第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀翻譯(15,感恩節(jié))

15.Thanksgiving

Introduction 對(duì)于最重視個(gè)人主義的美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，有沒有什么東西可以讓他們回想起家庭的好呢？接下來(lái)的這篇文章給出的回答是“是的”。在美國(guó)感恩節(jié)這一天，大多數(shù)家庭成員匯聚在餐桌邊享受一頓大餐。作者對(duì)于“我”和“我們”的關(guān)系以及在美國(guó)這個(gè)國(guó)家里家庭的重要性進(jìn)行了深入的探討。

Essay 再過不久，那些在自己和他人的生活中穿梭的人們又將聚到一起。這個(gè)包辦旅行的季節(jié)吸引他們?cè)谶@周舉辦家庭聚會(huì)。這周四的宴會(huì)節(jié)、家庭日、感恩節(jié)，最重視個(gè)人主義的美國(guó)人將例行公事聚到百萬(wàn)張餐桌邊聚餐尋求歸屬感。

他們將通過一起吃晚餐的方式聚集起他們的家庭成員：每個(gè)人都有自己的個(gè)性就像越橘醬和南瓜派的不同一樣。為了共同的晚餐，他們?yōu)楸舜伺腼儯瑸楸舜嗣β担瑸楸舜颂峁┦澄锊⑶冶舜苏務(wù)摗Ｋ麄凕c(diǎn)頭示意對(duì)他們共同的文化傳統(tǒng)、對(duì)其他親人的狂熱關(guān)心的共識(shí)。他們會(huì)評(píng)判他們共同的遺產(chǎn)——孩子。

所有的這些人，無(wú)論男的女的，老的少的，有著不同的夢(mèng)想和失落，他們都對(duì)這個(gè)家族表示敬意，無(wú)論他們以前是不是這個(gè)家族的一份子。“家庭”和“個(gè)人”是“我們”和“我”的關(guān)系。作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美國(guó)人，我們都在這兩種理念之間徘徊。我們從偉大的美國(guó)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀穿行到家庭觀。我們疲于追趕，用速度來(lái)縮短這兩種價(jià)值觀之間的距離。

總會(huì)有一些鴻溝在個(gè)人與家庭之間。從我們一開始認(rèn)識(shí)到我們每個(gè)人都是獨(dú)立分開的，我們便開始設(shè)法對(duì)付個(gè)人主義與集體主義的矛盾。這些沖突時(shí)常會(huì)特別的尖銳。畢竟，我們是在家庭中被撫養(yǎng)成長(zhǎng)為……個(gè)體的。這種雙重信息將貫穿我們一生。我們被教導(dǎo)關(guān)于“我”的自由性與“我們”的安全感，“我”的孤獨(dú)感與“我們”的侵?jǐn)_，“我”的自私與“我們”的負(fù)擔(dān)。

我們被教導(dǎo)安德烈·馬爾羅所說(shuō)的：“離開家庭，人們將在寒冷中發(fā)抖著獨(dú)活于世。”我們也被教導(dǎo)了他所說(shuō)的另一句話：“對(duì)于人類思想發(fā)展重要性的否認(rèn)解釋了許多對(duì)于家庭的反抗。”在理論上，世界贊揚(yáng)個(gè)人、自我意識(shí)為“最重要的”。我們?cè)谖覀兊念^腦中獨(dú)自思考；我們伴隨著放大了自我感受寫下音樂和文字；我們按照我們自己的功過被認(rèn)定畢業(yè)、給予何種報(bào)酬、是否被雇傭以及被解雇。最極端的個(gè)人主義在令人激動(dòng)的同時(shí)也是殘忍的。這里所指的是適者生存。

在另一的方面，家庭表現(xiàn)得很不一樣。我們不需要努力獲得家庭成員的認(rèn)可。我們只要做自己就好。家庭成員間的關(guān)系并不是基于憑證，而是基于血緣。就如Malraux提出的，“朋友會(huì)因?yàn)槟愕牟拍芏矚g你，女友會(huì)因?yàn)槟愕镊攘Χ矚g你，但你的家庭給你的愛是不需要理由的：你生在這個(gè)家庭，血濃于水。”

家庭存在的意義，不是保護(hù)強(qiáng)者而是庇護(hù)弱勢(shì)者。它并不是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體但是一個(gè)情感體。這里不是人們殘忍地互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的地方，而是為他人付出的地方。家庭的的事務(wù)就是關(guān)心他人，當(dāng)它運(yùn)作的時(shí)候，無(wú)情不再，家庭就是充滿了愛。

在家庭生活中有更少的英雄和明星。然而當(dāng)外面的世界贊美個(gè)人時(shí)，家人總會(huì)不止一次地要求我們淹沒忽略它。當(dāng)這個(gè)世界拋棄我們時(shí)，家人總會(huì)不止一次地承諾保護(hù)我們。因此我們每天，每周，每年都在兩個(gè)世界里穿梭。在一種被養(yǎng)育的家庭生活和一種令人窒息的生活之間，在一個(gè)可以釋放自己的生活和一個(gè)可以擊敗自己的生活之間。我們?cè)趦商淄耆煌男枨蠛涂赡苤g搖擺。

周四將聚集在這張桌子周圍的人都生活在這兩個(gè)世界里，成為彼此生活中的一部分又彼此分離。運(yùn)氣好的話他們的兩個(gè)世界里都會(huì)是富饒的領(lǐng)土，充滿了關(guān)愛和空間。它會(huì)是一個(gè)“我”和“我們”相互影響的地方。至少在這一天，他們會(huì)帶給彼此一些特殊和值得分享的東西：這些獨(dú)立的自我。

16.DADDY TUCKED THE BLANKET Introduction For those living in a decent apartment or house ,it is rather difficult to imagine how poor housing can affect its inhabitants’ life and self-esteem.In this short autobiographical writing, Randall Williams recalls how his family’s shabby house had brought unhappy changes in personal relationships, and explores the effects of poverty upon the psyche of his folks.TEXT About the time I turned 16, my folks began to wonder why I didn't stay home any more.I always had an excuse for them, but what I didn't say Was that I had found my freedom and I was getting out.I went through four years of high school in semirural Alabama and became active in clubs and sports;I made a lot of friends and became a regular guy,if you know what I mean.But one thing was irregular about me: I managed those fouryears without ever a friend visit at my house.譯文

對(duì)于那些住在得體的公寓或者房子的人們來(lái)說(shuō)，破敗的房屋如何影響著人們的居住生活和自尊是他們難以想象的。在這篇簡(jiǎn)短的自傳中，RANDALL WILLIAMS 回憶起他家的破敗的房屋給他的人際關(guān)系帶來(lái)的不良影響以及對(duì)貧窮給大眾帶來(lái)的心靈上的影響的探索。

正文

大約在我16歲的光景，我的相親們開始懷疑我為什么不住在家里了。而我總是找個(gè)借口來(lái)搪塞他們,但是我真正不愿意說(shuō)的是，我在外面找到了我想要的自由。

我結(jié)束了四年在阿拉巴馬州半鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的高校生活，同時(shí)在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和俱樂部里面十分活躍。其中，我找到了很多朋友，自己也變成了一個(gè)受歡迎的一員，如果你能明白的話。但是有一件對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)異乎尋常的事：我竟然在四年的時(shí)間里連一個(gè)朋友也沒有帶回家里去過.I was ashamed of where I lived, I had been ashamed for as long as I had been conscious of class.We had a big family.There were several of us sleeping in one room, But that's not so bad if you get along, and we always did.As you get older, though, it gets worse.Being poor is a humiliating experience for a young person trying hard to be accepted.Even now-several yearsremoved-it is hard to talk about.And I resent the weakness of these words to make you feel waht it was really like.We lived in a lot of old houses.We moved a lot because we were always looking for something jst a little better than what we had.You have to understand that my folks worked harder than most people.My mother was always at home, but for her that was a full-time job-and not for fun, either.But my father worked his head off from the time I can remember in construction and 當(dāng)我認(rèn)識(shí)到了階級(jí)的區(qū)別之后，我對(duì)我的家感到羞愧。

我有一個(gè)很大的家庭。一個(gè)房間里擠著好幾個(gè)人。但是你們要是在一起相處的不錯(cuò)的話，那也就沒有想象中的那么壞了，不出意外，我們相處的不錯(cuò)。然而我們逐漸長(zhǎng)大了，事情變得更糟了。

貧窮對(duì)于一個(gè)年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)是一段羞恥的事情，也是難以接受的。甚至是現(xiàn)在，好幾年過去了，我也難以啟齒那段經(jīng)歷。

我對(duì)那些能夠讓你感覺到事情真的發(fā)生過的字詞感到憤怒。

我們住過很多破敗的房屋。我們一直在搬家因?yàn)槲覀兛偸窃趯ふ夷切┖靡稽c(diǎn)的處所。你必須明白我的親屬們工作的比大多數(shù)人都辛苦。我的母親一直在家里，但是對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)這份全職工作不是娛樂的.從我能記起他在工地和商店里工作時(shí)，我的父親就工作的極其艱辛。那是繁重的體力活。shops.It was hard, physical work.I tell you this to show that we weren’t shiftless.No matter how much money dad made, we never made much progress up the social ladder.I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than average.I have seen my Daddy wrap copper wire through the soles of his boots to keep them together in the wintertime.He couldn't buy new boots because had used the money for food and shoes for us We lived like hell, but we went to school well-clothed and with a full stomach.It really is hell to live in a house that was in bad shape 10 years before you moved in.And a big family puts a lot of wear and tear on a new house, too, so you can imagine how one goes downhill if it is teetering when you move in.But we lived in houses that were sweltering in summer and freezing in winter.I woke up every morning for a year and a half with plaster on my

我告訴你這些時(shí)來(lái)表明我們并非混日子而已。不論父親賺取多少錢，我們并沒有取得在社會(huì)階梯上的進(jìn)步。我多虧了大學(xué)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金才能出去，同時(shí)也是因?yàn)槲視?huì)扯淡。

我看到過我父親在大冬天用鞋子包裹著銅絲，因此來(lái)讓他們裹在一起。他不能買新鞋子因?yàn)槟切╁X他需要去買食物和鞋子給我們。我們就像生活在地獄，但是去學(xué)校的時(shí)候，我們穿的體面，裹腹。

住在那么逼仄的小屋內(nèi)真是像地獄一樣，而且當(dāng)你住進(jìn)去時(shí)，它已經(jīng)破敗了十年之久。除此之外，一個(gè)大家庭又很大的磨損了新房子，所以，你可以想象這房子是多么得每況愈下，當(dāng)你搬進(jìn)去的時(shí)候，它好像就要塌掉了一樣。但是那所房子夏熱冬冷。每天我早上起來(lái)，我一半的臉上堆著夜里從天花板掉下來(lái)的石灰。

face where it had fallen out of the ceiling during the night.This wasn't during the Depression;this was in the late 60's and early 70's.When we boys got old enough to learn trades in school,we would try to fix up the old houses we lived in.But have you ever tried to paint a wall that crumbled when emphasized the holes in the wall.You end up more frustrated than when you began, especially when you know that at best you might come up with only enough money to improve one of the six rooms in the house.And we might move out soon after, anyway.The same goes for keeping a house like that clean.If you have a house full of kids and the house is deteriorating , you'll never keep it clean.Daddy used to yell at Mama about that, but she couldn't do anything.I think Daddy knew it inside, but he had to have an outlet for his rage somewhere, and at least yelling isn't as bad as hitting, which they 這并不是在大蕭條時(shí)期，這是在60年代末期和70年代初期.當(dāng)我們這些男孩長(zhǎng)大了，在學(xué)校學(xué)了一門手藝，我們會(huì)試著去修復(fù)老房子。但是你曾粉刷過那些滾筒一滾，墻皮就掉下來(lái)的墻面嗎。最后，你愈加沮喪，特別是你知道你最好有了足夠的錢才能去改善六個(gè)房間中的一個(gè)。也許，不論如何不久我們就需要搬走。

讓這個(gè)屋子變得干凈，也是同樣的坑爹。如果你有一所住滿著孩子的房子，那么這所房子肯定是越來(lái)越臟，你不可能打掃干凈。父親經(jīng)常就這件事向母親咆哮，但是她無(wú)能為力。我想父親是明白的，但是他想要有一個(gè)讓他脾氣發(fā)泄的途徑，至少咆哮沒有毆打那么壞，而這個(gè)，他們互相從來(lái)沒有發(fā)生過。

never did to each other.But you have a kitchen which has no counter space and no hot water and you will have dirty dishes stacked up.That sounds like an excuse, but try it.You'll go mad from the sheer sense of futility.It's the same thing in a house with no closets.You can't keep clothes clean and rooms in order if they have to be stacked up with things.Living in a bad house is generally worse on girls.For one thing, they traditionally help their mother with the housework.We boys could get outside and work in the field or cut wood or even play ball and forget about living conditions.The sky was still pretty.But the girls got pressure, and as they got older it became worse.Would they accept dates knowing they had to “receive” the young man in a dirty hallway with broken windows, peeling wallpapers and a cracked ceiling? You have to live ti to understand it, but it creates a shame which 但是，當(dāng)你的廚房?jī)?nèi)沒有一個(gè)放臺(tái)面的地方和沒有開水，那么臟盤子不得不堆起來(lái)。這聽起來(lái)像是一個(gè)借口，（要是不信）你來(lái)試試。這些操蛋的徒勞會(huì)讓你變瘋掉。

家里沒有壁櫥也是這樣。你不可能讓你的衣服保持干凈，房間也不可能有序，如果他們上面堆滿了東西

大體來(lái)說(shuō)，破敗的房屋對(duì)女孩會(huì)產(chǎn)生更壞的影響。就拿一件事來(lái)說(shuō)，她們會(huì)幫母親做家務(wù)。我們男孩可以在外面，在田野里干活或者開木頭，甚至踢球，這些可以忘記家里的慘狀。那時(shí)，天空仍舊是藍(lán)色的。

但是女孩會(huì)有壓力，當(dāng)她們老去就變得更壞了。她們的約會(huì)對(duì)象是否會(huì)知道這個(gè)女生不得不在一間又臟又破的房子里“接待”他？而這間房子的窗戶破破爛爛、墻紙殘缺不全，連天花板也滿是裂痕。你必須身處其境才能明白這種感受，貧窮所帶來(lái)的羞恥感會(huì)把一個(gè)年輕人變得內(nèi)向。

drives the soul of a young person inward.I'm thankful none of us ever blamed our parents for this, because it would have crippled our relationships.As it worked out, only the relationship between our parents was damaged, And I think the harshness which they expressed to each other was just on outlet to get rid of their anger at the trap their lives were in.It ruined their marriage because they had no one to yell at but each other.I knew other families where the kids got the abuse, but we were too much loved for that.Once I was about 16 and Mama and daddy had had a particularly violent argument about the washing machine, which has broken down.Daddy was on the back porch-that's where the only water faucey was-trying to fix it and Mama had a washtub out there washing school clothes for the next day and they were screaming at each other.我很慶幸我們并沒有為此而責(zé)難父母，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)使我們的關(guān)系變?cè)恪５聦?shí)上，只有我們父母的關(guān)系徹底被毀了。我想,他們對(duì)彼此的惡言相向只不過是為了發(fā)泄對(duì)于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的憤怒而已，但這卻毀了他們的婚姻，因?yàn)樗麄兂吮舜舜蠛鸫蠼校呀?jīng)再也無(wú)法好好相處了。我知道，在有些類似家庭里，孩子會(huì)被父母虐待，但是我們卻得到了太多的愛。

我大概16歲的時(shí)候，我的爸媽因?yàn)閴牧说南赐霗C(jī)而大吵了一架。當(dāng)時(shí)爸爸在后門廊，那兒有全家唯一的水龍頭，他試著修理洗碗機(jī)，而媽媽則端來(lái)一大盆要洗的校服，這些校服明天就要穿，就是在這里他們大聲地地向?qū)Ψ脚叵饋?lái)。

Later that night everyone was in bed and I heard Daddy get up from the couch where he was reading.I looked out form my bed across the hall into their roo.He was standing right over Mama and she was already asleep.He pulled the blanket up andtuched it around her shoulders and just stood there and tears were dropping off his cheeks and I thought I could faintly hear them splashing against the linoleum rug.Now they're divorced.I had courses in college where housing was discussed, but the sociologiists never put enough emphasis on the impact living in substandard housing has on a person's psyche.Especially children's.Small children have a hard time understanding poverty.They want the same things children from more affluent families have.They want the same things they see advertised on television, and they don't understand why they can't have 那天晚上，當(dāng)每一個(gè)人都上床睡覺了，我聽到爸從他讀報(bào)的沙發(fā)上站起來(lái)的聲音。我從床上探出頭去看隔著客廳的爸媽的房間，看到爸站在睡著了的媽的身旁。他將毯子扯到媽媽的肩膀處，小心為她蓋好。而后他就那么呆呆地站著，眼淚一滴滴掉在媽的臉頰上。甚至，我認(rèn)為我聽到了淚水濺在油氈地毯上的啪嗒聲。

可是，現(xiàn)在他們離婚了。

我在大學(xué)上過討論住房問題的課程，但是社會(huì)學(xué)家從未好好強(qiáng)調(diào)過住在不合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的房子里會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)人的心靈產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響，尤其是對(duì)孩子。

小孩子很難理解什么是貧窮。富裕家庭里的孩子所擁有的東西，他們也想要有。他們想要電視廣告里的那些東西，但是他們不明白為什么自己不能擁有這些東西。

them.Other children can be incredibly cruel.I was in elementary school in Georgia-and this is interesting because it is the only thing I remember about that particular school-when I was about eight or nine.After Christmas vacation had ended, my teacher made each student describle all his or her Christmas presents.I became more and more uncomfortable as the privilege passed around the room toward me.Other children were reciting the names of bicycles and the grandeur of their games and toys.Some had lists which seemed to go on and on for hours.It took me only a few sounds to tell the class that I had gotten for Christmas a helt and a pair of gloves.And then I was laughed at-because I cried-by a roomful of children and a teacher.I necer forgave them, and that night I made my mother cry 而其他的孩子在這方面也極為殘忍。我在佐治亞州上的小學(xué)，而能讓我記起這所學(xué)校的唯一一件事發(fā)生在我大概八、九歲的時(shí)候。

圣誕節(jié)假期結(jié)束后，老師讓每一個(gè)學(xué)生描述自己在圣誕節(jié)收到的禮物。看著同學(xué)們一個(gè)個(gè)說(shuō)完，我變得越來(lái)越不安。其他的孩子們大吹大擂他們的娃娃、各種自行車、玩過的了不起的游戲和玩具，有些人看起來(lái)好像一說(shuō)幾個(gè)小時(shí)都不會(huì)停嘴。

而我?guī)酌腌娋驼f(shuō)完了我得到的禮物——一條腰帶和衣服手套，然后我哭了，就因?yàn)檫@，一屋子的學(xué)生甚至是那個(gè)老師都哈哈大笑起來(lái)，我永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)原諒他們的行為。那天晚上當(dāng)我把這件事告訴媽媽后，她傷心地哭了。

when I told her about it.In retrospect, I am grateful for that moment, but I remember wanting to die at the time.By Randall Williams 回顧過去，我對(duì)那時(shí)的磨難反而心懷感激，但是我也不會(huì)忘記在那個(gè)時(shí)候，我連想死的心都有了。

19.停止差遣我 介紹：從標(biāo)題我們可以看到Stacey Wilkins的怒氣。就和許多在美國(guó)生活的學(xué)生一樣，她為了償還學(xué)習(xí)貸款而在一家餐館當(dāng)服務(wù)員。在這片文章里，她將說(shuō)出是誰(shuí)和什么讓她如此生氣。

為了等這些鄉(xiāng)村網(wǎng)球俱樂部的家伙吃完他們的批薩，我已經(jīng)額外坐了一個(gè)半小時(shí)了。他們?cè)诓宛^關(guān)門后15分鐘進(jìn)來(lái)——他們不想減短他們網(wǎng)球比賽。老板順從了他們，同意重新打開烤爐為他們做一個(gè)批薩。廚師早就回家了。

在我解釋過餐廳已經(jīng)關(guān)門后，這些顧客仍心安理得地要求服務(wù)。他們心安理得地坐在這，講述他們網(wǎng)球比賽精彩部分，直到11點(diǎn)以后（餐廳晚上9點(diǎn)半關(guān)門）。而且最過分的是，他們心安理得地讓我成為他們讓人痛苦的網(wǎng)球比賽之后（的敘述）的受害者。騷擾一個(gè)可憐的小服務(wù)員有什么好玩的。“哦，像這樣坐在這里真好。”一個(gè)人說(shuō)到。在沒有得到回復(fù)后，他接著說(shuō)：“服務(wù)員，我猜你想讓我們離開。”我就要在怒火中爆發(fā)了。“我不會(huì)對(duì)你的評(píng)論做出回復(fù)，”我說(shuō)到，然后走了。

他準(zhǔn)備和我打架，紅色的旗子已經(jīng)在被揮舞了。這個(gè)男人向我走來(lái)并要甜點(diǎn)。老顧客以前是從來(lái)沒有點(diǎn)過甜點(diǎn)的。正如你知道的，這是最新的時(shí)尚。但是那天晚上他享有這樣的權(quán)力。他感覺自己很厲害，我感到自己被侵犯了。

后來(lái)在得到3美元20美分后我回家了。他們的小費(fèi)是他們對(duì)我情感上的侵犯的報(bào)酬。當(dāng)我開車的時(shí)候，眼淚從我臉上流下。為什么我會(huì)哭？我以前也被騷擾過。10年的服務(wù)員經(jīng)歷本應(yīng)該使我習(xí)慣于這些很平常的情況。但這次是個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)：這是我10年被虐待史的結(jié)束。

我現(xiàn)在在爆發(fā)點(diǎn)上。我不能接受成為公眾的出氣包。人們認(rèn)為虐待包含在用餐錢當(dāng)中。所有的規(guī)矩與禮貌都和大衣一起被寄放在門處。他們認(rèn)為自己所在的地位比我優(yōu)越得多。他們是國(guó)王，我是鄉(xiāng)下人。

我希望他們也成為鄉(xiāng)下人。我非常支持在美國(guó)人們必須在餐廳里做義務(wù)性服務(wù)。這種連干兩班的活是給這些壓迫者很好的一堂課——上酒，在被戲弄之后清理干凈，10個(gè)人占領(lǐng)一個(gè)桌子開派對(duì)超過3個(gè)小時(shí)，并且只給很少的小費(fèi)，讓人變得煩躁。最重要的是，我很想看看這些粗魯?shù)娜说木W(wǎng)球鞋上有番茄汁的樣子。

在餐廳吃飯不僅僅是吃東西。這是一個(gè)能讓你把挫折沮喪發(fā)泄在服務(wù)員身上的機(jī)會(huì)。這是一個(gè)讓你感覺到比為你服務(wù)的人更優(yōu)越的機(jī)會(huì)。人們認(rèn)為讓服務(wù)員遭受無(wú)禮行為與性騷擾并沒有錯(cuò)。

在服務(wù)員去點(diǎn)菜時(shí)，顧客們心安理得地忽視他們。或是在服務(wù)員帶著許多熱食去桌子邊，問顧客要點(diǎn)什么菜時(shí)，不回答。我個(gè)人不喜歡他們讓服務(wù)員為了單個(gè)菜而另外點(diǎn)餐。“哦，我還要一杯可樂。”服務(wù)員問：“還有其他人要嗎？”沒有回答。但不出意外地是，當(dāng)他回到桌子邊時(shí)會(huì)有某些人說(shuō)：“我也要一杯可樂。”等等之類的事。

我感到奇怪的是，某些人不管多么骯臟下流，在公共場(chǎng)合他們都會(huì)試圖在表面上掩飾。大部分人都練習(xí)基本禮儀。大多數(shù)人都不會(huì)公然插隊(duì)或是在電影院講話。人們認(rèn)識(shí)到（哪些是）可被接受的行為并且去遵循這些限制要求。但在在外面吃飯時(shí)這些公共禮儀規(guī)范卻不適用了。

飲食地點(diǎn)是這些被人們接受的偏見的最后據(jù)點(diǎn)。人們?nèi)ゲ蛷d公然折磨服務(wù)員，不假思索地留下很少的小費(fèi)。他們的朋友允許他們的同伴如此粗魯，并不發(fā)一言。他們從沒有阻止他們的朋友對(duì)我不友善。他們保持沉默。

他們從來(lái)沒有想到過有人對(duì)別的人如此殘忍。我曾經(jīng)聽過有人維護(hù)女服務(wù)員的利益，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為一個(gè)人不能如此殘忍。這是因?yàn)槿藗儾徽J(rèn)為有什么錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生過。

然而，如果這個(gè)人是大聲辱罵一個(gè)老顧客的種族、語(yǔ)言，那么一定會(huì)被認(rèn)為成是不可接受的。為什么沒有人理解，在一家餐廳不禮貌也是不禮貌的？為什么他們認(rèn)為他們有權(quán)虐待餐廳工作人員？

我認(rèn)為這是因?yàn)槭称贩?wù)人員的社會(huì)地位非常低。顧客們有權(quán)力。食品服務(wù)人員沒有。所以，我們很容易成為，一些生氣的人們，積累的挫折的，發(fā)泄目標(biāo)。還有什么比一個(gè)不會(huì)還手的對(duì)手更好呢？大部分服務(wù)員因?yàn)楹ε聛G掉工作而不還手。結(jié)果，和其他相似的服務(wù)人員一起，我們被選為社會(huì)中的出氣筒。

如果人們放棄他們關(guān)于自我重要性的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，他們也許會(huì)看到他們是多么得錯(cuò)誤。我們就和其他人一樣有夢(mèng)想與渴望。我們的工資為這些夢(mèng)想提供資金。即使是充滿侮辱性的10%的小費(fèi)，也能幫助我們走向目標(biāo)，付房租，養(yǎng)育孩子。

我正在用我掙的錢來(lái)償還一大筆研究生院的貸款。我們的女傳菜員正在為她在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)提供資金。我的經(jīng)理在為她第一個(gè)孩子存錢。另外一個(gè)女服務(wù)員依靠她現(xiàn)在的工資生活因?yàn)樗谡乙环菅輪T的工作。洗碗員將他的工資寄回給他在厄瓜多爾的孩子。

我們的夢(mèng)想不比那些擁有在一家大公司高地位工作的人的夢(mèng)想不正當(dāng)。餐廳靈活的工作時(shí)間吸引了許多不喜歡朝九晚五的作息制度的人。人們沒有權(quán)力因?yàn)槲覀兊穆殬I(yè)而把我們看成無(wú)足輕重的人。不管我繼續(xù)當(dāng)服務(wù)員還是換一份工作，我都應(yīng)當(dāng)享有尊重。當(dāng)然其他那些讓你的享有舒適晚餐的數(shù)以千記的服務(wù)員也一樣。

22.自私的基因

1今天，對(duì)于進(jìn)化論的疑問，就像懷疑地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)的理論一般，但是達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論的全部含義還有很廣闊的認(rèn)識(shí)范圍。在大學(xué)里，動(dòng)物學(xué)依舊只占小部分的課程，甚至那些選學(xué)這門課的人，選的時(shí)候也不是因?yàn)橘澷p它的深刻的哲學(xué)意義。哲學(xué)和被稱為“人文學(xué)科”的課程在教授的時(shí)候，似乎從來(lái)不曾有過達(dá)爾文這個(gè)人。毫無(wú)疑問，這種狀況以后將會(huì)改變。不管怎么樣，這本書并不全部主張達(dá)爾文主義。而是探索進(jìn)化論對(duì)于一個(gè)特別的問題所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。我的目的就是研究生理機(jī)能的自私和無(wú)私行為。

2除了它本身學(xué)術(shù)上的有趣之外，人類的重要性在這門課程上也是很明顯的。它涉及我們社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面，愛和恨，沖突和合作，付出和竊取，貪婪和慷慨。這些要求在Lorenz的《論攻擊性》，Ardrey的《社會(huì)契約》和Eibl-Eibesfeldt的《愛和恨》里都有體現(xiàn)。麻煩的是，這些書的作者把這些都搞錯(cuò)了。他們之所以搞錯(cuò)是因?yàn)樗麄儾焕斫膺M(jìn)化是怎樣進(jìn)化的。他們得到的錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)想是在進(jìn)化中最重要的事是優(yōu)良的物種（或者是群體）而不是優(yōu)良的個(gè)體（或者是基因）。諷刺地是，Ashley Montagu卻評(píng)論Lorenz是““殘酷自然界”的直系后裔，19世紀(jì)的思想家”。我理解Lorenz對(duì)于進(jìn)化論的觀點(diǎn)，他很有可能會(huì)和Montagu一起不接受Tennyson的著名言論的影響。和二者不同的是，我認(rèn)為，“殘酷的自然”完全總結(jié)了我們對(duì)自然選擇的新認(rèn)識(shí)。

3我在開始論證之前，想簡(jiǎn)短地說(shuō)明一下這是一種什么樣的論點(diǎn)，以及不是什么樣的論點(diǎn)。如果有人告訴我們，有一個(gè)人在芝加哥那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜匪徒的社會(huì)中過著富裕的生活，我們就能夠?qū)λ鞘裁礃拥囊粋€(gè)人進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。我們可能想象他有韌性，動(dòng)不動(dòng)就開槍，并且能吸引忠心耿耿的朋友。這些猜測(cè)可能不會(huì)萬(wàn)無(wú)一失，但是如果你知道一個(gè)人是在什么情況下生活和發(fā)跡的，那你就可以對(duì)他的性格做一些推測(cè)。這本書的論點(diǎn)就是我們和所有其他的動(dòng)物都是我們的基因所創(chuàng)造的機(jī)器。在一個(gè)高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的世界上，就像芝加哥發(fā)跡的強(qiáng)盜一般，我們的基因存活了下來(lái)，有些長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾百萬(wàn)年。這使我們有權(quán)利在我們的基因里發(fā)現(xiàn)一些特征。我將要論證一個(gè)成功基因的一個(gè)突出的特征是其無(wú)情的自私。這種基因的自私通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)體行為的自私。然而我們也會(huì)看到，基因?yàn)榱烁行У剡_(dá)到自私的目的，在某些特殊的情況下，也會(huì)對(duì)一些個(gè)體動(dòng)物滋生一種有限的利他主義。在上面的一句話中，“特別”和“有限”是兩個(gè)重要的詞。盡管我們可能不愿意相信，但對(duì)整個(gè)物種來(lái)說(shuō)，普遍的愛和普遍的利益在進(jìn)化論上來(lái)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)直毫無(wú)意義。

4因此，我要講一下本書不準(zhǔn)備論證的第一點(diǎn)。我并不提倡以進(jìn)化論為基礎(chǔ)的道德觀。我只是講事物是如何進(jìn)化的。我也不是講人類應(yīng)該怎樣行動(dòng)才符合道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我之所以強(qiáng)調(diào)這點(diǎn)，是因?yàn)槲抑牢矣斜蝗苏`會(huì)的危險(xiǎn)，有太多的人，他們不能把闡述對(duì)事物的認(rèn)識(shí)和提倡事物如何這兩件事區(qū)分開來(lái)。我自己的感受是，一個(gè)單純的以基因那種無(wú)情的，普遍的自私性法則為基礎(chǔ)的人類社會(huì)，生活在其中一定令人厭惡之極。但不幸的是，盡管我們大多數(shù)人可能反對(duì)它，但事實(shí)就是事實(shí)。本書主旨在于引起讀者的興趣，如果你想從中引出某種教益，那未閱讀時(shí)，可以視之為一種告誡。如果你也和我一樣希望為了共同的利益，建立一個(gè)人與人之間慷慨大度，相互無(wú)私合作的社會(huì)，那你就不能指望從生物的本性獲得什么助益。讓我們?cè)O(shè)法通過教育把慷慨大度和利他主義灌輸?shù)饺藗冾^腦中去吧！因?yàn)槲覀兩鷣?lái)是自私的。讓我們懂得我們自私的基因居心何在。因?yàn)檫@樣我們至少可以有機(jī)會(huì)去打亂它們的計(jì)劃，而這是其他物種從來(lái)未能希望做到的。

5上述有關(guān)教育的議論，必然表明下面的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的：即認(rèn)為從遺傳學(xué)的角度看來(lái)，繼承下來(lái)的特性是明確固定，不容改變的。這是一種謬見，而且極為常見。我們的基因可以驅(qū)使我們的行為自私，但我們也不必終生屈從。如果我們?cè)谶z傳上生來(lái)就

是利他性的，再去學(xué)利他主義也許不那么困難。在動(dòng)物中，只有人類受文化，也受后天獲得的以及繼承下來(lái)的影響的支配。有人可能會(huì)說(shuō)，又化是如此之重要，以致不論基因自私與否，它與我們對(duì)人類本性的理解毫不相干。另有人也會(huì)不同意這種講法。

這完全取決于作為人類特性的決定性因素“本性對(duì)教養(yǎng)”的辯論中，你站在什么立場(chǎng)上。這就使我要講一講本書不準(zhǔn)備論證的第二點(diǎn)。在本性對(duì)教養(yǎng)的爭(zhēng)論中，本書不支持這一或那一立場(chǎng)。當(dāng)然我有自己的觀點(diǎn)，但我不打算表達(dá)出來(lái)。只在最后一章中，把我的觀點(diǎn)包括到我將要闡明的文化觀點(diǎn)中去。如果確實(shí)證明基因同決定現(xiàn)代人的行為毫不相干，如果在動(dòng)物中我們?cè)谶@方面確實(shí)是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，至少探究一下我們?cè)谌绱私趦?nèi)成為例外的規(guī)律，將仍舊是興味無(wú)窮的。而假如我們這一物種并不像我們一廂情愿的那樣，而是個(gè)例外的話，研究這一規(guī)律甚至就更加重要。

6本書不準(zhǔn)備論證的第三點(diǎn)是，不對(duì)人類或其他某一種動(dòng)物的行為細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行描述。只在舉例說(shuō)明時(shí)，我才使用有事實(shí)根據(jù)的細(xì)節(jié)。我不會(huì)說(shuō)：“如果你看一下狒狒的行為，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的行為是自私的；所以人類的行為也可能是自私的。”我的關(guān)于“芝

加哥強(qiáng)盜”的論證在邏輯上與此迥然不同。情況是這樣的，人和狒狒都是經(jīng)由自然選擇進(jìn)化而來(lái)。如果你注意一下自然選擇進(jìn)行的方式，似乎可以得出這樣的結(jié)論：凡是經(jīng)由自然選擇進(jìn)化而來(lái)的任何東西應(yīng)該是自私的。因此我們可以預(yù)見到，當(dāng)我們?nèi)?/p>

觀察狒狒、人類和其他一切生物的行為時(shí)，一定會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的行為是自私的。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的預(yù)見是錯(cuò)誤的，如果我們所觀察到的人類行為的確是利他性的，我們就會(huì)遇到某些令人迷惑不解的事情，需要進(jìn)行闡明。

7上述有關(guān)利他和自私的定義是指行為上的，而不是指主觀意識(shí)上的，弄清這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。這里我的旨趣不在動(dòng)機(jī)的心理學(xué)方面，我不準(zhǔn)備去論證人們?cè)谧龀隼袨闀r(shí)，是否“真的”私下或下意識(shí)地抱有自私的動(dòng)機(jī)。他們或許是，或許不是，也許我們永遠(yuǎn)也不可能知道。但無(wú)論怎樣，這些都不是本書所要探討的內(nèi)容。我的定義只涉及行為的效果，是降低或提高這個(gè)假定的利他主義者生存的可能性，以及這個(gè)假定的受益者生存的可能性。

23.誰(shuí)得到了良好的基因 Aldous Huxley 在他1932年的小說(shuō)Brave New World中想象未來(lái)的分娩是一個(gè)非常有秩序的事。在中央倫敦的孵化場(chǎng)和條件中心，根據(jù)從社會(huì)預(yù)定空間的要求，雞蛋被受精，裝瓶，放在傳送帶上。9個(gè)月以后，這個(gè)胚胎——在換瓶后——成了小孩。由于支持洗腦，他們將會(huì)快樂的成長(zhǎng)在他們的轉(zhuǎn)基因后被分配的社會(huì)角色——從聰明有抱負(fù)的高等到暗淡愚蠢的低等。自從Huxley的反烏托邦的小說(shuō)出版，這已經(jīng)成為了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的優(yōu)生學(xué)夢(mèng)魘:政府社會(huì)的工程師顛覆了個(gè)人生殖的選擇為了一個(gè)詭異的社會(huì)效率。但是在這基因工程黎明的時(shí)期，這更多可能的夢(mèng)魘是大致相反的：一個(gè)自由放任主義的優(yōu)生學(xué)將會(huì)從幾百萬(wàn)個(gè)父母的自由選擇中出現(xiàn)。的確，這僅有的方法去阻止赫胥黎式的社會(huì)分層也許將會(huì)是為了政府進(jìn)入優(yōu)生學(xué)的生意。3 Huxley的設(shè)想在1932年是有意義的，美國(guó)有一些州強(qiáng)制絕育低能兒并且希特勒鼓勵(lì)了Mein kampf的政策。但是希特勒朦朧的預(yù)見那個(gè)生物學(xué)革命已經(jīng)把優(yōu)生學(xué)的邏輯改變成了相反方向，那讓父母?jìng)兺ㄟ^流產(chǎn)，選擇性的把以受精的卵子在試管中移植，或者是也許在將來(lái)幾年中可以把基因注射進(jìn)以受精的卵子來(lái)選擇基因特點(diǎn)。在赫胥黎的時(shí)代，優(yōu)生僅僅是政府的指令；現(xiàn)在需要政府要求——一個(gè)修補(bǔ)基因的禁令去維護(hù)優(yōu)生。一個(gè)完全的禁令盡管不見得會(huì)實(shí)施。誰(shuí)又能試著去阻止父母保證他們的孩子不患血友病，一旦一些方式被允許，決定這個(gè)限制的界限將會(huì)變得很難。愛丁博格教主嘗試過。在監(jiān)督了一個(gè)英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)組織在生物倫理學(xué)上的研究后，他贊成為了醫(yī)學(xué)原因修補(bǔ)基因，盡管他譴責(zé)那個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)好看并且有很高智商的嬰兒的自作自受的想法。治療師們認(rèn)為殘疾是醫(yī)學(xué)問題，如果我們找到了能在出生前診斷并且醫(yī)治先天缺陷的嬰兒的辦法，我們就可以提升人類的智商。我們應(yīng)該告訴父母不能這么做，告訴父母這個(gè)州已經(jīng)決定他們必須有一個(gè)有患有讀寫困難癥的孩子嗎？未成年的記憶有缺陷嗎？低于平均說(shuō)話能力嗎？某些時(shí)候，你可能會(huì)跨越阻礙與不方便之間的界限。但是人們對(duì)于界限的位置持不同意見。如果政府真的試圖阻止正確的優(yōu)生學(xué)操作，一些富裕的父母將會(huì)拜訪在更寬容國(guó)家的診所，然后回家承擔(dān)他們的一流的小孩。（很早以前，英國(guó)的父母就旅行到沙特阿拉伯在體外選擇他們孩子的性別，一個(gè)在他們國(guó)家非法的程序）及時(shí)沒有禁令，高年級(jí)的父母也會(huì)支付高額的遺傳科技。那些在任何情況下都回去最好的醫(yī)生和學(xué)校的小孩將會(huì)得到更大的占先在健康和成就方面。這不平等的訪問將不會(huì)帶來(lái)一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的等級(jí)系統(tǒng)在勇敢的新世界。基因和環(huán)境的相互作用太復(fù)雜以至于不能允許輕松的大腦和精神的微調(diào)。包括體外受精也沒人弄的很好；甚至很多富裕的父母將放棄痛苦的侵?jǐn)_流程除非嚴(yán)重的遺傳性缺陷有危險(xiǎn)。但是科技將會(huì)變得更加有力而且很好用。遲早，當(dāng)這最引人注目的遺傳傾向漂移朝向底部的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模，我們將會(huì)看見一個(gè)生物的分層足夠生動(dòng)的去模擬美國(guó)的價(jià)值。讓政府干擾。這一個(gè)實(shí)際的方法去阻止這個(gè)夢(mèng)魘是確定貧窮的人們將能夠付得起和富有的人們用的相同的科技。也就是說(shuō)，這聽起來(lái)很天真，但是批評(píng)也正確的說(shuō)出這等同于資助優(yōu)生學(xué)。國(guó)家參與將創(chuàng)造一個(gè)生物倫理的泥潭。即使每個(gè)人都同意提升一個(gè)小孩的記憶能有效阻止難語(yǔ)癥，那也將仍然有些納稅人還沒準(zhǔn)備支付的事——還沒有被證實(shí)有益的基因；說(shuō)或變更這些下降趨勢(shì)也許超過了它的上升趨勢(shì)。（基因的趨勢(shì)是有超過一個(gè)影響——基因多樣性——似乎是個(gè)規(guī)則，不是期待）這個(gè)問題將是技術(shù)將接受或不接受。這個(gè)回答將改變當(dāng)知識(shí)先進(jìn)了，但爭(zhēng)論覺不會(huì)停止。在勇敢的新世界中，國(guó)家資助的優(yōu)生學(xué)是一個(gè)更大極權(quán)主義的一部分，一個(gè)違背家庭聯(lián)系的文化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和忍受浪漫以及其他自由生殖選擇的古老遺留問題。那本小說(shuō)起作用，它留給讀者思考到?jīng)]有什么能比政府干預(yù)試管嬰兒設(shè)計(jì)更恐怖的。但是如果把它留給市井，我們也許能看到政府的干預(yù)，無(wú)論有多亂，無(wú)論有多令人毛骨悚然，也不是最惡心的選擇。

特此感謝所有供稿者.各位期末加油~

第二篇：英語(yǔ)三級(jí)翻譯

英語(yǔ)三級(jí)翻譯

㈠ 英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的十大區(qū)別 1.英語(yǔ)重結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語(yǔ)重語(yǔ)意 2.英語(yǔ)多從句，漢語(yǔ)多分句 3.英語(yǔ)多代詞，漢語(yǔ)多名詞 4.英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句，漢語(yǔ)多短句

5.英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng) It is said that…據(jù)說(shuō)…

It has been found that…已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)… It cannot be denied that…毋庸置疑… 6.英語(yǔ)多變化，漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù)

漢語(yǔ)：“我認(rèn)為…我認(rèn)為…我認(rèn)為…” 英語(yǔ)：I think…I believe…I assume…

7.英語(yǔ)多抽象，漢語(yǔ)多具體 disintegration 土崩瓦解

ardent loyalty 赤膽忠心（非常忠誠(chéng)）perfect harmony 水乳交融（非常和諧）on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕 feed on fancies 畫餅充饑（靠夢(mèng)想吃飯）

make a little contribution 添磚加瓦（做小小的貢獻(xiàn)）8.英語(yǔ)多省略，漢語(yǔ)多補(bǔ)充 9.英語(yǔ)多前重，漢語(yǔ)多后重 10.英語(yǔ)多引申，漢語(yǔ)多推理

㈡.英譯中

Ⅰ四步定位翻譯法 1.結(jié)構(gòu)分析

⑴ 判斷劃線部分是句型

⑵ 句子主干在哪里，詞與詞之間是什么關(guān)系 *⑶ 看有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞（最重要）2.句子切分 原則：

⑴ 主干分開，主句與從句分開 ⑵ 并列成分分開 ⑶ 多個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)分開 ⑷ 多個(gè)從句分開

⑸ 很長(zhǎng)的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分開 3.詞義推敲

⑴ 把代詞譯成名詞 ⑵ 把被動(dòng)變成主動(dòng) ⑶ 把變化處理成重復(fù) ⑷ 把抽象化為具體 4.檢查核對(duì)

⑴ 完整（不要遺漏內(nèi)容）⑵ 通順（邏輯性）

Ⅱ.具體操作的問題 1.從句提前

2.定語(yǔ)提前（如果說(shuō)不通，可以拆為兩句）㈢ 漢譯英 Ⅰ.原則 1.替換原則

肯定與否定的替換 例：他考試失敗了。He failed in the exam.He did not pass the test.2.查找原則

有的詞可以在卷面中找到 3.考點(diǎn)原則

只有兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)：句型、詞組 共同特點(diǎn)： 相對(duì)固定

Ⅱ.五大類型 1.純?cè)~組考查

例：你難道不認(rèn)為總有一天報(bào)紙將被因特網(wǎng)取代？

Don't you think that newspapers will someday give way to the internet.這個(gè)浪漫的愛情故事，一代一代口頭流傳下來(lái)。

By word of mouth, the romantic love story has passed on from generation to generation.2.純句型考察 同級(jí)比較 考倍數(shù)

兩倍多 twice as much as 四個(gè)大 four times as big as 3.詞組+句型考察 4.詞匯考察

例：朋友是一個(gè)在危機(jī)時(shí)，你能求助的人。

A friend is someone who you can ask for help when you are in trouble.政府決定把煤轉(zhuǎn)化為煤氣。

The government is determined to turn the coal into gas.5.語(yǔ)態(tài)考察（只有兩種*①虛擬②被動(dòng)）例：我真希望考試，我沒有不及格。I wish I could have passal the exam.到了睡覺時(shí)間，孩子還在看電視。

It is time children went to bed,but they are still wotching TV.和看電影相比，我寧愿玩電腦。(虛擬)Compared with going to the cinema,I would rather played the computer.要是每次都可以按時(shí)下課多好。(虛擬)If only the class could be over on time each time..

第三篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)題目（范文模版）

Unit 7 Vocabulary Test

1.He was_______ finding fault with our work.A.consequently

B.continuously

C.consistently

D.constantly 2.The company has ______ over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.A.involved

B.resolved

C.evolved

D.revolved 3.Mr.Selby is seriously ill and has been transferred to ______ care.A.intensive

B.tense

C.extensive

D.severe 4.Lower taxes would _______ investment and help economic growth.A.plug

B.spur

C.undertake

D.register 5.A year abroad has _____ her from a shy girl into an outgoing person.A.transferred

B.transformed

C.transmitted

D.transported DCABB

6.Many people went to _____ their studies abroad in those days.A.pursue

B.hunt

C.chase

D.expand 7.Twelve people ______ the jury in a law court to listen to the facts about a crime and to decide whether the person accused is guilty.A.consist

B.constitute

C.compose

D.contain 8.In the future, bacteria will be beneficial ____ cancer patients and could even feed on dirt.B.for

C.to

D.at 9.Both Latin and mathematics are ______ that require an analytical approach.A.programs

B.disciplines

C.projects

D.theories 10.Writing is a slow process, requiring ____ thought, time, and effort.A.significant

B.considerable

C.numerous

D.enormous ABCBB

11.All the______ things in life are either illegal, expensive or fattening.A.popular

B.proper

C.desirable

D.worthy 12.All sorts of lamps are ______ in that shop.A.available

B.advisable

C.applicable

D.accessible 13.Scientists are trying to find more efficient ways of _____solar energy.A.consuming

B.resorting

C.utilizing

D.approaching 14.It has been conclusively _______ that smoking causes many diseases.A.resolved

B.admitted

C.established

D.approved 15.I would like to propose the adoption of a new ______ to the problem.A.approach

B.manner

C.method

D.mode CACCA

16.Libraries only keep at best______ issues that are less than 3 years old.A.over

B.past

C.out

D.back 17._______ allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price.A.rather than to

B.rather than

C.other than to

D.other than 18.In many sports, physical fitness is not as important as ______.A.technology

B.method

C.procedure

D.technique 19.The solar cell can_____ the energy of sunlight into electric energy.A.alter

B.convert

C.vary

D.modify 20.The country girl was not used to their lavish _____ of living in the city.A.mode

B.means

C.type

D.form DBDBA 21.You should be thankful that you have escaped with only ____ injuries.A.small

B.minor

C.junior

D.major 22.Fujian Province is the _____ and major production region of jasmine tea.A.initial

B.novel

C.true

D.original 23.The car salesman took the customer for a drive in the new model in order to ____ its improved features.A.advertise

B.demonstrate

C.exhibit

D.reveal 24.His improved performance does ____ to his trainer.A.honor

B.recognition

C.debt

D.credit 25.At commencement, _____ degrees are officially given.A.academic

B.intellectual

C.scholarly

D.educational BDBDA

26.Giving advice at the right time has to _ ___ a great deal of intelligence.A.contain

B.include

C.require

D.involve 27.I have kept a reserve _____ in case of accidents.A.finance

B.fund

C.account

D.stock 28.Adolescence is the period of ______ between childhood and adulthood.A.switch

B.passage

C.transition

D.transfer 29.As the wage of the job was low, there were few ______ for it.A.applicants

B.candidates

C.assistants

D.consultants

30.But maintaining any relationship requires ______ and candor（坦誠(chéng)）.A.commitment

B.assurance

C.promise

D.duty DBCAA

31.They fought against ______ in order to create a fairer society.A.right

B.privilege

C.advantage

D.license 32.We should not only know the theory but also how to ____ it to practice.A.use

B.apply

C.operate

D.put 33.Factory and city is more ______ organism than self-sufficient village.A.confused

B.involved

C.complex

D.mixed 34.There is no _____ to the identity of the thief.A.clue

B.sign

C.evidence

D.hint 35.The proverb tells us to _____ the industry of the ant.A.follow

B.copy

C.emulate

D.imitate BBCAC

36.Many teachers _____ to that periodical.A.purchase

B.supplement

C.pursue

D.subscribe 37.The clothes a person wears may express his ____ or social position.A.curiosity

B.status

C.determination

D.significance 38.I think we need to see an investment ___ before we make an expensive mistake.A.guide

B.cashier

C.consultant

D.assessor

39.The shipping company, starting with nothing in 1952, has ___ into a leading enterprise in the shipping industry.A.bloomed

B.involved

C.converted D.launched 40.She ____ her regular salary by tutoring in the evenings.A.subtracts

B.sustains

C.supplies

D.supplements DBCAD

41.I’m a foreigner here;must I register myself ____ the police? A.for

B.at

C.to

D.with 42.Ruth has gone back to California ______.She will not return to the East.A.for good

B.for long

C.before long

D.ever since 43.The atmosphere______ of more than 70% of nitrogen.A.composes

B.contains

C.constitutes

D.consists 44.I want to know how to secure a loan to _____ a car.A.select

B.lease

C.retain

D.purchase 45.A(n)____ person is one who has good powers of thinking.A.humorous

B.moral

C.intellectual

D.theoretical DADDC

46.Since they were not strong enough to fight against the enemies who occupied this town, the local people adopted ____ resistance by giving no cooperation or service to the enemies.A.passive

B.violent

C.progressive

D.massive 47.Most living creatures now on the earth are the product of 2,000,000,000 years of ______.A.development

B.evolution

C.revolution

D.repetition 48.We can’t judge a person simply on the ____ of his education.A.condition

B.basis

C.principle

D.base 49.In recent years there has been a ____ increase in the cost of living.A.powerful

B.wide

C.significant

D.magnificent 50.Generally, the larger the _____, the more stable the object.A.basis

B.basin

C.base

D.basement

Keys: 1-10: DCABB ABCBB 11-20: CACCA DBDBA 21-30: BDBDA DCCAA 31-40: BBCAC DBCAD 41-50: DADDC ABBCC

第四篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試

2006年1月浙江省大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試

Part II Vocabulary

21.The couple are unable to have children of their own, so they decided to _____ a daughter.A、adoptB、adjustC、adaptD、appoint

22.I find this book of great _____ in helping me get along well with others.A、wealthB、priceC、usefulnessD、value

23.I’m sure I have seen that man before but I can’t _____ where.A、remindB、retellC、recallD、recognize

24.Convenience foods which are ready for cooking are _____ in grocery stores.A、availableB、capableC、acceptableD、probable

25.They had a heated discussion on the topic but came to no _____.A、endB、ideaC、resultD、conclusion

26.In the past few years the school has _____ a lot of money improving the teaching equipment.A、costB、paidC、spentD、taken

27.The school bus got out of ____ on the way to school this morning, so all the students were late.A、wokB、functionC、powerD、order

28.Road safety should be taught to young children to _____ road accident.A、avoidB、refuseC、denyD、ignore

29.It is difficult to _____ what the long-term effects of the reform will be.A、investigateB、informC、broadcastD、predict

30.His _____ novel is more interesting than any other novels he’s ever written.A、firstB、latestC、formerD、later

31.It’s time for us to take measures to stop water _____ as it is getting more and more serious.A、conditionB、pollutionC、standardD、population

32.Jack invited me to his birthday party but I didn’t _____ his invitation.A、acceptB、receiveC、answerD、reply

33.We don’t think anyone can _____ us with being irresponsible for the students.A、chargeB、accuseC、scoldD、blame

34.To my horror, I found my drinking was starting to have a _____ effect on my work.A、harmlessB、negativeC、uniqueD、positive

35.I don’t want to get _____ in the argument about whom to blame.A、interestedB、involvedC、absorbedD、focused

36.Wearing a bright-colored silk dress, she _____ in the crowed.A、stood outB、stood upC、stood forD、stood by

37.– Mr.Smith hasn’t got married, has he? – Yes, he has._____, he has a daughter already.A、As a matter of factB、As a ruleC、InsteadD、However

38._____, the floor is wet.We have just cleaned it.A、Look aroundB、Look backC、Look outD、Look down.39.– Would you do me a favor and take me the box upstairs? – _____.A、My pleasureB、Never mindC、With pleasureD、I’m glad to hear that

40.Henry tried many times to _____ smoking but failed.A、give outB、give inC、give offD、give up

Part III Structure

41.I can’t stand him.He always talks as if he _____ everything.A、knowB、has knownC、knewD、had known

42.I’m sorry, but there are _____ for Sunday’s concert.A、no tickets availableB、not tickets available

C、no available ticketsD、not available tickets

43.All flights _____ because of the terrible weather, the Smiths had to go back to the hotel.A、had been canceledB、being canceledC、having been canceledD、were canceled

44._____ for your laziness, you could have passed the entrance examination.A、If it were notB、Had it not beenC、Weren’t itD、If it had been not

45.Once upon a time, _____ known by the name of Rip Van Winkle.A、a man lived thereB、there lived a manC、lived there a manD、lived a man

46.He said that he would take part in the oral English contest, _____ is most unusual for him.A、thisB、itC、thatD、which

47.– Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport? – Oh, _____.A、either one will doB、either does wellC、all will doD、each will be fine

48.A language lab with 40 computers _____ to the middle school as a gift.A、was givenB、would have givenC、were givenD、had given

49.He _____ to have the examination yesterday evening, but he went to the concert instead.A、would comeB、must have comeC、need comeD、should have come

50.Linda _____ an essay about customs in China last week and I wonder if she has finished it.A、wroteB、has writtenC、was writingD、had written

51.Is this the washing-machine that you want _____?

A、to have been repairedB、is repairedC、to be repairedD、will be repaired

52.I don’t think you have met him before, _____?

A、don’t IB、haven’t youC、do ID、have you

53.The foreign languages school has a large collection of books, _____ are in English.A、many of themB、many onesC、many of whichD、many books

54.Do you think _____ possible to master a foreign language within two months?

A、thisB、itC、thatD、which

55.It was in this factory _____ “West Lake” sewing machines were made.A、whereB、thatC、in whichD、there

56.– David speaks English very well.– _____.A、So he does, and so do youB、So does he, and so you do

C、So he does, and so you doD、So does he, and so do you

57.The wooden house is still in excellent condition _____ it was built over 100 years a

A、sinceB、becauseC、despiteD、though

58.I am strongly against his proposal that the plan _____.A、be cancelledB、will be cancelledC、to be cancelledD、shall be cancelled

59._____ I want to know is how long it will take to finish the building.A、ThatB、WhichC、WhatD、Whether

60.The project _____ by the end of 2004 has benefited 100,000 people in the city.A、completedB、being completed C、having been completedD、to be completed

Part IV Reading Comprehension

Passage One

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:

Why don’t birds get lost on their long migratory(遷徙的)flight? Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years.Now they are beginning to fill in the blanks.Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours.But what about birds that fly mainly by night? Tests with artificial(人造的)stars have proved conclusively that certain night-flying birds are able to follow stars in their long-distance flights.One such bird – a warbler – had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky.Yet it showed an inborn ability to use stars for guidance.The bird’s cage was laced under an artificial star-filled sky at migration time.The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins.Any change in the position of the artificial stars caused a change in the direction of his flight.Scientists think that warblers, when flying in daylight, use the sun for guidance.But stars are apparently their main means of directed flight in the night.What do they do when stars are hidden by clouds? Apparently, they find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines and river courses.But when it is too dark to see these, the warblers circle helplessly, unable to find their way.61.Which of the following is NOT true about migratory bird’s flight?

A、Some birds fly mainly by day.B、Some birds fly mainly by night.C、Birds like to fly during daylight hours.D、Birds depend on the sun or stars to guide them.62.What do we know about the experimental warbler?

A、It was set free for the experiment.B、It had never flown freely outdoors.C、It had never been placed under the sun.D、It had lost its way in its daylight flight.63.What do we know about warblers as a whole?

A、They do not have intelligence.B、They tend to take the same route as other birds.C、They do not need to learn to fly in the right way.D、They cannot sense changes in the position of the moon.64.What does the passage say about warblers’ sense of direction?

A、They get lost under star-filled sky.B、They lose their way when it is too dark.C、They are not able to see clearly at night.D、They usually depend on clouds for direction.65.What does “fill in the blanks” in the first paragraph mean?

A、“to do the exercise”B、“to take the test”

C、“to know the right words”D、“to know the answer”

Passage Two

Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:

How men first learned to invent words is unknown.All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other;and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down.Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their associations – the things they bring up before our minds.Words become filled with meaning for us by experience;and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the happy and sad events of our past;the more we read and learn, the larger the number of words that mean something to us becomes.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to out minds and feelings.This attractive use of words is what we call literary style.Above all, the real poet is a master of words.He can express his meaning in words which sing like

music, and, by their position and association, can move men to tears.We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them correctly, or they will make our speech dull and silly.66.Which of the following did men invent first?

A、WordsB、SoundsC、SignsD、Letters

67.Why did men invent language?

A、To be different form animals.B、To make their ideas known to others.C、To make nice sounds for others to hear.D、To have something to write down with.68.Which of the following is true of words according to the passage?

A、Their power is beyond imagination.B、They last longer than signs or sounds.C、They remind people of their past experience.D、They enable people to live longer and read more.69.Why does the author mention “poet” in the last paragraph?

A、A poet is full of great thoughts and feelings.B、A poet is an example of good language users.C、A poet tells of the glad and sad events of his past.D、A poet knows more sounds and words than others.70.What is the best title of the passage?

A、Language and Its Use.B、Language and Human Experience.C、Poet: A Master of Words.D、How Language Came into Being.Passage Three

Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage:

In the 1800s, trains roared into stations.They were symbols of progress and expansion.They played as much of a role in America’s history as presidents and generals.The first American railroads were built in the late 1820’s.The early railroads provided cheap transportation for shippers and travelers.To encourage the railroads to expand into unsettled land, President Millard Fillmore signed a series of landgrant acts(土地?fù)苜?zèng)法案)in the 1850’s.These acts gave the railroad companies ownership of land that ran along the railways.In return for the land, the railroads carried government traffic at reduced rates.The railroad companies sold much of their land to farmers and cattlemen, who then shipped their goods on the trains.The importance of the railroads became clear during the Civil War.During the war, trains carried troops, arms, and supplies.One reason that the North won the war is that it had more use of the railroads.Between 1865 and 1900, railroads grew rapidly.The first transcontinental(跨越全洲的)route was completed in 1869.This track made easier for pioneers to cross the Rocky Mountains and settle the West.And the railroads brought new people to the West even before the trains started running.Thousands of Chinese and Irish laborers helped to lay down the tracks.71.When were the first American railroads built according to the passage?

A、Around 1800.B、Around 1830.C、Around 1860.D、Around 1890.72.Which of the following is NOT a result of the landgrant acts of the 1850’s?

A、The railroads expanded into unsettled lands.B、Farmer and settlers received land for free.C、The government could pay less for its railroad use.D、Farmers and cattlemen bought land form the railroads.73.What was one of the reasons that the South was defeated in the Civil War?

A、The South was short of military supplies.B、Only the North owned railroads and trains.C、The South failed to make good use of railroads.D、The North used railroads to attack the Southern army.74.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A、Railroads grew rapidly between 1865 and 1900.B、Railroad construction created a lot of jobs.C、Trains carried Chinese and Irish laborers to the West.D、The first railroad that reached the West was completed in 1866’s.75.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A、Railroads grew rapidly between 1865 and 1900.B、Railroads played an important role in American history.C、Trains helped pioneers to cross the Rocky Mountains.D、Trains controlled American economy in the 19th century.Part VI Translation from Chinese into English

81.只要你們降價(jià)5%，我們就打算向你們大量定貨。

82.孩子們喜歡言行一致的父母。

83.通過社會(huì)實(shí)踐，我們可以學(xué)到許多書本上學(xué)不到的東西。

84.據(jù)報(bào)道美國(guó)總統(tǒng)將于明年二月訪問中國(guó)。

85.– 我能不能把你的書帶回家，明天還給你？– 行。

Keys

21.A 22.D 23.C 24.A 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.B 31.B 32.A 33.A 34.B 35.B 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.D 41.C 42.A 43.C 44.B 45.B 46.D 47.A 48.A 49.D 50.C 51.C

52.D 53.C 54.B 55.B 56.A 57.D 58.A 59.C 60.A 61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.D66.B 67.B 68.C 69.B 70.A71.B 72.B 73.C 74.C 75.B 81.We are going to place large orders with you if you reduce your price by 5%.82.Kids like parents whose words are in accordance with their deeds.83.Through social practice we can learn a lot which can not be got from books.84.It is reported that the U.S.President will visit China next February.85.--Can I take your book home and return it to you tomorrow?--Ok.2006年1月浙江省大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試試卷答案 Part I Listening Comprehension

Part II Vocabulary

21.A22.D23.C24.A25.D26.C27.D28.A29.D30.B31.B32.A33.A34.B35.B36.A37.A38.C39.C40.D

Part III Structure

41.C42.A43.C44.B45.B46.D47.A48.A49.D50.C51.C52.D53.C54.B55.B56.A57.D58.A59.C60.A

Part IV Reading Comprehension

keys: 61.C62.B63.C64.B65.D

keys: 66.B67.B68.C69.B70.A

keys: 71.B72.B73.C74.C75.B

Part V Translation from English into Chinese

76.Still, there is much parents can do to help their kids develop and enjoy a lifelong interest in reading.your answer:

key:然而，父母?jìng)兛梢宰鲈S多事來(lái)幫助孩子們發(fā)展和享受終生的閱讀興趣。

77.Until you discover what your child likes to read, select books that you loved when you were small and new stories that strike your imagination.your answer:

key:直到你發(fā)現(xiàn)你的孩子喜歡讀什么，在這之前就選一些你小時(shí)候愛看的書或一些能激起你想象的新故事。

78.To get your child hooked on reading, set aside a regular time each day to enjoy a book together.your answer:

key:為了讓你的孩子對(duì)閱讀著迷，每天留出固定的時(shí)間和他一起讀一本書。

79.If you don’t seem to be enjoying yourself, you’re sending a message that reading isn’t much fun.your answer:

key:如果你看上去并未在享受閱讀的樂趣，那么你就在發(fā)出一個(gè)信息：閱讀不是很有趣。

80.When you go out shopping and your child asks for something, buy a book.They’re cheaper than toys and a far better investment in your child’s future.your answer:

key:當(dāng)你出去購(gòu)物，你的孩子要求買些東西時(shí)，就買本書。書比玩具便宜，也是對(duì)你孩子將來(lái)更好的投資。Part VI Translation from Chinese into English

81.只要你們降價(jià)5%，我們就打算向你們大量定貨。

your answer:

key:We are going to place large orders with you if you reduce your price by 5%.82.孩子們喜歡言行一致的父母。

your answer:

key:Kids like parents whose words are in accordance with their deeds.83.通過社會(huì)實(shí)踐，我們可以學(xué)到許多書本上學(xué)不到的東西。

your answer:

key:Through social practice we can learn a lot which can not be got from books.84.據(jù)報(bào)道美國(guó)總統(tǒng)將于明年二月訪問中國(guó)。

your answer:

key:It is reported that the U.S.President will visit China next February.85.– 我能不能把你的書帶回家，明天還給你？– 行。

your answer:

key:--Can I take your book home and return it to you tomorrow?--Ok.

第五篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文（本站推薦）

下面是一封咨詢信的范例：

To: London Woolen Products

From: Angel Clothes Store

As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens.We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample.Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list.If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time.Please note our new address and telephone number.Thank you in advance for your attention.Sincerely，Mary 投訴信

Dear Sir，Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday.We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office.The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs.The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189.Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50.Thank you very much.Sincerely yours，Mary 訂購(gòu)信

訂購(gòu)信一般用于訂購(gòu)某種貨物或機(jī)票、車票，屬于事務(wù)信件。在書寫訂購(gòu)信的時(shí)候，最重要的是要清新明白地說(shuō)明所要訂購(gòu)的對(duì)象的數(shù)量、價(jià)格、規(guī)格等等，如果是機(jī)票、車票等，則須說(shuō)明出發(fā)地、目的地、出發(fā)時(shí)間等。此外，寫明你自己的名字、地址、郵編，以及你期望的送貨方式等也是非常重要的。要避免寫冗長(zhǎng)的句子，因?yàn)榇祟愋藕詡鬟_(dá)信息為主，所以能讓對(duì)方明白你的意圖是最重要的。

下面是一封訂購(gòu)飛機(jī)票的信函：

June

13，2010 Dear Sir or Madam，I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible.Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m.tomorrow.A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred.I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying.If there is no seat available at 8 a.m.tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight.Thank you very much!

Yours faithfully，Steve Brown 備忘錄（memo）

Date:(時(shí)間)November 10,2009 TO:(收文人)Kelly Anderson,Personal Director;Jonathon Fitzgerald,the Training Manager From:(發(fā)文人)J.Hign,assistant to the Customer Service Director Subject: Reasons of decreasing sales（正文）

July 01,2007

To: Mr.ABC, leader of the supply section From: XYZ of the biological laboratory Subject: Microscope Dear Sir，I’m a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work.Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment.With kind regards.Yours sincerely，XYZ 海報(bào)（poster）多是宣傳廣告。英文海報(bào)的內(nèi)容常為球訊、影訊等。登出海報(bào)的日期常寫在最后一行，頂格寫。一般的英文海報(bào)的格式如下：

POSTER(居中)

Friendly Basketball Match(居中)

All Are Welcome(居中)Organized by the Students' Union of our school, a friendly basketball match will be held between No.3 Middle School team and ours on the basketball court on Saturday, June 5, 1993 at 4 p.m.The School Students' Union(右對(duì)齊)Tuesday, June 1.(靠左)下面是一篇英語(yǔ)電影海報(bào)的模板范文：

This Week's Film(居中)Name: Modern Time(#片名要斜體)Time: 7 p.m.Saturday, April 10 Place: The meeting hall Fare: One Yuan

Ticket office: The school gate house 下面是一份英文促銷海報(bào)，供大家參考。

GOOD NEWS(居中)Summer Clearance Sales(居中)

All the goods on show are sold at twenty percent discount.Please examine and choose them carefully before you pay.There will be no replacement or refunding.You have been warned in advance.You are welcome to make your choice.Personal Shopping Service

好消息

夏季清倉(cāng)物資處理

本店陳列商品一律八折出售。請(qǐng)顧客們仔細(xì)看貨，認(rèn)真挑選。商品付款出門后不退不換，特此預(yù)先聲明。如蒙惠顧，無(wú)比歡迎。

貝金森購(gòu)物服務(wù)中心 邀請(qǐng)函（invitation）Dear Jane，We have four tickets for a famous film shown at Guangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth.Will you join us? We’ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in front of the cinema, so don’t disappoint us!

Warmest regards.Alice 下面是一封接受邀請(qǐng)的信，Dear Alice，Thank you very much for your invitation.It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film.I will arrive at the cinema before eight.I look forward to meeting you on Friday.Thank you for thinking of me.Yours，Jane

申請(qǐng)信寫法：

開頭：說(shuō)明寫信目的(申請(qǐng)?jiān)?，信息來(lái)源，對(duì)所申請(qǐng)工作或?qū)W校的認(rèn)識(shí)，自己的打算。

主體：著重介紹自己的背景(教育情況，工作經(jīng)歷，興趣愛好，特長(zhǎng)等)。求職信先介紹工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，要突出個(gè)人能力及工作業(yè)績(jī)；求學(xué)信要重點(diǎn)介紹自己受教育程度。總之，要努力使自己的介紹引起對(duì)方的興趣。

結(jié)尾：表達(dá)自己的愿望，如希望得到面試機(jī)會(huì)等。要自信而堅(jiān)定。

June 1.2010 Dear Sir or madam，I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in＿＿＿(信息來(lái)源)of ＿＿＿(信息發(fā)布日期).Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for a ＿＿＿(職位名稱).＿＿＿(原因之一).On the other hand, ＿＿＿(原因之二).I would be very grateful if you grant me a personal interview.If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at＿＿＿(電話號(hào)碼).Thank you for considering my application.I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

常用語(yǔ)：

I have learned that you are hiring---

I would like to apply for---

I am interested in a---position in your firm.I would appreciate an interview at your convenience.I am well qualified to---for the following reasons.My interest and skill in---contribute to my qualification for this job.感謝信

1）感謝信的寫法

感謝信最主要的特點(diǎn)是真誠(chéng)。缺乏真摯的感情答謝他人，收信人將對(duì)你的謝意產(chǎn)生懷疑，感謝的目的也就失去了。因此，寫感謝信首先得真心誠(chéng)意。

感謝信另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是具體。寫感謝信切忌泛泛而談，而應(yīng)著重于具體的感謝事由。

其次一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是及時(shí)。收到別人禮物、得到別人幫助，應(yīng)及時(shí)寫信予以答謝。否則，人家會(huì)對(duì)你的謝意大打折扣。

收到他人贈(zèng)送的禮物應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)寫封感謝信，感謝信除了應(yīng)寫得真誠(chéng)、具體、及時(shí)外，還應(yīng)當(dāng)特別提及所收禮物的具體內(nèi)容，否則，泛泛而談，使人覺得你不夠真誠(chéng)。為此，當(dāng)你寫感謝信時(shí)，應(yīng)這樣寫：“Thank you for your beautiful roses.”(謝謝您送的美麗的玫瑰花。)；而不要籠統(tǒng)地寫上“Thank you for your beautiful gift.”(謝謝您送給我的漂亮禮物。)，這樣，使人覺得你既禮貌，又誠(chéng)心，從而真正達(dá)到交往的目的。下面給出兩封簡(jiǎn)短的感謝信，一封是對(duì)朋友贈(zèng)送禮物表示感謝，另一封是在對(duì)方家里小住過一段時(shí)間，離開后表達(dá)感謝的信。

Dear Sandy，When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it.I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present.It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come.Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes.Sincerely，Susan Dear Professor Anthony，Thank you for a delightful stay.Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship.I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect.Many thanks again for your warm hospitality.Cordially，Tom

通知（notice）1.標(biāo)題

一般應(yīng)用醒目字體在通知上面正中位置寫Notice一詞作為標(biāo)志。2.正文

通知正文是通知的主體部分，所使用的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)盡量簡(jiǎn)明扼要。發(fā)出通知的一方面和被通知的一方一般都以第三人稱出現(xiàn)。英文通知中很常見的一個(gè)詞就是request，它比ask 更加正式，比demand客氣。常用結(jié)構(gòu)為：

To request sb.To do sth.to be requested to do sth.請(qǐng)求某人做某事。3.日期

書面通知要寫日期，布告式通知的日期一般寫在最后一行，即左下角。4.落款

書面通知要寫落款，寫出發(fā)出通知的人或單位名稱，落款一般寫在通知的右下角。落款處也可以用名詞sponsor,如：sponsor: the youth league committee.團(tuán)委主辦。動(dòng)詞sponsor表示“主辦或發(fā)起“，常用形式為：sponsored by… 通知中表示希望，建議等，通常不用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而用被動(dòng)形式，如：It is hoped…希望…，It is required that….要求…, It is suggested that… 建議… 等 例一：布告形式的通知：

NOTICE All professors and associate professors are requested to meet in the college conference room on Saturday, August 18, at 2:00 p.m.to discuss questions concerning international academic exchanges.Headmaster’s office June 12, 2010 通知

本星期六（8月18日）下午二時(shí)，全體教授和副教授在學(xué)院會(huì)議室開會(huì)，討論國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流問題，請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)時(shí)出席。

例二：書信形式的通知

Dear Examinee:

As you know, due to unfortunate circumstances, ETS was forced to cancel the scores of the October 1992 TOEFL administration in the People's Republic of China.At that time, you were notified that you would be able to take another TOEFL without charge up through the October 1993 administration.You should be aware that the TOEFL program has a long standing policy of not refunding test fees when administrations are cancelled.We apologize for any inconvenience that this may cause to you.Russell Webster

Executive Director

TOEFL Program

Educational Testing Service

各位考生：

如你所知，很遺憾，教育考試服務(wù)處被迫取消1992年10月在中華人民共和國(guó)進(jìn)行的托福考試成績(jī)。當(dāng)時(shí)，我方通知你在1993年10月以前可免費(fèi)參加在此期間的任何一次考試。你應(yīng)該知道托福考試項(xiàng)目的長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的政策：當(dāng)考試被取消時(shí)，不向考生退還考試費(fèi)。

因此帶給您的不便，深表歉意。

教育考試服務(wù)處，托福考試項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行主任：

拉塞爾·韋伯斯特（簽字）

7.便條是一種簡(jiǎn)單的書信。雖然內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單，但卻有其獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。主要目的是為了盡快的吧最新的信息、通知、要求或者活動(dòng)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)告給對(duì)方。常見的便條有收條、欠條、留言和請(qǐng)假條等。

便條可以有題目，也可以省略題目。

便條開篇須有稱呼語(yǔ)，但稱呼可以比較隨便。

日期部分可寫在便條的右上角。

日期的簽署通常只需寫星期幾或星期幾的上午、下午，也可只寫上午或下午和具體時(shí)間。只寫日期也可以。

便條結(jié)尾須署上留條人的姓名，位置在正文的右下角。

便條的形式和內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)潔，故可以用幾句話概括。

文內(nèi)語(yǔ)言盡量通俗口語(yǔ)化，簡(jiǎn)單扼要，直截了當(dāng)，無(wú)需使用客套語(yǔ)言。

便條雖簡(jiǎn)單，但中心務(wù)必突出，更要注明活動(dòng)的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)。

便條不需郵寄，不用信封。通常請(qǐng)人代為轉(zhuǎn)交。有時(shí)可寫在留言板和留言簿上。

基本寫作格式

便條內(nèi)容和類型不盡相同，可以靈活變通。但各類便條必須包括以下幾個(gè)基本要素；1）Date：便條日期2）Salutation：稱呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名

樣例

收條：即收到錢物之后，給交錢或送物人寫張字據(jù)，說(shuō)明已經(jīng)收到某物，可留作證據(jù)。條據(jù)上需寫明錢物名稱和數(shù)量、立據(jù)人及日期。不得涂改。

Jan.23rd,2003 Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this months tuition fee.Li Man For the Finance Office of Foreign Language Institute

欠條；留下字據(jù)，表示欠某人某物。條據(jù)上需寫明錢物名稱和數(shù)量、立據(jù)人及日期。不得涂改。

Sept.16th, 2002 Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows: A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen

Wu Zhuo

For the Office of

Social Science Department

留言；用書面留下要說(shuō)的話。留言涉及的方面很多，包括約會(huì)，通知，請(qǐng)求等任何可用便條留下的口信。

Tuesday

Dear Li, As the Spring Festival is drawing near, I’m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours.I’m sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m.today, to Room 6 of Li Jing Hotel?

Yours always，Jia Yang

請(qǐng)假條：往往指由于生病或特殊情況不能親自當(dāng)面請(qǐng)假，用假條的形式告假。所以，請(qǐng)假條大多是病假條。可以自寫，也可請(qǐng)他人代寫。寫假條最重要的是說(shuō)明原因和請(qǐng)假的期限。

Jan.10th

Dear Ms.Jiang，I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this mornings two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever.Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully，Tian Ye

常用句子I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，請(qǐng)?jiān)缛諄?lái)電，我將不勝感激。

Delighted!Will call at 2 p.m.tomorrow.來(lái)?xiàng)l收悉，定于明天下午兩點(diǎn)拜訪。

Encl.: Doctors Certificate of Advice.附；醫(yī)生證明I shall be bery happy to call at your house at 6:30 this everying.Until then,...我定于今晚6：30去你家，望等候。

Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.見條后，請(qǐng)立即來(lái)我辦公室。

Mr.Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的幫助。

I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。

Yours note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一張入場(chǎng)券均已收到，不勝感激。

I’m very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and I’m sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀請(qǐng)觀看你們的音樂會(huì)，我一定按時(shí)到場(chǎng)。

Please accept this little gift as a small token of my esteen for you.奉上這小小的禮物，以表達(dá)我對(duì)您的崇高敬意。

結(jié)束語(yǔ)I trust my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience.望我的缺席不會(huì)給你帶來(lái)太大的不便。

Please favor me with an early reply.敬請(qǐng)?jiān)鐝?fù)。

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早處理此事。

Please give an extension of leave for three days.請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)予續(xù)假三天為盼。

實(shí)考作文預(yù)測(cè)作文

（二）說(shuō)明：以院學(xué)生會(huì)名義通知全體學(xué)生會(huì)干事于本周四晚上6：30在學(xué)院會(huì)議室開會(huì)，討論學(xué)院畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的相關(guān)事宜，請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)時(shí)出席。通知時(shí)間為2008年11月24日。●

審題概述●

這是一封通知，要求語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔，簡(jiǎn)單明了。

Notice December 24 All the Director-General of Student Union ①are requested to be on time in the college conference room at 6:30 this Thursday evening to discuss the ②College Graduation Party.Student Union 作實(shí)考作文預(yù)測(cè)作文

（五）以Susan的名義于2008年11月19日寫一份給Gaby的感謝信.內(nèi)容如下： Dec.19, 2008 Dear Gaby, ①I’m writing to thank you for those wonderful days during my visit in your city.②I’m very grateful for your warm welcome and interesting arangements.I hope that you will have a chance and come to Nanjing some day, where there are many ③places of interest.And I also hope that we can often ④keep in touch.Thanks again.Yours faithfully，Susan 三級(jí)作文模板

1、自由發(fā)揮

Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic that 引出話題。As a college student, I think that 論點(diǎn)。

To begin with, 論點(diǎn)1。

A further reason why I support this is that 論點(diǎn)2。There is good evidence to show that 舉例。

All in all, 重述主題，I wish提出建議。

2、適合yes/no題型

It has long been a contentious issue as to whether 題目陳述。Some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1，while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2。As far as I’m concerned, I agree to the former/latter opinion.For one thing, 論點(diǎn)1。For another, 觀點(diǎn)2。

Now, it’s not difficult to draw the conclusion that 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。

3、適合A/B題型 引出話題。As a result, some people are worried that A與B之間的矛盾。However, I don’t think their concerns are necessary, because A has advantages over B.First of all, A的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。However, B的缺點(diǎn)。Furthermore, A的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

Last but not the least, A的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。In contrast, B的缺點(diǎn)。

In short, A has some advantages that B doesn’t have.Therefore, 結(jié)論。

4、適合給定觀點(diǎn)

Now, there is a growing awareness among our students that 引出話題。From my point of view, I think that 觀點(diǎn)。I will explain why this is the case.The first and most important reason is that 論點(diǎn)1。If you look around, you will always find that 舉例1。

Another reason to support my idea is that 論點(diǎn)2。A good case in point is 舉例2。So from what has been discussed, one can reach only this conclusion that 重述觀點(diǎn)。Students should 提出建議。If we can manage to 改進(jìn)辦法，our life will be more enjoyable.適合開頭的句子：

1.It has been a hot topic for a long time on… many people advocate that….2.In recent years, … is becoming more and more popular.3.With the rapid development of …, many … have realized the important role of…4.With the passage of time and the development of modern science and technology, …more and more affect our lives.過渡句：1。On the other hand, there are also people who maintain that…2.Undoubtedly, as “every coin has two sides,” a case in point is…3.Obviously, different people have different attitudes towards…4.There are some possible reasons for the present situation.First,… Second,…Finally,…As a result,…5.However, the reason for this phenomenon is complicated…

結(jié)尾句：1.As far as I am concerned, I …2.As for me, with…3.In my opinion,… 4.Generally speaking,… 5.From what has been discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that…6.Consequently, we should keep in mind that…7.Therefore, we should realize that…8.Therefore, I think it is really high time that…9.In a word/in brief/ in summary… 書信作文常用套句

開頭部分

1：The time flies, we haven't seen each other for a long time.All the things here are going on pretty well, I just miss you so much!

時(shí)間過得很快，我們已經(jīng)很久沒見了。這里一切都好，就是很想你。

2：It is so great to hear from you again.能再次收到你的來(lái)信我很開心。

3：Long time no see!好久不見。

4：I trust that everything is going smoothly for you.我相信你那里一切都好。

5：It is a great pleasure for me to have this wonderful chance to put pen to paper and send greetings to you.很高興我有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)提筆給你寫信，寄給你我的問候和祝福。

中間部分：

Give advice:

In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following action:

在下認(rèn)為，如果你能采取以下措施，將是一種明智的選擇。

I hope you will not find it too forward for me to suggest that you...請(qǐng)?jiān)徫业闹苯樱贿^，希望你能___________。

In my experience, it seems that _______ would make sense in your situation.從我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，針對(duì)你的情況，似乎________會(huì)有幫助。

At the risk of overstepping my boundaries, allow me to suggest that you____。

請(qǐng)?jiān)徫业拿懊粒贿^我建議你_____________。

Gratitude

I truly appreciate your kindness.我很欣賞你的仁慈。

I am grateful to you for...非常感謝你_________________-。

I appreciate it more than I can say.我對(duì)你表示萬(wàn)分感謝。

I can never thank you enough.萬(wàn)分感謝。

I wish there were a better word than “ thanks ” to express my appreciation for your generous help.其實(shí)，對(duì)你的幫助豈能用“謝謝”兒子可以表達(dá)的。

It was kind and generous of you to do this for me, and I appreciate it more than I can say.你對(duì)我如此慷慨，真是對(duì)您感激不盡。

Many thanks for your kindness and hospitality.非常感謝你的仁慈和好客。

Now we have arrived back home safe and sound.現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)安全到家。

Thank you from the bottom of my heart for...我打從心底謝謝你（真誠(chéng)地感謝你）。

Thank you again for your kindness.謝謝你的好意。

Apology

Please accept my sincerest and deepest apology.請(qǐng)接受我最誠(chéng)摯、最深刻的道歉。

I apologize most sincerely for...我誠(chéng)摯地對(duì)___________向你道歉。

I am truly sorry to have done...我對(duì)________向你表示道歉。

Please forgive me...請(qǐng)?jiān)徫以鴂_________。

I owe you an apology...我為______向你道歉。

I regret to inform you that I am unable to do..很遺憾地告訴你，我沒法___________。

I am so sorry to have put you through so much trouble...很抱歉給你帶來(lái)這么多麻煩，__________。

Invitation

The honor of your presence is requested...若你能出席________，我（們）將感到萬(wàn)分榮幸。

It's a pleasure for me to invite you to...我很榮幸地邀請(qǐng)你參加__________。

We sincerely hope that you make it.我們真誠(chéng)地希望你能參加。

We would be honored to have you there with us...如果您能參加我們的__________，我們將不甚榮幸。

I will cover all the expense involved.我將負(fù)擔(dān)所有的費(fèi)用。

Sympathy

I can only imagine how difficult this time must be for you, and I want to extend to you my unwavering support.我能想象你所經(jīng)歷的一切，而且，我想告訴你，我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)支持你。

Complain

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction withat...我寫這封信是想告訴你們我對(duì)________不是很滿意。

I very much regret to have to inform you that...很遺憾地通知你，__________。

I would like to draw the attention of the authorities concerned to the...我想就_____________問題引起有關(guān)部門的重視。

I feel something ought to be done about...我覺得________方面還可以作一些努力（需要改進(jìn)）。

I hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possible.我希望以上問題（情況）能盡快解決（改進(jìn)）。

Your effort to provide good services will be highly appreciated by all.我們會(huì)很感激您作出的一切努力。

We will appreciate your willingness to make up for the loss.我們真的希望你們能對(duì)損失作出補(bǔ)償。

Inquiry

I would like to request some information about...我想對(duì)_______問題向您咨詢。

My first question is...我的問題就是__________。

I am greatly concerned about...我對(duì)_________較為關(guān)注。

Should I need to send further materials, please let me know.我是否需要再寄其他資料給你，請(qǐng)及時(shí)告知。

Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects.能否針對(duì)上述的問題寄些相關(guān)的小冊(cè)子給我。

結(jié)尾部分：

Again, I would like to express our warm thanks to you.我想再次對(duì)你表示感謝。

I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.我希望待盡快給我回復(fù)。

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.謝謝你關(guān)心（關(guān)注），我期待你的回復(fù)。

1、致辭：

Directions: Write a speech on the opening of a conference of no less than 120 words.In your speech, you should:

1）

進(jìn)行自我介紹，2）

詳細(xì)介紹大會(huì)內(nèi)容，3）

結(jié)束語(yǔ)。

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing!To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself.I am the president of Motorola(China)Electronics Ltd.The following is my introduction to the conference.First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation.Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates.Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive.I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above information will help you.If you have any question for me, please feel free to ask at any time.Thank you for your attention.2、求職信/求學(xué)信：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for a position of a company.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1.申請(qǐng)職位，2.簡(jiǎn)要介紹自己的情況，3.期待回信。Dear Sir or Madam，I am senior from the Department of Business Administration of Beijing University.I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution/your recently advertised position for a staff member.I am sure that I am qualified for it.First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience.Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, my cheerful personality is well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member.Last, my hobbies include sports and music.Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you rendered me.Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

3、邀請(qǐng)信：

Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party.Write an invitation letter to them individually: 1）

邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)，2）

說(shuō)明舉辦晚會(huì)的原因，3）

將安排哪些活動(dòng)。

Dear Wangcai，I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr.Old Fish’s wedding ceremony with Ms.Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m.on April 1, 2007.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely，Li Ming