在被收集的數(shù)據(jù)各種數(shù)據(jù),去幫助更多在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的信譽(yù)和研究本身。
H的建議,學(xué)校文化的“客戶”被用來作為領(lǐng)域的工作者是有趣的。我懷疑,盡管“客戶”需要來自美洲的去被招聘,來自這個(gè)國家的學(xué)校與美國的不同。教育領(lǐng)域之外的美國人不適應(yīng)于有根據(jù)的,或者很少了解美國的學(xué)校比起教育家。知道“顧客”是否做是有益的,實(shí)際上,與那些被訓(xùn)練的教育家不同的是,他們收集的數(shù)據(jù)。
H非常強(qiáng)調(diào)合同研究的問題,。我注意到我們已經(jīng)完全陷入到研究當(dāng)中,通過不斷地改變權(quán)力項(xiàng)目地實(shí)施產(chǎn)品的需求的經(jīng)歷,還有做了的網(wǎng)站評(píng)論,還有不斷的不確定支出。這是合同研究專利的事實(shí)之一,而且不是質(zhì)性研究方法的唯一。
根據(jù)這些文章我將有兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。首先,如果D是正確的,對(duì)于支出的復(fù)雜性而言,還有就是當(dāng)遇到兩個(gè)問題的分析。多種多樣的質(zhì)性設(shè)計(jì)在目標(biāo)上h正確的.。一方面。如果D是正確的話這個(gè)有意義的改變?cè)谑杖牒椭С龅淖兞恐虚g是不一樣的,我們將學(xué)校在傳統(tǒng)的形勢(shì)下,他能進(jìn)入更加有益的改變,然后整個(gè)事實(shí)在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中有一個(gè)大的嘗試,并且在這個(gè)嘗試當(dāng)中有一個(gè)小的改變,可能不是一個(gè)好的投資。
第二,h的整個(gè)項(xiàng)目案例在抵御政治上的需要,為了一個(gè)更快的榮譽(yù)。d的文章和h的工作建議,我們需要去追求更長的研究,然而,但是在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的壓力下會(huì)得到更加真實(shí),并且每一個(gè)資金都會(huì)與那些被選擇的少于批評(píng)的有關(guān)系。并且在一些長期的研究過程中需要一個(gè)穩(wěn)定。這兩個(gè)作者都認(rèn)為。我懷疑,我們有一些政府的問題需要解決,如果這個(gè)問題是為什么做這個(gè)演示的項(xiàng)目呢,需要一個(gè)積極的答案。
第五篇:英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
2.2 影響SO3濃度的過程因素
一直減少的體積流量和引入的富氧燃燒過程的煙氣循環(huán)增加了煙氣中SO3的濃度。例如Ochs等人計(jì)算的SO2濃度從空氣燃燒條件中的200ppm增加到富氧燃燒條件中900ppm,Kakaras等人估算的以褐煤為基礎(chǔ)時(shí)模型由空氣到O2/CO2(有循環(huán)的)時(shí),SO2濃度從270ppm增加到到800ppm。
試驗(yàn)結(jié)果說明雖然實(shí)際中SO2的濃度依賴于很多的因素(概括在表4中),但是從空氣燃燒到富氧燃燒SO2的濃度增加2-4倍。對(duì)于同一個(gè)研究中濕煙氣循環(huán)(沒有凝結(jié)水)已經(jīng)表明它比干煙氣循環(huán)(在循環(huán)之前使水凝結(jié))的SO2的濃度的高。
表4 富氧燃燒條件下影響熔爐中SO2濃度的因素
變量控制因素相關(guān)結(jié)果
燃料中硫煤的質(zhì)量
礦物質(zhì)煤/灰分的質(zhì)量
理論配比需煤的質(zhì)量
求的氧氣量
(燃料/O2比率)
過量O2,火焰的控制
階級(jí)風(fēng)/燃盡風(fēng)
氧濃度火焰的控制
煙氣循環(huán)的比率火焰的控制
一次風(fēng)/二次風(fēng)
送風(fēng)量,速度的型線
煙氣的雜質(zhì)(空氣分離單元,不
O2,N2,Ar,H2O)控制的空氣入口
酸露點(diǎn)熱量傳遞的控制灰分的化學(xué)成分,SO3/SO2的轉(zhuǎn)化,H2SO4的轉(zhuǎn)化 飛灰中Na,K,Ca,Mg傾向于形成硫酸鹽從而減少SO2的濃度。在飛灰中硫的捕獲率依賴于數(shù)量,微粒粒徑,金屬氧化物在灰分中的形成和分布。更高濃度的水分和灰分使燃料/O2的比值更小。S的生成物H2S和COS在還原氣氛中間斷的形成,焦炭的燃盡影響影響整個(gè)燃料中硫元素的轉(zhuǎn)化。碳的燃盡,火焰的溫度,傳遞給鍋爐的輻射熱。通過燃燒器的煙氣流體積的改變,稀釋/SO2的循環(huán)。通過燃燒器的氣體流體積發(fā)生改變,SO2稀釋 在煙氣酸露點(diǎn)下運(yùn)行的熱量交換單元將會(huì)導(dǎo)致H2SO4的沉
積而引起腐蝕的問題。在富氧燃燒條件下,特定的煙氣溫度
將發(fā)生改變,SO3和H2O的濃度也將隨著改變。