第一篇：中南大學(xué)2016年944《軟件工程》考試大綱

中南大學(xué)2016年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試

《軟件工程》考試大綱

本考試大綱由軟件學(xué)院教授委員會于2012年7月7日通過。

I.考試性質(zhì)

《軟件工程》考試是為高等院校和科研院所招收碩士研究生而設(shè)置的具有選拔性質(zhì)的全國統(tǒng)一入學(xué)考試科目，其目的是科學(xué)、公平、有效地測試學(xué)生掌握大學(xué)本科階段軟件工程課程的基本概念、原理、方法與技術(shù)，以及分析和解決問題的能力，評價的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是高等學(xué)校本科畢業(yè)生能達到的及格以上水平，以保證被錄取者具有基本的軟件工程專業(yè)素質(zhì)，并有利于各高等院校和科研院所在專業(yè)上擇優(yōu)選拔。

II.考查目標(biāo)

掌握：軟件工程的產(chǎn)生、軟件工程學(xué)的研究對象與原則、軟件開發(fā)方法、軟件工程的生存周期模型以及軟件工程發(fā)展的新方向；軟件需求分析的任務(wù)和要求、可行性研究的任務(wù)以及系統(tǒng)建模方法；軟件開發(fā)階段的任務(wù)、過程、方法和技術(shù)。

理解：軟件質(zhì)量的概念、分析技術(shù)；軟件維護階段的活動、提高軟件可維護性的策略；軟件工程的相關(guān)管理技術(shù)。

Ⅲ.考試形式和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)

1、試卷滿分及考試時間

本試卷滿分為150 分，考試時間為180 分鐘

2、答題方式

答題方式為閉卷，筆試。

3、試卷內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)

軟件工程與軟件過程

約 10 % 軟件分析與設(shè)計 軟件驗證與維護

軟件項目管理

Ⅳ.考查內(nèi)容

約 55 % 約 20 % 約 15 %

一、軟件工程與軟件過程 軟件工程的產(chǎn)生 軟件工程的研究對象與基本原理 3 軟件開發(fā)方法 4 軟件工程工具和環(huán)境 5 軟件生存期過程 軟件工程常用生存周期模型

二、需求分析 需求分析的目標(biāo) 2 可行性分析 3 需求收集 4 需求規(guī)格說明 5 數(shù)據(jù)流建模 6 實體-關(guān)系建模 7 系統(tǒng)行為建模 8 IDEF0功能建模 9 IDEF1x數(shù)據(jù)建模 10 用例建模 11 面向?qū)ο蠼?12 統(tǒng)一建模語言UML

三、軟件設(shè)計 軟件設(shè)計的任務(wù)和過程 2 軟件設(shè)計基本原則 3 面向數(shù)據(jù)流圖的設(shè)計方法 4 面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計方法 5 面向?qū)ο筌浖O(shè)計模式 6 模型-視圖-控制器框架

四、軟件驗證技術(shù) 軟件測試基礎(chǔ) 2 代碼復(fù)審 3 白盒測試 4 黑盒測試 5 單元測試 6 集成測試 7 確認(rèn)測試 8 系統(tǒng)測試 9 程序正確性證明 10 調(diào)試

五、軟件維護技術(shù) 軟件維護的基本概念 2 軟件維護過程 3 軟件可維護性 4 軟件再工程技術(shù)

六、軟件項目管理 成本估計 2 效益分析 3 風(fēng)險分析 4 進度安排 5 項目組織與計劃 6 軟件質(zhì)量保證與分析

2015-09-24

軟件學(xué)院

第二篇：中南大學(xué)口語考試

Item One

A: Honey, you promised me to see a film tonight, now I am ready to go.When do you pick me up? B: Honey, I am afraid I can't go with you tonight.A: Why? What had happened to you?

B: I am sorry honey.I really want to go with you.But boss gave me a lot of work to do today.I finish all of them just now.I am exhausted.I am afraid I will fall into sleep in the cinema if I go to see the film.And all I want to do now is just going home and having a nice dream.A: But you promised me.I have dressed up and get ready for everything.B: Forgive me.I promise tomorrow I will go with you.And I will take you to a new restaurant for dinner.A: what kind of restaurant ? B: A restaurant which is good of French food.A: oh..you still remember French dish is my favorite food B: of course.How can I forget the thing that my girlfriend likes most.A: Make sure you can do that!B: Yes, madam.A: OK...enjoy your quiet night and have a nice sleep.B: Thank you honey, it's nice of you, see you tomorrow.A: See you.Task 2 B: Hi, lily.What are you doing.A: Hi John ,it's good to see you, i am doing a research about the modernization of the city.Can you tell me any place that has undergone modernization? B: Of course, I can take my hometown for example.You know, I'm from Guangzhou.And it's one of the most modern city in china.My home is in a town in the north of Guangzhou.I can remember when I was a little child there just were five roads.Nearly all the stores, schools and houses were build alone this five roads.The roads were small but seldom had traffic problem because most of people didn't have a car.It was a place full of peaceful.A: What about now? B: Now my hometown has become much bigger than before.The roads are becoming longer and longer.And the number of the roads has risen up to dozens.Though the roads are wide, they still sometime have traffic problem because of the booming of cars.But I like my hometown even more than before.Because I can go shopping in super market.I can go to different restaurant to have different delicious food easily.I think my hometown is becoming more and more attractive.That's all.What about you? What place is in your research? A: I am writing something about Sanya in Hainan province.I can still remember what a wonderful trip it was to go to Sanya twelve years ago.There had excellent free beach with golden and soft sand, clean and blue sea.And people there is very hospitable.B: It sounds great.What about now? A: Well.When I went there again in this summer, I felt great change.There were lots of big and high hotel along the beach.The beach was still beautiful but most of them were not for free.You had to pay or check in the hotel, or you can just watched the beach but could not get into it.People there always wanted you to pay even just give you a help.Sanya now is just make me feel unhappy.Item two Task one B: what can I do for you, Miss? A: I want to buy this jacket, how much is it? B: it's just 399 yuan

A: 399 ?!I can't believe it.It is so expensive.B: oh, miss.You can see the material of the jacket , it's very soft and warm.It is worth the price.A: But it is out of my budget.Can you give me a 20% discount? B: oh miss, I am afraid I can't do it.But I think this jacket fits you very much, so I can give you 5% discount.A: 5%, it's still expensive.And I think the color of it is a little dark.How about 15% ,I will take it.B:Miss, let me recommend this one to you.It has a nice color, beautiful design and a lower price than that one.It's just 299.A: En...But I think it don't have a good quality.299 is too expensive for it.B: 259, I can hardly get profit of that.A: But I don't like it at all.It looks cheap and do not have a high quality.I just like the first one.B: ok miss, I can give you the highest discount of 10%.I am sure you will not regret to buy it with this price.A: All right.Wrap it up.Here is the money.B:Ok, thank you.here you are.Have a nice day.Task two A: last month my cost was out of budget again.I have to think of some way to save money.B: So how to save money as far as you are concerned? A: I think I should not eat out all the time.I know it is convenient and tempting to eat out frequently, but it can end up costing me a lot of money.I think I should eat in the school canteen more often to save money.B: you are right , I think it's very effective to save money.A: and I remember I bought a pear of shoes just because of its appearance, and it cost me about 500yuan, but it didn't fit me at all, So I think I should think more before I buy one thing.B: haha, Impulsion is always a devil.A: And I think I can find a part-time job.It can not only give me some extra cash but also give me social experience.B: yes , it's a good idea.A: Can you give me some suggest? B: Of course.I think you can buy many things online such as books, cloths, stationery and so on.Shopping online is always much cheaper than in the school store.Take books as an example , buying book online always has about 50% discount.I am sure you can save lot of money by shopping online.But you need to be careful, you shouldn't buy what you want but buy what you need.A:En, it is reasonable, what else? B: I think the best way to save money is to study hard.If you do good in your study, the and thousands of yuan your parent spent to let you go to school will have been that much better spent.Besides, you can also get the scholarship if you study well.A: you are right, now I have already know how to save my money.Thank you.Item three A:I just can’t put up with meal in our canteen.They’re always the same even the place won’t be changed B;Yeah,m I sometimes eat out.A:Eat out?That sounds good,more choices

B:Indeed.I often find p;ace that clean and serving quickly so that we won’t wait for a long time.A:Hmm,a clean environment is very important.B:I’ve gotten a spoon that there was still oil on it.A:Oh ,no..B:And I saw some restaurants cleaning their dishes without cleanser essence.A:How can they do that!so disgusting!B:Yeah,so I’ve never been there after that.It seems restaurants around school are always not very clean enough, A:Well,I haven’t gone many restaurants around shool,but I always have meal out when I travel, B:It can’t be without cate when we’re traveling.A:Of course.and it can help we know the custom and cooking culture in that place.For example， people in Guangdong province don’t like hot peppermbu people in Hunan just like it,even when they cook vegetable ,they also add hot pepper in it.And,if I want to tet more quthentic cate, I need eat at some place in the street, that means dishes may very delicious but not very clean B:But you feel it deserves A:Indeed.Task 2 A:I’ve bought a new mobile phone recently(show)B:Wow iphone A:Yeah,but it seems I have a little regret that I spent almost my three months living expenses B:Oh,are you a credit-card binger? A:Though I don’t want to admit that, but I am.Except the phone, I bought things just within my wants but not my needs.So,I am always lacking of money at the end of each month B:So,you borrow money from classmates? A:Ha-ha,no,I still have some saving by myself.But I sometimes hate this habit and I try to control my impulsion ,setting the limits of consumption.It comes a little effect,but I just find that it just away that putting off the date I bought it but not put an end to the thought B:Take it easy,you’re a local tyrant A:Oh,please...B:Ha..A:So you will control yourself to buy thing that you need? B:Almost a lot of time A:A savvy speeder!How can you control yourself? B:Well,may be I haven’t find something I really like so I don’t need to spend a lot.But I remember I bought a pair of shoes just because of its appearance,but it was a bit small.A:But you bought it,girls always like this.B:yeah..The first time I wore it,it made my ankle to bleed for it can’t fit my feet.It was so small and rub my ankle and my heel.I have never worn it after the first time.That pair of shoes have gotten dusty now,and it gives me a warn not to consume with impulsion for these pair of shoes,for my half of living expenses.A:Oh,I feel I should make up my mind not being a credit-card binger now..Item four

A:Have you ever heard of the story that ‘Alice in Wonderland’

B:I heard it long before,it seems an very interesting story but I almost forget it ,tell me.A:Ok.Alice is a girl who bored with tutor’s teaching,and she just round a rabbit with a clock running fast,then she ran after the white rabbit.Unexpectedly,she fell the rabbit hole,and went into a fantsty world populated by pechliar,anthropomorphic creatures.B:Oh,I remembered,the hatter,a strang cat..A:Yeah,they are part of the wonderful land.after the first strange white rabbit with clock running,the next is Dodo B:Dodo?A bird?..A:Yeah.he was dancing when Alice saw him,and he called and even pushed Alice to dance together.But Alice just impatient wanted to follow the white rabbit, and than,oh,she became small after she went into the wonderland.B:She seems ate a cookie A:Yeah, and though she cried but it is convenient for her to stay in this small world,you know, a world for rabbit cat and so on..B:ha,then? A:Then she met met a pair of twins,listened a ridiculous story ,and a crazy rabbit ,that’s the Hatter,to had an unbirthday party, and listened a concert in the garden sang by throw flower but was driven out.then she met a wise cat who like teasing her.And the heart queen,Alice did something annoyed the queen so she was sent to the court and even was punished to be cut head.B:Oh no A:But she just came back, back to the real world.B:Are all of these her dream? A:Yeah,but this just like the real world..I have CD of this.If you want to watch it ,I can borrow you B:Really?Thank a lot!I did want to watch it again,it’s a fantastic story.Task 2 A:The winter vocation is coming,will you go somewhere? B:Yeah,and of course a warm place.A:Well,which capital city would you want to spend a weekend in? B:Hmm maybe Kunming.in Yunnan province.Kunming is the spring city in china, it just like spring all the year.A:Though it have snowed several days ago B:Ha..This is anomaly,but it still has the mild climate,and buildings there are also the old style I like.It can make me calm and get rid of the trouble from my life.And in summer, there is a water-sprinkling Festival in Kunming.A:It sounds good.B:Yeah,the more water poured on your body,the more lucky you’ll have.And you?which capital city will you spend ? A:Maybe Nanjing.I’ve been to Nanjing before,but I still want to go there again.Nanjing is a city with cultural heritage.It was the capital city of six dynasties in Chinese history.Xuanwu Lake,Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum,Office of President,all of these record the history of Nanjing,and the history of China.and you will see the sycamore trees along the street,especially in summer, in some narrow streets, the trees shut out almost the whole street.I like the feeling.And foods in Nanjing are also attract me so long.It is the important reason that I want to go there again.B:You could go there this vocation,don’t forget bring some speciaties from there A:Ha,I will.Item five A:Would you mind doing me a favor? B:Not at all.What can I do for you? B:I wonder if you could lend me your car tomorrow? A:Can I know what you use it for? B:Er....You know my elderly aunt is going to catch the early flight tomorrow.She has difficulty walking,and my cousin isn’t here.So I want to take her to the airport.A;I’m afraid that I can’t lend you my car.Some days ago ,my friend C used my car and have a minor traffic accident.B;I am very sorry to here that.By the way ,was he hurt? A:Thank goodness,he was in perfect condition(完好無損).But my car got scratched.And I just took my car from the Auto Service yesterday.What’worse ,I got the ticket and also had my licence endorsed with eight penalty points.B:That’s too bad.You really should be more careful with you car.A:why not choose buses or trains？

B：There are no buses or trains as it is an early flight.A: Let me see.Er...Maybe I can take you to the airport.B:Really？It’s so kind of you.Thanks so much.A:You are welcome.What’s the exact time？ B：6:30 am.A:ok.I get it.I will see you that time.Task 2 A：How do you think of the urban life? B:Asforme, life in the city is more convenient.More goods are available and stores are open later.Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around.I can find almost anything I want easily in the city.Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city.There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun.A:yes,haha.you are right.Maybe you leave out something more important, the city offers more educational and career opportunities.The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies.There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder.B:You are visionary.So for all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city.Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that the city offers me.If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city.A：Don’t label the fixture decisive too early.You konw ,there also have so many disadvantages in urban life ,some may really affect our life ,even our health.For example,the pollution problem in the city exit in every aspects,water ,air ,noise ,light...and so on.Urban life may means you will have a life surrounded by many invisible public health emergency.Item six A: hello, long time no see.How are you? B: fine.I want to go to Beijing on vacation.It is my first time to Beijing.So, I am a little worried about it.A:in fact.I come from Beijing.I can give you some advice B:really? It is so kind of you.A:Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.You can go to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on

B:Well, that sounds good.You know that I am a gourmet, I cannot wait to know what are the

characteristic food in Beijing.Can you tell me something? A:Of course, in Beijing most famous foods include sugar-coated haws, Ai Wo Wo, Wandou Huang, Lvda Gun, enema, lib, Chaogan.B:These names sound very interesting.There are so many kinds of food.I'm sure I can satisfy the stomach.I have heard of ice-sugar gourd, it is a kind of very sweet food, right?

A:Yes, mainly,it is a good chance to enjoy the Beijing Oriental style of architecture and customs, and the royal culture.This would be a unique experience for the westerners.B:I deeply think so.I'm looking forward to this holiday.I'm sure I'll like the city A:But recently there are a lot of visitors, it will be more crowded.you need to pay attention to that.B:Ok, thank you for your advice, A:You're welcome.Good-bye B:goodbye

Task 2 A: did you hear of the discussion about abolishing the death penalty? B:Yes, I heard that.They all have their own opinions.A:Can you tell me something about your opinion ? B:Of course, in fact, as everyone in society, in essence, there is no difference.We have similar genes, the same nature A:Well B:The death penalty is a very horrible thing.Crime is sometimes be compelled helpless, some situations are worth to discuss.A:However, if one has broken the law and he doesn't get the corresponding punishment, this is not fair for the victim.B:Yes, I am very approve of your opinion.A:If there is no fairness, people will launch riots, leading to social instability, causing more crimes.B:but, society needs to protect every life.We don't want to see more people die.A:If the odious sinners were not sentenced to death, what do you think should do to punish the them?

B:Maybe life imprisonment can take the place of death, which is also a bad news for sinners.A:I don't think so.What the society need more is fair.If you murder someone, you should be condemned to death , which is a fair decision to victims' families.B:In many western countries, they have abolished the death penalty, which is their respect for life, we should learn as they are.A: indeed.I think this is really a dilemma.I finally know why there are so many different opinions.B:Yes, we have no right to decide, we should pay more attention to these things.Item seven A: Look, this is the photo about my last summer vacation to Beijing.very beautiful, isn’t it? B:of course,so beautiful.so many photos.Have you ever been to many places ?

A: Not so many.going to Beijing is my most impressive trip, so I took a lot of photos

B:really? Then can you tell me something about your experience in Beijing? I have never been

there.A: you know, Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.I went to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on.It was a colorful trip.B:It sounds very charming.The food there is also very colorful, right? A: Yes, I eat a lot of special food there.B:I hope one day I can go there too.A: You will.How about your most impressive trip?

B:My favorite travel is going to Hong Kong.It is a modern city, with all kinds of modern architecture, modern style, there are a lot of fun place, such as Ocean Park, Disneyland, Disney, Wong Tai Sin, the Avenue of Stars

A: Oh, that's a good place.I hear it is very crowded.B:Yes, however, being in a tour group was quite good.There also has a lot of food.Although I

regret not to appreciate the night view of Hong Kong, after all,it was a good experience.A: Yes, perhaps.Through your introduction, I also want to go to Hong Kong and have some fun.B:May you have the opportunity in the future A:thank you.Task 2 A: Have you ever heard of this sentence “men are from Mars, women are from Venus” ? B:Yes, heard of it.But I don't fully agree with the content of this sentence A: Can you talk about your opinion

B:You know, martians value power, competence, efficience, and achievement.They are always doing things to prove themselves and develop their power and skills.They experience fulfilment primarily through success and accomplishment.They always handle problems on their own, seldom ask for someone’s aid.A: Yes, why don't you agree?

B:Because it is the general situation, I am not quite like that.Sometimes I will also pay attention to my appearance, the feeling with others, and so on.In some cases, I will also need someone’s help.In fact the man also will have some same place as the woman.Do you identify with “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus” given of your sex ? A: Not completely.Venusians have different values.They attach more importance to love, communication, beauty, and relationships.They spend a lot of time supporting one another.They experience fulfilment through sharing and relating.Communication is their favourite thing.So, it also takes much time.B:Yes, in my eyes a woman really is like this.They are very talkative.A: But I have some different places, I also very pay attention to success, which lets me feel a sense of accomplishment.And in common situation I am also very rational not intuitive.I hate talking all the time , this is the most difference on me.One thing I want to mention is that we women all like shopping.B:Haha.We have the same point of view for this phrase.Anyhow , just keep it in mind : be you want to be A: do you want to do ,for the best yourself

Item eight A: Hi, long time no see.How are you?

B:fine, thank you.But there is one thing makes me very depressed A: What's the matter ? B:last Single Day, I took a fancy to a coat on the Internet.That dress looks good, and winter was coming, I wanted to buy a clothes for the winter.What’s more the price is low.Then I bought this dress.A: This is a good thing.You have another dress.B:When I got the dress, I found the color of the clothes had a deviation, which was not what I wanted.The dress felt not comfortable.Inside clothes there is a terrible smell.So I wanted to return it.A: how was it going on? B:the seller said it couldn't be returned because I opened the parcel.But according to the law it is to be able to return it.So I feel very disappointed.A: Cheer up, actually I don't think buying things on the Internet is a good choice.I prefer to buy something in the physical store.Last weekend I bought a scarf.It is very beautiful, and very warm and comfortable.B:Really? It should be very expensive, right? A: it is not expensive, only 50 yuan.firstly the boss wanted to charge me 100yuan.Through my bargaining, I finally bought it only with 50 yuan.Bargaining is actually a good skill.B:It sounds very interesting.I also think it is better buying something in the physical store, although it is troublesome.A: Yes, online shopping is convenient, but people are easy to be deceived.Task 2 A:Hi, you look very happy.Why? B:Oh, I just saw a joke.It is so funny.A:Isn't it? Can you tell me the joke?

B:Of course.The Teacher say: If I had seven oranges in one hand and eight oranges in the other, what I have order?

Student answer: Big hands.What do you think of this joke? It is very funny, isn't it?

A:just So-so.In fact, I don't think this joke is very funny.B:Why is it?

A:I don't know, probably because I don't think this thing is very humorous.This may be an eastern joke.B:I'm not sure, but I think it is good.A:well.Then I tell you a joke.Tom: Mom, can I have two pieces of cake, do?

Mom: Certainly--take this piece and cut it two.That’s all.B:Oh, a little interesting,just a little.A:This is our typical joke.Maybe in a different country and region, the joke is also different.B:Yes, our customs are different.And humor is from our daily life.The joke about other cultures is really hard to understand.A:I cannot agree with you more.It is just like you and me.B: yes, so afterwards, when telling jokes with foreign friends, we should pay attention to this matter.A:Actually some jokes in life is very good, which can maintain the physical and mental health B:and it can let us in a good mood, helping us learn more effectively

A:at the same time, to understand other cultures is very necessary.This will broaden our horizons.Well, thank you for your jokes, goodbye B:goodbye

第三篇：中南大學(xué)軟件學(xué)院軟件工程基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)

1.瀑布模型是以文檔為驅(qū)動、適合于（軟件需求確定的）軟件項目的開發(fā)。

2.需求分析的基本任務(wù)是（確定用戶需要軟件做什么）。

3.若有一個計算類型的程序，它的輸入量只有一個X，其范圍是［-1.0，1.0］，現(xiàn)從輸入的角度考慮一組測試用例：-1.001，-1.0，1.0，1.001。設(shè)計這組測試用例的方法是（邊界值分析法）。

4.根據(jù)程序流程圖劃分的模塊通常是（過程）內(nèi)聚的模塊。

5.軟件的分類，按其功能可分為：系統(tǒng)軟件、（支撐軟件）和應(yīng)用軟件。

6.UML的定義包括UML語義和（UML表示法）兩個部分。

7.客觀世界中的若干類，通常有兩種主要的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系：即分類結(jié)構(gòu)和(整體與部分結(jié)構(gòu))。

8.IDEF1X圖用來描述系統(tǒng)的（數(shù)據(jù)）模型，主要有實體、聯(lián)系和（屬性）三種成分，其中實體可分為獨立實體和（從屬實體），且一個實體只能在圖中出現(xiàn)一次。

9、軟件是計算機程序、（描述計算機程序的文檔）及（數(shù)據(jù)）的完整集合，將其統(tǒng)稱為軟件配置，這些項稱為軟件配置項。通過正式復(fù)審的軟件配置項稱為（基線），只有通過正式的變化控制過程才能改變它。

10、通常，將軟件生命周期全過程中使用的一整套技術(shù)方法的集合稱為方法學(xué)，包含三個要素，即方法、（工具）和（過程）。傳統(tǒng)方法學(xué)采用（結(jié)構(gòu)化）技術(shù)來自頂向下順序地完成軟件開發(fā)的各項任務(wù)，而面向?qū)ο蠓椒ㄊ且环N以（數(shù)據(jù)）為主線，把數(shù)據(jù)和對數(shù)據(jù)的操作緊密地結(jié)合起來的方法，其開發(fā)過程是一個多次迭代的演化過程。

11、軟件測試的目標(biāo)是（暴露程序中的錯誤），因而從心理學(xué)角度來看，由程序作者對自己編寫的程序進行測試是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹ＴO(shè)計測試方案是測試階段的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題，測試方案一般包括（測試目的）、輸入的測試數(shù)據(jù)和（預(yù)期的結(jié)果）。

12、模型是為了理解事物而對事物作出的一種抽象，由（一組圖示符號）和（組織這些符號的規(guī)則）組成。對象模型描述了系統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，通常使用UML提供的（類圖）圖來描述。

13、需求分析的基本任務(wù)是（準(zhǔn)確地回答系統(tǒng)必須做什么），在需求分析結(jié)束前，系統(tǒng)分析員應(yīng)該寫出（軟件需求規(guī)格說明書），以書面的形式準(zhǔn)確描述軟件需求。

14、面向數(shù)據(jù)流的設(shè)計方法把（信息流）映射成軟件結(jié)構(gòu)，依據(jù)其類型的不同，有兩種不同的映射方法，分別是（變化分析）和（事物分析）方法。

15、軟件設(shè)計一般分為(概要設(shè)計)和(詳細設(shè)計)兩個階段。

16.如果一個模塊完成多個邏輯上相近或相關(guān)的功能，并且每次調(diào)用只選擇該模塊中的一個功能執(zhí)行，則稱此模塊為 邏輯內(nèi)聚的模塊。

17.在數(shù)據(jù)流圖中，每個加工至少有一個輸入數(shù)據(jù)流 和一個 輸出數(shù)據(jù)流。

18.軟件項目計劃是計劃（策劃）階段的結(jié)果產(chǎn)品。但由于是在高層次進行系統(tǒng)分析，未能考慮軟件系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的細節(jié)情節(jié)，因此軟件項目計劃一般在需求分析 階段完成后才定稿的。

19.在面向?qū)ο箢悓哟谓Y(jié)構(gòu)中，子類只繼承一個父類的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和方法，則稱為 單重繼承。如果子類繼承了多個父類的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和方法，則稱為多重繼承。

20.在軟件測試過程中，α測試是由 一個用戶在開發(fā) 環(huán)境下進行的測試，而β測試是由多個用戶在 實際使用環(huán)境下進行的測試。

21.統(tǒng)一建模語言UML提供了兩種描述整體/部分關(guān)系的方法，分別是聚合 和 組合。

22.瀑布模型是以文檔 驅(qū)動的軟件生存周期模型，適合需求明確的軟件系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。23.IDEF1X方法用來建立系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù) 模型。

24.在單元測試期間，應(yīng)該為被測模塊編寫相應(yīng)的測試軟件，一般地驅(qū)動 模塊接收測試數(shù)據(jù)，并把數(shù)據(jù)傳給被測模塊，而樁 模塊則模擬實際模塊完成少量數(shù)據(jù)處理。

25.評估軟件企業(yè)的質(zhì)量管理有兩種方法，一種是按照ISO9001 認(rèn)證，另外一種是按照CMM認(rèn)證。

1.軟件測試的目的是（發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤）。

2.軟件按服務(wù)對象可分為項目軟件和（產(chǎn)品軟件）。

3.在常見的軟件生存期模型中，（螺旋）模型是風(fēng)險驅(qū)動的。

4.UML通過三種擴展機制來擴充UML的建模能力，分別是（約束）、構(gòu)造型和（標(biāo)記值）。

5.在軟件測試用例的設(shè)計方法中，白盒法以(程序內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu))為依據(jù)設(shè)計測試用例，6.在面向?qū)ο笤O(shè)計原則中，（組裝復(fù)用）原則要求在新的對象里盡量使用已有的類對應(yīng)的對象，并通過（委派）達到復(fù)用已有功能的目的。

7.狀態(tài)圖描述一個類對象所經(jīng)歷的(各種狀態(tài))以及事件發(fā)生時狀態(tài)的(轉(zhuǎn)移條件).8．SOFL軟件開發(fā)方法學(xué)認(rèn)為，在需求分析和規(guī)格說明階段應(yīng)該采用(結(jié)構(gòu)化)方法，而在設(shè)計和實現(xiàn)階段則應(yīng)該采用（面向?qū)ο螅┓椒ā?/p>

9.可行性研究的內(nèi)容包括（技術(shù)可行性）、經(jīng)濟可行性和(操作可行性)。軟件按服務(wù)對象可分為（項目軟件）和產(chǎn)品軟件在常見的軟件生存周期模型中，（瀑布）模型是文檔驅(qū)動的UML采用（用例）圖描述系統(tǒng)與外部用戶的交互行為在軟件測試用例的設(shè)計方法中，黑盒法以（外部功能）為依據(jù)設(shè)計測試用例定性度量模型獨立性的兩個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是（內(nèi)聚度）和（耦合度）8 在SA方法的需求描述工具中，（層次方框圖）描述系統(tǒng)的分解，即描述系統(tǒng)由哪幾個部分組成，各部分之

間有什么聯(lián)系等等；（數(shù)據(jù)詞典（和加工說明））定義了數(shù)據(jù)流圖中每個圖形元素；結(jié)構(gòu)化語言、判定

表或判定樹則詳細描述、數(shù)據(jù)流圖中不能被分解的（基本加工）IDEFO圖主要元素是簡單的盒子及箭頭，其中盒子代表（活動）。而箭頭表示系統(tǒng)處理的（數(shù)據(jù)約束）

1.什么是軟件工程？軟件工程和計算機科學(xué)有何區(qū)別？ 答：軟件工程是指導(dǎo)軟件開發(fā)和維護的工程性學(xué)

科；計算機科學(xué)著重于原理和理論，軟件工程與計算機科學(xué)不同，軟件工程著重于如何建造軟件系統(tǒng)，軟

件是計算機中看不見摸不著的邏輯部分，以程序、數(shù)據(jù)和文檔的形式出現(xiàn)。

2.面向?qū)ο蠓椒ê徒Y(jié)構(gòu)化方法有何區(qū)別與聯(lián)系？ 答：區(qū)別: 面向?qū)ο髲乃幚淼臄?shù)據(jù)入手，以數(shù)據(jù)為中

心來描述系統(tǒng)，其基本思想是盡可能模擬人類習(xí)慣的思維方式，使開發(fā)軟件的方法與過程盡可能接近人類

認(rèn)識世界的方法與過程，基本原則為：對象+類+繼承+消息通信 結(jié)構(gòu)化方法首先關(guān)心的是功能，強調(diào)以模

塊為中心，其基本思想是自頂向下，逐步求精，單入口，單出口，基本原則為：抽象與功能的分解 聯(lián)系：

軟件開發(fā)過程中，在需求分析和規(guī)格說明階段采用結(jié)構(gòu)化方法，在設(shè)計和實現(xiàn)階段采用面向?qū)ο蠓椒ā?/p>

3.什么是模塊的作用域和模塊的控制域？為何要求模塊的控制域必須在作用域內(nèi)？ 答：模塊的作用域是

指模塊中判定的作用范圍，它是指所有受這個判定范圍影響的模塊；模塊的控制域是指模塊本身及其直接

或間接調(diào)用的模塊；如果模塊的作用域不在控制域內(nèi)，則會增加數(shù)據(jù)間的傳遞量，使模塊間出現(xiàn)控制耦合4.什么是設(shè)計模式？試舉例說明組合設(shè)計模式的應(yīng)用。答：設(shè)計模式是指系統(tǒng)命名，解釋和評價某一重要的，可復(fù)用的面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計方案。組合設(shè)計模式：使用迭代器模式來遍歷組合結(jié)構(gòu)。

5．什么是依賴倒置原則？它和開閉原則有何聯(lián)系？ 答：依賴倒置是類設(shè)計原則的一種，它要求高層不應(yīng)

依賴于底層，抽象不應(yīng)依賴于細節(jié)；依賴倒置原則的本質(zhì)其實就是通過抽象（抽象類或接口）使各個類或

模塊的實現(xiàn)彼此獨立，不相互影響，實現(xiàn)模塊間的松耦合，如果沒有實現(xiàn)這個原則，則開閉原則也無法實

現(xiàn)。

6.軟件生存期過程和軟件生存期模型有何聯(lián)系？瀑布模型有何特點？答：軟件生存期過程沒有規(guī)定一個特

定的生存周期模型，各軟件開發(fā)機構(gòu)可視其項目的需要選擇一種軟件生存周期模型，并將軟件生存期過程

所含過程、活動和任務(wù)映射到選定的軟件生存周期模型中。軟件生存期模型是軟件生存期過程所含過程、活動和任務(wù)的映射。瀑布模型特點：各階段相互依賴；每階段都進行評審；強調(diào)需求分析和設(shè)計。

1.瀑布模型是軟件工程中應(yīng)用最廣泛的過程模型，試述采用瀑布模型進行軟件開發(fā)的基本過程，該過程有

何特點？ 答：瀑布模型規(guī)定了各項軟件工程活動，包括需求分析、規(guī)格說明、設(shè)計、編碼、測試和維護，并規(guī)定了它們自上而下、相互銜接的固定次序，如同瀑布流水，逐級而下。瀑布模型的特點是：階段間具

有順序性和依賴性；清楚區(qū)分邏輯設(shè)計和物理設(shè)計，盡可能推遲程序的物理實現(xiàn)；每個階段都必須完成規(guī)

定文檔，且每階段結(jié)束前需要對完成的文檔進行評審。

2、什么是軟件配置管理？軟件配置管理和軟件維護有何不同？ 答：軟件配置管理是在軟件生命周期內(nèi)管理變

化的一組活動，用來：標(biāo)識變化、控制變化、確保適當(dāng)?shù)貙崿F(xiàn)了變化、向相關(guān)人員報告變化。

軟件配置管理和軟件維護的區(qū)別是：軟件配置管理是一組追蹤和控制活動，在軟件項目啟動時就開始，并

一直持續(xù)到軟件被淘汰后才終止；軟件維護是一組軟件工程活動，發(fā)生于軟件交付給用戶并投入運行之后。

3、試舉例說明聚集關(guān)系中共享聚集和組合聚集有何不同。答：如果在聚集關(guān)系中部分對象可同時參與多個

整體對象的構(gòu)成，則該聚集稱為共享聚集。例如，一個課題組包含許多成員，每個成員又可以是另一個課

題組的成員，則課題組和成員之間是一種共享聚集的關(guān)系。

如果部分對象完全隸屬于整體對象，并與整體對象共存，則該聚集稱為組合聚集。例如，在屏幕上一個窗

口由文本框、列表框、按鈕和菜單等構(gòu)成，且一旦關(guān)閉了窗口，則各組成部分也消失，則窗口和它的組成部分之的關(guān)系為組合聚集關(guān)系。

1非漸增式測試與漸增式測試有何區(qū)別？ 答：非漸增式測試，一般應(yīng)先經(jīng)過單元測試，然后再把所有模塊一

次性組裝在一起進行測試，最終得到要求的軟件系統(tǒng)；而漸增式測試則采用逐步加入模塊或功能簇的方式

進行，在加入過程中邊連接邊測試，比較容易定位和修正錯誤，且接口也可以更容易進行徹底地測試2.試舉例說明什么是功能性需求，什么是非功能性需求？為何非功能性需求往往比功能性需求還要重

要？ 答：功能性需求是說有具體的完成內(nèi)容的需求。例如：比如客戶登錄、郵箱網(wǎng)站的收發(fā)郵件、論壇網(wǎng)

站的發(fā)帖留言等。非功能性需求是指軟件產(chǎn)品為滿足用戶業(yè)務(wù)需求而必須具有且除功能需求以外的特性，包括系統(tǒng)的性能、可靠性、可維護性、可擴充性和對技術(shù)和對業(yè)務(wù)的適應(yīng)性等。例如：性能要求：要求系

統(tǒng)能滿足100個人同時使用，頁面反應(yīng)時間不能超過6秒；非功能性需求往往比功能性需求還要重要是因為

非功能性需求描述的是軟件的質(zhì)量屬性，直接影響著用戶體驗，因此非功能性需求在決定系統(tǒng)成敗的因素

中起更重要的作用。

3.層次圖和層次方框圖有何區(qū)別？ 答：不同：1,層次圖描繪軟件的層次結(jié)構(gòu).層次方框圖描繪的是數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)

構(gòu)。2,層次圖的方框表示模塊或子模塊。層次方框圖的方框表示數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)整體或其子集。3,層次圖的連線表

示調(diào)用關(guān)系，層次方框圖表示組成關(guān)系。

4.快速原型模型有幾種？各有何特點？答：快速原形模型根據(jù)原型的不同作用，有三類原型模型：

(1)探索型原型：把原型用于開發(fā)的需求分析階段，目的是要弄清用戶的需求，確定所期望的特性，并探索

各種方案的可行性。它主要針對開發(fā)目標(biāo)模糊，用戶與開發(fā)者對項目都缺乏經(jīng)驗的情況，通過對原型的開

發(fā)來明確用戶的需求。

(2)實驗型原型：主要用于設(shè)計階段，考核實現(xiàn)方安是否合適，能否實現(xiàn)。對于一個大型系統(tǒng)，若對設(shè)計方

案心中沒有把握時，可通過這種原型的開發(fā)來證實設(shè)計方案的正確性。

(3)演化型原型：它將原型思想擴展到軟件開發(fā)的全過程，就是及早向用戶提交一個原型系統(tǒng)，在得到用戶

認(rèn)可后，將原型系統(tǒng)不斷擴充演化為最終的軟件系統(tǒng)。

2.什么是模塊的作用域？為何設(shè)計軟件結(jié)構(gòu)時要求模塊的作用域必須在控制域之內(nèi)？ 答：所謂模塊的作

用域是指模塊判定的影響范圍。作用域在控制域之內(nèi)，可使得軟件修改時代碼局部化。

3.什么是動態(tài)測試？為何靜態(tài)測試方法往往比動態(tài)測試方法效率高？ 答：動態(tài)測試是指經(jīng)運行程序代碼

而檢查代碼是否存在錯誤。靜態(tài)測試往往不是運行代碼，而在軟件開發(fā)的早期進行，而早期錯誤發(fā)現(xiàn)要比

錯誤晚發(fā)現(xiàn)付出的成本少，而靜態(tài)測試往往在發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤后還可繼續(xù)進行，但動態(tài)測試往往需要停下來改進后才能進一步測試。1 試簡要說明面向?qū)ο蠓椒ㄅc結(jié)構(gòu)化方法相比有何優(yōu)越性，至少列出三點。答:(1)強調(diào)從現(xiàn)實世界中客觀

存在的事物（對象）出發(fā)來認(rèn)識問題域和構(gòu)造系統(tǒng)，這就使系統(tǒng)開發(fā)者大大減少了對問題域的理解難度，從而使系統(tǒng)能更準(zhǔn)確地反映問題域。（2）運用人類日常的思維方法和原則（體現(xiàn)于OO方法的抽象、分類、繼承、封裝、消息通訊等基本原則）進行系統(tǒng)開發(fā)，有益于發(fā)揮人類的思維能力，并有效地控制了系統(tǒng)復(fù)

雜性。（3）對象的概念貫穿于開發(fā)過程的終，使各個開發(fā)階段的系統(tǒng)成分具良好的對應(yīng)，從而顯著地提高

了系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)效率與質(zhì)量，并大大降低系統(tǒng)維護的難度。（4）對象概念的一致性，使參與系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的各類

人員在開發(fā)的各所段具有共同語言，有效地改善了人員之間的交流和協(xié)作。（5）對象的相對穩(wěn)定性和對易

變因素隔離，增強了系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)變能力。（6）對象類之間的繼承關(guān)系和對象的相對獨立性，對軟件復(fù)用提供

了強有力的支持。1.什么是軟件危機？軟件危機是指在計算機軟件的開發(fā)和維護過程中所遇到的一系列嚴(yán)重問題。這些問題

表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：(1)用戶對開發(fā)出的軟件很難滿意。(2)軟件產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量往往靠不住。(3)一般軟件很

難維護。4)軟件生產(chǎn)效率很低。(5)軟件開發(fā)成本越來越大。(6)軟件成本與開發(fā)進度難以估計。7)軟件技術(shù)的發(fā)展遠遠滿足不了計算機應(yīng)用的普及與深入的需要。

2.什么是軟件生存周期？軟件生存周期是指從軟件定義、開發(fā)、使用、維護到淘汰的全過程。

1．軟件開發(fā)模型有幾種？它們的開發(fā)方法有可特點？軟件開發(fā)模型有瀑布型、漸增型和變換型。瀑布型開

發(fā)方法是按照軟件生存周期的劃分依次實施，每一個階段有明確規(guī)定的任務(wù)。它的特點：(1)各個階段的順

序性和依賴性；(2)劃分邏輯設(shè)計與物理設(shè)計，盡可能推遲程序的物理實現(xiàn)；3)每個階段必須完成規(guī)定的文

檔，對其中問題通過復(fù)審及早發(fā)現(xiàn)，及早解決。漸增型開發(fā)方法及特點:1)從部分需求出發(fā)，先建立一個不

完全的系統(tǒng)，通過測試運行該系統(tǒng)取得經(jīng)驗和信息反饋，加深對軟件需求的理解，進一步使系統(tǒng)擴充和完

善。如此反復(fù)，直至軟件人員和用戶對所設(shè)計完成的軟件系統(tǒng)滿意為止。2)在漸增型開發(fā)下的軟件是隨軟

件開發(fā)的過程而逐漸形成的。(3)漸增型開發(fā)方法適合于知識型軟件的開發(fā)，設(shè)計系統(tǒng)時對用戶需求的認(rèn)識

開始不是很清楚的，需要在開發(fā)過程中不斷認(rèn)識、不斷獲得新的知識去豐富和完善系統(tǒng)。多數(shù)研究性質(zhì)的試驗軟件，一般采用此方法。變換型開發(fā)方法及特點:(1)從軟件需求的形式化規(guī)格說明出發(fā)，經(jīng)過一系列的程序變換，得到最終的程序系統(tǒng)。(2)該方法必須有嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)理論和形式化技術(shù)的支持。

2．功能與對象的區(qū)別？

1、功能比對象容易變化(功能相對不穩(wěn)定)

2、功能是主觀的，對象是可觀的。

3、功能是可以調(diào)用的，要么全有，要么全無，而對象可以部分的繼承使用。

3． 軟件開發(fā)過程可視化的兩種方法？文檔驅(qū)動、小批量發(fā)布

4．風(fēng)險分析的目的？對風(fēng)險進行管理。

5． 傳遞信息的方法？

1、參數(shù)。

2、全局變量。

3、公共可訪問區(qū)域。

6．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)建模的作用？

1、抓住問題的主要方面---理解問題。

2、便于交流。

3、可以進行分析(性能、可靠

性、、、、、、)。

4、可以自動生成代碼。

7． 描述模型的兩種方法？

1、結(jié)構(gòu)化方法：結(jié)構(gòu)化方法首先關(guān)心的是功能，強調(diào)以模塊為中心，采用模

塊化、自頂向下、逐步求精設(shè)計過程(分層)，適合需求明確的模型。其不足之處：不太適應(yīng)規(guī)模大及

特別復(fù)雜的項目，難于解決軟件重用問題，難于適應(yīng)需求變化或模糊的問題，軟件維護比較復(fù)雜。

2、面向

對象方法：面向?qū)ο蠓椒▌t從所處理的數(shù)據(jù)入手，以數(shù)據(jù)為中心來描述系統(tǒng)，適合迭代增量式分解(網(wǎng)狀)。

其不足之處：類作為復(fù)用單元，有時顯得太小，類繼承會增加類間的耦合度，該方法不夠成熟。

8． 描述作業(yè)之間的關(guān)系？

1、畫PERT圖。

2、確定最晚發(fā)生時刻與最早發(fā)生時刻。

3、計算機動時間，為0 的為關(guān)鍵事件。

4、Gantt圖的方法進行描述。

9． 用例與功能的區(qū)別？

1、完成一個用例需要若干功能。

2、用例是從用戶使用系統(tǒng)的角度來描述系統(tǒng)的行為的。

3、用例往往是對用戶有價值的結(jié)果。

4、用例滿足用戶的業(yè)務(wù)目標(biāo)。

10． 描述模塊獨立性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？內(nèi)聚度(內(nèi)聚度是指模塊內(nèi)部各成分聯(lián)系緊密的程度，內(nèi)聚度越高，模塊獨

立性越強)耦合度(耦合度是指模塊之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)的緊密程度。耦合度越低，模塊獨立性越強)

11．什么是黑盒測試?黑盒測試主要采用的技術(shù)有哪些? 黑盒測試也稱為功能測試,它著眼于程序的外部特

征,而不考慮程序的內(nèi)部邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。測試者把被測程序看成一個黑盒,不用關(guān)心程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。黑盒測試是

在程序接口處進行測試，它只檢查程序功能是否能按照規(guī)格說明書的規(guī)定正常使用，程序是否能適當(dāng)?shù)亟?/p>

收輸入數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生正確的輸出信息，并且保持外部信息(如數(shù)據(jù)庫或文件)的完整性。黑盒測試主要采用的技

術(shù)有:等價分類法、邊沿值分析法、錯誤推測法和因果圖等技術(shù)。

12．什么是白盒測試?白盒測試主要采用的技術(shù)有哪些?測試者了解被測程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和處理過程,對程序的所有邏輯路徑進行測試,在不同點檢查程序狀態(tài),確定實際狀態(tài)與預(yù)期狀態(tài)是否一致。白盒測試主要采用的技術(shù)有：路徑測試技術(shù)和事務(wù)處理流程技術(shù)，對包含有大量邏輯判斷或條件組合的程序采用基于邏輯的測試技術(shù)。

13． 瀑布模型的優(yōu)缺點？優(yōu)點：1.流水線生產(chǎn)比個人生產(chǎn)效率高，質(zhì)量好。2.將邏輯設(shè)計與物理實施分開，避免無用功。減少成本，能盡量推遲物理實施。3.文檔驅(qū)動使得開發(fā)過程可視化，便于管理和控制。缺點：

1.當(dāng)需求不明確時，流水線被阻塞。2.得不到用戶的反饋，開發(fā)過程得不到修正，導(dǎo)致有可能出現(xiàn)大的失誤。3.最后將產(chǎn)品一次提交給用戶，用戶感到不適應(yīng)，成本增加，市場風(fēng)險加大。

14．軟件工程的目的？以期用較少的代價獲取高質(zhì)量的軟件。

第四篇：天津市大學(xué)軟件學(xué)院軟件工程專升本考試大綱

2013年高職升本專業(yè)考試考試大綱

發(fā)布人：admin 發(fā)布時間：2012/12/19 16:03:09

天津工業(yè)大學(xué)、天津師范大學(xué)、天津理工大學(xué)

三校聯(lián)考

2013年高職升本專業(yè)考試考試大綱

高職升本科的考試分為文化考試和專業(yè)考試兩個部分。文化考試由天津市教育招生考試院統(tǒng)一組織進行。專業(yè)考試安排如下：

一、專業(yè)課考試時間

2013年1月21日 上午 9：00-11：00

二、考試科目

面向文理招生，專業(yè)課考試科目為2門，每門滿分100分，共200分。考試時間120分鐘

三、考試范圍及要求

（一）軟件工程概論

1．軟件工程的概念。

2．軟件工程的基本原理。

3．軟件的生命周期。

4.可行性研究過程。

5.系統(tǒng)流程圖的符號及表示。

6.數(shù)據(jù)流圖的符號及表示。

7.需求分析的任務(wù)。

8.總體設(shè)計的過程，描繪軟件結(jié)構(gòu)的圖形工具。

9.程序流程圖的表示。

10.編碼及其風(fēng)格。

11.軟件測試的目標(biāo)、準(zhǔn)則、方法與步驟。

12.軟件維護的定義、特點及過程。

13.面向?qū)ο蠓治龅幕具^程

14.面向?qū)ο笤O(shè)計的準(zhǔn)則。

（二）C語言基礎(chǔ)

1．基本知識：C語言的組成、C語言的特點、C語言的編譯過程；算法的概念和特性；結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計相關(guān)概念；各種數(shù)據(jù)類型的常量和變量表示；運算符的使用和表達式的計算；輸入與輸出函數(shù)的使用。

2．C程序三種流程設(shè)計：順序結(jié)構(gòu)、選擇型程序設(shè)計（包括if語句及其嵌套和switch語句）；循環(huán)型程序設(shè)計（包括while語句、do-while語句和for語句）；復(fù)合語句的使用；輔助控制語句（包括break語句和continue語句）。

3．?dāng)?shù)組：一維數(shù)組的定義和使用；二維數(shù)組的定義和使用；字符數(shù)組和字符串；常用字符串處理函數(shù)的使用。

4．函數(shù)：常用庫函數(shù)的正確調(diào)用；函數(shù)的定義；函數(shù)參數(shù)傳遞和返回值的含義；函數(shù)的調(diào)用；函數(shù)的嵌套調(diào)用和遞歸調(diào)用；數(shù)組作為函數(shù)參數(shù)；局部變量和全局變量；變量的存儲類別（自動，靜態(tài)，寄存器，外部）；變量的作用域和生存期。

5．編譯預(yù)處理命令：不帶參宏定義和帶參宏定義的使用；“文件包含”的處理。

6．指針：指針與指針變量的概念，指針與地址運算符；指針與數(shù)組、字符串和函數(shù)的配合使用。

7．結(jié)構(gòu)體：結(jié)構(gòu)體數(shù)據(jù)的定義和使用；結(jié)構(gòu)體數(shù)組的使用；利用指針操作結(jié)構(gòu)體的方法（鏈表的基本操作）。

第五篇：中南大學(xué)地信院925《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試大綱

中南大學(xué)2013年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試

《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試大綱

本考試大綱由地球科學(xué)與信息物理學(xué)院教授委員會于2012年7月7日通過。

I.考試性質(zhì)

《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試是為中南大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與信息物理學(xué)院招收碩士研究生而設(shè)置的具有選拔性質(zhì)的碩士研究生入學(xué)考試科目，其目的是科學(xué)、公平、有效地測試學(xué)生掌握大學(xué)本科階段地質(zhì)學(xué)（工學(xué)和理學(xué)）的基本知識、基本理論和基本技能，評價的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為高等學(xué)校本科畢業(yè)生相關(guān)課程均達到及格或及格以上水平，以保證被錄取者具有較高的地質(zhì)專業(yè)理論及技能，有利于招生部門擇優(yōu)選拔。

II.考查目標(biāo)

《地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》考試涵蓋普通地質(zhì)學(xué)、構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)、結(jié)晶礦物學(xué)、巖石學(xué)、礦床學(xué)等課程。要求考生：

（1）準(zhǔn)確地認(rèn)識或再現(xiàn)學(xué)科的有關(guān)知識。

（2）準(zhǔn)確、恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽緦W(xué)科的專業(yè)術(shù)語，正確理解和掌握學(xué)科的基本理論、技能和方法。

（3）運用有關(guān)原理，分析和解釋有關(guān)的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象和地質(zhì)特征，辨明理論是非。

（4）結(jié)合特定的地質(zhì)環(huán)境和地質(zhì)條件，認(rèn)識和評價有關(guān)理論問題和實際問題。

Ⅲ.考試形式和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）試卷滿分及考試時間

本試卷滿分為150 分，考試時間為180 分鐘

（2）答題方式

答題方式為閉卷，筆試。

（3）試卷內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)

普通地質(zhì)學(xué)約20 %

構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)約20 %

結(jié)晶礦物學(xué)約15 %

巖石學(xué)約30 %

礦床學(xué)約15 %

Ⅳ.試卷題型

試卷主要題型包括名詞解釋、填空題、選擇題、判斷題、問答題、綜合題等。Ⅴ.考查內(nèi)容

一、普通地質(zhì)學(xué)

1.外力地質(zhì)作用的一般特征

（1）外力地質(zhì)作用的主要類型和影響因素。

（2）風(fēng)化作用的概念；風(fēng)化作用的影響因素；風(fēng)化殼及風(fēng)化堆積物。

（3）沉積物及沉積巖的概念；沉積物的形成過程；沉積物的搬運介質(zhì)、搬運力；沉積物的沉積。

2.河流的地質(zhì)作用

（1）河流的形態(tài)特征；河流的演化和發(fā)展；構(gòu)造運動對河流發(fā)展演化的影響。

（2）河流的侵蝕作用的主要類型及動力來源，發(fā)展演化。

（3）河流的搬運作用特征。

（4）河流沉積環(huán)境與沉積特征；河谷的沉積特征；河口的沉積特征；沉積砂礦的概念。

3.海洋的地質(zhì)作用

（1）海洋地形及海洋沉積環(huán)境特征。

（2）海水的成分；海水的運動特征及其影響因素；海洋的侵蝕作用；海水的搬運作用。

（3）濱岸帶、淺海、半深海-深海的沉積作用特征及沉積物特征。

4.地下水的地質(zhì)作用

（1）地下水的概念；巖石的孔隙度和滲透性；地下水的類型及運動特征。

（2）地下水的潛蝕作用及其影響因素。

（3）地下水的搬運特征和沉積特征。

5.地質(zhì)演化及地質(zhì)年代學(xué)

（1）相對年代和絕對年齡的概念；相對年代確定的主要方法及其應(yīng)用；生物層序率和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化石的概念。

（2）年代地層單位與巖石地層單位的概念；地質(zhì)年代單位與年代地層單位及其代號；地質(zhì)年代表。

二、構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)

1．構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

（1）構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)的研究對象、研究內(nèi)容及意義；構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)研究的基本方法。

（2）應(yīng)力、應(yīng)力場、應(yīng)力軌跡和應(yīng)力集中的相關(guān)概念；應(yīng)力分析基本原理和方法；應(yīng)變橢球體、形態(tài)類型及其幾何表示；庫倫剪破裂準(zhǔn)則；影響巖石變形的因素。

2．原生構(gòu)造

（1）沉積巖層頂?shù)酌娴淖R別及其應(yīng)用；“V”字形法則及其應(yīng)用；不整合的識別和研究.（2）火成巖產(chǎn)出類型、原生構(gòu)造及識別。

3.面狀和線狀構(gòu)造

（1）劈理類型及應(yīng)變意義.（2）線理的類型及識別，線理的軸型和運動學(xué)意義。

4．主要地質(zhì)構(gòu)造類型的特征和分類

（1）褶皺的基本類型及基本要素；褶皺組合式樣及構(gòu)造意義；褶皺形態(tài)描述基本內(nèi)容及方法；主要的褶皺幾何及形態(tài)分類；代表性的褶皺疊加式樣。

（2）節(jié)理的分類、節(jié)理力學(xué)分類中不同類型的判別標(biāo)志與方法；節(jié)理的分期與配套。

（3）代表性斷層相關(guān)概念（如:逆沖推覆構(gòu)造、飛來峰、構(gòu)造窗等）、斷層基本要素、斷層分類（主要是力學(xué)分類）；斷層野外識別標(biāo)志；地層運動學(xué)鑒別標(biāo)志；不同力學(xué)性質(zhì)斷層的基本特征。

三、結(jié)晶礦物學(xué)

1.結(jié)晶學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

（1）晶體的概念，空間格子，晶體的基本性質(zhì)，晶體的形成方式及面角守恒定律。

（2）晶體對稱的概念，對稱操作和對稱要素，對稱型的概念及分析。

（3）晶體定向，對稱型的國際符號，晶面符號，晶棱符號、晶帶與晶帶定律。

（4）單形與聚形，晶體的不規(guī)則連生和規(guī)則連生；類質(zhì)同像、同質(zhì)多像與多型。

2.礦物學(xué)

（1）礦物的概念；礦物的形態(tài)；礦物的物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)；礦物的分類與其晶體化學(xué)分類的原則。

（2）常見造巖礦物的肉眼鑒定特征（包括橄欖石、普通輝石、普通角閃石、斜長石、正長石、黑云母、白云母、石英、方解石、白云石等）；常見的礦石礦物的肉眼鑒定特征（包括方鉛礦、閃鋅礦、黃鐵礦、黃銅礦、孔雀石、輝銅礦、斑銅礦、磁鐵礦、赤鐵礦、褐鐵礦、黑鎢礦、白鎢礦、輝銻礦、雄黃、雌黃等）。

四、巖石學(xué)

1.巖漿巖部分

（1）基本概念：巖漿、巖漿作用、巖漿巖的產(chǎn)狀；淺色礦物、暗色礦物、色率；主要礦物、次要礦物、副礦物；巖漿巖的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造；里特曼指數(shù)；分異作用、同化混染作用；玢巖、斑巖等。

（2）主要結(jié)構(gòu)類型（輝長結(jié)構(gòu)、輝綠結(jié)構(gòu)、反應(yīng)邊結(jié)構(gòu)、拉斑玄武結(jié)構(gòu)、暗化邊結(jié)構(gòu)、熔蝕結(jié)構(gòu)、包含結(jié)構(gòu)、交生結(jié)構(gòu)、環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)、斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)、似斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)、煌斑結(jié)構(gòu)等）的特征。

（3）巖漿巖的形成條件、分類及命名原則。

（4）主要巖石類型的基本特征和成礦專屬性。

2.沉積巖部分

（1）基本概念：沉積巖的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造；陸源礦物、自生礦物；次生加大；顆粒支撐、雜基支撐；內(nèi)碎屑、鮞粒；示底構(gòu)造；結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度、成分成熟度等。

（2）沉積巖的形成條件、分類及命名原則

（3）主要巖石類型的基本特征和成因。

3.變質(zhì)巖部分

（1）基本概念：變質(zhì)巖的結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造；特征礦物、貫通礦物；混合巖的基體和脈體等。

（2）主要結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造類型（角巖結(jié)構(gòu)、板狀構(gòu)造、千枚狀構(gòu)造、片狀構(gòu)造、片麻狀構(gòu)造、條帶狀構(gòu)造、眼球狀構(gòu)造等）的基本特征。

（3）變質(zhì)作用的主要方式及其特征。

（4）變質(zhì)巖的形成條件；主要巖石類型及其基本特征。

五、礦床學(xué)

1.礦床學(xué)的基本概念

礦床、礦體、礦石的概念；礦體的形態(tài)和產(chǎn)狀；礦石礦物與脈石礦物；礦石的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造；克拉克值、濃度克拉克值和濃集系數(shù)；邊界品位與最低工業(yè)品位。

2.主要礦床類型

（1）巖漿型礦床的概念；早期巖漿礦床、晚期巖漿礦床、巖漿熔離礦床等主要類型的成礦作用和基本特征。

（2）熱液型礦床的概念；熱液型礦床的成礦作用方式；矽卡巖型、斑巖型、高、中、低溫?zé)嵋盒偷V床的基本特征。

（3）外生礦床和變質(zhì)礦床的基本概念。

（4）層控礦床的概念；層控礦床的形成作用和基本特征。