第一篇：2016保羅皮夫ted演講稿

2016保羅皮夫ted演講稿

保羅皮夫ted演講稿為大家整理社會(huì)心理學(xué)家保羅皮夫在ted上的精彩演講詞《越有錢越無情》，保羅皮夫在演講中用一款游戲分析了富人與窮人的關(guān)系構(gòu)造，通過游戲他證明出，財(cái)富的增加和社會(huì)地位的上升會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致自我中心的失控，而相反這類人群的社會(huì)責(zé)任卻不能與他們的財(cái)富成為正比。以下是具體的保羅皮夫ted演講稿全文。保羅皮夫ted演講稿

我想讓大家花一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，想象一下自己正在玩大富翁游戲，只不過在這個(gè)游戲里面，那些幫助你贏得游戲的因素，比如技巧、才能和運(yùn)氣，在此無關(guān)緊要，就像對(duì)于人生一樣。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)游戲被操縱了，而你已經(jīng)占了上風(fēng)，你有更多的錢，有更多在棋盤上移動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)，以及更多獲得資源的機(jī)會(huì)。在你想象這個(gè)經(jīng)歷的時(shí)候，我想讓大家問一下自己，一個(gè)被操縱的游戲里面，作為優(yōu)勢(shì)玩家的經(jīng)歷會(huì)如何改變你思考自己和對(duì)待對(duì)手的方式? 在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校，我們做了一個(gè)試驗(yàn)來研究這個(gè)問題：我們招募了100多對(duì)陌生人到實(shí)驗(yàn)室。通過投擲硬幣的方式，隨機(jī)選定一對(duì)中的一個(gè)作為這個(gè)游戲中占上風(fēng)的玩家。他們拿到了兩倍的錢，當(dāng)他們途徑起點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，他們拿到兩倍的工資，而且他們可以同時(shí)擲兩個(gè)骰子而不是一個(gè)，所以他們可以在棋盤上移動(dòng)更多。(笑聲)在接下來的15分鐘內(nèi)，我們通過隱藏的攝像頭觀察了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)情況。今天是第一次，我想和大家分享一下我們觀察到的，有的時(shí)候音質(zhì)可能不太好，還請(qǐng)大家原諒。因?yàn)楫吘故怯秒[藏的攝像頭，所以我們加上了字幕：

富玩家：“你有多少?gòu)?00塊?” 窮玩家：“就一張”。富玩家：“真的嗎?!” 窮玩家：“是啊。” 富玩家：“我有三張。(笑聲)不知道為什么他們給了我那么多。” 所以玩家們很快就意識(shí)到，這個(gè)游戲明顯有點(diǎn)奇怪一個(gè)玩家比另一個(gè)玩家，明顯有更多的錢。隨著游戲慢慢展開，我們觀察到兩個(gè)玩家，開始有一些明顯不同的表現(xiàn)。富的玩家在棋盤上移動(dòng)的聲音更大，移動(dòng)的時(shí)候幾乎是在狠狠砸棋盤，我們看到了富玩家們更多的“霸主”信號(hào)、肢體動(dòng)作、權(quán)力的顯露以及互相慶祝。我們?cè)谂赃叿帕艘煌虢符}卷餅，就在右下角，這使得我們可以觀察玩家吃椒鹽卷餅的行為，我們就是看看玩家吃了多少椒鹽卷餅。

富玩家：“這些椒鹽卷餅有什么貓膩么?” 窮玩家：“不知道啊?！?好吧，不出所料，大家覺得有問題。起先他們好奇那一碗椒鹽卷餅為什么會(huì)在那里，就像你剛才看到的其中一個(gè)甚至問：“這碗椒鹽卷餅有什么貓膩么?”但盡管如此，整個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的主導(dǎo)形勢(shì)還是不可避免，那些富的玩家開始吃更多的椒鹽卷餅。富玩家：“我愛椒鹽卷餅?！?游戲繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很明顯的、有趣現(xiàn)象，就是富玩家開始對(duì)另一個(gè)玩家表現(xiàn)得不友好，對(duì)那些可憐玩家的貧窮困境越來越不敏感，開始越來越頻繁的炫富，更喜歡展示他們正在做的一切。富玩家：“我什么都買得起?！?窮玩家：“你有多少錢?” 富玩家：“你還欠我24塊，你很快就要輸光了，我要買它，我太多錢了。那么多花都花不完的錢?！?富玩家2：“我要把整個(gè)棋盤都買下來!” 富玩家3：“你很快就要沒錢了，我已經(jīng)差不多不可戰(zhàn)勝了?！?下面是我覺得一個(gè)非常非常有意思的現(xiàn)象。在15分鐘要結(jié)束的時(shí)候，我們請(qǐng)玩家談?wù)撍麄冊(cè)谟螒蛑械慕?jīng)歷。當(dāng)富玩家談?wù)?，他們?cè)谶@個(gè)被操縱的游戲里面為什么必勝的時(shí)候?他們提到了自己為了買到不同地產(chǎn)和贏得游戲所做的努力，而他們忽略了這個(gè)游戲一開始的不同形勢(shì)，也就是投擲硬幣隨機(jī)決定了他們哪一個(gè)獲得優(yōu)勢(shì)，而這對(duì)我們理解大腦如何看待優(yōu)勢(shì)提供了非常好的啟發(fā)。

我們可以用這個(gè)大富翁的游戲作比喻來理解我們的社會(huì)以及社會(huì)分層——也就是有的人有大量的財(cái)富和地位，而很多人沒有。他們僅有很少的財(cái)富和地位，以及很少獲得寶貴資源的機(jī)會(huì)。我和我的同事在過去的7年里一直在做的，就是研究這些不同層次的影響。全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的大量研究都表明：當(dāng)一個(gè)人的財(cái)富增加時(shí)，他們的同情心和同理心下降，而他們的優(yōu)越感增加，也更注重個(gè)人利益。

在調(diào)查中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)富有的人更可能把貪婪定義為好的，把對(duì)個(gè)人利益的追求定義為有利的、道德的。今天我想談的就是這種個(gè)人利益思維的影響，談?wù)劄槭裁次覀儜?yīng)該關(guān)注這些影響以及我們能做些什么? 我們?cè)谶@一領(lǐng)域最初做的一些研究，觀察了助人行為。社會(huì)心理學(xué)家稱之為親社會(huì)行為。我們很想知道什么人更傾向于給其他人提供幫助，富人還是窮人? 其中一個(gè)研究，我們把一個(gè)社區(qū)的富人和窮人都帶到了實(shí)驗(yàn)室，給了每個(gè)人10美元。我們告訴他們：“他們可以把這10塊錢給自己用，也可以把其中一部分拿出來分享。如果他們?cè)敢獾脑?，跟一個(gè)陌生人分享，一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再相遇的陌生人。我們觀察人們給了多少?那些年收入為25000，甚至低于15000美元的人和那些年收入為15萬，甚至20萬的人比起來多給了44%。

我們還讓人們玩游戲，看看什么人更可能為了贏得一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)品而作弊。其中一個(gè)游戲，我們其實(shí)操縱了電腦使得某些數(shù)字不可能出現(xiàn)，這個(gè)游戲里面你不可能超過12，然而越富有的人越有可能在這個(gè)游戲中作弊，去爭(zhēng)取那個(gè)最終能夠贏取50美元現(xiàn)金的分?jǐn)?shù)，可能性甚至高達(dá)3到4倍。

我們還做了另一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，觀察人們是否會(huì)從糖罐里面拿糖，糖罐上清楚地寫著：給小朋友預(yù)留......(笑聲)我是認(rèn)真的，我知道這聽上去像我在講笑話。我們明確地告訴了參與者這一罐糖是給隔壁發(fā)展中心的小朋友準(zhǔn)備的。然后我們觀察這些參與者拿了多少糖果?那些感覺富有的參與者比那些感覺貧窮的參與者多拿了兩倍的糖果。

我們還研究了汽車，不只是汽車，而是不同類型汽車的司機(jī)，誰更傾向于做一些違法的事情。其中一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)我們觀察了司機(jī)在碰到行人(我們安排的)過馬路時(shí)的停車行為。在加州大家都知道法律規(guī)定碰到行人要過馬路，我們必須停車。下面我告訴大家我們是怎樣做的：左側(cè)是我們的研究人員裝作一個(gè)行人，他正要過馬路，這時(shí)候紅色的卡車停了下來，當(dāng)然這是在加州。很快一輛巴士呼嘯而過，差點(diǎn)要撞倒我們的行人(笑聲)這是一輛比較貴的車，一輛普銳斯開過來，一輛寶馬車也一樣。

幾天內(nèi)，我們測(cè)試了幾百輛車記錄。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著車價(jià)的增加，司機(jī)違法的傾向也增加了，而在我們的廉價(jià)車系里沒有一輛車做出違法行為，而在我們的昂貴車系里有接近50%的車都違法了，我們還做其它研究并發(fā)現(xiàn)越有錢的人越有可能在談判中說謊，贊同工作中的不道德行為，比如從收銀臺(tái)偷現(xiàn)金、受賄、忽悠顧客等。

我并不是說只是有錢人會(huì)表現(xiàn)出類似的行為，完全不是。事實(shí)上，我覺得我們每個(gè)人在我們?nèi)粘５姆址置朊胫卸家@些動(dòng)機(jī)作斗爭(zhēng)。什么時(shí)候以及是否把我們的利益置于他人的利益之上，這很容易理解。

因?yàn)槊绹?guó)夢(mèng)告訴我們，每個(gè)人都有同等的機(jī)會(huì)可以成功、發(fā)達(dá)，只要我們足夠努力，而這也意味著有的時(shí)候，你需要把自己的利益置于你周邊人的利益和幸福之上。但是我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是你越有錢，則越有可能去追求一種個(gè)人的成功、個(gè)人的成果和成就，這可能是建立在對(duì)旁人的損害之上。

這里我為大家畫出了在過去20年里每個(gè)1/5和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入。1993年，每個(gè)1/5之間的收入差異還是相當(dāng)大的，我們不難看出其中的差別。但是在過去的20年里面，這種巨大差異最終成為了頂層人群與其他所有人之間的鴻溝。事實(shí)是頂層20%的人口擁有整個(gè)國(guó)家接近90%的財(cái)富，我們正在經(jīng)歷史無前例的經(jīng)濟(jì)上的不平等，而這不僅意味著財(cái)富更多地聚集在為數(shù)很少的一群人手里，還意味著美國(guó)夢(mèng)對(duì)越來越多的人來說都變得越來越遙遠(yuǎn)。

如果事實(shí)果真如我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，你越有錢就越發(fā)覺得這些財(cái)富是你應(yīng)得的，越會(huì)把自己的利益置于他人的利益之上，越會(huì)做那些利己的事情，那么沒有理由可以相信。這個(gè)現(xiàn)狀會(huì)有所改變，事實(shí)上我們有更多的理由認(rèn)為，情況會(huì)變得更糟糕。這是在接下來的20年內(nèi)保持和原來一樣，相同線性速率的情況。

不平等，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的不平等，是我們每個(gè)人都要關(guān)心的問題。不僅是因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)底層的人，而是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)不平等會(huì)讓個(gè)人和集體都變得糟糕。有很多來自世界各地頂級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室非常有說服力的研究，展示了日益增加的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等造成的影響范圍。那些我們非常關(guān)心的東西，如身體健康、社會(huì)信任，都會(huì)隨著不平等的增加而削弱。

同樣的社會(huì)中消極的東西，比如肥胖、暴力、徒刑和懲罰，都會(huì)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等的增加而加劇，而這些后果不是少數(shù)人所經(jīng)歷的，而是會(huì)影響社會(huì)的各個(gè)階層，即使是在頂層的人也要遭受這些后果。

那我們?cè)撛趺崔k呢?這些帶有延續(xù)性的、有害的消極影響，看上去像是什么東西失控了，而我們無能為力，特別是作為個(gè)人更是無能為力。但是事實(shí)上，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在我們自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究中小小的心理干預(yù)，價(jià)值觀的小小改變，某些特定的微小暗示就可以將平等和同理心恢復(fù)。比如提醒人們合作的好處或者社區(qū)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，就能夠讓富人和窮人一樣關(guān)注平等。其中一個(gè)關(guān)于兒童貧困的實(shí)驗(yàn)，看過這個(gè)視頻后，我們觀察了他們?yōu)閷?shí)驗(yàn)中一個(gè)壓抑的陌生人提供幫助的積極性。

富人變得和窮人一樣大方，他們?cè)敢饣〞r(shí)間幫助別人，幫助那些陌生人，這意味著這些差別不是與生俱來或一成不變的，它們很容易改變。只需要價(jià)值觀的微小變化、同情心的一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)推動(dòng)和同理心的輕微觸碰。

在實(shí)驗(yàn)室之外，我們也開始看到社會(huì)上的改變。比爾?蓋茨在哈佛的開學(xué)典禮演講中說到這個(gè)社會(huì)所面臨的問題：”不平等是我們目前面臨的最嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)?！八?wù)摿宋覀儜?yīng)該如何戰(zhàn)勝它，他說：”人類最偉大的進(jìn)步不在于它的各種發(fā)現(xiàn)，而在于如何將這些發(fā)現(xiàn)用于削弱不平等。“ 我們國(guó)家100多個(gè)最富有的人，正在承諾將他們一半的財(cái)產(chǎn)捐贈(zèng)給慈善事業(yè)，還有很多草根運(yùn)動(dòng)的出現(xiàn)，比如”我們是那百分之一“、”資源一代“、”共同的財(cái)富"等，在這些組織中那些最有優(yōu)勢(shì)的成員，那些1%的人和其他有錢的人，正在利用自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)資源與不平等抗?fàn)?，通過倡導(dǎo)社會(huì)政策、社會(huì)價(jià)值的改變、人類行為的改變，這有悖于他們自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，但卻會(huì)最終重建美國(guó)夢(mèng)!謝謝!(掌聲)相關(guān)推薦： ted演講稿大全

第二篇：TED演講稿

So I'm here to tell you that we have a problem with boys, and it's a serious problem with boys.Their culture isn't working in schools, and I'm going to share with you ways that we can think about overcoming that problem.First, I want to start by saying, this is a boy, and this is a girl, and this is probably stereotypically what you think of as a boy and a girl.If I essentialize gender for you today, then you can dismiss what I have to say.So I'm not going to do that.I'm not interested in doing that.This is a different kind of boy and a different kind of girl.So the point here is that not all boys exist within these rigid boundaries of what we think of as boys and girls, and not all girls exist within those rigid boundaries of what we think of as girls.But, in fact, most boys tend to be a certain way, and most girls tend to be a certain way.And the point is that, for boys, the way that they exist and the culture that they embrace isn't working well in schools now.1:08How do we know that? The Hundred Girls Project tells us some really nice statistics.For example, for every 100 girls that are suspended from school, there are 250 boys that are suspended from school.For every 100 girls who are expelled from school, there are 335 boys who are expelled from school.For every 100 girls in special education, there are 217 boys.For every 100 girls with a learning disability,there are 276 boys.For every 100 girls with an emotional disturbance diagnosed, we have 324 boys.And by the way, all of these numbers are significantly higher if you happen to be black, if you happen to be poor, if you happen to exist in an overcrowded school.And if you are a boy, you're four times as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD--Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.2:02Now there is another side to this.And it is important that we recognize that women still need help in school, that salaries are still significantly lower, even when controlled for job types, and that girls have continued to struggle in math and science for years.That's all true.Nothing about that prevents us from paying attention to the literacy needs of our boys between ages three and 13.And so we should.In fact, what we ought to do is take a page from their playbook, because the initiatives and programs that have been set in place for women in science and engineering and mathematics are fantastic.They've done a lot of good for girls in these situations, and we ought to be thinking about how we can make that happen for boys too in their younger years.2:50Even in their older years, what we find is that there's still a problem.When we look at the universities,60 percent of baccalaureate degrees are going to women now, which is

a significant shift.And in fact, university administrators are a little uncomfortable about the idea that we may be getting close to 70 percent female population in universities.This makes university administrators very nervous, because girls don't want to go to schools that don't have boys.And so we're starting to see the establishment of men centers and men studies to think about how do we engage men in their experiences in the university.If you talk to faculty, they may say, “Ugh.Yeah, well, they're playing video games, and they're gambling online all night long, and they're playing World of Warcraft, and that's affecting their academic achievement.” Guess what? Video games are not the cause.Video games are a symptom.They were turned off a long time before they got here.3:52So let's talk about why they got turned off when they were between the ages of three and 13.There are three reasons that I believe that boys are out of sync with the culture of schools today.The first is zero tolerance.A kindergarten teacher I know, her son donated all of his toys to her, and when he did, she had to go through and pull out all the little plastic guns.You can't have plastic knives and swords and axes and all that kind of thing in a kindergarten classroom.What is it that we're afraid that this young man is going to do with this gun? I mean, really.But here he stands as testament to the fact that you can't roughhouse on the playground today.Now I'm not advocating for bullies.I'm not suggesting that we need to be allowing guns and knives into school.But when we say that an Eagle Scout in a high school classroom who has a locked parked car in the parking lot and a penknife in it has to be suspended from school, I think we may have gone a little too far with zero tolerance.4:55Another way that zero tolerance lives itself out is in the writing of boys.In a lot of classrooms todayyou're not allowed to write about anything that's violent.You're not allowed to write about anything that has to do with video games--these topics are banned.Boy comes home from school, and he says, “I hate writing.” “Why do you hate writing, son? What's wrong with writing?” “Now I have to write what she tells me to write.” “Okay, what is she telling you to write?” “Poems.I have to write poems.And little moments in my life.I don't want to write that stuff.” “All right.Well, what do you want to write? What do you want to write about?” “I want to write about video games.I want to write about leveling-up.I want to write about this really interesting world.I want to write about a tornado that comes into our houseand blows all the windows out and ruins all the furniture and kills everybody.” “All right.Okay.” You tell a teacher that, and they'll ask you, in all seriousness, “Should we send this child to the psychologist?”And the answer is no, he's just a boy.He's just a little boy.It's not okay to write these kinds of things in classrooms today.6:00So that's the first reason: zero tolerance policies and the way they're lived out.The next reason that boys' cultures are out of sync with school cultures: there are fewer male teachers.Anybody who's over 15 doesn't know what this means, because in the last 10 years, the number of elementary school classroom teachers has been cut in half.We went from 14 percent to seven percent.That means that 93 percent of the teachers that our young men get in elementary classrooms are women.Now what's the problem with this? Women are great.Yep, absolutely.But male role models for boys that say it's all right to be smart--they've got dads, they've got pastors, they've got Cub Scout leaders, but ultimately, six hours a day, five days a week they're spending in a classroom, and most of those classrooms are not places where men exist.And so they say, I guess this really isn't a place for boys.This is a place for girls.And I'm not very good at this, so I guess I'd better go play video games or get into sports, or something like that, because I obviously don't belong here.Men don't belong here, that's pretty obvious.7:06So that may be a very direct way that we see it happen.But less directly, the lack of male presence in the culture--you've got a teachers' lounge, and they're having a conversation about Joey and Johnny who beat each other up on the playground.“What are we going to do with these boys?” The answer to that question changes depending on who's sitting around that table.Are there men around that table?Are there moms who've raised boys around that table? You'll see, the conversation changes depending upon who's sitting around the table.7:36Third reason that boys are out of sync with school today: kindergarten is the old second grade, folks.We have a serious compression of the curriculum happening out there.When you're three, you better be able to write your name legibly, or else we'll consider it a developmental delay.By the time you're in first grade, you should be able to read paragraphs of text with maybe a picture, maybe not, in a book of maybe 25 to 30 pages.If you don't, we're probably going to be putting you into a Title 1 special reading program.And if you ask Title 1 teachers, they'll tell you they've got about four or five boys for every girl that's in their program, in the elementary grades.8:11The reason that this is a problem is because the message that boys are getting is “you need to do what the teacher asks you to do all the time.” The teacher's salary depends on “No Child Left Behind” and “Race to the Top” and accountability and testing and all of this.So she has to figure out a way to get all these boys through this curriculum--and girls.This compressed curriculum is bad for all active kids.And what happens is, she says, “Please, sit down, be quiet, do what you're told, follow the rules,manage your time, focus, be a girl.” That's what she tells them.Indirectly, that's what she tells them.And so this is a very serious problem.Where is it coming from? It's coming from us.(Laughter)We want our babies to read when they are six months old.Have you seen the ads? We want to live in Lake Wobegon where every child is above average, but what this does to our children is really not healthy.It's not developmentally appropriate, and it's particularly bad for boys.9:24So what do we do? We need to meet them where they are.We need to put ourselves into boy culture.We need to change the mindset of acceptance in boys in elementary schools.More specifically, we can do some very specific things.We can design better games.Most of the educational games that are out there today are really flashcards.They're glorified drill and practice.They don't have the depth, the rich narrative that really engaging video games have, that the boys are really interested in.So we need to design better games.We need to talk to teachers and parents and school board members and politicians.We need to make sure that people see that we need more men in the classroom.We need to look carefully at our zero tolerance policies.Do they make sense? We need to think about how to uncompress this curriculum if we can, trying to bring boys back into a space that is comfortable for them.All of those conversations need to be happening.10:20There are some great examples out there of schools--the New York Times just talked about a school recently.A game designer from the New School put together a wonderful video gaming school.But it only treats a few kids, and so this isn't very scalable.We have to change the culture and the feelingsthat politicians and school board members and parents have about the way we accept and what we accept in our schools today.We need to find more money for game design.Because good games, really good games, cost money, and World of Warcraft has quite a budget.Most of the educational games do not.Where we started: my colleagues--Mike Petner, Shawn Vashaw, myself--we started by trying to look at the teachers' attitudes and find out how do they really feel about gaming, what do they say about it.And we discovered that they talk about the kids in their school, who talk about gaming, in pretty demeaning ways.They say, “Oh, yeah.They're always talking about that stuff.They're talking about their little action figures and their little achievements or merit badges, or whatever it is that they get.And they're always talking about this stuff.” And they say these things as if it's okay.But if it were your culture, think of how that might feel.It's very uncomfortable to be on the receiving end of that kind of language.They're nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero tolerance policies.They are sure that parents and administrators will never accept anything.11:45So we really need to think about looking at teacher attitudes and finding ways to change the attitudes so that teachers are much more open and accepting of boy cultures in their classrooms.Because, ultimately, if we don't, then we're going to have boys who leave elementary school saying, “Well I guess that was just a place for girls.It wasn't for me.So I've got to do gaming, or I've got to do sports.” If we change these things, if we pay attention to these things, and we re-engage boys in their learning, they will leave the elementary schools saying, “I'm smart.”

第三篇：TED英語(yǔ)演講稿

TED英語(yǔ)演講稿

TED英語(yǔ)演講稿

I was one of the only kids in college who had a reason to go to the P.O.box at the end of the day, and that was mainly because my mother has never believed in email, in Facebook, in texting or cell phones in general.And so while other kids were BBM-ing their parents, I was literally waiting by the mailbox to get a letter from home to see how the weekend had gone, which was a little frustrating when Grandma was in the hospital, but I was just looking for some sort of scribble, some unkempt cursive from my mother.And so when I moved to New York City after college and got completely sucker-punched in the face by depression, I did the only thing I could think of at the time.I wrote those same kinds of letters that my mother had written me for strangers, and tucked them all throughout the city, dozens and dozens of them.I left them everywhere, in cafes and in libraries, at the U.N., everywhere.I blogged about those letters and the days when they were necessary, and I posed a kind of crazy promise to the Internet: that if you asked me for a hand-written letter, I would write you one, no questions asked.Overnight, my inbox morphed into this harbor of heartbreak--a single mother in Sacramento, a girl being bullied in rural Kansas, all asking me, a 22-year-old girl who barely even knew her own coffee order, to write them a love letter and give them a reason to wait by the mailbox.Well, today I fuel a global organization that is fueled by those trips to the mailbox, fueled by the ways in which we can harness social media like never before to write and mail strangers letters when they need them most, but most of all, fueled by crates of mail like this one, my trusty mail crate, filled with the scriptings of ordinary people, strangers writing letters to other strangers not because they're ever going to meet and laugh over a cup of coffee, but because they have found one another by way of letter-writing.But, you know, the thing that always gets me about these letters is that most of them have been written by people that have never known themselves loved on a piece of paper.They could not tell you about the ink of their own love letters.They're the ones from my generation, the ones of us that have grown up into a world where everything is paperless, and where some of our best conversations have happened upon a screen.We have learned to diary our pain onto Facebook, and we speak swiftly in 140 characters or less.But what if it's not about efficiency this time? I was on the subway yesterday with this mail crate, which is a conversation starter, let me tell you.If you ever need one, just carry one of these.(Laughter)And a man just stared at me, and he was like, “Well, why don't you use the Internet?” And I thought, “Well, sir, I am not a strategist, nor am I specialist.I am merely a storyteller.” And so I could tell you about a woman whose husband has just come home from Afghanistan, and she is having a hard time unearthing this thing called conversation, and so she tucks love letters throughout the house as a way to say, “Come back to me.Find me when you can.” Or a girl who decides that she is going to leave love letters around her campus in Dubuque, Iowa, only to find her efforts ripple-effected the next day when she walks out onto the quad and finds love letters hanging from the trees, tucked in the bushes and the benches.Or the man who decides that he is going to take his life, uses Facebook as a way to say goodbye to friends and family.Well, tonight he sleeps safely with a stack of letters just like this one tucked beneath his pillow, scripted by strangers who were there for him when.These are the kinds of stories that convinced me that letter-writing will never again need to flip back her hair and talk about efficiency, because she is an art form now, all the parts of her, the signing, the scripting, the mailing, the doodles in the margins.The mere fact that somebody would even just sit down, pull out a piece of paper and think about someone the whole way through, with an intention that is so much harder to unearth when the browser is up and the iPhone is pinging and we've got six conversations rolling in at once, that is an art form that does not fall down to the Goliath of “get faster,” no matter how many social networks we might join.We still clutch close these letters to our chest, to the words that speak louder than loud, when we turn pages into palettes to say the things that we have needed to say, the words that we have needed to write, to sisters and brothers and even to strangers, for far too long.Thank you.(Applause)(Applause)

第四篇：TED楊瀾演講稿

The night before I was heading for Scotland,I was invited to host the final of “China's Got Talent” show in Shanghai with 80,000 live audience in the stadium.Guess who was the performing guest? Susan Boyle.And I told her,“I'm going to Scothland the next day.” She sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few

words in Chineses.“送你蔥”.So it's not like “hello” or “thank you” those ordinary stuff.It's means “green onion for free”.Why did she say that? Beacuse it wae a line from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle.a 50-some-year old woman a vegetable vendor in Shanghai,who loves singing Westerm opera, but she didn't

understand any English or French or Italian, so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in Chinese.And the last sentence of Nessun Dorma that she was singing in the stadium was “green onion for free”.So Susan Boyle was saying that 80,000 live audience sang together.That was hilarious.So I gusee

both Susan Boyle and this Chinese vegtable vendor in Shanghai belonged to otherness.You know, they were the least expected to be successful in the business

called entertainment.Yet their courage and talent brought them through.And a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their dreams.Well being different is not that difficult.We are all different from different perspectives.But I think being different is good.Because you present

a different point of view.You may have the chance to make a difference.My generation has been very fortunat to witness and participate in the historical transformation of China that has made so many changes in the past 20, 30

years.I remember that in the year of 1990, when I was graduating from college, I was applying for a job in the sales department of the first five-star hotel in Beijing.Great Wall sheraton, it's still there.So after being interrogated by this Japaness manager for a half an hour, he finally said,“So, Miss Yang do you have any questions to ask me?” I summoned my courage and poise and said “Yes, but could you let me know what acutually do you sell?” I didn't have a clue what a sales department was about in a five-star hotel.That was the first day I set my foot into a five-star hotel.Around the same time I was going

through an audition.The first ever open audition by national television in China with another thousand college girls.The producer told us they were looking for some sweet,innocent and beautiful,fresh face.So when it was my turn, I stood up and said,“Why woman personalitise on televison always have to be beautiful sweet,innocent, beautiful and you know supportive?” Why can't they have their own ideas and their own voice? I thought I you know, a kind of offerened them.But actually, they were impressed by my words.And so I was in the second round of competition,and then the third and the forth,after seven round of competition I was the last one to survive it.So I was on a national television prime-time show.And belive it or not,that was the first show on Chinese televison that

allowed its host to speak out of their own minds without reading an approved script.And my weekly audience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.Well,after a few years,I was decided to go to U.S.and Clumbia university to pursure my postgraduate studies and then strated my own media company,which was unthought of, you know, during the years that I started my career.So we do a lot of things.I interviewed more than a thousands people in the past.And some times,I have young people approaching me and say “you know, Lan.you changed my life” You know, I feel pround of that.But then we also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country.I was in Beijing's bidding for Olympic Games I was representing Shanghai Expo.I saw China embracing the world and vice versa.But then sometimes I'm thinking.you know,what are today's young generation up to;How are they different and what are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of China or at large the world?

So, today I went to talk about young people through the platform of social media.First of all, who are they,How do they look like? Well this is girl called Guo meimei,20 years old,beautiful.She showed off her expensive bags clothes and car on her microblog which is the Chinese vision of Twitter.And she claimed

to be the general manager of Red Cross at the Charmber of Commerce.She didn't realize that she was stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national

quesioning almost a turmoil, against the credibility of Red Cross.The controversy was so heated that the Red Cross had to open a press conference to clarify

it and the investigation is going on.So far,as to today, we know that she herself made up that title.Probably she feels pround to be associated with charity.ALL those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend who used to be a board member in a subdivision of Red Cross at Chamber of Commerce.It very complicated to explain.But anyway, the publice still don't buy it,it's still boiling.Its shows us a general mistrust of goverment or goverment background institutions, which lacked transparency in the past.And also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog.microblog boomed in the year of 2010,with visitors doubled and time spent on it tripled.sina.com a major news portal alone has more than 140 million microbloggers on Tencent,200 million.The most porpular blogger, it's not me.it's a movie star.And she has more than 9.5 million followers or fans.About 80 percent of those microblogger are young people under 30 years old.And because,as you know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the goverment.So,social media offers an opening to let the stem a little bit out.But because you don't have any other openings,so the heat comes out of this opening is sometimes very strong, active and even violent.So through microblogging.We are able to understand Chinese youth even better.So how are they different.First of all,most of them were

born in the 80s or 90s under the One-Child policy.And because of the selected abortion by families who favorede boys to girls.Now we are ended up with 30 million young men than women.That could pose a potential danger to the society.But who knows, we are in the globalized world.So they can look for girlfriends from other countries.Most of them has fairly good education.The illteracy rate in Chian among this gerneration is under 1 percent.In cities, 80 percent of kids go to college.But they are facing an aging China, with a population above 65 years old coming up with 70-some-percent this year.and about to be 15 percent by the year of 2030.And you know we have the tradition that the younger generations support the elder financially and taking care of them when they are sick.So it means young couples will have to support 4 parents who have a life expetancy as to 73 years old.So making a living is not that easy for young people.College graduates are not in short supply.In urban areas,college graduates find the starting salary is about 400U.S dollars a month.While the average rent is above$500.So, what do they do? They have to share space,squeezed in very limited space to save money.And they called themselves“tribe of ants”.And for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment.They figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their first apartment.That ratio in America would only cost a couple 5 years to earn but in China it's 30-40 years with the highrocketing real estate price.Among the 200 million migrant workers,60 percent of them are young people.They find themselves a sort of sanwiches between the urban areas and the rural

areas.Most of them don't want to goback to the countryside,but they don't have the sense of belonging.They work for longer hours,with less income,less social welfare.And they are more vulnerable to job losses.Subject to inflation,tightening loans from banks,appreciation of RMB or decline demand frome Europe and America for the products they produce.Last year,though an appalling incident in a southern OEM manufactureing compound in China.13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s sommitted suside,just one by one like causing a contagious disease.But they died because of all different personal reasons.But this whole incident aroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation both physical and mental of these migrant workers.For those who do return to the countryside,they find themselves very welcome locally,because with the knowledge,skills,networks they have learned in the cities with the assistance of Internet.They are able to create more jobs,upgrade local agriculture and creates new business in the less developed market.So for the past few years the coastal areas they found themselves in a shortage of labor.These diagrams show a more general social background.The first one is the Engels coefficient which explain the cost of daily necessities has dropped the

percentage all throug the past decade in terms of family income,about 37-some percent.But then in the last two years,it gose up again 39 percent indicating a rising living cost.The Gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4.Now it's 0.5,even worse than that in America showing us the equality of income.And so you see the whole society getting frustrated about losing some of its mobility.And also the bitterness and resentment towards the rich and powerful is quite widespreade.So any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest.So through some of the hottest topics on microblogging we can see what young people care most about social justice and goverment accountability runs

the first what they demand.For the past decade or so,a massive urbanization or development have let us wittness a lot of reports on the forced demoliton of private property.And it has aroused huge anger and frustration among our young generation.Sometimes people get killed and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest.So when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the Internet,people cry for the goverment to take actions to stop this.So the good news is that earlier this year the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolition and passed the right to order forced demolition from local goverments to the court.Similarly,many other issues concering public safety is a hot topic on the Internet.We heard about polluted air,polluted water,poisoned food.And guess what, we have faked beef.They have sorts of ingredients that you brush on a piece of chicken or fish and it turns it to looks like beef.And then lately,people are

very concerned about cooking oil,because thousands of people have been found recooking oil from restaurant slop.So all these things have aroused a huge outcru from the Internet.And fortunately,we have see the goverment responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns.While young people seem to be very sure about their participating in public policy making but sometimes they are little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life.China is soon to pass the U.S.as the number one market for luxury brands thats not including the Chinese expenditures in Europe and elsewhere.But you know what,half of those consumers are earning a salary below $2,000 U.S.dollars.They are not rich at all.They are taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status.And this is a girl explicitly saying on a TV dating show that she would rather cry in BMW than smie on B bicycle.But of course,we do have young people who would prefer to smile whether in a BMW or on a bicycle.So in the next phenomenon,you see a very popular phenomenon called naked wedding or naked marriage.It dose not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding.But it shows that these young couples are ready to

get married without a house,without a car,and without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquate to show their commitment to ture love.And also people are doing good through social media.And the first picture showed us that a truck cagging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing was soptted and stopped on highway with whole country watching throug microblogging.People were donating money,dog food,and offer volunter work to stop the truck.And after 5 hours of negotiation.500 dogs were rescued.And here also people are helping to find a missing children.A father posted his son's picture onto the Internet.After thousands of recent delay,the child was found and we wittness the reunion of the family through microblogging.So happiness is the most popular word we have hear through the past two years.Happiness is not only related to personal experience and personal values.But it's also about the

environment.People are thinking about the following questions are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher GDP? How are we going to perform our social and political reforms to keep pace with economic growth to keep sustainability and stability?And also how capable of the system of selr-correctness to keep more people content with all sorts of fiction going on at the same time?

I guess those are the questions people are going to answer.And our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves.Thank you very much!(Applause)

第五篇：ted 部分演講稿

TED:過一種沉浸的人生

I have been spending a lot of time traveling around the world these days talking to groups of students and professionals.And everywhere I am finding that I hear similar themes.On the one hand, people say“ The time for change is now.” They want to be part of it.They talk about wanting lives of purpose and greater meaning.But on the other hand, I hear people talking about fear, a sense of risk aversion.They say, “I really want to follow a life of purpose, but I do not know where to start.I so not want to disappoint my family or friends.”I work in global poverty.And they say,“ I want to work in global poverty, but what will it mean about my career? Will I be marginalized? Will I not make enough money? Will I never get married or have children? And as a woman who did not get married until I was a lot older and I am glad I waited.And has no children.I look at these young people and I say, ”Your job is not to be perfect.Your job is only to be human.And nothing important happens in life without a cost.“ These conversation really reflect what was happening at the national and international level.Our leaders and ourselves went everything but we do not talk about the cost, we do not talk about the sacrifice.One of my favourite quotes from literature was written by Tillie Olsen, the great American writer from the South.In a short story called ”O(jiān)h, Yes.“ She talks about a white woman in the 1950s who has a daughter who be friends a little Africa American girl.And she looks at her child with a sense of pride, but she also wonders, what price will she pay?”Better immersion than to live untouched.“ But the real question is, what is the cost of not daring? What the cost of not trying? I have been so privileged in my life to know extraordinary leaders who have chosen to live of immersion.One woman I knew who was a fellow at a program that ran at the Rockfeller Foundation was named Ingrid Wshinawatok.She was a leader of the Menominee trible, a Native American peoples.And when we would gather as fellows, she would push us to think about how the elders in Native American culture make decisions.And she said they would literally visualize the faces of children for seven generations into the future, looking at them from the Earth.And they would look at them holding them as stewards for the future.Ingrid understood that we are connected to each other, not only human beings.But to every living thing on the planet.And tragically, in 1999 when she was in Columbia working with the U ' wa people, focused on preserving their culture and language, she and two colleagues were abducted and tortured and killed by the FARC.And whenever we would gather the fellows after that, we would leave chair empty for her spirit.And more than a decade later, when I talk to NGO fellows, whether in Trenton, New Jersey or the office of the White House, and we talk about Ingrid, they all say that they are trying to integrate her wisdom and her spirit and really build on the unfulfilled work of her life 's mission.And when we think about legacy.I can think of no more powerful one, despite how short her life was.And I have been touched by Cambodian women, beautiful women, women who held the traditional of the classical dance in Cambodia.And I met them in the early 90s.In the 1970s under the Pol Pot regime, the Khmer Rouge killed over a million people.And they focused and targeted the elites and the intellectuals, the artists, the dancer.And at the end of the war, there were only 30 of these classical dancers still living.And the women who I was so privileged to meet when three were there survivors, told these stories about lying in their cots in the refugee camps.They said they would trying so hard to remember the fragments of the dance, hoping that others were alive and doing the same.And one woman stood there with this perfect carriage, her hands at her side, and she talked about the reunion of the 30 after the war and how extraordinary it was.And these big tears fell down her face, but she never lifted her hands to move them.And the women decided that they would train, not the next generation of girls, because they had grown too old already but the next generation.And I set there in the studio, watching these women clapping their hands beautiful rhythms as these little fairy pixies were dancing around them, wearing these beautiful silk colors.And I thought, after all this atrocity, this is how human beings really pray.Because they are focused on honoring what is most beautiful about their past and building it into the promise of our future.And what these women understood is sometimes the most important things that we do and that we spend our time on are those things that we can not measure.I also have been touched by the dark side of power and leadership.And I have learned that power, particularly in its absolute from is an equal opportunity provider.In 1986, I moved to Rwanda, and I worked with a very small group of Rwandan women to start that country's microfinance bank.And one of the women was Agnes, there on your extreme left, she was the first three women parliamentarians in Rwanda, and her legacy should have been to be one of the mothers of Rwanda.We built this institution based on soc秒里 justice, gender equity, this idea of empowering women.But Agnes cared more about the trapping of power than she did principle at the end.And though she had been part of building a liberal party, a political party that was focused on diversity and tolerance, about three months before the genocide, she switched parties and joined the extremist party, Hutu Power.And she became the minister of justice under the genocide regime and was known for inciting men to kill faster and stop behaving like women.She was convicted of category crimes of genocide.And I would visit her in the prisons, sitting side by side, knees touching,and I would have to admit to myself that monster exist in all of us, but that maybe it is not monsters so much, but the broken parts of ourselves, sadness, secret shame, and that ultimately it is easy for demagogues to pray on those parts, those fragments, if you will.And to make us look at other beings, human beings, as lesser than ourselves, and extreme to do terrible things.And there is no group more vulnerable to those kinds of manipulations than young men.I have heard it said that the most dangerous animal on the planet is the adolescent male.And so in the gathering where we are focused on women, while it is so critical that we invest in our girls and we even the playing field and we find ways honor them,we have to remember that the girls and the women are most isolated and violated and victimized and made invisible in those very societies where our men and our boys feel disempowered, unable to provide.And that , when they sit on those street corners and all they can think of in the future is no job, no education, no possibility.Well then it is easy to understand how the greatest source of status can come from a uniform and a gun.Sometimes very small investments can release enormous, infinite potential that exists in all of us.One of the Acumen Fund fellows at my organization, Suraj Sudhakar, has what we call moral imagination, the ability to put yourself in another person 's shoes and lead from that perspective.And ha has working with this young group of men who come from the largest slum in the world, Kibera.And they are incredible guys.And together they started a book club for a hundred people in the slums.And they are reading many TED authors and liking it.And then created a business plan competition.Then they decided that they would do TEDx ' s.And I have learned so much from Chris and Kevin and Alex and Herbert and all of these young men.Alex.in some ways, said it best.He said,” We used to feel like nobodies, but now we feel like somebodies.“And I think we have it all wrong when we think that income is the link.What we really yearn for as human beings is to be visible each other.And the reason these young guys told me that they are doing these TEDx's is because they were sick and tired of the only workshop coming to the slums being those workshop focused on HIV.Or at best, microfinance.And they wanted to celebrate what is beautiful about Kibera and Mathare the photo journalists and the creatives, the graffiti artists, the teachers and the entrepreneurs.And they are doing it.And my hat's off to you in Kibera.My own work focuses on making philanthropy more effective and capitalism more inclusive.At Acumen Fund, we take philanthropic resources and we invest what we call patient capital, money that will invest in entrepreneurs who see the poor, not as passive recipients of charity, but as full-bodied agents of change who want to solve their own problems and make their own decisions.We leave our money for 10 to 15 years, and when we get it back, we invest in other innovations that focus on charge.I know it works.We have invested more than 50 million dollars in 50 companies and those companies have brought another 200 million dollars into these forgotten markets.This year alone,they have delivered 40 million services,like maternal health care and housing,emergency services,solar energy,so that people can have more dignity in solving their problems.Patient capital is uncomfortable for people searching for simple solutions,easy categories,because we do not see profit as a blunt instrument.But we find those entrepreneurs who put people and the planet before profit.And ultimately,we want to be part of a movement that is about measuring impact,measuring what is most important to us.And my dream is we will have a world one day where we do not just honor those who take money and make more money from it, but we find those individuals who take our resources and convert it into changing the world in the most positive ways.And it is only when we honor them and celebrate them and give them status that the world will really change.Last May I had this extraordinary 24 hours period where I saw two visions of the world living side-by-side,one based on violence and the other on transcendence.I happened to be in Lahore,Pakistan on the day that two mosques were attacked by suicide bombers.And the reason these mosques were attacked is because the people praying inside were from a particular sect of Islam who fundamentalists do not believe are fully Muslim.And not only did those suicide bombers take a hundred lives,but they did more,because they created more hatred,more rage,more fear and certainly despair.But less than 24 hours,I was 13 miles away from those mosques,visiting one of our Acumen investees ,and incredible man,Jawad Aslam,who dares to live a life of immersion.Born and raised in Baltimore,he studied real estate,worked in commercial real estate, and after 9//11 decided he was going to Pakistan to make a difference.For two years,he hardly made any money,a tiny stipend,but he apprenticed with this incredible housing developer named Tasneem Saddiqui.And he had a dream that he would build a housing community on this barren piece of land using patient capital,but he continued to pay a price.He stood on moral ground and refused to pay bribes.It took almost two years just to register the land.But I saw how the level of normal I standard can rise from one person 's action.Today,2000 people live in 300 houses in this beautiful community.And there is schools and clinics and shops.But there is only one mosque.And so I asked Jawad.” How do you guys navigate? This is a really diverse community.Who gets to use the mosque on Fridays?“ He said,”Long story,it was hard to,it was a difficult road,but ultimately the leaders of the community came together realizing we only have each other.And we decided that we would elect the three most respected imams, and those imams would take turns,they would rotate who would say Friday prayer.But the whole community,all the different sects,including Shia and Sunni,would sit together and pray.“ we need that kind of moral leadership and courage in our world.We face huge issues as a world,the financial orisis,global warming and this growing sense of fear and otherness.And everyday we have a choice.We can take the easier road,the more cynical road,which is a road based on sometimes dreams of a past that never really was,a fear of each other,distancing and blame,or we can take the much different path of transformation,transcendence,compassion and love,but also accountability and justice.I had the great honor of working with the child psychologist Dr.Robert Coles who stood up for change during the Civil Rights movement in the United States, and he tells this incredible story about working with a little six year-old girl named Ruby Bridges,the first child to desegragate schools in the South,in this case New or Orleans.And he said that every day this six year-old,dressed in her beautiful dress would walk with real grace through a phalanx of white people screaming angrily,calling her a monster threatening to poison her distorted faces.And everyday he would watch her,and it looked like she was talking to the people.And he would say,” Ruby,what are you saying?“ And she would say,” I am not talking.“ and finally he said:”Ruby, I see that you are talking.What are you saying?“ and she said:”Dr.Coles,I am not talking.I am praying...“ And he said,”Well,what are you praying?“ And she said,”I am praying,Father forgive them for they know not what they are doing.? At age six, this child was living a life of immersion.And her family paid a price for it.But she became part of history and open up this idea that all of us should have access to education.My final story is about a young beautiful man named Josephat Byaruhange who was another Acumen Fund fellow who hails from Uganda,a farming community.And we placed him in a company in Western Kenya,just 200 miles away.Had he said to me at the end of his year,“Jacqueline,it was so humbling,because I thought as a farmer and as an Afiican I would understand how to transcend culture.But especially when I was talking to the African women.I sometimes made these mistakes, it was so hard for me to learn how to listen.” And he said,“So I conclude that ,in many ways,leadership is like a panicle of rice.Because at the height of the season,at the height of its powers,it is beautiful,it is green,it nourishes the world,it reached to the heavens.” And he said,“But right before the harvest,it bands over with great gratitude and humility to touch the earth from where it came.” we need leaders, we ourselves need to lead from a place that has the audacity to believe we can ourselves extend the fundamental assumtion that all men are created equal to everyman,woman and child on this planet.And we need to have the humility to recognize that we can not do it alone.Robert Kenn once said that“ few of us have the greatness to bend history itself,but each of us can work to change a small portion of events, and it is in the total of all those acts that the history of this generation will be written.” our lives are so short,and our time on this planet is so precious,and all we have is each other.So may each of you live lives of immersion.They would not necessarily to be easy lives,but in the end,it is all that will sustain us.Thank you.