第一篇：cisj聯(lián)合國(guó)銷售合同公約(英文)

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS(1980)

[CISG] For U.S.citation purposes, the UN-certified English text is published in 52 Federal Register 6262, 6264-6280(March 2, 1987);United States Code Annotated, Title 15, Appendix(Supp.1987).Linked Table of Treaty Sections THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION, BEARING IN MIND the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order, CONSIDERING that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States, BEING OF THE OPINION that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade, HAVE AGREED as follows:

PART I SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS

Chapter I

SPHERE OF APPLICATION

Article 1(1)This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:(a)when the States are Contracting States;or(b)when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.(2)The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract.(3)Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention.Article 2 This Convention does not apply to sales:(a)of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use;(b)by auction;(c)on execution or otherwise by authority of law;(d)of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money;(e)of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft;(f)of electricity.Article 3(1)Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.(2)This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.Article 4 This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract.In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with:(a)the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage;(b)the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.Article 5 This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.Article 6 The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.Chapter II GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 7(1)In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.(2)Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.Article 8(1)For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.(2)If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.(3)In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.Article 9(1)The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.(2)The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.Article 10 For the purposes of this Convention:(a)if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;(b)if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.Article 11 A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.Article 12 Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his place of business in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention.The parties may not derogate from or vary the effect or this article.Article 13 For the purposes of this Convention “writing” includes telegram and telex.PART II

FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT

Article 14(1)A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.(2)A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.Article 15(1)An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.(2)An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.Article 16(1)Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.(2)However, an offer cannot be revoked:(a)if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable;or(b)if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.Article 17 An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.Article 18(1)A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance.Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.(2)An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror.An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror.An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.(3)However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph.Article 19(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.(2)However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect.If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.(3)Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.Article 20(1)A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope.A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.(2)Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period.However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is extended until the first business day which follows.Article 21(1)A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.(2)If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.Article 22 An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.Article 23 A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.Article 24 For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention “reaches” the addressee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence.PART III SALE OF GOODS Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 25 A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.Article 26 A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party.Article 27 Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication.Article 28 If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgement for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention.Article 29(1)A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties.(2)A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement.However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.Chapter II

OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER

Article 30 The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.Section I.Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents

Article 31 If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists:(a)if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goodsin placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at that place;(c)in other cases-in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract.Article 32(1)If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods.(2)If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such contracts as are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such transportation.(3)If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer's request, provide him with all available information necessary to enable him to effect such insurance.Article 33 The seller must deliver the goods:(a)if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date;(b)if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date;or(c)in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.Article 34 If the seller is bound to hand over documents relating to the goods, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract.If the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense.However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.Section II.Conformity of the goods and third party claims

Article 35(1)The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.(2)Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they:(a)are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used;(b)are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and judgement;(c)possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model;(d)are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods.(3)The seller is not liable under subparagraphs(a)to(d)of the preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity.Article 36(1)The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time.(2)The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or characteristics.Article 37 If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date, deliver any missing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered, or deliver goods in replacement of any non-conforming goods delivered or remedy any lack of conformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense.However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.Article 38(1)The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances.(2)If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at their destination.(3)If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer without a reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or ought to have known of the possibility of such redirection or redispatch, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new destination.Article 39(1)The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it.(2)In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this time-limit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee.Article 40 The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of articles 38 and 39 if the lack of conformity relates to facts of which he knew or could not have been unaware and which he did not disclose to the buyer.Article 41 The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party, unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim.However, if such right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property, the seller's obligation is governed by article 42.Article 42(1)The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware, provided that the right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property:(a)under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or otherwise used in that State;or(b)in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his place of business.(2)The obligation of the seller under the preceding paragraph does not extend to cases where:(a)at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the right or claim;or(b)the right or claim results from the seller's compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulae or other such specifications furnished by the buyer.Article 43(1)The buyer loses the right to rely on the provisions of article 41 or article 42 if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party within a reasonable time after he has become aware or ought to have become aware of the right or claim.(2)The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of the preceding paragraph if he knew of the right or claim of the third party and the nature of it.Article 44 Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph(1)of article 39 and paragraph(1)of article 43, the buyer may reduce the price in accordance with article 50 or claim damages, except for loss of profit, if he has a reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required notice.Section III.Remedies for breach of contract by the seller

Article 45(1)If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the buyer may:(a)exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52;(b)claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.(2)The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies.(3)No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral tribunal when the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.Article 46(1)The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unless the buyer has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.(2)If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require delivery of substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a fundamental breach of contract and a request for substitute goods is made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.(3)If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require the seller to remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unless this is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances.A request for repair must be made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.Article 47(1)The buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations.(2)Unless the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the buyer may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract.However, the buyer is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance.Article 48(1)Subject to article 49, the seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy at his own expense any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable delay and without causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty of reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer.However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.(2)If the seller requests the buyer to make known whether he will accept performance and the buyer does not comply with the request within a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time indicated in his request.The buyer may not, during that period of time, resort to any remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller.(3)A notice by the seller that he will perform within a specified period of time is assumed to include a request, under the preceding paragraph, that the buyer make known his decision.(4)A request or notice by the seller under paragraph(2)or(3)of this article is not effective unless received by the buyer.Article 49(1)The buyer may declare the contract avoided:(a)if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract;or(b)in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph(1)of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed.(2)However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so:(a)in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made;(b)in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time:(i)after he knew or ought to have known of the breach;(ii)after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph(1)of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period;or(iii)after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph(2)of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance.Article 50 If the goods do not conform with the contract and whether or not the price has already been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time.However, if the seller remedies any failure to perform his obligations in accordance with article 37 or article 48 or if the buyer refuses to accept performance by the seller in accordance with those articles, the buyer may not reduce the price.Article 51(1)If the seller delivers only a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 apply in respect of the part which is missing or which does not conform.(2)The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety only if the failure to make delivery completely or in conformity with the contract amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract.Article 52(1)If the seller delivers the goods before the date fixed, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery.(2)If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity.If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.Chapter III

OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER

Article 53 The buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract and this Convention.Section I.Payment of the price

Article 54 The buyer's obligation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made.Article 55 Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.Article 56 If the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods, in case of doubt it is to be determined by the net weight.Article 57(1)If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other particular place, he must pay it to the seller:(a)at the seller's place of business;or(b)if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place.(2)The seller must bear any increases in the expenses incidental to payment which is caused by a change in his place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.Article 58(1)If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other specific time, he must pay it when the seller places either the goods or documents controlling their disposition at the buyer's disposal in accordance with the contract and this Convention.The seller may make such payment a condition for handing over the goods or documents.(2)If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch the goods on terms whereby the goods, or documents controlling their disposition, will not be handed over to the buyer except against payment of the price.(3)The buyer is not bound to pay the price until he has had an opportunity to examine the goods, unless the procedures for delivery or payment agreed upon by the parties are inconsistent with his having such an opportunity.Article 59 The buyer must pay the price on the date fixed by or determinable from the contract and this Convention without the need for any request or compliance with any formality on the part of the seller.Section II.Taking delivery

Article 60 The buyer's obligation to take delivery consists:(a)in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery;and(b)in taking over the goods.Section III.Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer

Article 61(1)If the buyer fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the seller may:(a)exercise the rights provided in articles 62 to 65;(b)claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.(2)The seller is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies.(3)No period of grace may be granted to the buyer by a court or arbitral tribunal when the seller resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.Article 62 The seller may require the buyer to pay the price, take delivery or perform his other obligations, unless the seller has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.Article 63(1)The seller may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligations.(2)Unless the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract.However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance.Article 64(1)The seller may declare the contract avoided:(a)if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract;or(b)if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph(1)of article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed.(2)However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so:(a)in respect of late performance by the buyer, before the seller has become aware that performance has been rendered;or(b)in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer, within a reasonable time:(i)after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach;or(ii)after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph(1)of article 63, or after the buyer has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period.Article 65(1)If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may, without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him.(2)If the seller makes the specification himself, he must inform the buyer of the details thereof and must fix a reasonable time within which the buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of such a communication, the buyer fails to do so within the time so fixed, the specification made by the seller is binding.Chapter IV PASSING OF RISK

Article 66 Loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or omission of the seller.Article 67(1)If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale.If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place.The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk.(2)Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.Article 68 The risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract.However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage.Nevertheless, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.Article 69(1)In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery.(2)However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place.(3)If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are considered not to be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are clearly identified to the contract.Article 70 If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69 do not impair the remedies available to the buyer on account of the breach.Chapter V PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND OF THE BUYER Section I.Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts

Article 71(1)A party may suspend the performance of his obligations if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of:(a)a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthiness;or(b)his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract.(2)If the seller has already dispatched the goods before the grounds described in the preceding paragraph become evident, he may prevent the handing over of the goods to the buyer even though the buyer holds a document which entitles him to obtain them.The present paragraph relates only to the rights in the goods as between the buyer and the seller.(3)A party suspending performance, whether before or after dispatch of the goods, must immediately give notice of the suspension to the other party and must continue with performance if the other party provides adequate assurance of his performance.Article 72(1)If prior to the date for performance of the contract it is clear that one of the parties will commit a fundamental breach of contract, the other party may declare the contract avoided.(2)If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate assurance of his performance.(3)The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other party has declared that he will not perform his obligations.Article 73(1)In the case of a contract for delivery of goods by instalments, if the failure of one party to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment constitutes a fundamental breach of contract with respect to that instalment, the other party may declare the contract avoided with respect to that instalment.(2)If one party's failure to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment gives the other party good grounds to conclude that a fundamental breach of contract will occur with respect to future instalments, he may declare the contract avoided for the future, provided that he does so within a reasonable time.(3)A buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery may, at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries if, by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.Section II.Damages

Article 74 Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach.Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of contract.Article 75 If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.Article 76(1)If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.If, however, the party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price at the time of avoidance.(2)For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods.Article 77 A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach.If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated.Section III.Interest

Article 78 If a party fails to pay the price or any other sum that is in arrears, the other party is entitled to interest on it, without prejudice to any claim for damages recoverable under article 74.Section IV.Exemptions

Article 79(1)A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.(2)If the party's failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if:(a)he is exempt under the preceding paragraph;and(b)the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him.(3)The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists.(4)The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on his ability to perform.If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, he is liable for damages resulting from such non-receipt.(5)Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right other than to claim damages under this Convention.Article 80 A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party's act or omission.Section V.Effects of avoidance

Article 81(1)Avoidance of the contract releases both parties from their obligations under it, subject to any damages which may be due.Avoidance does not affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision of the contract governing the rights and obligations of the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the contract.(2)A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may claim restitution from the other party of whatever the first party has supplied or paid under the contract.If both parties are bound to make restitution, they must do so concurrently.Article 82(1)The buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods if it is impossible for him to make restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them.(2)The preceding paragraph does not apply:(a)if the impossibility of making restitution of the goods or of making restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which the buyer received them is not due to his act or omission;(b)if the goods or part of the goods have perished or deteriorated as a result of the examination provided for in article 38;or(c)if the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course of business or have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the course of normal use before he discovered or ought to have discovered the lack of conformity.Article 83 A buyer who has lost the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods in accordance with article 82 retains all other remedies under the contract and this Convention.Article 84(1)If the seller is bound to refund the price, he must also pay interest on it, from the date on which the price was paid.(2)The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has derived from the goods or part of them:(a)if he must make restitution of the goods or part of them;or(b)if it is impossible for him to make restitution of all or part of the goods or to make restitution of all or part of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them, but he has nevertheless declared the contract avoided or required the seller to deliver substitute goods.Section VI.Preservation of the goods

Article 85 If the buyer is in delay in taking delivery of the goods or, where payment of the price and delivery of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price, and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition, the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them.He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the buyer.Article 86(1)If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances.He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the seller.(2)If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of the seller, provided that this can be done without payment of the price and without unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense.This provision does not apply if the seller or a person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at the destination.If the buyer takes possession of the goods under this paragraph, his rights and obligations are governed by the preceding paragraph.Article 87 A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense incurred is not unreasonable.Article 88(1)A party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 may sell them by any appropriate means if there has been an unreasonable delay by the other party in taking possession of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the price or the cost of preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention to sell has been given to the other party.(2)If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 must take reasonable measures to sell them.To the extent possible he must give notice to the other party of his intention to sell.(3)A party selling the goods has the right to retain out of the proceeds of sale an amount equal to the reasonable expenses of preserving the goods and of selling them.He must account to the other party for the balance.PART IV FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 89 The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the depositary for this Convention.Article 90 This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention, provided that the parties have their places of business in States parties to such agreement.Article 91(1)This Convention is open for signature at the concluding meeting of the United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and will remain open for signature by all States at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York until 30 September 1981.(2)This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States.(3)This Convention is open for accession by all States which are not signatory States as from the date it is open for signature.(4)Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession are to be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Article 92(1)A Contracting State may declare at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention or that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention.(2)A Contracting State which makes a declaration in accordance with the preceding paragraph in respect of Part II or Part III of this Convention is not to be considered a Contracting State within paragraph(1)of article 1 of this Convention in respect of matters governed by the Part to which the declaration applies.Article 93(1)If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which, according to its constitution, different systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with in this Convention, it may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that this Convention is to extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them, and may amend its declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.(2)These declarations are to be notified to the depositary and are to state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention extends.(3)If, by virtue of a declaration under this article, this Convention extends to one or more but not all of the territorial units of a Contracting State, and if the place of business of a party is located in that State, this place of business, for the purposes of this Convention, is considered not to be in a Contracting State, unless it is in a territorial unit to which the Convention extends.(4)If a Contracting State makes no declaration under paragraph(1)of this article, the Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that State.Article 94(1)Two or more Contracting States which have the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of business in those States.Such declarations may be made jointly or by reciprocal unilateral declarations.(2)A Contracting State which has the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention as one or more non-Contracting States may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of business in those States.(3)If a State which is the object of a declaration under the preceding paragraph subsequently becomes a Contracting State, the declaration made will, as from the date on which the Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State, have the effect of a declaration made under paragraph(1), provided that the new Contracting State joins in such declaration or makes a reciprocal unilateral declaration.Article 95 Any State may declare at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by subparagraph(1)(b)of article 1 of this Convention.Article 96 A Contracting State whose legislation requires contracts of sale to be concluded in or evidenced by writing may at any time make a declaration in accordance with article 12 that any provision of article 11, article 29, or Part II of this Convention, that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance, or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing, does not apply where any party has his place of business in that State.Article 97(1)Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.(2)Declarations and confirmations of declarations are to be in writing and be formally notified to the depositary.(3)A declaration takes effect simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention in respect of the State concerned.However, a declaration of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of its receipt by the depositary.Reciprocal unilateral declarations under article 94 take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the receipt of the latest declaration by the depositary.(4)Any State which makes a declaration under this Convention may withdraw it at any time by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary.Such withdrawal is to take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of the receipt of the notification by the depositary.(5)A withdrawal of a declaration made under article 94 renders inoperative, as from the date on which the withdrawal takes effect, any reciprocal declaration made by another State under that article.Article 98 No reservations are permitted except those expressly authorized in this Convention.Article 99(1)This Convention enters into force, subject to the provisions of paragraph(6)of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, including an instrument which contains a declaration made under article 92.(2)When a State ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention, with the exception of the Part excluded, enters into force in respect of that State, subject to the provisions of paragraph(6)of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.(3)A State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention and is a party to either or both the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964(1964 Hague Formation Convention)and the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964(1964 Hague Sales Convention)shall at the same time denounce, as the case may be, either or both the 1964 Hague Sales Convention and the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.(4)A State party to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 52 that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Sales Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.(5)A State party to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 92 that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.(6)For the purpose of this article, ratifications, acceptances, approvals and accessions in respect of this Convention by States parties to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention or to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention shall not be effective until such denunciations as may be required on the part of those States in respect of the latter two Conventions have themselves become effective.The depositary of this Convention shall consult with the Government of the Netherlands, as the depositary of the 1964 Conventions, so as to ensure necessary co-ordination in this respect.Article 100(1)This Convention applies to the formation of a contract only when the proposal for concluding the contract is made on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph(1)(a)or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph(1)(b)of article 1.(2)This Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph(1)(a)or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph(1)(b)of article 1.Article 101(1)A Contracting State may denounce this Convention, or Part II or Part III of the Convention, by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary.(2)The denunciation takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the notification is received by the depositary.Where a longer period for the denunciation to take effect is specified in the notification, the denunciation takes effect upon the expiration of such longer period after the notification is received by the depositary.DONE at Vienna, this day of eleventh day of April, one thousand nine hundred and eighty, in a single original, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention.

第二篇：《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》

（一）、《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》

通過(guò)國(guó)際立法協(xié)調(diào)和統(tǒng)一各國(guó)在國(guó)際貨物買賣領(lǐng)域的法律是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后國(guó)際貿(mào)易法發(fā)展的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)。１９６４年在海牙外交會(huì)議上通過(guò)了由羅馬統(tǒng)一國(guó)際私法研究所起草的《國(guó)際貨物買賣統(tǒng)一法公約》（簡(jiǎn)稱海牙第一公約）和《國(guó)際貨物買賣合同成立統(tǒng)一法公約》（簡(jiǎn)稱海牙第二公約）。

海牙第一公約是關(guān)于國(guó)際貨物買賣雙方當(dāng)事人權(quán)利、義務(wù)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的公約，海牙第二公約是關(guān)于簽訂隔地合同的要約和承諾的公約。這兩個(gè)公約主要反映了以歐洲為主的立法與習(xí)慣，在地區(qū)和內(nèi)容上有很大的局限性，基本上屬于區(qū)域性的多邊條約，因此，需要有一個(gè)國(guó)際普遍適用的新的公約來(lái)代替這兩個(gè)公約。聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易法委員會(huì)從１９６４年開(kāi)始將海牙第一公約與海牙第二公約的內(nèi)容予以合并，并進(jìn)行修改補(bǔ)充，目的是為了使更多的國(guó)家能接受。委員會(huì)于１９７８年完成了《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》的起草工作，１９８０年在維也納外交會(huì)議上討論并通過(guò)了此項(xiàng)公約，包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的６２個(gè)國(guó)家的代表參加了會(huì)議，公約共１０１條，主要內(nèi)容為公約的適用范圍、合同的成立、貨物銷售及最后條款；公約已對(duì)中國(guó)、美國(guó)、意大利、贊比亞、南斯拉夫、阿根廷、匈牙利、埃及、敘利亞、法國(guó)等３４個(gè)國(guó)家生效。

１、公約的適用范圍。公約第１條規(guī)定：“本公約適用于營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人之間訂立的貨物銷售合同”。

公約強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人營(yíng)業(yè)地位于不同國(guó)家的事實(shí)，并規(guī)定“在確定本公約的適用時(shí)，當(dāng)事人的國(guó)籍和當(dāng)事人或合同的民事或商業(yè)性質(zhì)，應(yīng)不予考慮。”

公約第２條列舉了六類不適用公約的銷售：

（１）購(gòu)買供私人、家人或家庭使用的貨物的銷售；

（２）經(jīng)由拍賣的銷售；

（３）根據(jù)法律執(zhí)行令狀或其他令狀的銷售；

（４）公債、股票、投資證券、流通票據(jù)或貨幣的銷售；

（５）船舶、船只、氣墊船或飛機(jī)的銷售；

（６）電力的銷售。

鑒于這六種買賣交易性質(zhì)、交易方法及標(biāo)的物的特殊性，不在公約適用范圍之內(nèi).此外，公約第４條規(guī)定，其適用范圍只限于合同的訂立及買賣雙方因合同而產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。

2、合同的形式與成立

（１）合同的形式。公約第１１條規(guī)定：“銷售合同無(wú)須以書(shū)面訂立或書(shū)面證明，在形式方面也不受任何其他條件的限制，銷售合同可以用包括人證在內(nèi)的任何方法證明。”但是公約允許締約國(guó)對(duì)這一條提出保留。

（２）合同的成立。公約第二部分對(duì)于要約和承諾的有關(guān)問(wèn)題作了詳細(xì)的規(guī)定，其具體內(nèi)容與本章“國(guó)際貨物買賣合同的訂立”所述相同，但在對(duì)待承諾是否必須無(wú)條件地接受要約所提出的交易條件這一問(wèn)題上，公約第１９條作了一些變通的規(guī)定，公約將對(duì)要約條件的添加、修改劃分為實(shí)質(zhì)性修改和非實(shí)質(zhì)性修改兩類。凡是有關(guān)貨物的價(jià)格、付款、貨物質(zhì)量和數(shù)量、交貨地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間、一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)另一方當(dāng)事人的賠償責(zé)任范圍或爭(zhēng)議的解決等等內(nèi)容的添加或修改，均被視為實(shí)質(zhì)性的變更。除此以外的其他次要條件的添加或修改則被視作非實(shí)質(zhì)性修改；只有實(shí)質(zhì)性的修改才構(gòu)成對(duì)原要約的拒絕并構(gòu)成新要約，而非實(shí)質(zhì)性修改不影響承諾的有效性。

３、買賣雙方的義務(wù)。從法律上講，國(guó)際貨物買賣合同是一種雙務(wù)、有償合同，買賣雙方當(dāng)事人都應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照合同規(guī)定履行義務(wù)。公約對(duì)買賣雙方的義務(wù)作了如下明確的規(guī)定.（１）賣方的義務(wù)。公約第３０條規(guī)定：“賣方必須按照合同和本公約的規(guī)定，交付貨物，移交一切與貨物有關(guān)的單據(jù)并轉(zhuǎn)移貨物所有權(quán)。”根據(jù)這一規(guī)定，賣方的義務(wù)主要有以

下三項(xiàng)：

第一，交付貨物。賣方必須按照合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式完成交付貨物的義務(wù)。如果合同沒(méi)有規(guī)定交貨的具體時(shí)間，賣方應(yīng)在訂立合同后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)交貨，賣方所交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的貨物數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符，并且必須按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝，賣方交付的貨物還必須是任何第三方不能提出權(quán)利和要求的貨物，即賣方對(duì)其出售的貨物享有合法的權(quán)利。

第二，移交單據(jù)。公約規(guī)定：如果賣方有義務(wù)移交與貨物有關(guān)的單據(jù)，必須按照合同所規(guī)定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和方式移交這些單據(jù)；如果賣方在這個(gè)時(shí)間以前已移交這些單據(jù)，他可以在這個(gè)時(shí)間到達(dá)前糾正單據(jù)中任何不符合合同規(guī)定的內(nèi)容。但是，這一權(quán)利的行使不得使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的開(kāi)支，但買方保留本公約所規(guī)定的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。

第三，轉(zhuǎn)移貨物的所有權(quán)。這是買賣合同主要的法律特征，也是買賣雙方訂立買賣合同的直接目的。

（２）買方的義務(wù)。按照公約的規(guī)定，買方必須按照合同與公約的規(guī)定支付貨物價(jià)款和收取貨物，根據(jù)這一規(guī)定，買方主要有以下兩項(xiàng)義務(wù)：

第一，支付價(jià)款。公約規(guī)定，買方必須嚴(yán)格根據(jù)合同或有關(guān)法律規(guī)定的步驟和手續(xù)支付價(jià)款。如果合同已有效地訂立，但沒(méi)有明示或默示地規(guī)定價(jià)格或規(guī)定如何確定價(jià)格，在沒(méi)有任何相反表示的情況下，雙方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)視為已默示地引用訂立合同時(shí)此種貨物在有關(guān)貿(mào)易的類似情況下銷售的通常價(jià)格，如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問(wèn)，應(yīng)按凈重確定。

第二，收取貨物。公約第６０條規(guī)定了買方有關(guān)收取貨物的兩項(xiàng)義務(wù)：①采取一切理應(yīng)采取的行動(dòng)，以期賣方能交付貨物；②接受貨物。

４、違約救濟(jì)方法。違約的救濟(jì)方法是指一方當(dāng)事人違約而使另一方當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利受到損害時(shí)，受損害一方為了取得補(bǔ)償依照法律所采取的措施。公約對(duì)買賣雙方違約的救濟(jì)方法作了明確規(guī)定：

（１）賣方違約的救濟(jì)方法。公約對(duì)賣方違約的救濟(jì)方法作了詳盡的規(guī)定，按照公約規(guī)定：一方當(dāng)事人違反合同的行為，只有構(gòu)成“根本違反合同”，買方才有權(quán)撤銷合同，并依法得到補(bǔ)償。公約對(duì)以下幾種賣方違約行為分別規(guī)定了不同的救濟(jì)方法：

第一，賣方拒不交貨。公約根據(jù)賣方拒不交貨所造成的損失的程度，對(duì)拒不交貨的賣方采取以下幾種救濟(jì)方法：①要求賣方履行合同義務(wù)。公約規(guī)定，賣方拒不交貨時(shí)，買方可以要求賣方履行合同義務(wù)，除非買方已采取與此一要求相抵觸的某種補(bǔ)救辦法；如買方已宣告撤銷合同，就不能再要求賣方履行義務(wù)；②撤銷合同。公約規(guī)定，當(dāng)賣方的行為構(gòu)成根本違約時(shí)，買方可以撤銷合同，宣告原合同無(wú)效。但撤銷合同時(shí)必須向賣方發(fā)出通知；③請(qǐng)求損害賠償。公約規(guī)定，對(duì)于賣方違約所造成的損失，買方有權(quán)要求賣方予以賠償，即使買方已經(jīng)采取了其他救濟(jì)方法，但對(duì)于因賣方違反合同所遭受的損失，仍有權(quán)要求賣方賠償損失。

第二，賣方遲延交貨。公約規(guī)定，賣方遲延交貨構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，買方有權(quán)撤銷合同，但賣方遲延交貨的行為尚未構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，買方可以規(guī)定一段合理時(shí)限的額外時(shí)間，讓賣方履行義務(wù)，如賣方在這一時(shí)間仍不交貨，買方即可撤銷合同，并要求賣方賠償因遲延交貨所造成的損失。

第三，賣方所交貨物與合同不符。公約規(guī)定，賣方所交貨物的品質(zhì)、規(guī)格、數(shù)量或包裝等方面與合同不符時(shí)，買方可以要求賣方另行交付一批符合合同要求的貨物，以替代不符合合同的貨物，也可以要求賣方對(duì)不符合合同的貨物進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)，或者根據(jù)具體情況減低貨物的價(jià)格，當(dāng)賣方所交貨物不符合合同而構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，買方還可以撤銷合同，并要

求賣方賠償損失。

（２）買方違約的救濟(jì)方法。公約第三章第三節(jié)對(duì)買方違約的救濟(jì)方式作了詳盡規(guī)定：第一，要求買方履行合同義務(wù)。公約規(guī)定，當(dāng)買方違反合同拒付貨款、拒收貨物或不履行其他義務(wù)時(shí)，賣方可以要求買方支付貨款、收取貨物或履行其他義務(wù)，除非賣方已采取與此一要求相抵觸的某種補(bǔ)救辦法。

第二，撤銷合同。公約規(guī)定，當(dāng)買方不履行合同構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，賣方可以立即撤銷合同，但尚未構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，賣方可以規(guī)定一段合理的額外時(shí)間讓買方履行義務(wù)，如時(shí)間屆滿買方仍不履行義務(wù)，賣方即可撤銷合同。

第三，請(qǐng)求損害賠償。公約規(guī)定，買方違約造成賣方損失時(shí)，賣方可請(qǐng)求損害賠償。賠償額應(yīng)與賣方因買方違約而遭受的包括利潤(rùn)在內(nèi)的損失額相等，對(duì)于買方拖欠的貨款以及其他金額，賣方還有權(quán)收取利息。

５、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。公約第四章根據(jù)各種貨物不同的運(yùn)輸與交付情況，對(duì)貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)作了規(guī)定：

第一，規(guī)定特定地點(diǎn)交貨的，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)于該地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移，公約規(guī)定，如果賣方有義務(wù)在某一特定地點(diǎn)把貨物交付給承運(yùn)人，在貨物于該地點(diǎn)交付給承運(yùn)人之前，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不轉(zhuǎn)移給買方；賣方受權(quán)保留控制貨物處置權(quán)的單據(jù)，并不影響風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。

第二，涉及運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳铮匆?guī)定特定地點(diǎn)交貨的，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)于貨物交付給第一承運(yùn)人時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移。

第三，運(yùn)輸途中出售的貨物，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)于訂立合同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移。

第四，在其他情況下，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自買方接受貨物時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移。公約規(guī)定，在不屬于上述幾種情況下，從買方接受貨物時(shí)起，或如果買方不在適當(dāng)時(shí)間內(nèi)收受貨物，則從貨物交給他處置但他不收取貨物而違反合同時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到買方。

６、賠償額的計(jì)算。根據(jù)公約規(guī)定，一方當(dāng)事人違反合同應(yīng)負(fù)的損害賠償額，應(yīng)與另一方當(dāng)事人因他違反合同而遭受的包括利潤(rùn)在內(nèi)的損失額相等。這種損害賠償不得超過(guò)違反合同一方在訂立合同時(shí)，依照他當(dāng)時(shí)已知道或理應(yīng)知道的事實(shí)和情況，對(duì)違反合同預(yù)料到或理應(yīng)預(yù)料到的損失。如果賣方的行為已構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，買方可以撤銷合同，宣布合同無(wú)效，并在宣告無(wú)效后一段合理時(shí)期內(nèi)，以合理的方式購(gòu)買替代貨物。在此情況下，買方可以取得原定合同價(jià)格和替代貨物交易價(jià)格之間的差價(jià)。當(dāng)合同被宣告無(wú)效，而貨物又有時(shí)價(jià)時(shí)，如果受損的買方?jīng)]有購(gòu)買替代貨物，則可以取得合同規(guī)定的價(jià)格和宣告無(wú)效合同時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)之間的差價(jià)以及其他任何損害賠償，但是，如果要求損害賠償?shù)囊环皆诮邮茇浳镏笮婧贤瑹o(wú)效，則應(yīng)適用接收貨物時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)，而不是宣告合同無(wú)效時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)。公約還規(guī)定，遭受損失的一方必須根據(jù)情況采取合理措施，減輕由于違約行為而引起的損失，否則，違約一方可以要求從損害賠償中扣除原可以減輕的損失數(shù)額。

７、根本違反合同與預(yù)期違反合同公約將當(dāng)事人的違約分為根本違反合同與預(yù)期違反合同兩類。公約第２５條規(guī)定：“一方當(dāng)事人違反合同的結(jié)果，如使另一方當(dāng)事人蒙受損害，以致于實(shí)際上剝奪了他根據(jù)合同規(guī)定有權(quán)期待得到的東西，即為根本違反合同。”公約規(guī)定，只有一方的行為構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，另一方才可以撤銷合同，宣告原合同無(wú)效.根據(jù)公約第７１條的規(guī)定，如果訂立合同以后，一方當(dāng)事人明顯地預(yù)見(jiàn)到，另一方當(dāng)事人履行合同義務(wù)的能力或信用有嚴(yán)重缺陷，或者其準(zhǔn)備履行合同或履行合同中的行為顯然不能履行其在合同中承擔(dān)的大部分重要義務(wù)，這一不能履行合同的行為即為預(yù)期違反合同，公約規(guī)定，一方當(dāng)事人預(yù)期違反合同時(shí)，另一方當(dāng)事人可以中止履行合同義務(wù)并立即通知違約方，如果預(yù)期違約方對(duì)履行義務(wù)提出充分保證，則不能中止履行合同義務(wù)。

８、免責(zé)有關(guān)免責(zé)的根據(jù)，公約第７９條提出了“非所能控制的障礙”（ＡｎＩｍｐｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｂｅｙｏｎｄｏｎｅ′ｓＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ）的概念。公約規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人由于

某種非他所能控制的障礙而無(wú)法履行合同義務(wù)，則不負(fù)責(zé)任，構(gòu)成“非所能控制的障礙”的條件是：不履行合同義務(wù)的一方?jīng)]有理由在訂立合同時(shí)預(yù)期能考慮到這種障礙；沒(méi)有理由能預(yù)期避免這種障礙或其后果；沒(méi)有理由能預(yù)期克服這種障礙或其后果，公約規(guī)定只有在“非所能控制的障礙存在期間”，才能免除不履行合同義務(wù)一方當(dāng)事人的責(zé)任，但該當(dāng)事人應(yīng)將所發(fā)生的這種障礙及其對(duì)履行合同義務(wù)的影響通知另一方當(dāng)事人，否則該方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)對(duì)損害負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。

（二）、《國(guó)際貨物買賣時(shí)效期限公約》

１９７４年６月１４日，英、美、法、日、聯(lián)邦德國(guó)、印度等六十六個(gè)國(guó)家的外交代表在紐約舉行外交代表會(huì)議，討論通過(guò)了《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物買賣時(shí)效期限公約》。

１９８０年在維也納召開(kāi)外交代表會(huì)議討論制定《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》時(shí)，為了使它與時(shí)效公約在適用范圍上保持一致，對(duì)時(shí)效公約的適用范圍作了修訂，于是通過(guò)了《國(guó)際貨物銷售時(shí)效期限公約的議定書(shū)》。

１、時(shí)效期限的期間和起始。公約規(guī)定，時(shí)效期限應(yīng)為４年。時(shí)效期限應(yīng)自請(qǐng)求權(quán)產(chǎn)生之日起算，公約對(duì)于下述幾種請(qǐng)求權(quán)的起始作了具體規(guī)定：

（１）因違約而引起的請(qǐng)求權(quán)應(yīng)在違約行為發(fā)生之日產(chǎn)生；

（２）因貨物有瑕疵或不符契約規(guī)定而引起的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，應(yīng)在貨物實(shí)際交付買方或買方拒絕接受之日產(chǎn)生；

（３）因欺詐行為而提出的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，應(yīng)在該項(xiàng)欺詐被發(fā)現(xiàn)或理應(yīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)之日產(chǎn)生；（４）因保證期而產(chǎn)生的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，應(yīng)在保證期內(nèi)買方將事實(shí)通知賣方之日產(chǎn)生；（５）因聲明終止合同而產(chǎn)生的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，應(yīng)在作出此項(xiàng)聲明之日產(chǎn)生：

（６）因違背分期交貨或分期付款契約而引起的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，自每期違約行為發(fā)生之日起，計(jì)算請(qǐng)求權(quán)的時(shí)效期限。

２、時(shí)效期限的停止和延長(zhǎng)。公約規(guī)定在下列情況下，時(shí)效期限應(yīng)停止計(jì)算：

（１）債權(quán)人依法向法院提起了訴訟；

（２）債權(quán)人依仲裁協(xié)議提起了仲裁；

（３）債務(wù)人死亡或喪失權(quán)利能力；

（４）債務(wù)人破產(chǎn)或無(wú)清償能力：

（５）作為債務(wù)人的公司、商號(hào)、合伙、會(huì)社或團(tuán)體的解散或清算。公約規(guī)定，如債務(wù)人在時(shí)效期限屆滿之前以書(shū)面向債權(quán)人承認(rèn)其所負(fù)的債務(wù)，一個(gè)新的４年時(shí)效期限應(yīng)自此種承認(rèn)之日起算；公約第２１條規(guī)定：“如由于債權(quán)人無(wú)法控制或不能避免或克服的情況，債權(quán)人不應(yīng)使時(shí)效期限停止計(jì)算，時(shí)效期限應(yīng)予延長(zhǎng)，使之不致在有關(guān)情況消失之日起一年期滿之前即行屆滿”

３、時(shí)效期限的計(jì)算。公約規(guī)定，時(shí)效期限的計(jì)算，應(yīng)在與該期限起算之日的對(duì)應(yīng)日期終結(jié)時(shí)屆滿；如無(wú)此種對(duì)應(yīng)日期，該期限應(yīng)在時(shí)效期限的最后一個(gè)月的最末一日終結(jié)時(shí)屆滿；如時(shí)效期限的最后一日恰逢法定假日或休閑日，可以順延。公約規(guī)定，時(shí)效期限應(yīng)依照法律程序地點(diǎn)的日期計(jì)算。

第三篇：聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約主要內(nèi)容

聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約主要內(nèi)容

1.公約的基本原則。建立國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序的原則、平等互利原則與兼顧不同社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律制度的原則。這些基本原則是執(zhí)行、解釋和修訂公約的依據(jù)，也是處理國(guó)際貨物買賣關(guān)系和發(fā)展國(guó)際貿(mào)易關(guān)系的準(zhǔn)繩。

2.適用范圍。第一，公約只適用于國(guó)際貨物買賣合同，即營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的雙方當(dāng)事人之間所訂立的貨物買賣合同，但對(duì)某些貨物的國(guó)際買賣不能適用該公約作了明確規(guī)定。第二，公約適用于當(dāng)事人在締約國(guó)內(nèi)有營(yíng)業(yè)地的合同，但如果根據(jù)適用于“合同”的沖突規(guī)范，該“合同”應(yīng)適用某一締約國(guó)的法律，在這種情況下也應(yīng)適用“銷售合同公約”，而不管合同當(dāng)事人在該締約國(guó)有無(wú)營(yíng)業(yè)所。對(duì)此規(guī)定，締約國(guó)在批準(zhǔn)或者加入時(shí)可以聲明保留。第三，雙方當(dāng)事人可以在合同中明確規(guī)定不適用該公約。（適用范圍不允許締約國(guó)保留）

3.合同的訂立。包括合同的形式和發(fā)盤（要約）與接受（承諾）的法律效力。

4.買方和賣方的權(quán)利義務(wù)。第一，賣方責(zé)任主要表現(xiàn)為三項(xiàng)義

中國(guó)招標(biāo)師在線網(wǎng)

務(wù)：交付貨物；移交一切與貨物有關(guān)的單據(jù)；移轉(zhuǎn)貨物的所有權(quán)。第二，買方的責(zé)任主要表現(xiàn)為兩項(xiàng)義務(wù)：支付貨物價(jià)款；收取貨物。第三，詳細(xì)規(guī)定賣方和買方違反合同時(shí)的補(bǔ)救辦法。第四，規(guī)定了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的幾種情況。第五，明確了根本違反合同和預(yù)期違反合同的含義以及當(dāng)這種情況發(fā)生時(shí)，當(dāng)事人雙方所應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)。第六，對(duì)免責(zé)根據(jù)的條件作了明確的規(guī)定。

來(lái)源：招標(biāo)師在線網(wǎng)（QQ學(xué)習(xí)群：244362119），歡迎分享本文!

中國(guó)招標(biāo)師在線網(wǎng)

第四篇：聯(lián)合國(guó)銷售合同公約考點(diǎn)

《1980聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》

1.公約的適用―――國(guó)際貨物買賣合同

（1）“國(guó)際”買賣：

1）當(dāng)事人營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同締約國(guó)，當(dāng)事人如擁有一個(gè)以上的營(yíng)業(yè)地，則采取與合同及合同的履行關(guān)系最密切的營(yíng)業(yè)地為其營(yíng)業(yè)地。

2）擴(kuò)大適用（間接適用）―――非締約國(guó)當(dāng)事人的合同，但合同的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法是締約國(guó)如果非締約國(guó)當(dāng)事人未作法律或公約的選擇，公約還可在下面情況下適用。公約第l條（1）款（B）項(xiàng)規(guī)定，對(duì)于當(dāng)事人雙方或一方營(yíng)業(yè)所所在地國(guó)不是締約國(guó)，如果國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用某一締約國(guó)的法律時(shí)，公約可以適用于他們之間訂立的貨物買賣合同法律教育網(wǎng)。在這種情況下適用公約，須具備3個(gè)條件：A、貨物買賣合同具有國(guó)際性，即雙方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地分處在不同國(guó)家；B、雙方當(dāng)事人或一方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地所在的國(guó)家不是公約締約國(guó)；

C、受理糾紛的法院或仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)國(guó)際私法規(guī)則認(rèn)為該合同適用某一締約國(guó)的法律。《公約》這一規(guī)定的目的旨在擴(kuò)大公約的適用范圍，但允許締約國(guó)提出保留。

（2）“貨物”買賣：技術(shù)、服務(wù)、勞務(wù)貿(mào)易不適用；

《公約》不適用于合同中的主要部分是為提供勞務(wù)和服務(wù)而成立的貨物銷售合同。公約

第3條還排除了對(duì)提供貨物與提供服務(wù)相結(jié)合的合同的適用。依公約的規(guī)定，下列兩種合同排除適用：

1.通過(guò)勞務(wù)合作方式進(jìn)行的購(gòu)買，如補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。

2.通過(guò)貨物買賣方式進(jìn)行的勞務(wù)合作，如技貿(mào)結(jié)合。

《公約》的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是看該合同中的絕大部分義務(wù)是銷售貨物還是提供勞務(wù)或服務(wù)。如果銷售貨物是主要的，則應(yīng)適用《公約》。反之，則不適用。

提供貨物：適用（大型成套設(shè)備銷售的交鑰匙合同）

混合合同：賣方絕大部分義務(wù)是提供服務(wù)、勞務(wù)：不適用（來(lái)料加工）

――如果貨物和勞務(wù)可以分開(kāi)，則公約可以只適用于貨物部分

（3）6種例外（不適用）

① 供私人、家人或家庭使用的貨物（個(gè)人消費(fèi)）。除非賣方在訂立合同前任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)不知道而且沒(méi)有理由知道這些貨物是作任何這種使用的；

② 經(jīng)由拍賣銷售的物品；

③ 根據(jù)法律執(zhí)行令狀或其他令狀銷售的貨物；

④ 公債、股票、投資證券、流通票據(jù)或貨幣等有價(jià)證券；

⑤ 船舶、氣墊船或飛機(jī)；

⑥ 電力；

（4）公約不涉及的三個(gè)問(wèn)題

① 合同的效力，或其任何條款的效力，或任何慣例的效力。

② 合同對(duì)所售貨物所有權(quán)可能產(chǎn)生的影響（所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)則）

③ 賣方對(duì)于貨物對(duì)任何人所造成的死亡或傷害的責(zé)任（產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量侵權(quán)）

――注意：第③不包括財(cái)產(chǎn)侵權(quán)

（5）公約的任意性

① 締約國(guó)當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)選擇一個(gè)國(guó)家的法律來(lái)排除公約的適用。但是這種選擇必須明示。其要點(diǎn)是：A、當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)選擇一個(gè)國(guó)家的法律作準(zhǔn)據(jù)法而排除80年公約的適用。B、當(dāng)事人必須通過(guò)明示方式選擇法律，主要指選擇一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)內(nèi)法。C、對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的選擇不構(gòu)成對(duì)80年公約的排除。D、如果沒(méi)作法律選擇，則公約就當(dāng)然適用于他們之間訂立的買賣合同。

② 非締約國(guó)當(dāng)事人可以選擇適用公約，可約定部分適用公約，可以改變公約內(nèi)容，但有限制，當(dāng)事人營(yíng)業(yè)地所在國(guó)在加入公約時(shí)已經(jīng)提出保留的內(nèi)容，當(dāng)事人必須遵守，不得排除或改變。

（6）我國(guó)的兩個(gè)保留

① 擴(kuò)大適用的保留：只能適用必須雙方營(yíng)業(yè)地所在國(guó)都是公約的締約國(guó)

② 合同形式的保留：合同必須書(shū)面，排除口頭和其他形式

2.要約承諾規(guī)則（按國(guó)內(nèi)合同法掌握）

① 要約

（一）要約的概念及其構(gòu)成要件一項(xiàng)有效的要約須具備以下條件：

（1）要約應(yīng)向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的人提出。

（2）要約的內(nèi)容必須十分確定。依《公約》第14條的規(guī)定，要約中應(yīng)至少包含三個(gè)基本交易條件：A、貨物的名稱；B、貨物的數(shù)量或確定數(shù)量的方法；C、價(jià)格或確定價(jià)格的方法。

（3）表明要約人在得到接受時(shí)承受約束的意旨。

4.要約必須傳達(dá)到受要約人。

（二）要約的生效要約送達(dá)受要約人時(shí)生效。

（三）要約的撤回與撤銷

（1）要約的撤回要約的撤回，是指要約人在要約生效之前阻止要約生效的行為。因?yàn)橐s在到達(dá)受要約人之前尚未產(chǎn)生法律效力，因此要約人可以撤回要約。只要撤回要約的通知先于要約到達(dá)受要約人即可撤回要約。即要約人撤回要約的條件是，撤回要約的通知必須于要約到達(dá)受要約人之前或同時(shí)送達(dá)受要約人。

（2）要約的撤銷要約人在要約送達(dá)受要約人后取消要約的行為稱為要約的撤銷。要約分為可撤銷的要約和不可撤銷的要約。對(duì)于不可撤銷的要約，只有撤回的問(wèn)題。依公約第16條的規(guī)定，在未成立合同之前，也就是受要約人沒(méi)有承諾之前，要約可以撤銷，但是撤銷的通知必須在受要約人發(fā)出接受通知之前送達(dá)受要約人。

但在下列兩種情況下，要約不得撤銷：A、要約寫(xiě)明接受要約的期限或以其他方式表示要約是不可撤銷的。B、受要約人有理由信賴該項(xiàng)要約是不可撤銷的，而且受要約人已本著對(duì)該要約的信賴行事。

（四）要約的失效在要約失效后，無(wú)論是要約人或受要約人均不再受要約的拘束，要約失效的原因主要有以下幾種情況：

（1）要約因有效期已過(guò)而失效，即要約因受要約人沒(méi)有在要約規(guī)定的期間內(nèi)做出有效的承諾而失去效力。

（2）要約因要約人的撤銷而失效。

（3）要約因受要約人的拒絕而失效。拒絕要約有兩種方式，一種是明確拒絕，即受要約人表示不接受要約的任何條件。另一種是反要約。這是指受要約人表示接受要約，但在接受通知中對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容做了擴(kuò)張、限制或變更，以致實(shí)質(zhì)性地改變了要約的條件。這種實(shí)質(zhì)性改變要約內(nèi)容的接受在法律上稱為反要約。如果原要約人不接受受要約人提出的反要約，那么，受要約人提出的反要約實(shí)際上就是對(duì)要約的拒絕。

② 承諾承諾是受要約人按照要約所規(guī)定的方式，對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容表示同意的一種意思表示。要約一經(jīng)承諾，合同即告成立。承諾又被稱為“接受”。

（一）有效承諾須具備的條件

（1）須由受要約人做出，依公約第18條的規(guī)定，承諾的作出可以聲明或行為表示，但緘默或不作為本身不等于承諾。

（2）承諾須在要約規(guī)定的有效期間或合理的期間內(nèi)做出。理論上遲到的承諾或逾期的承諾，不是有效的承諾，而是新的要約，一般須經(jīng)原要約人承諾后才能成立合同。

（3）承諾須與要約的內(nèi)容一致。如果受要約人所表示的對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容有變更即是反要約，或稱為還價(jià)，反要約是對(duì)要約的拒絕，不能發(fā)生承諾的效力，它必須經(jīng)原要約人承諾后才能成立合同。

（二）公約規(guī)定的“實(shí)質(zhì)性變更”和“非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更”公約將受要約人對(duì)要約內(nèi)容的改變分為“實(shí)質(zhì)性變更”和“非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更”兩種。如果對(duì)要約內(nèi)容的改變屬于非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更，原則上

法律教育網(wǎng)可視為承諾，也就是說(shuō)，只要要約人在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)沒(méi)有以口頭或書(shū)面通知提出異議，那么對(duì)要約內(nèi)容做了非實(shí)質(zhì)性改變的接受即構(gòu)成承諾。然而，如果承諾對(duì)要約內(nèi)容做了實(shí)質(zhì)性改變，則這種接受就不能構(gòu)成承諾，而是一項(xiàng)反要約。《公約》規(guī)定，關(guān)于貨物價(jià)格、付款、貨物質(zhì)量和數(shù)量、交貨地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間、一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)另一方當(dāng)事人的賠償責(zé)任及解決爭(zhēng)端等的添加或不同條件，均視為在實(shí)質(zhì)上變更要約的條件。——產(chǎn)生反要約

（三）逾期的承諾逾期承諾又稱遲延的承諾，是指承諾通知到達(dá)要約人的時(shí)間已超過(guò)了要約規(guī)定的有效期或在要約未規(guī)定有效期的情況下而超過(guò)合理期時(shí)間。關(guān)于逾期承諾的效力，公約第21條并沒(méi)有一概地否定，而是分兩種情況，做了靈活的處理。

（1）因受要約人自己的遲延而造成的逾期承諾，該逾期承諾原則上無(wú)效。但如果要約人毫不遲延地用口頭或書(shū)面通知受要約人其接受該項(xiàng)承諾，則該逾期的承諾仍為有效的承諾。合同成立。

（2）因?yàn)閭鬟f中的延誤而使一項(xiàng)承諾逾期。該項(xiàng)逾期承諾產(chǎn)生法律上的效力，是一項(xiàng)有效的承諾，除非要約人毫不遲延地用口頭或書(shū)面通知受要約人，他認(rèn)為其要約已經(jīng)失效。

（四）承諾生效的時(shí)間承諾一旦生效，合同即告成立，對(duì)于承諾生效的時(shí)間，英美法系國(guó)家和大陸法系國(guó)家分別采用不同的原則：

（1）發(fā)信主義（投郵生效主義）：英國(guó)法認(rèn)為，在以書(shū)信、電報(bào)做出承諾時(shí)，承諾的通知一經(jīng)投郵立即生效，合同即告成立。

（2）收信主義（到達(dá)生效主義）：大陸法律教育網(wǎng)法系認(rèn)為，承諾的通知必須于到達(dá)相對(duì)人時(shí)才生效，合同才成立。

（3）公約的觀點(diǎn)：公約采納了收信主義。依公約第18條第（2）款的規(guī)定，對(duì)要約所作的承諾，應(yīng)于表示同意的通知送達(dá)要約人時(shí)生效。

（五）承諾的撤回依公約第22條的規(guī)定，承諾可以撤回，只要撤回的通知應(yīng)在承諾生效之前或與其同時(shí)送達(dá)要約人。

3.雙方義務(wù)

（1）賣方的擔(dān)保義務(wù)①符合產(chǎn)品的通常使用目的②符合特定使用目的（買方事先明示、默示）

A、質(zhì)量上合格：有約定依約定，無(wú)約定 ③符合樣品或樣式（品質(zhì)擔(dān)保）④包裝：通用方式——足以保全貨物的方式例外：買方訂約時(shí)明知有缺陷

所有權(quán)上無(wú)瑕疵：貨物屬賣方、未設(shè)定擔(dān)保物權(quán)買方營(yíng)業(yè)地國(guó)家B、權(quán)利上無(wú)瑕疵： 在約定的目的地國(guó)不侵權(quán)（權(quán)利擔(dān)保）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)上無(wú)瑕疵 約定的轉(zhuǎn)售第三國(guó)依目的地國(guó)法不侵權(quán)）在未約定的轉(zhuǎn)售第三國(guó)例外 買方提供技術(shù)圖樣、圖案、款式或其他規(guī)格買方訂約時(shí)已知或不可能不知第三人權(quán)利

（2）買方的接收貨物的義務(wù)

1）正常情況：買方應(yīng)按時(shí)間按地點(diǎn)提取貨物（如FOB，買方應(yīng)及時(shí)派船到裝港）

2）賣方有違約：先接收再索賠（注意保全、防損擴(kuò)大）（接收不等于接受）

4.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移（依國(guó)內(nèi)合同法掌握）

（1）賣方安排運(yùn)輸，貨交承運(yùn)人時(shí)

（2）在途貨物，自合同成立時(shí)（不是提單交付時(shí)）

（3）買方安排運(yùn)輸時(shí)，貨交買方支配時(shí)

（4）特定化（劃撥）是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的前提條件。

（5）從交貨時(shí)間起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從賣方移于買方。這一原則的適用前提是賣方無(wú)違約行為。假若賣方發(fā)生違約行為，則風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不由賣方轉(zhuǎn)給買方，貨物滅失和損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還是由賣方承擔(dān)。

5.違約補(bǔ)救宣告合同無(wú)效（解除合同）：對(duì)方根本違約；或者寬限期內(nèi)仍不履行合同買方要求交付替代物：賣方交貨不符合同，且構(gòu)成根本違約重點(diǎn) 一方采取其他補(bǔ)救措施，不妨礙其同時(shí)提出損害賠償損法律教諭罔害賠償 數(shù)額：等于損失額（包括利潤(rùn)）

第五篇：聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約

《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》（United Nations Convention on Contracts of International Sales of Goods）是由聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易法委員會(huì)主持制定的，1980年在維也納舉行的外交會(huì)議上獲得通過(guò)。公約于1988年1月1日正式生效。1986年12月11日我國(guó)交存核準(zhǔn)書(shū)，在提交核準(zhǔn)書(shū)時(shí)，提出了兩項(xiàng)保留意見(jiàn)：1.不同意擴(kuò)大《公約》的適用范圍，只同意《公約》適用于締約國(guó)的當(dāng)事人之間簽訂的合同。2.不同意用書(shū)面以外的其他形式訂立、修改和終止合同。

目錄

簡(jiǎn)介

主要內(nèi)容

聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約

第一部分 適用范圍和總則

第一章 適用范圍第一條

第二條

第三條

第四條

第五條

第六條

第二章 總則第七條

第八條

第九條

第十條

第十一條

第十二條

第十三條

第二部分 合同的訂立第十四條

第十五條

第十六條

第十七條

第十八條

第十九條

第二十條

第二十一條

第二十二條

第二十三條

第二十四條

第三部分 貨物銷售

第一章 總則第二十五條

第二十六條

第二十七條

第二十八條

第二十九條

第二章 賣方的義務(wù)

第二節(jié) 損害賠償簡(jiǎn)介

主要內(nèi)容

聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約

第一部分 適用范圍和總則

第一章 適用范圍 第一條

第二條

第三條

第四條

第五條

第六條

第二章 總則 第七條

第八條

第九條

第十條

第十一條

第十二條

第十三條

第二部分 合同的訂立 第十四條

第十五條

第十六條

第十七條

第十八條

第十九條

第二十條

第二十一條

第二十二條

第二十三條

第二十四條

第三部分 貨物銷售

第一章 總則

第二十五條 第二十六條 第二十七條 第二十八條 第二十九條第二章 賣方的義務(wù)第二節(jié) 損害賠償展開(kāi) 編輯本段簡(jiǎn)介

截至2002年上半年，核準(zhǔn)和參加該公約的共有61個(gè)國(guó)家，包括：萊索托、法國(guó)、敘利亞、埃及、匈牙利、阿根廷、贊比亞、中國(guó)、意大利、美國(guó)、芬蘭、瑞典、奧地利、墨西哥、澳大利亞、挪威、丹麥、白俄羅斯、德國(guó)、烏克蘭、智利、瑞士、伊拉克、保加利亞、西班牙、俄羅斯、荷蘭、幾內(nèi)亞、加拿大、羅馬尼亞、厄瓜多爾、烏干達(dá)、斯洛伐克、愛(ài)沙尼亞、捷克、斯洛文尼亞、古巴、波斯尼亞—黑塞哥維那、新西蘭、摩爾多瓦、古巴、立陶宛、新加坡、波蘭、比利時(shí)、烏茲別克斯坦、盧森堡、拉脫維亞、蒙古、希臘、克羅地亞、布隆迪、烏拉圭、秘魯、毛里坦尼亞、吉爾吉斯斯坦、圣文森特和格林納丁斯、南斯拉夫、冰島、哥倫比亞和以色列等。

編輯本段主要內(nèi)容

《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物買賣合同公約》共分為四個(gè)部分：（1）適用范圍；（2）合同的成立；

（3）貨物買賣；（4）最后條款。全文共101條。公約的主要內(nèi)容包括以下四個(gè)方面：1.公約的基本原則。建立國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序的原則、平等互利原則與兼顧不同社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律制度的原則。這些基本原則是執(zhí)行、解釋和修訂公約的依據(jù)，也是處理國(guó)際貨物買賣關(guān)系和發(fā)展國(guó)際貿(mào)易關(guān)系的準(zhǔn)繩。2.適用范圍。第一，公約只適用于國(guó)際貨物買賣合同，即營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的雙方當(dāng)事人之間所訂立的貨物買賣合同，但對(duì)某些貨物的國(guó)際買賣不能適用該公約作了明確規(guī)定。第二，公約適用于當(dāng)事人在締約國(guó)內(nèi)有營(yíng)業(yè)地的合同，但如果根據(jù)適用于“合同”的沖突規(guī)范，該“合同”應(yīng)適用某一締約國(guó)的法律，在這種情況下也應(yīng)適用“銷售合同公約”，而不管合同當(dāng)事人在該締約國(guó)有無(wú)營(yíng)業(yè)所。對(duì)此規(guī)定，締約國(guó)在批準(zhǔn)或者加入時(shí)可以聲明保留。第三，雙方當(dāng)事人可以在合同中明確規(guī)定不適用該公約。（適用范圍不允許締約國(guó)保留）3.合同的訂立。包括合同的形式和發(fā)價(jià)（要約）與接受（承諾）的法律效力。4.買方和賣方的權(quán)利義務(wù)。第一，賣方責(zé)任主要表現(xiàn)為三項(xiàng)義務(wù)：交付貨物；移交一切與貨物有關(guān)的單據(jù)；移轉(zhuǎn)貨物的所有權(quán)。第二，買方的責(zé)任主要表現(xiàn)為兩項(xiàng)義務(wù)：支付貨物價(jià)款；收取貨物。第三，詳細(xì)規(guī)定賣方和買方違反合同時(shí)的補(bǔ)救辦法。第四，規(guī)定了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的幾種情況。第五，明確了根本違反合同和預(yù)期違反合同的含義以及當(dāng)這種情況發(fā)生時(shí)，當(dāng)事人雙方所應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)。第六，對(duì)免責(zé)根據(jù)的條件作了明確的規(guī)定。補(bǔ)充：CISG 聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約(the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods)。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)的授權(quán)，聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同會(huì)議于1980年3月10日至4月11日在奧地利維也納舉行（維也納會(huì)議），共62個(gè)國(guó)家的代表出席。在這次會(huì)議上通過(guò)了該公約。1988年公約在達(dá)到法定批準(zhǔn)國(guó)家數(shù)額后正式生效。我國(guó)于1986年12月向聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)遞交了該公約的批準(zhǔn)書(shū)，成為該公約的締約國(guó)。但在參加公約時(shí)，根據(jù)第95、96條的規(guī)定，我國(guó)對(duì)該公約第11條以及第1條第1款b項(xiàng)作了保留。